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+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:13a3347e13ed5ee09ae2833e49a517873801778756103a4da905a96a5997fa89"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 9, User-Defined Functions"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Program 9-1 , Page number: 187"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Using a function as an abbreviation\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# In python, the user defined functions have to defined before making a call to them\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def chorus() :\n",
+      "\tprint \"%60s\"%\"With a knick-knack-paddy-whack,\"\n",
+      "\tprint \"%60s\"%\"Give the dog a bone,\"\n",
+      "\tprint \"%60s\\n\"%\"This old man went rolling home.\"\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"This old man, he played two,\"\n",
+      "print \"He played knick-knack on my thumb,\"\n",
+      "chorus()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"This old man, he played one,\"\n",
+      "print \"He played knick-knack on my shoe,\"\n",
+      "chorus()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"This old man, he played three,\"\n",
+      "print \"He played knick-knack on my knee,\"\n",
+      "chorus()\n",
+      "\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "This old man, he played two,\n",
+        "He played knick-knack on my thumb,\n",
+        "                             With a knick-knack-paddy-whack,\n",
+        "                                        Give the dog a bone,\n",
+        "                             This old man went rolling home.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "This old man, he played one,\n",
+        "He played knick-knack on my shoe,\n",
+        "                             With a knick-knack-paddy-whack,\n",
+        "                                        Give the dog a bone,\n",
+        "                             This old man went rolling home.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "This old man, he played three,\n",
+        "He played knick-knack on my knee,\n",
+        "                             With a knick-knack-paddy-whack,\n",
+        "                                        Give the dog a bone,\n",
+        "                             This old man went rolling home.\n",
+        "\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Program 9-2 , Page number: 189"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Demonstration of one use of a function\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def get_an_int() :\n",
+      "\t\"\"\"RETURNS AN INTEGER\"\"\"\t\t# This statement is just a description of the function (specific feature of python)\n",
+      "\treturn 5\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"Enter the length of a rectangle:\",\n",
+      "length = get_an_int()\n",
+      "print length\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"Enter the width:\",\n",
+      "width = get_an_int()\n",
+      "print width\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"\\nThe area is %d\"%(length*width)\n",
+      "\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Enter the length of a rectangle: 5\n",
+        "Enter the width: 5\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The area is 25\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Program 9-3 , Page number: 191"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# An attempt at communication between functions\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def modify_i() :\n",
+      "\ti = 3\n",
+      "\t\n",
+      "i = 1\n",
+      "print \"i is now equal to %d\"%i\n",
+      "\n",
+      "modify_i()\n",
+      "print \"i is now equal to %d\"%i\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "i is now equal to 1\n",
+        "i is now equal to 1\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Program 9-4 , Page number: 192"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Demonstration of the use of a global variable\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# Making variable global\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def get_an_int() :\n",
+      "\treturn 5\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def calc_area() :\n",
+      "\tarea = length*width\n",
+      "\n",
+      "globals()\t\t\t# The command simply makes all the variables declared so far as global variables\n",
+      "print \"Enter the length of a rectangle:\",\n",
+      "length = get_an_int()\n",
+      "print length\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"Enter the width:\",\n",
+      "width = get_an_int()\n",
+      "print width\n",
+      "\n",
+      "calc_area()\n",
+      "print \"\\nThe area is %d\"%(length*width)\n",
+      "\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Enter the length of a rectangle: 5\n",
+        "Enter the width: 5\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The area is 25\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Program 9-5 , Page number: 194"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Introduction to parameters\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def print_an_int(i) :\n",
+      "\t\"\"\"The function prints an integer passed as a parameter\"\"\"\n",
+      "\tprint i\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "n = 3\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"Passing a constant:\",\n",
+      "print_an_int(5)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"\\n\\nPassing a variable's value:\",\n",
+      "print_an_int(n)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"\\n\\nPassing the value of an expression:\",\n",
+      "print_an_int(n * 4 + 1)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Passing a constant: 5\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Passing a variable's value: 3\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Passing the value of an expression: 13\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Program 9-6 , Page number: 196"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Demonstration of how a procedure cannot modify the contents of a variable passed as a parameter\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def modify(i) :\n",
+      "\ti = 3\n",
+      "\n",
+      "i = 1\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"i is now equal to %d\"%i\n",
+      "\n",
+      "modify(i)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"i is now equal to %d\"%i"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "i is now equal to 1\n",
+        "i is now equal to 1\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 6
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Program 9-7 , Page number: 197 "
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Hailstones, demonstrating the use of a parameter\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def step(i) :\n",
+      "\t\"\"\"This function returns its parameter i divided by 2 if i is even else it returns i multiplied by 3 and incremented by 1\"\"\"\n",
+      "\tif (i % 2) :\n",
+      "\t\treturn (i * 3 + 1)\n",
+      "\telse : \n",
+      "\t\treturn (i / 2)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "counter = 0\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"Enter a positive integer\",\n",
+      "n = 25\n",
+      "print n\n",
+      "\n",
+      "nsave = n\n",
+      "\n",
+      "while n > 1 :\n",
+      "\tn = step(n)\n",
+      "\tcounter += 1\n",
+      "\tprint \"Step %4d: n = %4d\"%(counter,n)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"\\n\\n%d went to 1 in %d steps.\"%(nsave,counter)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Enter a positive integer 25\n",
+        "Step    1: n =   76\n",
+        "Step    2: n =   38\n",
+        "Step    3: n =   19\n",
+        "Step    4: n =   58\n",
+        "Step    5: n =   29\n",
+        "Step    6: n =   88\n",
+        "Step    7: n =   44\n",
+        "Step    8: n =   22\n",
+        "Step    9: n =   11\n",
+        "Step   10: n =   34\n",
+        "Step   11: n =   17\n",
+        "Step   12: n =   52\n",
+        "Step   13: n =   26\n",
+        "Step   14: n =   13\n",
+        "Step   15: n =   40\n",
+        "Step   16: n =   20\n",
+        "Step   17: n =   10\n",
+        "Step   18: n =    5\n",
+        "Step   19: n =   16\n",
+        "Step   20: n =    8\n",
+        "Step   21: n =    4\n",
+        "Step   22: n =    2\n",
+        "Step   23: n =    1\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "25 went to 1 in 23 steps.\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 7
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Program 9-8 , Page number: 200"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Square root program demonstrating a non-integer function and parameter\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def EPSILON() :\n",
+      "\t\"\"\"replacement of #define constant\"\"\"\n",
+      "\treturn 0.0001\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def sqrt(n) :\n",
+      "\t\"\"\"returns the square root of the number supplied as parameter using Newton-Raphson method\"\"\"\n",
+      "\tif n > 0.0 :\n",
+      "\t\t# The for loop statement given in the example(from the book) is not possible to code in python\n",
+      "\t\t# So, breaking it down to while loop\n",
+      "\t\tguess = n / 2.0\n",
+      "\t\twhile (guess * guess - n > EPSILON() or guess * guess - n < -EPSILON()) :\n",
+      "\t\t\tguess = (guess + n/guess) / 2.0\n",
+      "\t\treturn guess\n",
+      "\telse :\n",
+      "\t\treturn (-1.0)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"Enter the number whose square root you want:\",\n",
+      "x = 17.1\n",
+      "print x\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"The square root of %f is %f\"%(x,sqrt(x))"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Enter the number whose square root you want: 17.1\n",
+        "The square root of 17.100000 is 4.135215\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 8
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Program 9-9 , Page number: 201"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Testing for leap years using a boolean function\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def is_leap(year) :\n",
+      "\t\"\"\"A function that returns true if the given year is a leap year else returns false\"\"\"\n",
+      "\treturn (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0 or year % 400 == 0)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"Please enter a year:\",\n",
+      "year = 2000\n",
+      "print year\n",
+      "\n",
+      "if (is_leap(year)) :\n",
+      "\tprint \"%d is a leap year.\"%year\n",
+      "else :\n",
+      "\tprint \"%d is not a leap year.\"%year"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Please enter a year: 2000\n",
+        "2000 is a leap year.\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 9
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Program 9-10 , Page number: 203"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Demonstration of the use of multiple parameters\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def get_an_int() :\n",
+      "\t\"\"\"returns a random integer\"\"\"\n",
+      "\treturn 7\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def area(length,width) :\n",
+      "\t\"\"\"returns the area of the rectangle using its parameters length and width\"\"\"\n",
+      "\treturn length * width\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"Enter the length of a rectangle:\",\n",
+      "length = get_an_int()\n",
+      "print length\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"Enter the width:\",\n",
+      "width = get_an_int()\n",
+      "print width\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"\\nThe area is %d.\"%area(length,width)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Enter the length of a rectangle: 7\n",
+        "Enter the width: 7\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The area is 49.\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 10
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Program 9-11 , Page number: 204"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Illustration of a 2-parameter function: raising a number to a power \n",
+      "\n",
+      "def power(i,x) :\n",
+      "\t\"\"\"returns the values of i to the power of x\"\"\"\n",
+      "\taccum = 1\n",
+      "\tif x < 0 :\n",
+      "\t\treturn 0\n",
+      "\tfor index in range (0,x,1) :\n",
+      "\t\taccum *= i\n",
+      "\treturn accum\n",
+      "\n",
+      "answer = \"y\"\n",
+      "\n",
+      "while answer == \"y\" or answer == \"Y\" :\n",
+      "\tprint \"\\nPlease enter an integer:\",\n",
+      "\tnumber = 4\n",
+      "\tprint number\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\tprint \"Please enter a non-negative integral power\"\n",
+      "\tprint \"     to which the first number is to be raised\",\n",
+      "\texponent = 2\n",
+      "\tprint exponent\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\twhile exponent < 0 :\n",
+      "\t\tprint \"***\\7Please make that a non-negative integer\"\n",
+      "\t\texponent = 2 \t\t\t\t# randomly making the exponent non-negative\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\tprint \"%d raised to the power %d is %ld.\"%(number,exponent,power(number,exponent))\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\t# see if the user wants to keep going\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\tprint \"\\nAnother calculation? (y/n)\",\n",
+      "\tanswer = \"n\"\n",
+      "\tprint answer"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\n",
+        "Please enter an integer: 4\n",
+        "Please enter a non-negative integral power\n",
+        "     to which the first number is to be raised 2\n",
+        "4 raised to the power 2 is 16.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Another calculation? (y/n) n\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 11
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file