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| author | kinitrupti | 2017-05-12 18:53:46 +0530 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | kinitrupti | 2017-05-12 18:53:46 +0530 |
| commit | 6279fa19ac6e2a4087df2e6fe985430ecc2c2d5d (patch) | |
| tree | 22789c9dbe468dae6697dcd12d8e97de4bcf94a2 /Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran | |
| parent | d36fc3b8f88cc3108ffff6151e376b619b9abb01 (diff) | |
| download | Python-Textbook-Companions-6279fa19ac6e2a4087df2e6fe985430ecc2c2d5d.tar.gz Python-Textbook-Companions-6279fa19ac6e2a4087df2e6fe985430ecc2c2d5d.tar.bz2 Python-Textbook-Companions-6279fa19ac6e2a4087df2e6fe985430ecc2c2d5d.zip | |
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diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter1.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter1.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..3f1a5138 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,492 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:be338ef971644a9f5f4678fb763a92b7fd97bf3ce5a24c5818759072b8dab2d8"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "1: Elasticity"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 1.1, Page number 30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "L=3; #length of wire(m)\n",
+ "A=6.25*10**-5; #cross sectional area(m**2)\n",
+ "delta_L=3*10**-3; #increase in length(m)\n",
+ "F=1.2*10**3; #force(N)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Y=F*L/(A*delta_L); #young's modulus(N/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"young's modulus is \",Y/10**10,\"*10**10 N/m**2\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "young's modulus is 1.92 *10**10 N/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 1.2, Page number 30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Y=2*10**11; #young's modulus(N/m**2)\n",
+ "L=2.75; #length of wire(m)\n",
+ "d=1*10**-3; #diameter(m)\n",
+ "M=1; #applied load(kg)\n",
+ "g=9.8; #acceleration due to gravity(N)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T=M*g; #tension(N)\n",
+ "delta_L=T*L/(math.pi*(d/2)**2*Y); #increase in length of wire(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"increase in length of wire is\",round(delta_L*10**4,5),\"*10**-4 m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "increase in length of wire is 1.71569 *10**-4 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 1.3, Page number 31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "F=0.3; #force(N)\n",
+ "d=5*10**-3; #displacement(m)\n",
+ "L=6*10**-2; #length of solid(m)\n",
+ "B=6*10**-2; #breadth of solid(m)\n",
+ "h=2*10**-2; #height of solid(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "s=F/(L*B); #shear stress(N/m**2)\n",
+ "theta=d/h; #shear strain\n",
+ "rm=s/theta; #rigidity modulus(N/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"shear stress is\",round(s,2),\"N/m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"shear strain is\",theta\n",
+ "print \"rigidity modulus is\",round(rm,2),\"N/m**2\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "shear stress is 83.33 N/m**2\n",
+ "shear strain is 0.25\n",
+ "rigidity modulus is 333.33 N/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 1.4, Page number 32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=2.5*10**10; #rigidity modulus(N/m**2)\n",
+ "L=30*10**-2; #thickness(m)\n",
+ "A=12*10**-4; #surface area(m**2)\n",
+ "delta_L=1.5*10**-2; #displacement(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "F=n*A*delta_L/L; #shearing force(N)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"shearing force is\",F/10**6,\"*10**6 N\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "shearing force is 1.5 *10**6 N\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 1.6, Page number 33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Y=7.25*10**10; #young's modulus of silver(N/m**2)\n",
+ "K=11*10**10; #bulk modulus of silver(N/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma=(3*K-Y)/(6*K); #poisson's ratio\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"poisson's ratio is\",round(sigma,2)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "poisson's ratio is 0.39\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 1.7, Page number 34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "L=3; #length of Cu wire(m)\n",
+ "Y=12.5*10**10; #young's modulus(N/m**2)\n",
+ "r=5*10**-4; #radius of wire(m)\n",
+ "sigma=0.26; #poisson's ratio\n",
+ "m=10; #load(kg)\n",
+ "g=9.8; #acceleration due to gravity(N)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "delta_L=m*g*L/(math.pi*r**2*Y); #extension produced(m)\n",
+ "ls=sigma*delta_L/3; #lateral strain\n",
+ "dd=ls*r*2; #decrease in diameter(m) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"extension produced is\",round(delta_L*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 m\"\n",
+ "print \"lateral compression produced is\",round(dd*10**7,3),\"*10**-7 m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "extension produced is 2.99 *10**-3 m\n",
+ "lateral compression produced is 2.595 *10**-7 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 1.8, Page number 35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "L=1; #length of wire(m)\n",
+ "d=1*10**-3; #diameter of wire(m)\n",
+ "n=2.8*10**10; #rigidity modulus of wire(N/m**2)\n",
+ "theta=math.pi/2; #angle of twisting(radian)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "C=math.pi**2*n*(d/2)**4/(4*L); #couple to be applied(Nm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"couple to be applied is\",round(C*10**3,5),\"*10**-3 Nm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "couple to be applied is 4.31795 *10**-3 Nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 1.9, Page number 35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=0.82*10**-3; #diameter of wire(m)\n",
+ "delta_L=1*10**-3; #length of elongation produced(m)\n",
+ "m=0.33; #load(kg)\n",
+ "g=9.8; #acceleration due to gravity(N)\n",
+ "n=2.2529*10**9; #rigidity modulus of wire(N/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Y=m*g/(math.pi*(d/2)**2*delta_L); #young's modulus(N/m**2)\n",
+ "sigma=(Y/(2*n))-1; #poisson's ratio\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"poisson's ratio is\",round(sigma,3)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "poisson's ratio is 0.359\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 1.10, Page number 36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "p1=1.01*10**5; #atmospheric pressure(N/m**2)\n",
+ "K=16*10**10; #bulk modulus(N/m**2)\n",
+ "p2=10**2; #increased pressure(N/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "dP=p1-p2; #change in pressure(N/m**2)\n",
+ "dV=dP/K; #fractional change of volume\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"change in volume of steel bar is\",round(dV*10**7,1),\"*10**-7 V m**3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "change in volume of steel bar is 6.3 *10**-7 V m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 1.11, Page number 37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Y=1.013*10**10; #young's modulus of bar(N/m**2)\n",
+ "b=2*10**-2; #breadth of bar(m)\n",
+ "l=1; #length of bar(m)\n",
+ "d=1*10**-2; #depth of bar(m)\n",
+ "m=2; #load(kg)\n",
+ "g=9.8; #acceleration due to gravity(N)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "y=m*g*l**3/(4*Y*b*d**3); #depression produced in bar(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"depression produced in bar is\",round(y,6),\"m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "depression produced in bar is 0.024186 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 1.12, Page number 37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "r=1.2*10**-2; #radius of cantilever(m)\n",
+ "l=1.5; #length of cantilever(m)\n",
+ "Y=19.5*10**10; #young's modulus(N/m**2)\n",
+ "m=2; #load(kg)\n",
+ "g=9.8; #acceleration due to gravity(N)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "y=4*m*g*l**3/(3*Y*math.pi*(r**4)); #depression produced in cantilever(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"depression produced in cantilever is\",round(y*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "depression produced in cantilever is 6.943 *10**-3 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter11.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter11.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..3f04726e --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter11.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,288 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:c3dcf79a03b4887493b03eb7567c9289353e41ba9f42b1e11e4742e5d995690d"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "11: Laser"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 11.1, Page number 33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=590*10**-9; #wavelength of sodium D line(m)\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n",
+ "e=1.602*10**-19; #charge of electron(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E=h*c/lamda; #energy of 1st excited state(J)\n",
+ "E=E/e; #energy of 1st excited state(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy of 1st excited state is\",round(E,1),\"eV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "energy of 1st excited state is 2.1 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 11.2, Page number 34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=250+273; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "lamda=590*10**-9; #wavelength of sodium D line(m)\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=h*c/(k*T*lamda);\n",
+ "N2byN1=math.exp(-a); #ratio between atoms in 1st excited state and ground state\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ratio between atoms in 1st excited state and ground state is\",round(N2byN1*10**21,2),\"*10**-21\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "ratio between atoms in 1st excited state and ground state is 5.33 *10**-21\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 11.3, Page number 34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=250+273; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "lamda=590*10**-9; #wavelength of sodium D line(m)\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=h*c/(k*T*lamda);\n",
+ "N2byN1=1/(math.exp(a)-1); #ratio between stimulated emission and spontaneous emission\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ratio between stimulated emission and spontaneous emission is\",round(N2byN1*10**21,4),\"*10**-21\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "ratio between stimulated emission and spontaneous emission is 5.3298 *10**-21\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 11.4, Page number 35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n0=1.76; #refractive index of ruby rod\n",
+ "new0=4.3*10**14; #frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "deltav0=1.5*10**11; #doppler broadening(Hz)\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n",
+ "tow21=4.3*10**-3; #lifetime of spontaneous emission(s)\n",
+ "tow_photon=6*10**-9; #lifetime of photon(s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=4*math.pi**2*new0**2*n0**3/(c**3);\n",
+ "N2_N1=a*tow21*deltav0/tow_photon; #difference between excited state and ground state population(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"difference between excited state and ground state population is\",round(N2_N1*10**-23,3),\"*10**23 per m**3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "difference between excited state and ground state population is 1.584 *10**23 per m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 11.5, Page number 35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "lamda=5000*10**-10; #wavelength of light(m)\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=h*c/(k*T*lamda);\n",
+ "N2byN1=1/(math.exp(a)-1); #ratio between stimulated emission and spontaneous emission\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ratio between stimulated emission and spontaneous emission is\",round(N2byN1*10**42),\"*10**-42\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\"\n",
+ "print \"spontaneous emission is more predominant than that of stimulated emission. for stimulating emission, N2>>N1. therefore there is no amplification possibility\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "ratio between stimulated emission and spontaneous emission is 2.0 *10**-42\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n",
+ "spontaneous emission is more predominant than that of stimulated emission. for stimulating emission, N2>>N1. therefore there is no amplification possibility\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 13
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 11.6, Page number 36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=632.8*10**-9; #wavelength of laser beam(m)\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n",
+ "P=2.3*10**-3; #output power(W)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "new=c/lamda; #frequency of photon(Hz)\n",
+ "E=h*new; #energy of photon(J)\n",
+ "El=P*60; #energy emitted by laser(J/min)\n",
+ "n=El/E; #number of photons emitted(photons/min)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of photons emitted is\",round(n*10**-17,3),\"*10**17 photons/min\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "number of photons emitted is 4.393 *10**17 photons/min\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 22
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter12.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter12.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..b909b231 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter12.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:608ce4833ab64488375d1cbc1e6cf701004b5459a3cd8764d294e881ba488e96"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "12: Fibre Optics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 12.1, Page number 26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "NA=0.16; #numerical aperture of fibre\n",
+ "n1=1.45; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "d=90*10**-6; #diameter of core(m)\n",
+ "n0=1; #refractive index of air\n",
+ "lamda=0.9*10**-6; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n2=math.sqrt((n1**2)-(NA**2)); #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "phi=math.asin(NA/n0); #acceptance angle(radian)\n",
+ "phi=phi*180/math.pi; #acceptance angle(degrees)\n",
+ "phid=int(phi); #acceptance angle(degrees)\n",
+ "t=60*(phi-phid); \n",
+ "phim=int(t); #acceptance angle(minutes)\n",
+ "phis=60*(t-phim); #acceptance angle(seconds)\n",
+ "N=4.9*(d*NA/lamda)**2; #number of nodes propagating through fibre\n",
+ "Nstep=N/2; #number of nodes propagating through graded index fibre\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"refractive index of cladding is\",round(n2,3)\n",
+ "print \"acceptance angle is\",phid,\"degrees\",phim,\"minutes\",round(phis,2),\"seconds\"\n",
+ "print \"number of nodes propagating through fibre is\",N\n",
+ "print \"number of nodes propagating through graded index fibre is\",int(Nstep)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "refractive index of cladding is 1.441\n",
+ "acceptance angle is 9 degrees 12 minutes 24.83 seconds\n",
+ "number of nodes propagating through fibre is 1254.4\n",
+ "number of nodes propagating through graded index fibre is 627\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 12.2, Page number 27"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=1*10**-6; #wavelength of light(m)\n",
+ "n1=1.45; #refractive index of core\n",
+ "n2=1.448; #refractive index of cladding\n",
+ "d=6*10**-6; #diameter of core(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "NA=math.sqrt((n1**2)-(n2**2)); #numerical aperture\n",
+ "N=4.9*(d*NA/lamda)**2; #number of nodes propagating through fibre\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of nodes allowed to propagate through fibre is\",int(N)\n",
+ "print \"it is a single mode fibre\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "number of nodes allowed to propagate through fibre is 1\n",
+ "it is a single mode fibre\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter13.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter13.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..27d1caad --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter13.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,210 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:7f366d2ca1671042b1f87ae7b598f1c0353e6f5b6feadb85488043da7746af76"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "13: Crystal Structure"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 13.2, Page number 20"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho=9.6*10**2; #density of Na(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "aw=23; #atomic weight\n",
+ "n=2; #number of atoms in a unit cell\n",
+ "N=6.022*10**26;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a3=n*aw/(N*rho);\n",
+ "a=a3**(1/3); #lattice constant of Na(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice constant of Na is\",round(a*10**10,1),\"angstrom\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice constant of Na is 4.3 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 13.3, Page number 20"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho=4*10**3; #density of CsCl(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "aw1=132.9; #atomic weight of Cs\n",
+ "aw2=35.5; #atomic weight of Cl\n",
+ "a=4.12*10**-10; #lattice constant(m)\n",
+ "n=1; #number of atoms in a unit cell\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "m=rho*(a**3); #mass of CsCl unit cell(kg)\n",
+ "N=n*(aw1+aw2)/m; #avagadro constant(per kg mole)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"avagadro constant is\",round(N/10**26,4),\"*10**26 per kg mole\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "avagadro constant is 6.0199 *10**26 per kg mole\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 13.8, Page number 24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=4.12*10**-10; #lattice constant(m)\n",
+ "h1=1;\n",
+ "k1=1;\n",
+ "l1=1; #for (111) plane\n",
+ "h2=1;\n",
+ "k2=1;\n",
+ "l2=2; #for (112) plane\n",
+ "h3=1;\n",
+ "k3=2;\n",
+ "l3=3; #for (123) plane\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d111=a/math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2); #lattice spacing for plane (111)(m)\n",
+ "d112=a/math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2); #lattice spacing for plane (112)(m)\n",
+ "d123=a/math.sqrt(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2); #lattice spacing for plane (123)(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice spacing for plane (111) is\",round(d111*10**10,4),\"*10**-10 m\"\n",
+ "print \"lattice spacing for plane (112) is\",round(d112*10**10,3),\"*10**-10 m\"\n",
+ "print \"lattice spacing for plane (123) is\",round(d123*10**10,4),\"*10**-10 m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice spacing for plane (111) is 2.3787 *10**-10 m\n",
+ "lattice spacing for plane (112) is 1.682 *10**-10 m\n",
+ "lattice spacing for plane (123) is 1.1011 *10**-10 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 13.9, Page number 24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=1; #assume\n",
+ "h1=1;\n",
+ "k1=0;\n",
+ "l1=0; #for (100) plane\n",
+ "h2=1;\n",
+ "k2=1;\n",
+ "l2=0; #for (110) plane\n",
+ "h3=1;\n",
+ "k3=1;\n",
+ "l3=1; #for (111) plane\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d100=a/math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2); #lattice spacing for plane (100)\n",
+ "d110=a/math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2); #lattice spacing for plane (110)\n",
+ "d111=a/math.sqrt(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2); #lattice spacing for plane (111)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ratio of lattice spacing is d100:d110:d111=\",d100,\":\",round(d110,2),\":\",round(d111,2)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "ratio of lattice spacing is d100:d110:d111= 1.0 : 0.71 : 0.58\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter14.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter14.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..b3653caa --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter14.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,340 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:ea49c9c54a7abfea63e3838cff940d23d5976ae6af1b86c7e497f10ce35239cd"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "14: Waves and Particles"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 14.1, Page number 17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=150; #potential difference(V)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=h/math.sqrt(2*m*e*V); #de broglie wavelength of electron(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"de broglie wavelength of electron is\",round(lamda*10**10,5),\"*10**-10 m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "de broglie wavelength of electron is 1.00256 *10**-10 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 14.2, Page number 17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "E=0.025; #energy of electron(MeV)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E=E*10**6*e; #energy of electron(J)\n",
+ "v=math.sqrt(2*E/m); #velocity of electron(m/s)\n",
+ "lamda=h/(m*v); #de broglie wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"de broglie wavelength is\",round(lamda*10**10,5),\"angstrom\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "de broglie wavelength is 0.07766 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 14.3, Page number 18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "E=1; #kinetic energy of electron(MeV)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E=E*10**6*e; #energy of electron(J)\n",
+ "v=math.sqrt(2*E/m); #velocity of electron(m/s)\n",
+ "lamda=h/(m*v); #de broglie wavelength of electron(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"de broglie wavelength of electron is\",round(lamda*10**10,5),\"angstrom\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "de broglie wavelength of electron is 0.01228 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 14.4, Page number 18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=100; #potential difference(V)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "v=math.sqrt(2*e*V/m); #velocity of electron(m/s)\n",
+ "u=c**2/v; #phase velocity of electron(m/s)\n",
+ "lamda=h/(m*v); #de broglie wavelength of electron(m)\n",
+ "p=m*v; #momentum of electron(kg m/s)\n",
+ "vbar=1/lamda; #wave number of electron wave(per m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"velocity of electron is\",round(v/10**6,5),\"*10**6 m/s\"\n",
+ "print \"phase velocity of electron is\",round(u/10**10,4),\"*10**10 m/s\"\n",
+ "print \"de broglie wavelength of electron is\",round(lamda*10**10,3),\"angstrom\"\n",
+ "print \"momentum of electron is\",round(p*10**24,3),\"*10**-24 kg m/s\"\n",
+ "print \"wave number of electron wave is\",round(vbar/10**9,3),\"*10**9 per m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "velocity of electron is 5.92999 *10**6 m/s\n",
+ "phase velocity of electron is 1.5177 *10**10 m/s\n",
+ "de broglie wavelength of electron is 1.228 angstrom\n",
+ "momentum of electron is 5.396 *10**-24 kg m/s\n",
+ "wave number of electron wave is 8.144 *10**9 per m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 17
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 14.5, Page number 19"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "deltax=10**-14; #radius of nucleus(m)\n",
+ "m=1.67*10**-27; #mass of proton(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "deltap=h/(2*math.pi*deltax); #uncertainity in momentum of proton(kg m/s)\n",
+ "KE=deltap**2/(2*m); #minimum kinetic energy of proton(J)\n",
+ "KE=KE/(e*10**6); #minimum kinetic energy of proton(MeV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"uncertainity in momentum of proton is\",round(deltap*10**20,4),\"*10**-20 kg m/s\"\n",
+ "print \"minimum kinetic energy of proton is\",round(KE,3),\"MeV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "uncertainity in momentum of proton is 1.0546 *10**-20 kg m/s\n",
+ "minimum kinetic energy of proton is 0.208 MeV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 19
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 14.6, Page number 20"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "deltax=0.1*10**-10; #uncertainity in position of electron(m)\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "deltap=h/(2*math.pi*deltax); #uncertainity in momentum of electron(kg m/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"uncertainity in momentum of electron is\",round(deltap*10**23,4),\"*10**-23 kg m/s\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "uncertainity in momentum of electron is 1.0546 *10**-23 kg m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 21
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 14.7, Page number 20"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "a=1*10**-10; #width of potential wall(m)\n",
+ "n1=1; \n",
+ "n2=2;\n",
+ "n3=3;\n",
+ "e=6.24*10**18; #conversion factor from J to eV\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "En=(h**2)/(8*m*(a**2)); #energy of electron(J)\n",
+ "E1=En*n1**2; #energy of 1st excited state(J)\n",
+ "E1=E1*e; #energy of 1st excited state(eV)\n",
+ "E2=En*n2**2; #energy of 2nd excited state(J)\n",
+ "E2=E2*e; #energy of 2nd excited state(eV)\n",
+ "E3=En*n3**2; #energy of 3rd excited state(J)\n",
+ "E3=E3*e; #energy of 3rd excited state(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"first 3 permitted energy levels of electron are\",round(E1,2),\"eV\",round(E2,2),\"eV and\",round(E3,2),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"answers given in the book vary due to rounding off errors\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "first 3 permitted energy levels of electron are 37.63 eV 150.53 eV and 338.69 eV\n",
+ "answers given in the book vary due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 30
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter16.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter16.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..fd70504a --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter16.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,213 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:0a8e4e4ffe1102aa0e8d709fa097c42aa3e09b9945c321059b30f1ddc8f4e107"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "16: Electron theory of solids"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 16.1, Page number 10"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "sigma=5.87*10**7; #electrical conductivity of Cu(per ohm m)\n",
+ "K=390; #thermal conductivity(W/mK)\n",
+ "T=20+273; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "L=K/(sigma*T); #Lorentz number(W ohm/K**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Lorentz number is\",round(L*10**8,4),\"*10**-8 W ohm/K**2\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Lorentz number is 2.2676 *10**-8 W ohm/K**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 16.2, Page number 11"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "tow_r=10**-14; #relaxation time(s)\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "kB=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "n=6*10**28; #electron concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\t\n",
+ "sigma=n*e**2*tow_r/m; #electrical conductivity(per ohm m)\n",
+ "K=n*math.pi**2*kB**2*T*tow_r/(3*m); #thermal conductivity(W/mK)\n",
+ "L=K/(sigma*T); #Lorentz number(W ohm/K**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"electrical conductivity is\",round(sigma/10**7,4),\"*10**7 per ohm m\"\n",
+ "print \"thermal conductivity is\",round(K,4),\"W/mK\"\n",
+ "print \"Lorentz number is\",round(L*10**8,4),\"*10**-8 W ohm/K**2\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "electrical conductivity is 1.6879 *10**7 per ohm m\n",
+ "thermal conductivity is 123.9275 W/mK\n",
+ "Lorentz number is 2.4474 *10**-8 W ohm/K**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 16.3, Page number 11"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "tow_r=10**-14; #relaxation time(s)\n",
+ "rho=8900; #density of Cu(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "aw=63.5; #atomic weight of Cu\n",
+ "N=6.022*10**23; #avagadro constant\n",
+ "f=1*10**3; #number of free electrons per atom\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\t\n",
+ "n=N*rho*f/aw; #electron concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "sigma=n*e**2*tow_r/m; #electrical conductivity(per ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"electrical conductivity is\",round(sigma/10**7,3),\"*10**7 per ohm m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "electrical conductivity is 2.374 *10**7 per ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 16.4, Page number 12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho=1.54*10**-8; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "EF=5.5; #fermi energy(eV)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "E=100;\n",
+ "n=5.8*10**28; #electron concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\t\n",
+ "tow_r=m/(rho*n*e**2); #relaxation time(s)\n",
+ "mew=e*tow_r/m; #mobility of electrons(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "v=e*tow_r*E/m; #drift velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "EF=EF*e; #fermi energy(J)\n",
+ "vF=math.sqrt(2*EF/m); #fermi velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "lamda=vF*tow_r; #mean free path(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"relaxation time is\",round(tow_r*10**14,2),\"*10**-14 s\"\n",
+ "print \"mobility of electrons is\",round(mew*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 m**2/Vs\"\n",
+ "print \"drift velocity is\",round(v,4),\"m/s\"\n",
+ "print \"fermi velocity is\",round(vF/10**6,2),\"*10**6 m/s\"\n",
+ "print \"mean free path is\",round(lamda*10**8,2),\"*10**-8 m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "relaxation time is 3.98 *10**-14 s\n",
+ "mobility of electrons is 6.997 *10**-3 m**2/Vs\n",
+ "drift velocity is 0.6997 m/s\n",
+ "fermi velocity is 1.39 *10**6 m/s\n",
+ "mean free path is 5.53 *10**-8 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter17.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter17.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..7f40976f --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter17.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:fde95e6d9c736121aaabaa0d5609f06ddf07df078e4e974cfe128a5769da216f"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "17: Statistics and band theory of solids"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 17.1, Page number 23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rhoCu=8.96*10**3; #density of Cu(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "awCu=63.55; #atomic weight of Cu\n",
+ "nfCu=1*10**3; #number of free electrons per Cu atom\n",
+ "rhoZn=7.14*10**3; #density of Zn(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "awZn=65.38; #atomic weight of Zn\n",
+ "nfZn=2*10**3; #number of free electrons per Zn atom\n",
+ "rhoAl=2.7*10**3; #density of Al(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "awAl=27; #atomic weight of Al\n",
+ "nfAl=3*10**3; #number of free electrons per Al atom\n",
+ "N=6.022*10**23; #avagadro constant\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "me=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #electron charge(c)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "nCu=rhoCu*N*nfCu/awCu; #concentration of electrons in Cu(per m**3)\n",
+ "EF0Cu=(h**2/(8*me))*(3*nCu/math.pi)**(2/3); #fermi energy of Cu at 0K(J)\n",
+ "EF0Cu=EF0Cu/e; #fermi energy of Cu at 0K(eV)\n",
+ "nZn=rhoZn*N*nfZn/awZn; #concentration of electrons in Zn(per m**3)\n",
+ "EF0Zn=(h**2/(8*me))*(3*nZn/math.pi)**(2/3); #fermi energy of Zn at 0K(J)\n",
+ "EF0Zn=EF0Zn/e; #fermi energy of Zn at 0K(eV)\n",
+ "nAl=rhoAl*N*nfAl/awAl; #concentration of electrons in Al(per m**3)\n",
+ "EF0Al=(h**2/(8*me))*(3*nAl/math.pi)**(2/3); #fermi energy of Al at 0K(J)\n",
+ "EF0Al=EF0Al/e; #fermi energy of Al at 0K(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fermi energy of Cu at 0K is\",round(EF0Cu,4),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"fermi energy of Zn at 0K is\",round(EF0Zn,2),\"eV\"\n",
+ "print \"fermi energy of Al at 0K is\",round(EF0Al,2),\"eV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "fermi energy of Cu at 0K is 7.0608 eV\n",
+ "fermi energy of Zn at 0K is 9.45 eV\n",
+ "fermi energy of Al at 0K is 11.68 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 17.2, Page number 25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "nCu=8.4905*10**28; #concentration of electrons in Cu(per m**3)\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "me=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "gama=6.82*10**27;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "EF0=(h**2/(8*me))*(3*nCu/math.pi)**(2/3); #fermi energy of Cu at 0K(J)\n",
+ "EF=EF0/e; #fermi energy of Cu at 0K(eV)\n",
+ "DE=(gama/2)*math.sqrt(EF); #density of states for Cu at fermi level(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"density of states for Cu at fermi level is\",int(DE/10**27),\"*10**27 per m**3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "density of states for Cu at fermi level is 9 *10**27 per m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 17.3, Page number 26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rhoNi=69*10**-9; #resistivity of Ni(ohm m)\n",
+ "rhoCr=129*10**-9; #resistivity of Cr(ohm m)\n",
+ "rho=1120*10**-9; #resistivity(ohm m) \n",
+ "X=0.8; \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "C=rho/(X*(1-X)); #Nordheim's coefficient(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Nordheim's coefficient is\",C,\"ohm m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Nordheim's coefficient is 7e-06 ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 17.4, Page number 26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "rho=2.7*10**3; #density of Al(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "M=27; #atomic weight of Al \n",
+ "tow_r=10**-14; #relaxation time(s)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c) \n",
+ "NA=6.022*10**23; #avagadro constant\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "f=3*10**3; #number of free electrons per atom\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=rho*NA*f/M; #number of electrons available per m**3\n",
+ "sigma=n*e**2*tow_r/m; #conductivity of Al(ohm m) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"conductivity of Al is\",round(sigma/10**7,4),\"*10**7 ohm m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "conductivity of Al is 5.0823 *10**7 ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter18.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter18.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..25c14fca --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter18.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,582 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:b2d7b45e6d7157611952afeb132c76e4391a2a303ceb4704e095dc42c36f50c3"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "18: Transport properties of semiconductors"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 18.1, Page number 26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "mew_e=0.4; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h=0.2; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "Eg=0.7; #band gap(eV)\n",
+ "m0=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "mestar=0.55*m0; #electron effective mass(kg)\n",
+ "mhstar=0.37*m0; #hole effective mass(kg)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=(2*math.pi*k*T/(h**2))**(3/2);\n",
+ "Eg=Eg*e; #band gap(J)\n",
+ "b=-Eg/(k*T); \n",
+ "ni=2*a*((mhstar*mestar)**(3/4))*math.exp(b); #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "sigma=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #intrinsic conductivity(per ohm m)\n",
+ "rho=1/sigma; #intrinsic resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intrinsic concentration is\",round(ni/10**13,3),\"*10**13 per m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"intrinsic conductivity is\",round(sigma*10**6,3),\"*10**-6 per ohm m\"\n",
+ "print \"intrinsic resistivity is\",round(rho/10**6,2),\"*10**6 ohm m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "intrinsic concentration is 1.352 *10**13 per m**3\n",
+ "intrinsic conductivity is 1.298 *10**-6 per ohm m\n",
+ "intrinsic resistivity is 0.77 *10**6 ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 18.2, Page number 26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "Nd=10**16; #donor concentration(per cm**3)\n",
+ "ni=1.45*10**10; #intrinsic concentration(per cm**3)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Efd_Efi=k*T*math.log(Nd/ni); #fermi energy(J)\n",
+ "Efd_Efi=Efd_Efi/e; #fermi energy(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fermi energy is\",round(Efd_Efi,3),\"eV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "fermi energy is 0.348 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 18.3, Page number 27"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mew_e=1.35; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h=0.45; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "ni=1.45*10**13; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "NSi=5*10**28; #atomic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "LbyA=1; #Si crystal(cm**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigmai=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #intrinsic conductivity(per ohm m)\n",
+ "rho=1/sigmai; #intrinsic resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "LbyA=LbyA*10**2; #Si crystal(m**3)\n",
+ "R1=rho*LbyA; #resistance(ohm)\n",
+ "Nd=NSi/10**9; #donor concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "p=(ni**2)/Nd; #hole concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "sigma=Nd*e*mew_e; #conductivity(per ohm m)\n",
+ "R2=(1/sigma)*100; #resistance(ohm) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"resistance of 1cm**3 pure Si crystal is\",round(R1/10**7,2),\"*10**7 ohm\"\n",
+ "print \"resistance when crystal is doped with arsenic is\",round(R2,2),\"ohm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "resistance of 1cm**3 pure Si crystal is 2.39 *10**7 ohm\n",
+ "resistance when crystal is doped with arsenic is 9.26 ohm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 13
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 18.4, Page number 28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "rho=2.12; #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+ "mew_e=0.36; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h=0.17; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mestar=0.5*m0; #electron effective mass(kg)\n",
+ "mhstar=0.37*m0; #hole effective mass(kg)\n",
+ "m0=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma=1/rho; #conductivity(per ohm m)\n",
+ "ni=sigma/(e*(mew_e+mew_h)); #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "a=(2*math.pi*k*T/(h**2))**(3/2);\n",
+ "NC=2*a*(mestar**(3/2));\n",
+ "NV=2*a*(mhstar**(3/2));\n",
+ "b=(NC*NV)**(1/2);\n",
+ "Eg=2*k*T*math.log(b/ni); #energy gap of semiconductor(J)\n",
+ "Eg=Eg/e; #energy gap of semiconductor(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy gap of semiconductor is\",round(Eg,3),\"eV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "energy gap of semiconductor is 0.727 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 17
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 18.5, Page number 29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "mew_e=0.39; #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "mew_h=0.19; #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "ni=2.4*10**19; #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigmai=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h); #conductivity of Ge(per Wm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"conductivity of Ge is\",round(sigmai,3),\"per Wm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "conductivity of Ge is 2.227 per Wm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 19
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 18.6, Page number 29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "EC_EF300=-0.3; #position of fermi level(eV)\n",
+ "T1=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T2=330; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "EC_EF330=-EC_EF300*T2/T1; #new position of fermi level(eV)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"new position of fermi level is\",EC_EF330,\"eV\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "new position of fermi level is 0.33 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 21
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 18.7, Page number 30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T1=20; #temperature(C)\n",
+ "T2=40; #temperature(C)\n",
+ "Eg=0.72; #energy gap(eV)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "sigmai20=2; #conductivity(per ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T1=T1+273; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "T2=T2+273; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "Eg=Eg*e; #energy gap(J)\n",
+ "a=(T2/T1)**(3/2);\n",
+ "b=Eg/(2*k);\n",
+ "c=(1/T1)-(1/T2);\n",
+ "ni40byni20=a*math.exp(b*c); #ratio of intrinsic concentration\n",
+ "sigmai40=sigmai20*ni40byni20; #conductivity at 40C(per ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"conductivity at 40C is\",round(sigmai40,3),\"per ohm m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "conductivity at 40C is 5.487 per ohm m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 25
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 18.8, Page number 30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T=300; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "m0=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "Eg=1.1; #energy gap(eV)\n",
+ "mestar=0.31*m0; #effective mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Eg=Eg*e; #energy gap(J)\n",
+ "a=(2*math.pi*k*T*mestar/(h**2))**(3/2);\n",
+ "b=-Eg/(2*k*T); \n",
+ "ni=2*a*math.exp(b); #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intrinsic concentration is\",round(ni/10**15,4),\"*10**15 per m**3\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "intrinsic concentration is 2.5367 *10**15 per m**3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 27
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 18.9, Page number 31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "RH=-0.55*10**-10; #hall coefficient(m**3/As)\n",
+ "sigma=5.9*10**7; #conductivity(per ohm m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mewd=-RH*sigma; #drift mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"drift mobility is\",round(mewd*10**3,1),\"*10**-3 m**2/Vs\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "drift mobility is 3.2 *10**-3 m**2/Vs\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 31
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 18.10, Page number 31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "sigma=5.9*10**7; #conductivity(per ohm m)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "mew=3.2*10**-3; #drift velocity(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "N=6.022*10**23; #avagadro number\n",
+ "ne=8900*10**3; #number of free electrons per atom\n",
+ "w=63.5; #atomic weight of Cu(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ni=sigma/(e*mew); #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+ "n=N*ne/w; #concentration of free electrons(per m**3)\n",
+ "a=ni/n; #average number of electrons\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intrinsic concentration is\",round(ni/10**29,2),\"*10**29 per m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"concentration of free electrons is\",round(n/10**28,2),\"*10**28 per m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"average number of electrons is\",int(a)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "intrinsic concentration is 1.15 *10**29 per m**3\n",
+ "concentration of free electrons is 8.44 *10**28 per m**3\n",
+ "average number of electrons is 1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 34
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 18.11, Page number 32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "RH=3.66*10**-11; #hall coefficient(m**3/As)\n",
+ "sigma=112*10**7; #conductivity(per ohm m)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=3*math.pi/(8*RH*e); #concentration of electrons(per m**3)\n",
+ "mew_e=sigma/(n*e); #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"concentration of electrons is\",round(n/10**29,1),\"*10**29 per m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"electron mobility is\",round(mew_e,3),\"m**2/Vs\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "concentration of electrons is 2.0 *10**29 per m**3\n",
+ "electron mobility is 0.035 m**2/Vs\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 37
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 18.12, Page number 33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "i=50; #current(A)\n",
+ "B=1.5; #magnetic field(T)\n",
+ "n=8.4*10**28; #concentration of electrons(per m**3)\n",
+ "t=0.5; #thickness(cm)\n",
+ "w=2; #width of slab(cm)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "w=w*10**-2; #width of slab(m)\n",
+ "VH=B*i/(n*e*w); #hall voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"hall voltage is\",round(VH*10**7,2),\"*10**-7 V\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "hall voltage is 2.79 *10**-7 V\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 39
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter2.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter2.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..417da87c --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter2.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,153 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:ba867fe9fbc8067f0691ccade40c2ad894318b7fde36802aa91fc404852bb7c8"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "2: Viscosity"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 2.1, Page number 11"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "eta=8.9*10**-4; #coefficient of viscosity of water(Ns/m**2)\n",
+ "a=0.054*10**-2; #radius of capillary tube(m)\n",
+ "l=56*10**-2; #length of capillary tube(m)\n",
+ "h=34*10**-4; #height of pressure head(m)\n",
+ "t=5*60; #time of flow(s)\n",
+ "g=9.8;\n",
+ "rho=10**3; #density of water(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=math.pi*h*g*rho*(a**4)/(8*eta*l); #volume of water in 1 sec(m**3)\n",
+ "V5=V*t; #volme of water flowing in 5 minutes(m**3)\n",
+ "m=V5*rho; #mass of water flowing in 5 minutes(kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"mass of water flowing in 5 minutes is\",round(m*10**3,4),\"g\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "mass of water flowing in 5 minutes is 0.6697 g\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 2.2, Page number 12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "t1=6; #time taken by water(s)\n",
+ "t2=3.6; #time taken by alcohol(s)\n",
+ "rho1=10**3; #density of water(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "rho2=800; #density of alcohol(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "eta1=8.9*10**-4; #viscosity of water(Ns/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "eta2=t2*rho2*eta1/(t1*rho1); #viscosity of alcohol(Ns/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"viscosity of alcohol is\",eta2*10**4,\"*10**-4 Ns/m**2\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "viscosity of alcohol is 4.272 *10**-4 Ns/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 2.3, Page number 12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "sigma=1.26*10**-3; #density of medium(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "eta=2*10**-5; #viscosity of medium(Ns/m**2)\n",
+ "r=0.2*10**-2; #radius of body(m)\n",
+ "rho=8*10**-3; #density of body(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "g=9.8;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "v=2*(r**2)*(rho-sigma)*g/(9*eta); #terminal velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"terminal velocity is\",round(v*10**3,4),\"*10**-3 m/s\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "terminal velocity is 2.9356 *10**-3 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 12
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter20.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter20.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..b3801c22 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter20.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:e20abe68023c39c2fa0cfc7eae20109c8c692466fb3387d83d01339972209a5e"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "20: Magnetic materials"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 20.1, Page number 39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "M=2300; #magnetisation(A/m)\n",
+ "B=0.00314; #flux density(Wb/m**2)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "H=(B/mew0)-M; #magnetizing force(A/m)\n",
+ "mew_r=(M/H)+1; #relative permeability\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetizing force is\",round(H,4),\"A/m\"\n",
+ "print \"relative permeability is\",round(mew_r,5)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetizing force is 198.7326 A/m\n",
+ "relative permeability is 12.57334\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 20.2, Page number 40"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "H=10**4; #magnetic field intensity(A/m)\n",
+ "chi=3.7*10**-3; #susceptibility\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "M=chi*H; #magnetisation(A/m)\n",
+ "B=mew0*(M+H); #flux density(Wb/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetisation is\",M,\"A/m\"\n",
+ "print \"flux density is\",round(B*10**2,2),\"*10**-2 Wb/m**2\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetisation is 37.0 A/m\n",
+ "flux density is 1.26 *10**-2 Wb/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 20.3, Page number 41"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=2.5*10**-10; #interatomic spacing(m)\n",
+ "M=1.8*10**6; #magnetisation(A/m)\n",
+ "n=2; #number of atoms present in unit cell\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge of electron(c)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
+ "h=6.625*10**-34; #planck's constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "nv=n/(a**3); #number of atoms present per unit volume(per m**3)\n",
+ "Ma=M/nv; #magnetisation produced per atom(A/m**2)\n",
+ "beta=e*h/(4*math.pi*m); #bohr magneton(A/m**2)\n",
+ "Ma=Ma/beta; #magnetisation produced per atom(bohr magneton)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"average magnetisation produced per atom is\",round(Ma,3),\"bohr magneton\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "average magnetisation produced per atom is 1.517 bohr magneton\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter21.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter21.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..c91130dc --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter21.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,278 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:dd76b185872085137646ef650e27e3207f4aa1a0d590f7c3a0d53ab66156e953"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "21: Dielectric Materials"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 21.1, Page number 27"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=0.629*10**-9; #lattice parameter(m)\n",
+ "alphaeK=1.26*10**-40; #electronic polarizability for K+(F/m**2)\n",
+ "alphaeCl=3.408*10**-40; #electronic polarizability for Cl-(F/m**2)\n",
+ "n=4; #number of atoms\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.854*10**-12;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "alphae=alphaeK+alphaeCl; #electronic polarizability for KCl(F/m**2)\n",
+ "N=n/(a**3); #number of dipoles(atoms/m**3)\n",
+ "epsilonr=(N*alphae/epsilon0)+1; #dielectric constant of KCl\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"dielectric constant of KCl is\",round(epsilonr,4)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "dielectric constant of KCl is 1.8474\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 21.2, Page number 27"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "R=0.12*10**-9; #atomic radius of Se(m)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.854*10**-12;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "alphae=4*math.pi*epsilon0*(R**3); #electronic polarizability of isolated Se(F/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"electronic polarizability of isolated Se is\",round(alphae*10**40,4),\"*10**-40 F/m**2\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "electronic polarizability of isolated Se is 1.9226 *10**-40 F/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 12
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 21.3, Page number 28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "alphae=0.35*10**-40; #electronic polarizability(F/m**2)\n",
+ "N=2.7*10**25; #number of atoms(atoms/m**3)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.854*10**-12;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=N*alphae/(3*epsilon0);\n",
+ "epsilonr=(1+(2*a))/(1-a); #dielectric constant of Ne\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"dielectric constant of Ne is\",round(epsilonr,9)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "dielectric constant of Ne is 1.000106735\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 21.4, Page number 28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "R=0.384*10**-9; #radius of Ar(m)\n",
+ "N=2.7*10**25; #number of atoms(atoms/m**3)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.854*10**-12;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "alphae=4*math.pi*epsilon0*(R**3); #electronic polarizability of Ar(F/m**2)\n",
+ "a=N*alphae/(3*epsilon0);\n",
+ "epsilonr=(1+(2*a))/(1-a); #dielectric constant of Ar\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"dielectric constant of Ar is\",epsilonr\n",
+ "print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "dielectric constant of Ar is 1.01933559019\n",
+ "answer given in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 21.5, Page number 29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "C=2*10**-6; #capacitance(F)\n",
+ "epsilonr=80; #permitivity of dielectric\n",
+ "V=1*10**3; #applied voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "E1=(1/2)*C*V**2; #energy stored in capacitor(J)\n",
+ "C0=C/epsilonr; #capacitance when dielectric is removed(F)\n",
+ "E2=(1/2)*C0*V**2; #energy stored in capacitor with vacuum as dielectric(J)\n",
+ "E=1-E2; #energy stored in capacitor in polarizing the dielectric(J)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"energy stored in capacitor is\",E1,\"J\"\n",
+ "print \"energy stored in capacitor in polarizing the dielectric is\",E,\"J\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "energy stored in capacitor is 1.0 J\n",
+ "energy stored in capacitor in polarizing the dielectric is 0.9875 J\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 21.6, Page number 30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=5*10**28; #number of atoms(per m**3)\n",
+ "alpha=2*10**-40; #polarizability(Fm**2)\n",
+ "epsilon0=8.854*10**-12;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "P=N*alpha;\n",
+ "a=1-(P/(3*epsilon0));\n",
+ "EibyE=1/a; #ratio of internal field to applied field\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ratio of internal field to applied field is\",round(EibyE,4)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "ratio of internal field to applied field is 1.6038\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter4.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter4.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..be4a2831 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter4.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,451 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:3f5941b661a8515cae38219efa7050e771c862dd351401d57b16c57806506e2a"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "4: Acoustics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 4.1, Page number 24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "I1=10**-12; #intensity(W/m**2)\n",
+ "I2=0.1; #intensity of sound(W/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "beta=10*np.log10(I2/I1); #intensity level(dB) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intensity level is\",beta,\"dB\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "intensity level is 110.0 dB\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 4.2, Page number 24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "I1=10**-12; #intensity(W/m**2)\n",
+ "I2=10**-4; #intensity of sound(W/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "beta=10*np.log10(I2/I1); #relative sound intensity(dB) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"relative sound intensity is\",beta,\"dB\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "relative sound intensity is 80.0 dB\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 4.3, Page number 25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "I2byI1=2; #intensity ratio\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "beta=10*np.log10(I2byI1); #increase in sound intensity level(dB) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"increase in sound intensity level is\",round(beta,2),\"dB\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "increase in sound intensity level is 3.01 dB\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 4.4, Page number 25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "P=3.14; #power radiated(W)\n",
+ "r=10; #radius(m)\n",
+ "I11=100; #intensity(W/m**2)\n",
+ "I12=1; #intensity(W/m**2)\n",
+ "I13=10**-12; #intensity(W/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "I2=P/(4*math.pi*r**2); #intensity of sound(W/m**2)\n",
+ "beta1=10*np.log10(I2/I11); #relative intensity(dB) \n",
+ "beta2=10*np.log10(I2/I12); #relative intensity(dB) \n",
+ "beta3=10*np.log10(I2/I13); #relative intensity(dB) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"relative intensity with respect to 100W/m**2 is\",round(beta1,4),\"dB\"\n",
+ "print \"relative intensity with respect to 1W/m**2 is\",round(beta2,4),\"dB\"\n",
+ "print \"relative intensity with respect to 10**-12W/m**2 is\",round(beta3,3),\"dB\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "relative intensity with respect to 100W/m**2 is -46.0228 dB\n",
+ "relative intensity with respect to 1W/m**2 is -26.0228 dB\n",
+ "relative intensity with respect to 10**-12W/m**2 is 93.977 dB\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 13
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 4.5, Page number 26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "P=1.5; #power radiated(J/s)\n",
+ "r=20; #radius(m)\n",
+ "I1=10**-12; #intensity level of sound(W/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "I2=P/(4*math.pi*r**2); #intensity of sound(W/m**2)\n",
+ "beta=10*np.log10(I2/I1); #intensity level(dB) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intensity level of sound is\",round(beta,1),\"dB\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "intensity level of sound is 84.7 dB\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 4.6, Page number 27"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "beta1=80; #intensity level of sound(dB)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \" \""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 16
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 4.7, Page number 28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=1500; #volume of hall(m**3)\n",
+ "sigma_a1s=100; #absorption of sound by hall(sabine)\n",
+ "sigma_a2s=100; #absorption of sound by audience(sabine)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "A=sigma_a1s+sigma_a2s; #total absorption(sabine)\n",
+ "t1=0.16*V/sigma_a1s; #reverberation time of hall when room is empty(s)\n",
+ "t2=0.16*V/(sigma_a1s+sigma_a2s); #reverberation time of hall when room is filled(s)\n",
+ "t=t1-t2; #change in reverberation time(s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"when the room is filled, reverberation time is reduced to\",t,\"s\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "when the room is filled, reverberation time is reduced to 1.2 s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 17
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 4.8, Page number 28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=1000; #volume of hall(m**3)\n",
+ "T=2; #reverberation time(s)\n",
+ "s=350; #area of sound absorbing surface(m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "alpha=0.16*V/(T*s); #average absorption coefficient\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"average absorption coefficient is\",round(alpha,5)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "average absorption coefficient is 0.22857\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 19
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 4.9, Page number 29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=2400; #volume of hall(m**3)\n",
+ "a1=500; #area of plaster ceiling(m**2)\n",
+ "s1=0.02; #coefficient of absorption of plaster ceiling\n",
+ "a2=600; #area of plaster walls(m**2)\n",
+ "s2=0.03; #coefficient of absorption of plaster walls\n",
+ "a3=500; #area of wood floor(m**2)\n",
+ "s3=0.06; #coefficient of absorption of wood floor\n",
+ "a4=20; #area of wood doors(m**2)\n",
+ "s4=0.06; #coefficient of absorption of wood doors\n",
+ "a5=400; #area of cushion seats(m**2)\n",
+ "s5=0.01; #coefficient of absorption of cushion seats\n",
+ "a6=200; #area of cane seats(m**2)\n",
+ "s6=0.01; #coefficient of absorption of cane seats \n",
+ "s=0.45; #absorption of each member(sabine)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sigma_asE=(a1*s1)+(a2*s2)+(a3*s3)+(a4*s4)+(a5*s5)+(a6*s6); #total absorption when hall is empty(sabine)\n",
+ "TE=0.16*V/sigma_asE; #reverberation time when hall is empty(s)\n",
+ "sigma_asF=(a1*s1)+(a2*s2)+(a3*s3)+(a4*s4)+(a5*s)+(a6*s); #total absorption when hall is filled(sabine)\n",
+ "TF=0.16*V/sigma_asF; #reverberation time when hall is filled(s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"reverberation time when hall is empty is\",round(TE,4),\"s\"\n",
+ "print \"reverberation time when hall is filled is\",round(TF,3),\"s\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "reverberation time when hall is empty is 5.8896 s\n",
+ "reverberation time when hall is filled is 1.166 s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 23
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 4.10, Page number 30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "import numpy as np\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "I1=10**-12; #intensity(W/m**2)\n",
+ "I2=100; #intensity of sound(W/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "beta=10*np.log10(I2/I1); #intensity level of jet plane(dB) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intensity level of jet plane is\",beta,\"dB\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "intensity level of jet plane is 140.0 dB\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 25
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter5.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter5.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..8f31b52c --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter5.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,234 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:dcc4019ef1c15d21354e91688bcf3d6888473d71d7b26b6c010e7b08e8a6177f"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "5: Ultrasonics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 5.1, Page number 23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "t=1*10**-3; #thickness of crystal(m)\n",
+ "rho=2650; #density of quartz(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "Y=7.9*10**10; #young's modulus(N/m**2)\n",
+ "p=1;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "f=(p/(2*t))*math.sqrt(Y/rho); #fundamental frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fundamental frequency is\",round(f/10**6,5),\"*10**6 Hz\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "fundamental frequency is 2.72999 *10**6 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 5.2, Page number 23"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "t=5*10**-3; #length of crystal(m)\n",
+ "Y=7.9*10**10; #young's modulus(N/m**2)\n",
+ "p1=1;\n",
+ "p2=2;\n",
+ "rho=2650; #density of quartz(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "f1=(p1/(2*t))*math.sqrt(Y/rho); #fundamental frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "f2=(p2/(2*t))*math.sqrt(Y/rho); #frequency of 1st overtone(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"fundamental frequency is\",round(f1/10**5,2),\"*10**5 Hz\"\n",
+ "print \"frequency of 1st overtone is\",round(f2/10**6,3),\"*10**6 Hz\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "fundamental frequency is 5.46 *10**5 Hz\n",
+ "frequency of 1st overtone is 1.092 *10**6 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 5.3, Page number 24"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "u=5000; #velocity of sound in steel(m/s)\n",
+ "f=50*10**3; #difference between frequencies(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=u/(2*f); #thickness of steel plate(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"thickness of steel plate is\",d,\"m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "thickness of steel plate is 0.05 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 10
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 5.4, Page number 25"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "t=1; #assume\n",
+ "f1=(2.87*10**3)/t; #fundamental frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "f=1200*10**3; #frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "rho=2660; #density of quartz(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "Y=rho*(f1*2*t)**2; #young's modulus(N/m**2)\n",
+ "t1=(1/(2*f))*math.sqrt(Y/rho); #thickness of crystal(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"young's modulus is\",round(Y/10**10,3),\"*10**10 N/m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"thickness of crystal is\",round(t1*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "young's modulus is 8.764 *10**10 N/m**2\n",
+ "thickness of crystal is 2.39 *10**-3 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 18
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 5.5, Page number 26"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "f=7*10**6; #ultrasonic frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "theta=45; #transducer angle(degrees)\n",
+ "v=1.5; #blood velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "U=1500; #ultrasonic velocity(m/s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*(math.pi/180); #transducer angle(radian)\n",
+ "deltaf=2*f*v*math.cos(theta)/U; #audio frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"audio frequency is\",round(deltaf/10**3),\"kHz\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "audio frequency is 10.0 kHz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 22
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter6.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter6.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..bb9a353d --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter6.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,261 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:c64912256bdcf8bcc5ce71dffc2b43e608072175b592d01f0ff0fe3771ee0132"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "6: Non Destructive Testing"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 6.1, Page number 36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "t=50; #thickness of metal(mm)\n",
+ "d=1; #hole diameter(mm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "sp=(d/t)*100; #sensitivity percentage(%)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"sensitivity percentage of wire is\",sp,\"%\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "sensitivity percentage of wire is 2.0 %\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 6.2, Page number 37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "I=20*10**-3; #tube current(A)\n",
+ "L=1; #source to film distance(m)\n",
+ "t=60; #exposure time(s)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ef=I*t/(L**2); #exposure factor\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"exposure factor is\",ef"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "exposure factor is 1.2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 6.3, Page number 37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "IbyI0=20; #reduction in intensity\n",
+ "mew=1.62; #linear absorption coefficient(per cm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "x=math.log(IbyI0)/mew; #thickness of aluminium(cm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"thickness of aluminium is\",round(x,2),\"*10**-2 m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "thickness of aluminium is 1.85 *10**-2 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 5
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 6.4, Page number 38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "x=2.5*10**-2; #thickness of material(m)\n",
+ "mew=2; #linear absorption coefficient(per cm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \" \""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " \n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 6.5, Page number 38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "ef=0.35; #exposure factor(curie hour)\n",
+ "pss=5; #present source strength(curie)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "et=ef/pss; #exposure time(h)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"exposure time is\",et*60,\"min\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "exposure time is 4.2 min\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 6.6, Page number 39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "fd=20*10**-2; #film focus distance(m)\n",
+ "Sd=5*10**-2; #displacement of X-ray tube(m)\n",
+ "t=5*10**-2; #thickness of steel(m)\n",
+ "S=0.5*10**-2; #distance between images(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=fd*S/(S+Sd); #distance of flow from bottom surface(m)\n",
+ "l=t-d; #location of flow from top surface(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"location of flow from top surface is\",round(l*10**2,1),\"*10**-2 m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "location of flow from top surface is 3.2 *10**-2 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 12
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter7.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter7.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..4a23f5d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter7.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:091a42f6c4748025b72b34c7f12edc07c6f7f79e00e0f5e82232274fbc41738c"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "7: Interference"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 7.1, Page number 16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=40; #angle of wedge(s)\n",
+ "beta=0.125*10**-2; #fringe width(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=2*beta*theta*(math.pi/180)*(1/60)*(1/60); #wavelength of light(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength of light is\",int(lamda*10**10),\"angstrom\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength of light is 4848 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 7.3, Page number 17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=100; #number of fringes\n",
+ "d=0.03*10**-3; #distance moved(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=2*d/n; #wavelength of light(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength of light is\",lamda*10**10,\"angstrom\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength of light is 6000.0 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 7.4, Page number 17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda1=5896*10**-10; #wavelength of D1 line(m)\n",
+ "lamda2=5890*10**-10; #wavelength of D2 line(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=lamda1*lamda2/(2*(lamda1-lamda2)); #distance the mirror has to be moved(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"distance the mirror has to be moved is\",round(d*10**3,4),\"mm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "distance the mirror has to be moved is 0.2894 mm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 13
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 7.5, Page number 18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mew=1.5; #refractive index of plate\n",
+ "d=1.24; #distance between dark fringes(mm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t=d/(mew-1); #thickness of glass plate(mm)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"thickness of glass plate is\",t,\"mm\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "thickness of glass plate is 2.48 mm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter8.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter8.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..eb8b969a --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter8.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,184 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:1c07cbfc0dc96926ceae744a226fe3c57743d67509eccb306df708f4c814b436"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "8: Polarisation"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.1, Page number 16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mew_e=1.553; #refractive index of extraordinary ray\n",
+ "mew0=1.544; #refractive index of ordinary ray\n",
+ "lamda=6*10**-7; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t=lamda/(4*(mew_e-mew0)); #thickness of quarter wave plate(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"thickness of quarter wave plate is\",round(t*10**5,3),\"*10**-5 m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "thickness of quarter wave plate is 1.667 *10**-5 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.2, Page number 16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mew_e=1.553; #refractive index of extraordinary ray\n",
+ "mew0=1.544; #refractive index of ordinary ray\n",
+ "lamda=6*10**-7; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t=lamda/(2*(mew_e-mew0)); #thickness of half wave plate(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"thickness of half wave plate is\",round(t*10**5,2),\"*10**-5 m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "thickness of half wave plate is 3.33 *10**-5 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.3, Page number 17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mew_e=1.486; #refractive index of extraordinary ray\n",
+ "mew0=1.658; #refractive index of ordinary ray\n",
+ "lamda=6*10**-7; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t=lamda/(4*(mew0-mew_e)); #thickness of quarter wave plate(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"thickness of quarter wave plate is\",round(t*10**7,1),\"*10**-7 m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "thickness of quarter wave plate is 8.7 *10**-7 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 8.4, Page number 17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mew_e=1.486; #refractive index of extraordinary ray\n",
+ "mew0=1.658; #refractive index of ordinary ray\n",
+ "t=1.64*10**-6; #thickness(m) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=2*t*(mew0-mew_e); #wavelength of light(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength of light is\",round(lamda*10**6,3),\"*10**-6 m\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength of light is 0.564 *10**-6 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 15
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter9.ipynb b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter9.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..aa1abf35 --- /dev/null +++ b/Engineering_Physics_by_V_Rajendran/Chapter9.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:5f6e5e5e16ae36be54b773743f59e15ae672a0cecdab4854d7e43b7f805f4ffa"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "9: Photoelasticity"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 9.1, Page number 10"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "alpha1_alpha2=10*10**8; #difference between pincipal stress(N/m**2)\n",
+ "c=1*10**-12; #stress optic coefficient(m**2/N)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=c*alpha1_alpha2; #difference between refractive indices\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"difference between refractive indices is\",N"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "difference between refractive indices is 0.001\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example number 9.2, Page number 10"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "alpha1=405*10**6; #principal stress(N/m**2)\n",
+ "alpha2=-105*10**6; #principal stress(N/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "tow_max=(alpha1-alpha2)/2; #maximum shearing stress(N/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"maximum shearing stress is\",tow_max*10**-6,\"*10**6 N/m**2\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "maximum shearing stress is 255.0 *10**6 N/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
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