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+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:619769e887714e6791182739416189f2f7fa6743af97af5b6710a3d8f08e8d46"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 4: Functions"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.1, page no. 103"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "def aax1():\n",
+      "# code for function body \n",
+      "    return (1.0)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "r = aax1();\n",
+      "print r"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "1.0\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.2 & 4.3, page no. 106-108"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "'''\n",
+      "This won't generate any output\n",
+      "Examples 4.2 and 4.3 are same for python language.\n",
+      "'''\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def pmax(a1,a2):\n",
+      "    biggest = 0\n",
+      "    if(a1 > a2):\n",
+      "        biggest = a1\n",
+      "    else:\n",
+      "        biggest = a2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#print \"larger of %d and %d is %d\\n\" %(a1, a2, biggest);\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "for i in range(11):\n",
+      "    for j in range(-10,11):\n",
+      "       pmax(i,j)\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "# It shows that all variables scope is locally only. They can not be accessed from outside its scope.        "
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.4, page no. 109"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "def sq_root(x):\n",
+      "    DELTA = 0.0001\n",
+      "    curr_appx = 0\n",
+      "    last_appx = 0\n",
+      "    diff = 0\n",
+      "    last_appx = x\n",
+      "    diff = DELTA+1\n",
+      "    while(diff > DELTA):\n",
+      "        curr_appx = 0.5*(last_appx + x/last_appx)\n",
+      "        diff = curr_appx - last_appx\n",
+      "        if(diff < 0):\n",
+      "            diff = -diff\n",
+      "            last_appx = curr_appx\n",
+      "    return(curr_appx)\n",
+      " \n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "for i in range(1,101):\n",
+      "    print \"root of %d is %f\\n\" %( i, sq_root(i))\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "root of 1 is 1.000000\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 2 is 1.414214\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 3 is 1.732051\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 4 is 2.000000\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 5 is 2.236068\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 6 is 2.449490\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 7 is 2.645751\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 8 is 2.828427\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 9 is 3.000000\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 10 is 3.162278\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 11 is 3.316625\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 12 is 3.464102\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 13 is 3.605551\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 14 is 3.741657\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 15 is 3.872983\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 16 is 4.000000\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 17 is 4.123106\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 18 is 4.242641\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 19 is 4.358899\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 20 is 4.472136\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 21 is 4.582576\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 22 is 4.690416\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 23 is 4.795832\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 24 is 4.898979\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 25 is 5.000000\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 26 is 5.099020\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 27 is 5.196152\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 28 is 5.291503\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 29 is 5.385165\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 30 is 5.477226\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 31 is 5.567764\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 32 is 5.656854\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 33 is 5.744563\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 34 is 5.830952\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 35 is 5.916080\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 36 is 6.000000\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 37 is 6.082763\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 38 is 6.164414\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 39 is 6.244998\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 40 is 6.324555\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 41 is 6.403124\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 42 is 6.480741\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 43 is 6.557439\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 44 is 6.633250\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 45 is 6.708204\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 46 is 6.782330\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 47 is 6.855655\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 48 is 6.928203\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 49 is 7.000000\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 50 is 7.071068\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 51 is 7.141428\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 52 is 7.211103\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 53 is 7.280110\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 54 is 7.348469\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 55 is 7.416198\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 56 is 7.483315\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 57 is 7.549834\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 58 is 7.615773\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 59 is 7.681146\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 60 is 7.745967\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 61 is 7.810250\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 62 is 7.874008\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 63 is 7.937254\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 64 is 8.000000\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 65 is 8.062258\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 66 is 8.124038\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 67 is 8.185353\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 68 is 8.246211\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 69 is 8.306624\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 70 is 8.366600\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 71 is 8.426150\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 72 is 8.485281\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 73 is 8.544004\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 74 is 8.602325\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 75 is 8.660254\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 76 is 8.717798\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 77 is 8.774964\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 78 is 8.831761\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 79 is 8.888194\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 80 is 8.944272\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 81 is 9.000000\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 82 is 9.055385\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 83 is 9.110434\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 84 is 9.165151\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 85 is 9.219544\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 86 is 9.273618\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 87 is 9.327379\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 88 is 9.380832\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 89 is 9.433981\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 90 is 9.486833\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 91 is 9.539392\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 92 is 9.591663\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 93 is 9.643651\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 94 is 9.695360\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 95 is 9.746794\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 96 is 9.797959\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 97 is 9.848858\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 98 is 9.899495\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 99 is 9.949874\n",
+        "\n",
+        "root of 100 is 10.000000\n",
+        "\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.6, page no. 115"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def called_func(a,b):\n",
+      "    temp = a * b\n",
+      "    print temp\n",
+      "\n",
+      "called_func(1,2*3.5)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "7.0\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.7, page no. 116"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "def changer(x):\n",
+      "    while(x!=0):\n",
+      "        print \"changer: x=%d\\n\" %(x)\n",
+      "        x-=1\n",
+      "\n",
+      "i = 5\n",
+      "print \"before i=%d\\n\" %( i);\n",
+      "changer(i);\n",
+      "print \"after i=%d\\n\" %( i);"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "before i=5\n",
+        "\n",
+        "changer: x=5\n",
+        "\n",
+        "changer: x=4\n",
+        "\n",
+        "changer: x=3\n",
+        "\n",
+        "changer: x=2\n",
+        "\n",
+        "changer: x=1\n",
+        "\n",
+        "after i=5\n",
+        "\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.8, page no. 120"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "'''\n",
+      "Do not try to run....\n",
+      "It's infinite looping program..\n",
+      "\n",
+      "This program shows how a function calls itself.\n",
+      "'''\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def expr():\n",
+      "    val = 0\n",
+      "    ch_in = 0\n",
+      "    val = mul_exp()\n",
+      "    while True:\n",
+      "        ch_in = raw_input(\"Enter + or - \")\n",
+      "        if ch_in =='+':\n",
+      "            val = val + mul_exp();\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            if ch_in == '-':\n",
+      "                val = val - mul_exp()\n",
+      "            else:\n",
+      "                return val\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    return val\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def mul_exp():\n",
+      "    val = 0\n",
+      "    ch_in = 0\n",
+      "    val = unary_exp()\n",
+      "    while True:\n",
+      "        ch_in = raw_input(\"Enter * or / or % \")\n",
+      "        if ch_in =='*':\n",
+      "            val = val * unary_exp();\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            if ch_in == '/':\n",
+      "                val = val - mul_exp()\n",
+      "            else:\n",
+      "                if ch_in =='%':\n",
+      "                    val = val % unary_exp()\n",
+      "                else:\n",
+      "                    return val\n",
+      "    return val\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def unary_exp():\n",
+      "    val=0\n",
+      "    ch_in = raw_input(\"Enter + or - \")\n",
+      "    if ch_in =='+':\n",
+      "        val = unary_exp()\n",
+      "    else:\n",
+      "        if ch_in == '-':\n",
+      "            val = -unary_exp()\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            val = primary()\n",
+      "            return val\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    return val\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def primary():\n",
+      "    val = 0\n",
+      "    ch_in = raw_input('Enter value')\n",
+      "    if (ch_in >= '0' and ch_in <= '9'):\n",
+      "        val = ch_in - '0'\n",
+      "        return val\n",
+      "    if ch_in == '(':\n",
+      "        val = expr()\n",
+      "    print \"error: primary read %d\\n\" %ch_in\n",
+      "    return val\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "val = 0\n",
+      "while True:\n",
+      "    print \"expression: \"\n",
+      "    val = expr();\n",
+      "    if(raw_input()!= '\\n'):\n",
+      "        print \"error\\n\"\n",
+      "        while(raw_input() != '\\n'):\n",
+      "            pass\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "    else:\n",
+      "        print \"result is %d\\n\" %val"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": []
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.9, page no. 123"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#No output will be produced\n",
+      "\n",
+      "from second import * #importing all content of second.py file\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "i=0\n",
+      "print f_in_other_place(i) # declaration "
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": []
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.10, page no. 124"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "'''\n",
+      "Example 4.10\n",
+      "/* example library module */\n",
+      "/* only 'callable' is visible outside */\n",
+      "'''\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "__buf=[]\n",
+      "__length = 0\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def __fillup__():\n",
+      "    while (length <100):\n",
+      "        buf[length] = 0\n",
+      "                length += 1\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def callable ():\n",
+      "    if (length ==0):\n",
+      "        fillup ()\n",
+      "                a = buf[length]\n",
+      "                length-=1\n",
+      "        return (a)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": []
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.11, page no. 126"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "'''\n",
+      "python doesn't have static variable \n",
+      "we can use global variable for counting \n",
+      "this demonstrates how it works...\n",
+      "'''\n",
+      "\n",
+      "count = 0\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def small_val ():\n",
+      "    count+=1\n",
+      "    return (count % 16)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": []
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.12, page no. 126"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "'''\n",
+      "Example 4.12\n",
+      "python doesn't have static variables.\n",
+      "'''\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "depth=0\n",
+      "def  r_func():\n",
+      "    depth+=1\n",
+      "    if (depth > 200):\n",
+      "        print (\"excessive recursion\\n\")\n",
+      "        sys.exit(0)\t\n",
+      "    else:\n",
+      "        '''/* do usual thing,\n",
+      "        * not shown here.\n",
+      "        * This last action\n",
+      "        * occasionally results in another\n",
+      "        * call on r_func()\n",
+      "        */\n",
+      "        '''\n",
+      "        x_func()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "    depth-=1"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": []
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file