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+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 35 : Sampling And Inference"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.1, page no. 864"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Suppose the coin is unbiased\n",
+ "Then probability of getting the head in a toss = 1/2 \n",
+ "Then, expected no. of successes = a = 1/2∗400\n",
+ "Observed no. of successes = 216\n",
+ "The excess of observed value over expected value = 216\n",
+ "S. D. of simple sampling = (n∗p∗q)ˆ0.5 = c \n",
+ "Hence, z = (b−a)/c = 21.6\n",
+ "As z<1.96, the hypothesis is accepted at 5% level of significance\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print \"Suppose the coin is unbiased\"\n",
+ "print \"Then probability of getting the head in a toss = 1/2 \"\n",
+ "print \"Then, expected no. of successes = a = 1/2∗400\"\n",
+ "a = 1/2*400\n",
+ "print \"Observed no. of successes = 216\"\n",
+ "b = 216\n",
+ "print \"The excess of observed value over expected value = \",b-a\n",
+ "print \"S. D. of simple sampling = (n∗p∗q)ˆ0.5 = c \"\n",
+ "c = (400*0.5*0.5)**0.5\n",
+ "print \"Hence, z = (b−a)/c = \",(b-a)/c\n",
+ "print \"As z<1.96, the hypothesis is accepted at 5% level of significance\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.2, page no. 865"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Suppose the die is unbiased \n",
+ "Then probability of getting 5 or 6 with one die=1/3 \n",
+ "Then, expected no. of successes = a = 1/3∗9000 \n",
+ "Observed no. of successes = 3240\n",
+ "The excess of observed value over expected value = 240.0\n",
+ "S. D. of simple sampling = (n∗p∗q)ˆ0.5=c\n",
+ "Hence, z = (b−a)/c = 5.366563146\n",
+ "As z>2.58, the hypothesis has to be rejected at 1% level of significance\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print \"Suppose the die is unbiased \"\n",
+ "print \"Then probability of getting 5 or 6 with one die=1/3 \"\n",
+ "print \"Then, expected no. of successes = a = 1/3∗9000 \"\n",
+ "a = 1./3*9000\n",
+ "print \"Observed no. of successes = 3240\"\n",
+ "b = 3240\n",
+ "print \"The excess of observed value over expected value = \",b-a\n",
+ "print \"S. D. of simple sampling = (n∗p∗q)ˆ0.5=c\"\n",
+ "c = (9000*(1./3)*(2./3))**0.5\n",
+ "print \"Hence, z = (b−a)/c = \",(b-a)/c\n",
+ "print \"As z>2.58, the hypothesis has to be rejected at 1% level of significance\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.3, page no. 865"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "q = 1−p \n",
+ "Standard error of the population of families having a monthly income of rs. 250 or less=(p∗q/n)ˆ0.5 = 0.0148442858929\n",
+ "Hence taking 103/420 to be the estimate of families having a monthly income of rs. 250 or less, the limits are 20% and 29% approximately\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "p = 206./840\n",
+ "print \"q = 1−p \"\n",
+ "q = 1-p\n",
+ "n = 840\n",
+ "print \"Standard error of the population of families having a monthly income of rs. 250 or less=(p∗q/n)ˆ0.5 = \",(p*q/n)**0.5\n",
+ "print \"Hence taking 103/420 to be the estimate of families having a monthly income of rs. 250 or less, the limits are 20% and 29% approximately\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.4, page no. 866"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "p=(n1∗p1+n2∗p2)/(n1+n2)\n",
+ "0.1904\n",
+ "q = 1−p \n",
+ "0.8096\n",
+ "e=(p∗q∗(1/n1+1/n2))ˆ0.5\n",
+ "0.0163590274093\n",
+ "z = 0.916924926202\n",
+ "As z<1, the difference between the proportions is not significant. \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "n1 = 900\n",
+ "n2 = 1600\n",
+ "p1 = 20./100\n",
+ "p2 = 18.5/100\n",
+ "print \"p=(n1∗p1+n2∗p2)/(n1+n2)\"\n",
+ "p = (n1*p1+n2*p2)/(n1+n2)\n",
+ "print p\n",
+ "print \"q = 1−p \"\n",
+ "q = 1-p\n",
+ "print q\n",
+ "print \"e=(p∗q∗(1/n1+1/n2))ˆ0.5\"\n",
+ "e = (p*q*((1./n1)+(1./n2)))**0.5\n",
+ "print e\n",
+ "z = (p1-p2)/e\n",
+ "print \"z = \",z\n",
+ "print \"As z<1, the difference between the proportions is not significant. \""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.5, page no. 867"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "q1 = 1−p1 \n",
+ "q2=1−p2\n",
+ "e=((p1∗q1/n1)+(p2*q2/n2))ˆ0.5\n",
+ "Hence, it is likely that real difference will be hidden.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "p1 = 0.3\n",
+ "p2 = 0.25\n",
+ "print \"q1 = 1−p1 \"\n",
+ "q1 = 1-p1\n",
+ "print \"q2=1−p2\"\n",
+ "q2 = 1-p2\n",
+ "n1 = 1200\n",
+ "n2 = 900\n",
+ "print \"e=((p1∗q1/n1)+(p2*q2/n2))ˆ0.5\"\n",
+ "e = ((p1*q1/n1)+(p2*q2/n2))**0.5\n",
+ "z = (p1-p2)/e\n",
+ "print \"Hence, it is likely that real difference will be hidden.\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.6, page no. 868"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "m and n represents mean and number of objects in sample respectively \n",
+ "z=(m−M)/(d/(nˆ0.5)\n",
+ "z = 2.7950310559\n",
+ "As z>1.96, it cannot be regarded as a random sample\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print \"m and n represents mean and number of objects in sample respectively \"\n",
+ "m = 3.4\n",
+ "n = 900.\n",
+ "M = 3.25\n",
+ "d = 1.61\n",
+ "print \"z=(m−M)/(d/(nˆ0.5)\"\n",
+ "z = (m-M)/(d/(n**0.5))\n",
+ "print \"z = \",z\n",
+ "print \"As z>1.96, it cannot be regarded as a random sample\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.9, page no. 871"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "m1 and n1 represents mean and no. of objects in sample 1\n",
+ "m2 and n2 represents mean and no. of objects in sample 2\n",
+ "On the hypothesis that the samples are drawn from the same population of d = 2.5, we get\n",
+ "z = -5.16397779494\n",
+ "Since |z|>1.96, thus samples cannot be regarded as drawn from the same population\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print \"m1 and n1 represents mean and no. of objects in sample 1\"\n",
+ "print \"m2 and n2 represents mean and no. of objects in sample 2\"\n",
+ "m1 = 67.5\n",
+ "m2 = 68.\n",
+ "n1 = 1000.\n",
+ "n2 = 2000.\n",
+ "d = 2.5\n",
+ "print \"On the hypothesis that the samples are drawn from the same population of d = 2.5, we get\"\n",
+ "z = (m1-m2)/(d*((1/n1)+(1/n2))**0.5)\n",
+ "print \"z = \",z\n",
+ "print \"Since |z|>1.96, thus samples cannot be regarded as drawn from the same population\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.10, page no. 872"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "m1, d1 and n1 denotes mean, deviation and no.of objects in first sample \n",
+ "m2, d2 and n2 denotes mean, deviation and no.of objects in second sample\n",
+ "S. E. of the difference of the mean heights is 0.0703246933872\n",
+ "-0.7\n",
+ "|m1−m2|>10e, this is highly significant. hence, the data indicates that the sailors are on the average taller than the soldiers.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print \"m1, d1 and n1 denotes mean, deviation and no.of objects in first sample \"\n",
+ "m1 = 67.85\n",
+ "d1 = 2.56\n",
+ "n1 = 6400.\n",
+ "print \"m2, d2 and n2 denotes mean, deviation and no.of objects in second sample\"\n",
+ "m2 = 68.55\n",
+ "d2 = 2.52\n",
+ "n2 = 1600.\n",
+ "print \"S. E. of the difference of the mean heights is \",\n",
+ "e = ((d**2/n1)+(d2**2/n2))**0.5\n",
+ "print e\n",
+ "print m1-m2\n",
+ "print \"|m1−m2|>10e, this is highly significant. hence, the data indicates that the sailors are on the average taller than the soldiers.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.12, page no. 874"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "First of row denotes the different values of sample \n",
+ "The second row denotes the corresponding deviation\n",
+ "The third row denotes the corresponding square of deviation\n",
+ "The sum of second row elements = 10.0\n",
+ "The sum of third row elements = 66.0\n",
+ "let m be the mean \n",
+ "let d be the standard deviation\n",
+ "1.84522581263\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "\n",
+ "A = numpy.zeros((3,9))\n",
+ "n = 9\n",
+ "print \"First of row denotes the different values of sample \"\n",
+ "A[0,:] = [45,47,50,52,48,47,49,53,51]\n",
+ "print \"The second row denotes the corresponding deviation\"\n",
+ "for i in range(0,9):\n",
+ " A[1,i] = A[0,i]-48\n",
+ "print \"The third row denotes the corresponding square of deviation\"\n",
+ "for i in range(0,9):\n",
+ " A[2,i] = A[1,i]**2\n",
+ "print \"The sum of second row elements = \",\n",
+ "a =0\n",
+ "for i in range(0,9):\n",
+ " a = a+A[1,i]\n",
+ "print a\n",
+ "print \"The sum of third row elements = \",\n",
+ "b = 0\n",
+ "for i in range(0,9):\n",
+ " b = b+A[2,i]\n",
+ "print b\n",
+ "print \"let m be the mean \"\n",
+ "m = 48+a/n\n",
+ "print \"let d be the standard deviation\"\n",
+ "d = ((b/n)-(a/n)**2)**0.5\n",
+ "t = (m-47.5)*(n-1)**0.5/d\n",
+ "print t"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 35.13, page no. 876"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d and n represents the deviation and no. objects in given sample\n",
+ "Taking the hypothesis that the product is not inferior i.e. there is no significant difference between m and M\n",
+ "3.15\n",
+ "Degrees of freedom= \n",
+ "9.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "print \"d and n represents the deviation and no. objects in given sample\"\n",
+ "n = 10.\n",
+ "d = 0.04\n",
+ "m = 0.742\n",
+ "M = 0.700\n",
+ "print \"Taking the hypothesis that the product is not inferior i.e. there is no significant difference between m and M\"\n",
+ "t = (m-M)*(n-1)**0.5/d\n",
+ "print t\n",
+ "print \"Degrees of freedom= \"\n",
+ "f = n-1\n",
+ "print f"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "## Example 34.15, page no. 878"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The first row denotes the boy no. \n",
+ "The second row denotes the marks in test I(x1)\n",
+ "The third row denotes the marks in test I(x2)\n",
+ "The fourth row denotes the difference of marks in two tests(d)\n",
+ "The fifth row denotes the (d−1)\n",
+ "The sixth row denotes the square of elements of fourth row \n",
+ "[[ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.]\n",
+ " [ 23. 20. 19. 21. 18. 20. 18. 17. 23. 16. 19.]\n",
+ " [ 24. 19. 22. 18. 20. 22. 20. 20. 23. 20. 17.]\n",
+ " [ 1. -1. 3. -3. 2. 2. 2. 3. 0. 4. -2.]\n",
+ " [ 0. -2. 2. -4. 1. 1. 1. 2. -1. 3. -3.]\n",
+ " [ 1. 1. 9. 9. 4. 4. 4. 9. 0. 16. 4.]]\n",
+ "The sum of elements of fourth row=\n",
+ "11.0\n",
+ "The sum of elements of sixth row= \n",
+ "61.0\n",
+ "Standard deviation\n",
+ "d = 2.46981780705\n",
+ "t = 1.48063606712\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import numpy\n",
+ "\n",
+ "A = numpy.zeros((6,11))\n",
+ "n = 11\n",
+ "print \"The first row denotes the boy no. \"\n",
+ "A[0,:] = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]\n",
+ "print \"The second row denotes the marks in test I(x1)\"\n",
+ "A[1,:] = [23,20,19,21,18,20,18,17,23,16,19]\n",
+ "print \"The third row denotes the marks in test I(x2)\"\n",
+ "A[2,:] = [24,19,22,18,20,22,20,20,23,20,17]\n",
+ "print \"The fourth row denotes the difference of marks in two tests(d)\"\n",
+ "for i in range (0,11):\n",
+ " A[3,i] = A[2,i]-A[1,i]\n",
+ "print \"The fifth row denotes the (d−1)\"\n",
+ "for i in range (0,11):\n",
+ " A[4,i] = A[3,i]-1\n",
+ "print \"The sixth row denotes the square of elements of fourth row \"\n",
+ "for i in range(0,11):\n",
+ " A[5,i] = A[3,i]**2\n",
+ "print A\n",
+ "a = 0\n",
+ "print \"The sum of elements of fourth row=\"\n",
+ "for i in range(0,11):\n",
+ " a = a+A[3,i]\n",
+ "print a\n",
+ "b = 0\n",
+ "print \"The sum of elements of sixth row= \"\n",
+ "for i in range(0,11):\n",
+ " b = b + A[5,i]\n",
+ "print b\n",
+ "print \"Standard deviation\"\n",
+ "d = (b/(n-1))**0.5\n",
+ "t = (1-0)*(n)**0.5/2.24\n",
+ "print \"d = \",d\n",
+ "print \"t = \",t"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.10"
+ }
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+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
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