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+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": ""
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter-8 : Comparators And Converters"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example : 8.2 - Page No 256"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Given data\n",
+      "A= 92 # in dB\n",
+      "A= 10**(92.0/20) \n",
+      "V_CC= 15 # in volt\n",
+      "Vout= 30 # in volt\n",
+      "InputOffsetVoltage= 0 # in V\n",
+      "InputVoltage= Vout/A # in V\n",
+      "print \"Input Voltage = %0.4f mV\" %(InputVoltage*10**3)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Input Voltage = 0.7536 mV\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 20
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example : 8.3 - Page No "
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Given data\n",
+      "R1= 2 # in kohm\n",
+      "Rf= 390.0 # in kohm\n",
+      "V_sat= 12 # in V\n",
+      "Bita= R1/(R1+Rf) \n",
+      "UTP= Bita*V_sat # in volt\n",
+      "LTP= -Bita*V_sat # in volt\n",
+      "print \"Value of UTP = %0.1f mv\" %(UTP*10**3)\n",
+      "print \"Value of LTP = %0.1f mv\" %(LTP*10**3)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# Note : In the book, there is an error to convert the value of UTP from volts to milli volts."
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Value of UTP = 61.2 mv\n",
+        "Value of LTP = -61.2 mv\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 23
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example : 8.5 - Page No 260"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from math import exp\n",
+      "# Given data\n",
+      "t=0 \n",
+      "Vc=0 \n",
+      "Vo=5 #in volt\n",
+      "# V1= 2*R/(2*R+3*R)= 2/5*Vo\n",
+      "# Vco= 1/5*VR +4/5*Vo = 1/5*(VR+4*Vo)\n",
+      "# Req= R||4*R= 4/5*R\n",
+      "# Vct= Vco*(1-%e**(-t/(Req*C)))= 1/5*(VR+4*Vo)*(1-%e**(-t/(4*R*C/5)))= 1/5*(VR+4*Vo)*(1-%e**(-1.25*t/(R*C)))\n",
+      "# T= 2*Rf*C*log(1+2*R3/R2)= 2*R*C*log(7/3)= 1.7*R*C\n",
+      "# t= T/2= .85*R*C, Hence\n",
+      "Vct=2 #in volt\n",
+      "# Vct= 1/5*(VR+4*Vo)*(1-%e**1.0625)\n",
+      "VR= Vct*5/(1-exp(-1.0625))-4*Vo \n",
+      "print \"Value of VR = %0.2f volt\" %VR"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Value of VR = -4.72 volt\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example : 8.6 - Page No 260"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from numpy import pi\n",
+      "from math import asin\n",
+      "# Given data\n",
+      "omega= 200*pi # in radians/seconds\n",
+      "f=omega/(2*pi) # in Hz\n",
+      "T=1/f # in sec\n",
+      "T=T*10**3 #in ms\n",
+      "Vin= 7 #in volt\n",
+      "t1= 1/omega*asin(6.0/Vin) # in sec\n",
+      "t1=t1*10**3 # in ms\n",
+      "# The output of the schmitt trigger is at -10 volt\n",
+      "t1= T/2+t1 # in ms\n",
+      "# The output of the schmitt trigger is at +10 volt\n",
+      "t2= 10-t1 # in ms\n",
+      "print \"The output of the schmitt trigger is at -10 volt = %0.2f ms\" %t1\n",
+      "print \"The output of the schmitt trigger is at +10 volt = %0.2f ms\" %t2"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The output of the schmitt trigger is at -10 volt = 6.64 ms\n",
+        "The output of the schmitt trigger is at +10 volt = 3.36 ms\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 44
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example : 8.7 - Page No 261"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Given data\n",
+      "R1= 150 # in ohm\n",
+      "R2= 68.0 # in kohm\n",
+      "R2=R2*10**3 # in ohm\n",
+      "Vin= 500 # in mv\n",
+      "V_sat= 14 #in volt\n",
+      "V_pos= R1/(R1+R2)*V_sat # in volt\n",
+      "V_UT= V_pos #in volt\n",
+      "# In the same way when output is -14 volts and starts increasing in negative direcition \n",
+      "V_sat=-14 #in volt\n",
+      "V_pos= R1*V_sat/(R1+R2) # in volt\n",
+      "V_LT= abs(V_pos) #in volt\n",
+      "print \"Value of V_UT = %0.4f volts\" %V_UT\n",
+      "print \"Value of V_LT = %0.4f volts\" %V_LT"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Value of V_UT = 0.0308 volts\n",
+        "Value of V_LT = 0.0308 volts\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 45
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example : 8.8 - Page No 262"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Given data\n",
+      "V_UT= 5 # in V\n",
+      "V_LT= -5 # in V\n",
+      "V_sat= 10 # in V (Assume)\n",
+      "# V_UT= (R1/(R1+R2))*V_sat = 5\n",
+      "# V_LT= (-R1/(R1+R2))*V_sat = -5\n",
+      "# 10*R1/(R+R2)= 5\n",
+      "V_hy= V_UT-V_LT # in volt\n",
+      "print \"Hysteresis voltage = %0.f volt\" %V_hy"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Hysteresis voltage = 10 volt\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 46
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example : 8.9 - Page No 268"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Given data\n",
+      "V_REF= 10 # in V\n",
+      "V_REF= float(V_REF) # converting into float\n",
+      "MSB2= V_REF/2 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"The second MSB weight = %0.f volt\" %MSB2\n",
+      "MSB3= V_REF/4 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"The third MSB weight = %0.1f volt\"%MSB3\n",
+      "MSB4= V_REF/8 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"The forth MSB (or LSB) weight = %0.2f volt\" %MSB4\n",
+      "DAC= MSB4 \n",
+      "print \"The resolution of the DAC = %0.2f volt\" %DAC\n",
+      "FullScaleOutput= V_REF+MSB2+MSB3+MSB4 #in volt\n",
+      "print \"Full scale output = %0.2f volt\" %FullScaleOutput\n",
+      "print \"IF Rf is reduced to one-forth then the value of full scale output =\" ,round(FullScaleOutput/4,4),\" volt\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The second MSB weight = 5 volt\n",
+        "The third MSB weight = 2.5 volt\n",
+        "The forth MSB (or LSB) weight = 1.25 volt\n",
+        "The resolution of the DAC = 1.25 volt\n",
+        "Full scale output = 18.75 volt\n",
+        "IF Rf is reduced to one-forth then the value of full scale output = 4.6875  volt\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 36
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example : 8.10 - Page No 268"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Given data\n",
+      "V_REF= -5 # in V\n",
+      "V_B= 0 # in volt\n",
+      "V_A= -5 # in volt\n",
+      "V_A= float(V_A) # converting into float\n",
+      "V_C=V_A \n",
+      "V_D=V_C \n",
+      "Vout= -1*(V_A+V_B/2+V_C/4+V_D/8) # in volt\n",
+      "print \"Output voltage = %0.3f volt\" %Vout"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Output voltage = 6.875 volt\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 38
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example : 8.11 - Page No 269"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Given data\n",
+      "Dn=16 # in volt\n",
+      "Dn= float (Dn) #converting into float\n",
+      "MSB1= Dn/2 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"The first MSB output = %0.f volt\" %MSB1\n",
+      "MSB2= Dn/4 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"The second MSB output = %0.f volt\" %MSB2\n",
+      "MSB3= Dn/8 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"The third MSB output = %0.f volt\" %MSB3\n",
+      "MSB4= Dn/16 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"The forth MSB output = %0.f volt\" %MSB4\n",
+      "MSB5= Dn/32 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"The fifth MSB output = %0.1f volt\" %MSB5\n",
+      "MSB6= Dn/64 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"The sixth MSB (LSB) output = %0.2f volt\" %MSB6\n",
+      "resolution= MSB6 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"The resolution = %0.2f volt\" %resolution\n",
+      "fullScaleOutput= MSB1+MSB2+MSB3+MSB4+MSB5+MSB6 \n",
+      "print \"Full scale output occurs for digital input of 111111 = %0.2f volt\" %fullScaleOutput\n",
+      "# For digital input 101011\n",
+      "D0=16 \n",
+      "D1=16 \n",
+      "D2=0 \n",
+      "D3=16 \n",
+      "D4=0 \n",
+      "D5=16 \n",
+      "\n",
+      "Vout= float(D0*2**0 + D1*2**1 + D2*2**2 + D3*2**3 + D4*2**4 + D5*2**5)/2**6 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"The voltage output for a digital input of 101011 = %0.2f volt\" %Vout"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The first MSB output = 8 volt\n",
+        "The second MSB output = 4 volt\n",
+        "The third MSB output = 2 volt\n",
+        "The forth MSB output = 1 volt\n",
+        "The fifth MSB output = 0.5 volt\n",
+        "The sixth MSB (LSB) output = 0.25 volt\n",
+        "The resolution = 0.25 volt\n",
+        "Full scale output occurs for digital input of 111111 = 15.75 volt\n",
+        "The voltage output for a digital input of 101011 = 10.75 volt\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 41
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example : 8.12 - Page No 269"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Given data\n",
+      "# For the word 100100\n",
+      "N=6 # Number of bits\n",
+      "a5= 1 # Value of bits\n",
+      "a4= 0 # Value of bits\n",
+      "a3= 0 # Value of bits\n",
+      "a2= 1 # Value of bits\n",
+      "a1= 0 # Value of bits\n",
+      "a0= 0 # Value of bits\n",
+      "Vo= 3.6 # in volt\n",
+      "# Formula Vo= (2**(N-1)*a5 + 2**(N-2)*a4 + 2**(N-3)*a3 + 2**(N-4)*a2 + 2**(N-5)*a1 + 2**(N-6)*a0 ) * K\n",
+      "K= Vo/(2**(N-1)*a5 + 2**(N-2)*a4 + 2**(N-3)*a3 + 2**(N-4)*a2 + 2**(N-5)*a1 + 2**(N-6)*a0 ) \n",
+      "# For the word 110011\n",
+      "N=6 # Number of bits\n",
+      "a5= 1 # Value of bits\n",
+      "a4= 1 # Value of bits\n",
+      "a3= 0 # Value of bits\n",
+      "a2= 0 # Value of bits\n",
+      "a1= 1 # Value of bits\n",
+      "a0= 1 # Value of bits\n",
+      "Vo= (2**(N-1)*a5 + 2**(N-2)*a4 + 2**(N-3)*a3 + 2**(N-4)*a2 + 2**(N-5)*a1 + 2**(N-6)*a0 ) * K # in volt\n",
+      "print \"(i) : The value of Vo for the word 110011 = %0.1f volt\" %Vo\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# Part(ii)\n",
+      "# For the word 1010\n",
+      "N=4 # Number of bits\n",
+      "a3= 1 # Value of bits\n",
+      "a2= 0 # Value of bits\n",
+      "a1= 1 # Value of bits\n",
+      "a0= 0 # Value of bits\n",
+      "VR= 6 # in volt\n",
+      "Vo= float(VR)/2**N*( 2**(N-1)*a3 + 2**(N-2)*a2 + 2**(N-3)*a1 + 2**(N-4)*a0  ) \n",
+      "print \"(ii) : Value of output voltage = %0.2f volt\" %Vo"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "(i) : The value of Vo for the word 110011 = 5.1 volt\n",
+        "(ii) : Value of output voltage = 3.75 volt\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 43
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example : 8.13 - Page No 277"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Given data\n",
+      "R=100 # in kohm\n",
+      "R=R*10**3 # in ohm\n",
+      "C= 1 # in micro F\n",
+      "C=C*10**-6 # in F\n",
+      "V_REF= 5 # in volt\n",
+      "t=0.2 # time taken to read an unknown voltage in second\n",
+      "T=R*C # in second\n",
+      "Vx= T/t*V_REF # in volt\n",
+      "print \"Unknown voltage = %0.1f volt\" %Vx"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Unknown voltage = 2.5 volt\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 44
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example : 8.14 - Page No 277\n",
+      "    "
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Given data\n",
+      "f=75 # in MHz\n",
+      "f=f*10**6 # in Hz\n",
+      "# For an 8-bit converter reference voltage\n",
+      "V_REF= 100 # in volt\n",
+      "# For setting D7=1\n",
+      "Vo_7= V_REF*2**7/2**8 #in volt\n",
+      "# For setting D6=1\n",
+      "Vo_6= V_REF*2**6/2**8 #in volt\n",
+      "# For setting D7=1 and D6=1\n",
+      "Vo_76= Vo_7+Vo_6 #in volt\n",
+      "# For setting D5=1 D6=1 and D7=1\n",
+      "Vo_5= float(V_REF*2**5)/2**8+Vo_7+Vo_6 #in volt\n",
+      "print \"For setting D7=1 output voltage = %0.f volt\" %Vo_7\n",
+      "print \"For setting D6=1 output voltage = %0.f volt\" %Vo_6\n",
+      "print \"For setting D7=1 and D6=1 output voltage = %0.f volt\" %Vo_76\n",
+      "print \"For setting D5=1, D6=1 and D7=1 output voltage = %0.1f volt\" %Vo_5\n",
+      "T=float(1.0/f) # in sec\n",
+      "print \"Conversion time = %0.1f ns\" %(T*10**9)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "For setting D7=1 output voltage = 50 volt\n",
+        "For setting D6=1 output voltage = 25 volt\n",
+        "For setting D7=1 and D6=1 output voltage = 75 volt\n",
+        "For setting D5=1, D6=1 and D7=1 output voltage = 87.5 volt\n",
+        "Conversion time = 13.3 ns\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 49
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example : 8.15 - Page No 277"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Given data\n",
+      "f=1 # in MHz\n",
+      "f=f*10**6 # in Hz\n",
+      "f= float(f) # converting into float\n",
+      "T=1/f # conversion time in sec\n",
+      "N=8 # number of bits\n",
+      "tc= N*T # in sec\n",
+      "print \"Time of Conversion = %0.f micro sec : \" %(tc*10**6)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Time of Conversion = 8 micro sec : \n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 52
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example : 8.16 - Page No 277"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Given data\n",
+      "Vin= 2 #in volt\n",
+      "Vout= 10 #in volt\n",
+      "R=100 # in kohm\n",
+      "R=R*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+      "C=0.1 # in  micro F\n",
+      "C=C*10**-6 #in F\n",
+      "# Formula Vout = -1/(R*C)*integrate('Vin','t',0,t) = -Vin*t/(R*C)\n",
+      "t= Vout*R*C/Vin # in sec\n",
+      "print \"Maximum time upto which the reference voltage can be integrated,\"\n",
+      "print  \"t =\",round(t,2),\"second =\",int(round(t*10**3)),\"ms\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Maximum time upto which the reference voltage can be integrated,\n",
+        "t = 0.05 second = 50 ms\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 69
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example : 8.17 - Page No 280"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "# Given data\n",
+      "C=0.1 # in  nF\n",
+      "C=C*10**-9 #in F\n",
+      "V=5 #in V\n",
+      "t=1 # in micro S\n",
+      "t=t*10**-6 # in sec\n",
+      "# v= V*(1-%e**(-t/(R*C)))\n",
+      "# Since hold value does not drop by more than 0.5% or by 0.005 V, hold value is 0.995 V, Thus\n",
+      "# 0.995*V= V*(1-%e**(-t/(R*C)))\n",
+      "# or %e**(-t/(R*C))= 1-0.995 = 0.005\n",
+      "R= t/(C*math.log(1/0.005)) # in ohm\n",
+      "I= V/R*(1-exp(-t/(R*C))) # Maximum currnet through R in amphere\n",
+      "print \"Maximum permissible leakage current through the hold capacitor = %0.3f mA\" %(I*10**3)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Maximum permissible leakage current through the hold capacitor = 2.636 mA\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 48
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file