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| author | hardythe1 | 2015-04-07 15:58:05 +0530 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | hardythe1 | 2015-04-07 15:58:05 +0530 |
| commit | 92cca121f959c6616e3da431c1e2d23c4fa5e886 (patch) | |
| tree | 205e68d0ce598ac5caca7de839a2934d746cce86 /Modern_Physics/chapter8_1.ipynb | |
| parent | b14c13fcc6bb6d01c468805d612acb353ec168ac (diff) | |
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diff --git a/Modern_Physics/chapter8_1.ipynb b/Modern_Physics/chapter8_1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..66b80efc --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Physics/chapter8_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,739 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:d72c0a73996bcf192ce1ccd2756ffc71afe785564affcd57aa0f4ee59a16ed83"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "8: X-Rays"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.1, Page number 155"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#import modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=60000; #working voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda_min=12400/V; #Wavelength emitted(Angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Wavelength emitted is\",round(lamda_min,1),\"Angstrom\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Wavelength emitted is 0.2 Angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.2, Page number 155"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#import modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=12400; #Volatage applied(V)\n",
+ "I=0.002; #current drop(A)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #the charge on electron(C)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=I/e; #number of electrons\n",
+ "v=(5.93*10**5)*(math.sqrt(V)); #striking speed(m/s)\n",
+ "lamda_min=12400/V; #shortest wavelength is(Angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of electrons striking per second is\",n,\"s-1\" \n",
+ "print \"the speed with which they strike is\",round(v/1e+7,1),\"*10^7 m/s\"\n",
+ "print \"shortest wavelength is\",lamda_min,\"Angstrom\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "number of electrons striking per second is 1.25e+16 s-1\n",
+ "the speed with which they strike is 6.6 *10^7 m/s\n",
+ "shortest wavelength is 1.0 Angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.3, Page number 156"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#import modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda_min=1; #shortest wavelength(Angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=(12400/lamda_min)/1000; #minimum applied voltage(kV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The minimum applied voltage is\",V,\"kV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The minimum applied voltage is 12.4 kV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.4, Page number 156"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#import modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "I=0.005; #current(A)\n",
+ "V=100*10**3; #potential difference(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "v=(5.93*10**5)*(math.sqrt(V)); #Maximum speed of electrons(m/s)\n",
+ "IP=V*I; #incident power(W)\n",
+ "P=0.999*IP; #power converted into heat(W)\n",
+ "H=P/4.18; #rate of production of heat(cal/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Maximum speed of electrons is\",round(v/1e+8,2),\"*10^8 m/s\"\n",
+ "print \"rate of production of heat is\",int(H),\"cal/s\"\n",
+ "print \"answer for maximum speed of electrons given in the book is wrong\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum speed of electrons is 1.88 *10^8 m/s\n",
+ "rate of production of heat is 119 cal/s\n",
+ "answer for maximum speed of electrons given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.5, Page number 156"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#import modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=30000; #potential difference(V)\n",
+ "lamda_min=0.414*10**-10; #short wavelength limit(m)\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #the charge on electron(C)\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #speed of light(m/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "h=(e*V*lamda_min)/c; #Planck's constant(Js)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"The Planck's constant is\",round(h/1e-34,2),\"*10^-34 Js\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The Planck's constant is 6.63 *10^-34 Js\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 17
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.6, Page number 158"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#import modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=1.43*10**-10; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "Z=74; #atomic number\n",
+ "R=10.97*10**6; #Rydberg constant(1/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "b=74-math.sqrt(36/(5*R*lamda)); #nuclear screening constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"nuclear screening constant is\",round(b,2)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "nuclear screening constant is 6.25\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.9, Page number 162"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#import modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mewm=0.6; #mass adsoption coeffcient(cm^2/g)\n",
+ "rho=2.7; #density of aluminium(g/cm^3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mew=rho*mewm; #linear adsorption coefficent of aluminium (1/cm)\n",
+ "T=0.693/mew; #hvl(cm)\n",
+ "x=(math.log(20))*(1/mew); #thickness(cm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"linear adsorption coefficent of aluminium is\",mew,\"cm-1\"\n",
+ "print \"the hvl is\",round(T,3),\"cm\"\n",
+ "print \"the thickness is\",round(x,2),\"cm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "linear adsorption coefficent of aluminium is 1.62 cm-1\n",
+ "the hvl is 0.428 cm\n",
+ "the thickness is 1.85 cm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.10, Page number 167"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#import modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=12; #glancing angle(degrees)\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "d=3.04*10**-10; #grating space(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation \n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "lamda=(2*d*math.sin(theta))/n; #wavelength of X-rays(m)\n",
+ "theta3=(3*lamda)/(2*d); #angle for third order reflection(radian)\n",
+ "theta3=theta3*180/math.pi; #angle for third order reflection(degrees)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength of X-rays is\",round(lamda/10**-10,2),\"Angstrom\"\n",
+ "print \"angle for third order reflection is\",round(theta3,2),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print \"answers given in the book are wrong\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength of X-rays is 1.26 Angstrom\n",
+ "angle for third order reflection is 35.74 degrees\n",
+ "answers given in the book are wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 13
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.11, Page number 167"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#import modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=1.181; #distance of seperation(Angstrom)\n",
+ "lamda=1.540; #wavelength(Angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=2*d/lamda; #sin(D) = 1 for max value\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"the orders of bragg reflection observed are\",int(n)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "the orders of bragg reflection observed are 1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 14
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.12, Page number 168"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#import modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.6; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "theta1=6.45;\n",
+ "theta2=9.15;\n",
+ "theta3=13; #angles(degree)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=lamda*10**-10; ##wavelength(m)\n",
+ "theta1=theta1*math.pi/180; \n",
+ "theta2=theta2*math.pi/180; \n",
+ "theta3=theta3*math.pi/180; #angles(radian)\n",
+ "d_a=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta1)); #interplanar spacing for 6.45 degrees(m)\n",
+ "d_b=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta2));\n",
+ "d_c=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta3)); \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"interplanar spacing for 6.45 degrees is\",round(d_a/1e-10,2),\"*10^-10 m\"\n",
+ "print \"interplanar spacing for 9.15 degrees is\",round(d_b/1e-10,3),\"*10^-10 m\"\n",
+ "print \"interplanar spacing for 13 degrees is\",round(d_c/1e-10,2),\"*10^-10 m\"\n",
+ "print \"answers given in the book vary due to rounding off errors\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "interplanar spacing for 6.45 degrees is 2.67 *10^-10 m\n",
+ "interplanar spacing for 9.15 degrees is 1.887 *10^-10 m\n",
+ "interplanar spacing for 13 degrees is 1.33 *10^-10 m\n",
+ "answers given in the book vary due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 22
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.13, Page number 168"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#import modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=3*10**-10; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "theta=40; #angle(degree)\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "d=n*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta)); #spacing between planes(m)\n",
+ "a=2*d; #lattice constant(m)\n",
+ "V=a**3; #volume of unit cell(m^3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"spacing between planes is\",round(d/10**-10,2),\"AU\"\n",
+ "print \"volume of unit cell is\",round(V/1e-28,3),\"*10^-28 m^3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "spacing between planes is 2.33 AU\n",
+ "volume of unit cell is 1.017 *10^-28 m^3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 25
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.14, Page number 168"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#import modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta1=5.4;\n",
+ "theta2=7.6;\n",
+ "theta3=9.4; #angles in degree\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta1=theta1*math.pi/180; \n",
+ "theta2=theta2*math.pi/180; \n",
+ "theta3=theta3*math.pi/180; #angles(radian)\n",
+ "d1=1/(2*math.sin(theta1));\n",
+ "d2=1/(2*math.sin(theta2));\n",
+ "d3=1/(2*math.sin(theta3));\n",
+ "m=min(d1,d2,d3);\n",
+ "d1=d1/m;\n",
+ "d2=d2/m;\n",
+ "d3=d3/m;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"d1:d2:d3 =\",d1,d2,d3"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "d1:d2:d3 = 1.73551046111 1.23491924983 1.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 27
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.15, Page number 169"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#import modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=50000; #applied voltage(V)\n",
+ "rho=1.99*10**3; #density(kg/m^3)\n",
+ "n=4;\n",
+ "Na=6.02*10**26; #Avgraodo number(per kg mole)\n",
+ "M=74.6; #molecular mass\n",
+ "lamda=0.248*10**-10; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda_min=12400/V; #short wavelength limit(Angstrom)\n",
+ "a=(n*M/(Na*rho))**(1/3); #lattice constant(m)\n",
+ "d=a/2;\n",
+ "theta=math.asin(lamda/(2*d)); #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta=theta*180/math.pi; #glancing angle(degrees) \n",
+ "deg=int(theta); #glancing angle(degrees) \n",
+ "t=60*(theta-deg);\n",
+ "m=int(t); #glancing angle(minutes)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"short wavelength limit is\",lamda_min,\"Angstrom\"\n",
+ "print \"glancing angle is\",deg,\"degrees\",m,\"minutes\"\n",
+ "print \"answer for glancing angle in minutes given in the book is wrong\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "short wavelength limit is 0.248 Angstrom\n",
+ "glancing angle is 2 degrees 15 minutes\n",
+ "answer for glancing angle in minutes given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 32
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.16, Page number 169"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#import modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=1.54; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "theta=15.9; #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "M=58.45; #molecular weight\n",
+ "rho=2.164; #density(g/cm^3)\n",
+ "n=2; #for NaCl molecule\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "d=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta)); #lattice spacing(angstrom) \n",
+ "dm=d*10**-8; ##lattice spacing(cm) \n",
+ "Na=M/(2*rho*dm**3); #Avogadro number(per gm mole) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice spacing is\",round(d,2),\"angstrom\"\n",
+ "print \"Avogadro number is\",round(Na/1e+23,2),\"*10^23 per gm mole\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " lattice spacing is 2.81 angstrom\n",
+ "Avogadro number is 6.08 *10^23 per gm mole\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.17, Page number 172"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#import modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=60; #angle(degree)\n",
+ "lamda=0.254; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "dlamda=0.024*(1-math.cos(theta)); #amount of increase in wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "lamda1=lamda-dlamda; #primary X-ray wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"primary X-ray wavelength is\",lamda1,\"angstrom\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "primary X-ray wavelength is 0.242 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.18, Page number 172"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#import modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=32; #angle(degree)\n",
+ "lamda=1.54*10**-10; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "h=2; \n",
+ "k=2;\n",
+ "l=0; #lattice constants\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "d=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta)); #interplanar spacing(m)\n",
+ "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); #lattice parameter(m)\n",
+ "r=math.sqrt(2)*a/4; #radius of atom(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice parameter is\",round(a/1e-10,1),\"*10^-10 m\"\n",
+ "print \"radius of atom is\",round(r/1e-10,2),\"*10^-10 m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice parameter is 4.1 *10^-10 m\n",
+ "radius of atom is 1.45 *10^-10 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file |