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+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": ""
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 5: Functions\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.1, Page no:87"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# tests the sqrt() function:\n",
+      "for i in range(0,6):\n",
+      "    print \"\\t %d \\t %f\" %(i,math.sqrt(i))"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\t 0 \t 0.000000\n",
+        "\t 1 \t 1.000000\n",
+        "\t 2 \t 1.414214\n",
+        "\t 3 \t 1.732051\n",
+        "\t 4 \t 2.000000\n",
+        "\t 5 \t 2.236068\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.2, Page no:88"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "# tests the identity sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x:\n",
+      "x = 0\n",
+      "while x < 2:\n",
+      "    print \"%f  \\t\\t %f \\t %f\" %(x,math.sin(2*x),2*math.sin(x)*math.cos(x))\n",
+      "    x += 0.2\n",
+      "\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "0.000000  \t\t 0.000000 \t 0.000000\n",
+        "0.200000  \t\t 0.389418 \t 0.389418\n",
+        "0.400000  \t\t 0.717356 \t 0.717356\n",
+        "0.600000  \t\t 0.932039 \t 0.932039\n",
+        "0.800000  \t\t 0.999574 \t 0.999574\n",
+        "1.000000  \t\t 0.909297 \t 0.909297\n",
+        "1.200000  \t\t 0.675463 \t 0.675463\n",
+        "1.400000  \t\t 0.334988 \t 0.334988\n",
+        "1.600000  \t\t -0.058374 \t -0.058374\n",
+        "1.800000  \t\t -0.442520 \t -0.442520\n",
+        "2.000000  \t\t -0.756802 \t -0.756802\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.3, Page no:90"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def cube(x):\n",
+      "    # returns cube of x:\n",
+      "    return x*x*x\n",
+      "\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.4, Page no:91"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def cube(x):\n",
+      "    # returns cube of x:\n",
+      "    return x*x*x\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# tests the cube() function:\n",
+      "n=1\n",
+      "while (n != 0):\n",
+      "    n = int(raw_input())\n",
+      "    print  \"\\tcube( %d ) =  %d\" %(n,cube(n))"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "4\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\tcube( 4 ) =  64\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "2\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\tcube( 2 ) =  8\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "9\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\tcube( 9 ) =  729\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "0\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\tcube( 0 ) =  0\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.5, Page no:90"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def maximum(x,y):\n",
+      "    # returns larger of the two given integers:\n",
+      "    if (x < y):\n",
+      "        return y\n",
+      "    else:\n",
+      "        return x\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# tests the max() function:\n",
+      "m = 1\n",
+      "n = 1\n",
+      "while m != 0: \n",
+      "    m = int(raw_input())\n",
+      "    n = int(raw_input())\n",
+      "    print \"\\tmax( %d , %d ) = %d\" %(m,n,maximum(m,n))\n",
+      "\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "5\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "2\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\tmax( 5 , 2 ) = 5\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "0\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "3\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\tmax( 0 , 3 ) = 3\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.6, Page no:93"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def maximum(x,y):\n",
+      "    # returns larger of the two given integers:\n",
+      "    if (x < y):\n",
+      "        return y\n",
+      "    else:\n",
+      "        return x\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# tests the max() function:\n",
+      "m = 1\n",
+      "n = 1\n",
+      "while m != 0: \n",
+      "    m = int(raw_input())\n",
+      "    n = int(raw_input())\n",
+      "    print \"\\tmax( %d , %d ) = %d\" %(m,n,maximum(m,n))\n",
+      "\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "5\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "2\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\tmax( 5 , 2 ) = 5\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "0\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "3\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\tmax( 0 , 3 ) = 3\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.8, Page no:94"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# returns larger of the two given integers:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "m = 1\n",
+      "n = 1\n",
+      "while m!=0:\n",
+      "    m = int(raw_input())\n",
+      "    n = int(raw_input())\n",
+      "    print \"\\tmax(%d,%d) = %d\" %(m,n, max(m,n))\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "5\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "4\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\tmax(5,4) = 5\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "4\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "3\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\tmax(4,3) = 4\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "8\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "0\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\tmax(8,0) = 8\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "0\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "5\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\tmax(0,5) = 5\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.9, Page no:95"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def fact(n):\n",
+      "    if (n < 0):\n",
+      "        return 0\n",
+      "    f = 1\n",
+      "    while (n > 1):\n",
+      "        f *= n\n",
+      "        n -= 1\n",
+      "    return f\n",
+      "\n",
+      "for i in range(-1,6):\n",
+      "    print fact(i),\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "0 1 1 2 6 24 120\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.10, Page no:95"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "def fact(n):\n",
+      "    if (n < 0):\n",
+      "        return 0\n",
+      "    f = 1\n",
+      "    while (n > 1):\n",
+      "        f *= n\n",
+      "        n -= 1\n",
+      "    return f\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def perm(n,k):\n",
+      "    # returns P(n,k), the number of permutations of k from n:\n",
+      "    if (n < 0 or k < 0 or k > n):\n",
+      "        return 0\n",
+      "    return fact(n)/fact(n-k)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "for i in range(-1,8):\n",
+      "    for j in range(-1,i+2):\n",
+      "        print perm(i,j),\n",
+      "    print ''\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "0 0 \n",
+        "0 1 0 \n",
+        "0 1 1 0 \n",
+        "0 1 2 2 0 \n",
+        "0 1 3 6 6 0 \n",
+        "0 1 4 12 24 24 0 \n",
+        "0 1 5 20 60 120 120 0 \n",
+        "0 1 6 30 120 360 720 720 0 \n",
+        "0 1 7 42 210 840 2520 5040 5040 0 \n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 6
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.11, Page no:96"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def printDate(m,d,y):\n",
+      "    # prints the given date in literal form:\n",
+      "    if (m < 1 or m > 12 or d < 1 or d > 31 or y < 0):\n",
+      "        print \"Error: parameter out of range.\\n\"\n",
+      "        return\n",
+      "    if m == 1:\n",
+      "        print \"January \",\n",
+      "    elif m ==2:\n",
+      "        print \"February \",\n",
+      "    elif m==3 :\n",
+      "        print \"March \",\n",
+      "    elif m==4:\n",
+      "        print \"April \",\n",
+      "    elif m==5:\n",
+      "        print \"May \",\n",
+      "    elif m==6:\n",
+      "        print \"June \",\n",
+      "    elif m==7:\n",
+      "        print \"July \",\n",
+      "    elif m==8:\n",
+      "        print \"August \",\n",
+      "    elif m==9:\n",
+      "        print \"September \",\n",
+      "    elif m==10:\n",
+      "        print \"October \",\n",
+      "    elif m==1:\n",
+      "        print \"November \",\n",
+      "    else:\n",
+      "        print \"December \",\n",
+      "    print d , \", \",  y \n",
+      "\n",
+      "# tests the printDate() function:\n",
+      "month = 1\n",
+      "while month > 0:\n",
+      "    month = int(raw_input())\n",
+      "    day = int(raw_input())\n",
+      "    year = int(raw_input())\n",
+      "    printDate(month,day,year)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "9\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "12\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "1989\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "September  12 ,  1989\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "0\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "5\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "2001\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Error: parameter out of range.\n",
+        "\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 8
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.12, Page no:98"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "import string\n",
+      "def ispunct(s):\n",
+      "    return all(c in string.punctuation for c in s)\n",
+      "def printCharCategory(c):\n",
+      "    # prints the category to which the given character belongs:\n",
+      "    print \"The character [\" + c + \"] is a \",\n",
+      "    if(c.isdigit()):\n",
+      "        print \"digit.\\n\"\n",
+      "    elif (c.islower()):\n",
+      "        print \"lower-case letter.\\n\"\n",
+      "    elif (c.isupper()): \n",
+      "        print \"capital letter.\\n\"\n",
+      "    elif (c.isspace()):\n",
+      "        print \"white space character.\\n\"\n",
+      "    elif (ord(c) >= 10 and ord(c) <= 15 or ord(c) == 0):\n",
+      "        print \"control character.\\n\"\n",
+      "    elif (ispunct(c)):\n",
+      "        print \"punctuation mark.\\n\"\n",
+      "    else:\n",
+      "        print \"Error.\\n\"\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# prints the category to which the given character belongs;\n",
+      "# tests the printCharCategory() function:\n",
+      "for c in range(128):\n",
+      "    printCharCategory(chr(c))\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        " The character [\u0000] is a  control character.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0001] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0002] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0003] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0004] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0005] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0006] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0007] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\b] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\t] is a  white space character.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\n",
+        "] is a  white space character.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u000b",
+        "] is a  white space character.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\f",
+        "] is a  white space character.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\r",
+        "] is a  white space character.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u000e] is a  control character.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u000f] is a  control character.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0010] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0011] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0012] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0013] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0014] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0015] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0016] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0017] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0018] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u0019] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u001a] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u001b] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u001c",
+        "] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u001d",
+        "] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u001e",
+        "] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u001f] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [ ] is a  white space character.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [!] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\"] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [#] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [$] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [%] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [&] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character ['] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [(] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [)] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [*] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [+] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [,] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [-] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [.] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [/] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [0] is a  digit.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [1] is a  digit.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [2] is a  digit.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [3] is a  digit.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [4] is a  digit.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [5] is a  digit.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [6] is a  digit.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [7] is a  digit.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [8] is a  digit.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [9] is a  digit.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [:] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [;] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [<] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [=] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [>] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [?] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [@] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [A] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [B] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [C] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [D] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [E] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [F] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [G] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [H] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [I] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [J] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [K] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [L] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [M] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [N] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [O] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [P] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [Q] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [R] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [S] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [T] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [U] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [V] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [W] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [X] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [Y] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [Z] is a  capital letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [[] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\\] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character []] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [^] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [_] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [`] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [a] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [b] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [c] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [d] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [e] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [f] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [g] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [h] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [i] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [j] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [k] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [l] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [m] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [n] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [o] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [p] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [q] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [r] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [s] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [t] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [u] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [v] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [w] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [x] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [y] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [z] is a  lower-case letter.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [{] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [|] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [}] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [~] is a  punctuation mark.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The character [\u007f] is a  Error.\n",
+        "\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.13, Page no:99"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "import math\n",
+      "def isPrime(n):\n",
+      "    # returns True if n is prime, False otherwise:\n",
+      "    sqrtn = math.sqrt(n)\n",
+      "    if (n < 2):\n",
+      "        return False\n",
+      "    # 0 and 1 are not primes\n",
+      "    if (n < 4):\n",
+      "        return True\n",
+      "    # 2 and 3 are the first primes\n",
+      "    if (n%2 == 0):\n",
+      "        return False\n",
+      "    # 2 is the only even prime\n",
+      "    for d in range(3,int(sqrtn+1),2):\n",
+      "        if (n%d == 0):\n",
+      "            return False\n",
+      "        # n has a nontrivial divisor\n",
+      "    return True;\n",
+      "\n",
+      "for n in range(0,80):\n",
+      "    if (isPrime(n)):\n",
+      "        print n,\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 10
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.14, Page no:100"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "def isLeapYear(y):\n",
+      "    # returns true iff y is a leap year:\n",
+      "    return (y % 4 == 0 and y % 100 != 0 or y % 400 == 0)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# tests the isLeapYear() function:\n",
+      "n = 2\n",
+      "while n > 1:\n",
+      "    n = int(raw_input())\n",
+      "    if (isLeapYear(n)):\n",
+      "        print \"%d is a leap year.\" % n\n",
+      "    else:\n",
+      "        print \"%d is not a leap year.\" %n\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "2004\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "2004 is a leap year.\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "2006\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "2006 is not a leap year.\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "2013\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "2013 is not a leap year.\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "0\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "0 is a leap year.\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 11
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.15, Page no: 101"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def age():\n",
+      "    # prompts the user to input his/her age, and returns that value:\n",
+      "    while (True):\n",
+      "        print \"How old are you: \"\n",
+      "        n = int(raw_input())\n",
+      "        if (n < 0):\n",
+      "            print \"\\a\\tYour age could not be negative.\"\n",
+      "        elif (n > 120):\n",
+      "            print \"\\a\\tYou could not be over 120.\"\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            return n\n",
+      "        print \"\\n\\tTry again.\\n\"\n",
+      "\n",
+      "a = age();\n",
+      "print \"\\nYou are %d years old.\" %a\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "How old are you: \n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "-12\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\u0007\tYour age could not be negative.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\tTry again.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "How old are you: \n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "125\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\u0007\tYou could not be over 120.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\tTry again.\n",
+        "\n",
+        "How old are you: \n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "24\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "\n",
+        "You are 24 years old.\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 14
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.16, Page no: 102"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def swap(x,y):\n",
+      "    # exchanges the values of x and y:\n",
+      "    x[0],y[0] = y[0],x[0]\n",
+      "\n",
+      "a = [22.2]\n",
+      "b = [44.4]\n",
+      "print \"a = %.2f , b =  %.2f \" %(a[0],b[0])\n",
+      "swap(a,b)\n",
+      "print \"a = %.2f , b =  %.2f \" %(a[0],b[0])\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "a = 22.20 , b =  44.40 \n",
+        "a = 44.40 , b =  22.20 \n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 15
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.17, Page no: 104"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "'''\n",
+      "Note : Python doesn't support pass value by reference. but can be done by passing list.\n",
+      "'''\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def f(x,y):\n",
+      "    x[0]= 88\n",
+      "    y[0] = 99\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# tests the f() function:\n",
+      "a = [22]\n",
+      "b = [44]\n",
+      "print \"a = %.2f , b =  %.2f \" %(a[0],b[0])\n",
+      "f(a,b)\n",
+      "print \"a = %.2f , b =  %.2f \" %(a[0],b[0])\n",
+      "f(2*a,b)\n",
+      "print \"a = %.2f , b =  %.2f \" %(a[0],b[0])\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "a = 22.00 , b =  44.00 \n",
+        "a = 88.00 , b =  99.00 \n",
+        "a = 88.00 , b =  99.00 \n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 16
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.18, Page no: 105"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def computeCircle(r):\n",
+      "    # returns the area and circumference of a circle with radius r:\n",
+      "    PI = 3.141592653589793\n",
+      "    area = PI*r*r\n",
+      "    circumference = 2*PI*r\n",
+      "    return area,circumference\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# tests the computeCircle() function:\n",
+      "print \"Enter radius: \"\n",
+      "r = int(raw_input())\n",
+      "a,c = computeCircle(r)\n",
+      "print \"area = %.2f , circumference = %.2f\" %(a,c)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Enter radius: \n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "5\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "area = 78.54 , circumference = 31.42\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 17
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.19, Page no: 106"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "'''\n",
+      "Note : Python passes variable by value and not by reference. So output would be differ.\n",
+      "'''\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def f(x,y,z):\n",
+      "    x[0] += z[0]\n",
+      "    y[0] += z[0]\n",
+      "    print \"x = %d , y = %d , z = %d\" %(x[0],y[0],z[0])\n",
+      "\n",
+      "x = [22]\n",
+      "y = [33]\n",
+      "z = [44]\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"x = %d , y = %d , z = %d\" %(x[0],y[0],z[0])\n",
+      "f(x,y,z)\n",
+      "print \"x = %d , y = %d , z = %d\" %(x[0],y[0],z[0])\n",
+      "x[0] = 2*x[0] - 3\n",
+      "f(x,y,z)\n",
+      "print \"x = %d , y = %d , z = %d\" %(x[0],y[0],z[0])\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "x = 22 , y = 33 , z = 44\n",
+        "x = 66 , y = 77 , z = 44\n",
+        "x = 66 , y = 77 , z = 44\n",
+        "x = 173 , y = 121 , z = 44\n",
+        "x = 173 , y = 121 , z = 44\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.20, Page no: 107"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "def cube(x):\n",
+      "    # returns cube of x:\n",
+      "    return x*x*x\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# tests the cube() function:\n",
+      "print cube(4)\n",
+      "x = int(raw_input())\n",
+      "y = cube(2*x-3)\n",
+      "print y\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "64\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "5\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "343\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 19
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.21, Page no: 108"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "'''\n",
+      "Python has it's own scope so output would be differ.\n",
+      "'''\n",
+      "x = 11\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def f():\n",
+      "    x = 44\n",
+      "    print \"In f(): x = %d\" % x \n",
+      "\n",
+      "def g():\n",
+      "    print \"In g(): x = %d\" % x \n",
+      "\n",
+      "x = 22\n",
+      "x = 33\n",
+      "print \"In block inside main(): x = %d\" % x\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"In main(): x = %d\" % x \n",
+      "print \"In main(): ::x = %d\" % x \n",
+      "f()\n",
+      "g()\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "In block inside main(): x = 33\n",
+        "In main(): x = 33\n",
+        "In main(): ::x = 33\n",
+        "In f(): x = 44\n",
+        "In g(): x = 33\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 20
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.22, Page no: 109"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def max_(x, y,z=0):\n",
+      "    if x > y and x > y:\n",
+      "        return x\n",
+      "    elif y > x and y > z:\n",
+      "        return y\n",
+      "    else:\n",
+      "        return z\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "        \n",
+      "print max(99,77),  \" \" , max(55,66,33)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "99   66\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 21
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.23, Page no: 110"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# prints the quotient of two input integers:\n",
+      "print \"Enter two integers: \"\n",
+      "n = int(raw_input())\n",
+      "d = int(raw_input())\n",
+      "if (d == 0):\n",
+      "    import sys\n",
+      "    sys.exit(0)\n",
+      "print n , \"/\" , d , \" = \" , n/d \n",
+      "\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Enter two integers: \n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "8\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "2\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "8 / 2  =  4\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 22
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.24, Page no: 110"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def reciprocal(x):\n",
+      "    #returns the reciprocal of x:\n",
+      "    if (x == 0):\n",
+      "        import sys\n",
+      "        sys.exit(1); # terminate the program\n",
+      "    return 1.0/x\n",
+      "\n",
+      "x = float(raw_input())\n",
+      "print reciprocal(x)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "name": "stdout",
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "25\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "0.04\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 23
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 5.25, Page no: 111"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "'''\n",
+      "This function evaluates the third degree polynomial a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3. \n",
+      "'''\n",
+      "def p(x,a0,a1=0,a2=0,a3=0):\n",
+      "    # returns a0 + a1*x + a2*x^2 + a3*x^3:\n",
+      "    return (a0 + (a1 + (a2 + a3*x)*x)*x)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# tests the p() function:\n",
+      "x = 2.0003\n",
+      "print \"p(x,7) = %f\" % p(x,7)\n",
+      "print \"p(x,7,6) = %f\" % p(x,7,6)\n",
+      "print \"p(x,7,6,5) = %f\" % p(x,7,6,5)\n",
+      "print \"p(x,7,6,5,4) = %f\" % p(x,7,6,5,4)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "p(x,7) = 7.000000\n",
+        "p(x,7,6) = 19.001800\n",
+        "p(x,7,6,5) = 39.007800\n",
+        "p(x,7,6,5,4) = 71.022203\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 24
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file