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authorTrupti Kini2016-03-17 23:30:24 +0600
committerTrupti Kini2016-03-17 23:30:24 +0600
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Added(A)/Deleted(D) following books
A Basic_Engineering_Thermodynamics_by_Rayner_Joel/README.txt A Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/Chapter1.ipynb A Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/Chapter10.ipynb A Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/Chapter11.ipynb A Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/Chapter12.ipynb A Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/Chapter13.ipynb A Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/Chapter14.ipynb A Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/Chapter2.ipynb A Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/Chapter3.ipynb A Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/Chapter4.ipynb A Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/Chapter5.ipynb A Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/Chapter6.ipynb A Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/Chapter8.ipynb A Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/Chapter9.ipynb A Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/screenshots/1.png A Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/screenshots/2.png A Engineering_Physics_by_S.L.Gupta,_Sanjeev_Gupta/screenshots/3.png A High_Voltage_Engineering_by_V_Kamaraju_,_M_S_Naidu/Chapter2_1.ipynb A High_Voltage_Engineering_by_V_Kamaraju_,_M_S_Naidu/Chapter3_1.ipynb A High_Voltage_Engineering_by_V_Kamaraju_,_M_S_Naidu/Chapter4_1.ipynb A High_Voltage_Engineering_by_V_Kamaraju_,_M_S_Naidu/Chapter6_1.ipynb A High_Voltage_Engineering_by_V_Kamaraju_,_M_S_Naidu/Chapter7_1.ipynb A High_Voltage_Engineering_by_V_Kamaraju_,_M_S_Naidu/Chapter8_1.ipynb A High_Voltage_Engineering_by_V_Kamaraju_,_M_S_Naidu/Chapter9_1.ipynb A High_Voltage_Engineering_by_V_Kamaraju_,_M_S_Naidu/screenshots/chapter2_1.png A High_Voltage_Engineering_by_V_Kamaraju_,_M_S_Naidu/screenshots/chapter3_1.png A High_Voltage_Engineering_by_V_Kamaraju_,_M_S_Naidu/screenshots/chapter4_1.png A Introduction_to_Electrical_Engineering_by_Er._J.P._Navani_&_Er._Sonal_Sapra/README.txt
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+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# 3: X-ray Diffraction"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "# Example number 3.1, Page number 80"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength is 0.97938 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=2.82*10**-10; #lattice spacing(m)\n",
+ "theta=10; #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "n=1; #order\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "lamda=2*d*math.sin(theta)/n; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength is\",round(lamda*10**10,5),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Example number 3.2, Page number 80"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength is 1.262 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=3.035*10**-10; #lattice spacing(m)\n",
+ "theta=12; #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "n=1; #order\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "lamda=2*d*math.sin(theta)/n; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength is\",round(lamda*10**10,3),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Example number 3.3, Page number 81"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelengths are 1.464 angstrom and 1.6525 angstrom\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=2.81; #lattice spacing(angstrom)\n",
+ "theta1=15.1; #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "theta2=17.1; #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta1=theta1*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "lamda1=2*d*math.sin(theta1); #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "theta2=theta2*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "lamda2=2*d*math.sin(theta2); #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelengths are\",round(lamda1,3),\"angstrom and\",round(lamda2,4),\"angstrom\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Example number 3.4, Page number 81"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "separation between lattice planes is 4.035 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=1.54; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "theta=11; #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "d=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta)); #separation between lattice planes(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"separation between lattice planes is\",round(d,3),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Example number 3.5, Page number 81"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "wavelength is 1.84 angstrom\n",
+ "answer in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamdaB=0.92; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "theta1=30; #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "theta2=60; #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta1=theta1*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta2=theta2*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "lamdaA=2*lamdaB*math.sin(theta1)/math.sin(theta1); #wavelength of line A(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"wavelength is\",lamdaA,\"angstrom\"\n",
+ "print \"answer in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Example number 3.6, Page number 81"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "debroglie wavelength is 0.7406 *10**-10 metre\n",
+ "velocity is 9.793 *10**6 m/sec\n",
+ "answer in the book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=0.4086*10**-10; #lattice spacing(m)\n",
+ "theta=65; #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "h=6.6*10**-34; #plank's constant(Js)\n",
+ "m=9.1*10**-31; #mass(kg)\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "lamda=2*d*math.sin(theta)/n; #debroglie wavelength(m)\n",
+ "v=h/(m*lamda); #velocity(m/sec)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"debroglie wavelength is\",round(lamda*10**10,4),\"*10**-10 metre\"\n",
+ "print \"velocity is\",round(v/10**6,3),\"*10**6 m/sec\"\n",
+ "print \"answer in the book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Example number 3.7, Page number 82"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "longest wavelength is 5.64 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=2.82*10**-10; #lattice spacing(m)\n",
+ "sintheta=1; \n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda_max=2*d*sintheta/n; #longest wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"longest wavelength is\",lamda_max*10**10,\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Example number 3.8, Page number 82"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "glancing angle is 26.599 degree\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=0.842*10**-10; #lattice spacing(m)\n",
+ "theta1=8+(35/60); #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "n1=1; #order\n",
+ "n2=3; #order\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta1=theta1*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta3=math.asin(n2*math.sin(theta1)); #glancing angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta3=theta3*180/math.pi; #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"glancing angle is\",round(theta3,3),\"degree\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Example number 3.9, Page number 82"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 8,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "interplanar spacing is 1.804 angstrom\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.58; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "theta1=6+(45/60); #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "theta2=9+(15/60); #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "theta3=13; #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta1=theta1*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta2=theta2*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta3=theta3*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "x1=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta1));\n",
+ "x2=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta2));\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"interplanar spacing is\",round(x2,3),\"angstrom\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Example number 3.10, Page number 83"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice spacing is 2.7882 angstrom\n",
+ "avagadro number is 6.2337 *10**26 mol/k-mole\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=1.3922; #wavelength(angstrom)\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "theta=14+(27/60)+(26/(60*60)); #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "M=58.454; #molecular weight\n",
+ "rho=2163; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "d=n*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta)); #lattice spacing(angstrom)\n",
+ "d_m=d*10**-10; #lattice spacing(m)\n",
+ "N=M/(2*rho*d_m**3); #avagadro number(mol/k-mole)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice spacing is\",round(d,4),\"angstrom\"\n",
+ "print \"avagadro number is\",round(N/10**26,4),\"*10**26 mol/k-mole\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Example number 3.11, Page number 84"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ratio of angles of incidence are 0.104 : 0.2108 : 0.3123 which is nothing but 1.0 : 2.0 : 3.0\n",
+ "angles of incidence should be 1st, 2nd and 3rd orders\n",
+ "spacing is 2.804 *10**-10 m\n",
+ "answer varies due to rounding off errors\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.586*10**-10; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "theta1=5+(58/60); #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "theta2=12+(10/60); #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "theta3=18+(12/60); #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta1=theta1*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta2=theta2*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta3=theta3*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "x1=math.sin(theta1);\n",
+ "x2=math.sin(theta2);\n",
+ "x3=math.sin(theta3);\n",
+ "d1=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta1)); #spacing for 1st order(m)\n",
+ "d2=2*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta2)); #spacing for 2nd order(m)\n",
+ "d3=3*lamda/(2*math.sin(theta3)); #spacing for 3rd order(m)\n",
+ "d=(d1+d2+d3)/3; #spacing(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ratio of angles of incidence are\",round(x1,3),\":\",round(x2,4),\":\",round(x3,4),\"which is nothing but\",round(x1,1)*10,\":\",round(x2,1)*10,\":\",round(x3,1)*10\n",
+ "print \"angles of incidence should be 1st, 2nd and 3rd orders\"\n",
+ "print \"spacing is\",round(d*10**10,3),\"*10**-10 m\"\n",
+ "print \"answer varies due to rounding off errors\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Example number 3.12, Page number 84"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ratio of angles of incidence are 0 : 1.413 : 1.744\n",
+ "the crystal is a simple cubic crystal\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta1=5+(23/60); #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "theta2=7+(37/60); #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "theta3=9+(25/60); #glancing angle(degree)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta1=theta1*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta2=theta2*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "theta3=theta3*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "x1=math.sin(theta1);\n",
+ "X1=1/(10*x1);\n",
+ "x2=math.sin(theta2)/x1;\n",
+ "x3=math.sin(theta3)/x1;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"ratio of angles of incidence are\",int(x1),\":\",round(x2,3),\":\",round(x3,3)\n",
+ "print \"the crystal is a simple cubic crystal\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Example number 3.13, Page number 85"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "spacing of crystal is 0.38 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.62*10**-34; #planck's constant(J sec)\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "m=9*10**-31; #mass(kg) \n",
+ "E=344; #energy(volts)\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "theta=60; #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=h/math.sqrt(2*m*e*E); #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "d=n*lamda*10**10/(2*math.sin(theta)); #spacing of crystal(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"spacing of crystal is\",round(d,2),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Example number 3.14, Page number 85"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice parameter is 4.1 angstrom\n",
+ "radius of atom is 1.45 angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=2;\n",
+ "k=2;\n",
+ "l=0;\n",
+ "n=1;\n",
+ "theta=32; #angle(degrees)\n",
+ "lamda=1.54*10**-10; #wavelength(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=theta*math.pi/180; #angle(radian)\n",
+ "d=n*lamda*10**10/(2*math.sin(theta)); #spacing of crystal(angstrom)\n",
+ "a=d*math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2); #lattice parameter(angstrom)\n",
+ "r=a/(2*math.sqrt(2)); #radius of atom(angstrom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice parameter is\",round(a,1),\"angstrom\"\n",
+ "print \"radius of atom is\",round(r,2),\"angstrom\""
+ ]
+ }
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