Added(A)/Deleted(D) following books

 A  Analog_Electronics_by_U._A._Bakshi_And_A._P._Godse/chapter1.ipynb
A  Analog_Electronics_by_U._A._Bakshi_And_A._P._Godse/chapter2.ipynb
A  Analog_Electronics_by_U._A._Bakshi_And_A._P._Godse/chapter3.ipynb
A  Analog_Electronics_by_U._A._Bakshi_And_A._P._Godse/chapter4.ipynb
A  Analog_Electronics_by_U._A._Bakshi_And_A._P._Godse/chapter5.ipynb
A  Analog_Electronics_by_U._A._Bakshi_And_A._P._Godse/chapter6.ipynb
A  Analog_Electronics_by_U._A._Bakshi_And_A._P._Godse/screenshots/CloseLoopVoltageGain3-5.png
A  Analog_Electronics_by_U._A._Bakshi_And_A._P._Godse/screenshots/ValueOfResistance3_9.png
A  Analog_Electronics_by_U._A._Bakshi_And_A._P._Godse/screenshots/requiredResistance3_8.png
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/CHAPTER01_2.ipynb
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/CHAPTER02_2.ipynb
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/CHAPTER03_2.ipynb
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/CHAPTER04_2.ipynb
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/CHAPTER07_2.ipynb
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/CHAPTER09_2.ipynb
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/CHAPTER11_2.ipynb
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/CHAPTER15_2.ipynb
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/CHAPTER16_2.ipynb
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/CHAPTER18_2.ipynb
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/CHAPTER19_2.ipynb
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/CHAPTER20_2.ipynb
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/CHAPTER23_2.ipynb
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/CHAPTER24_2.ipynb
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/screenshots/Capture02_2.png
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/screenshots/Capture04_2.png
A  Electrical_Engineering_Fundamentals_by__Del_Toro_Vincent_/screenshots/Capture20_2.png
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch1.ipynb
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch10.ipynb
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch11.ipynb
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch12.ipynb
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch13.ipynb
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch14.ipynb
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch2.ipynb
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch3.ipynb
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch4.ipynb
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch5.ipynb
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch6.ipynb
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch7.ipynb
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch8.ipynb
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch9.ipynb
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/screenshots/AntilogOpamp13.png
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/screenshots/LogOpamp13.png
A  Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/screenshots/OutPutLogAmp13.png
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER10_10.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER10_11.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER13_10.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER13_11.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER14_10.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER14_11.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER15_10.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER15_11.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER16_10.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER16_11.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER17_10.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER17_9.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER18_10.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER18_11.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER20_10.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER20_9.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER22_10.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER22_9.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER23_10.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER23_11.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER25_10.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER25_9.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER28_10.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER28_9.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER2_10.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER2_11.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER32_10.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER32_9.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER36_10.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER36_11.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER9_10.ipynb
A  Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER9_11.ipynb
A  Strength_Of_Materials_by_S_S_Bhavikatti/chapter_no.10_3.ipynb
A  Strength_Of_Materials_by_S_S_Bhavikatti/chapter_no.1_3.ipynb
A  Strength_Of_Materials_by_S_S_Bhavikatti/chapter_no.2_3.ipynb
A  Strength_Of_Materials_by_S_S_Bhavikatti/chapter_no.3_3.ipynb
A  Strength_Of_Materials_by_S_S_Bhavikatti/chapter_no.4_3.ipynb
A  Strength_Of_Materials_by_S_S_Bhavikatti/chapter_no.5_3.ipynb
A  Strength_Of_Materials_by_S_S_Bhavikatti/chapter_no.6_3.ipynb
A  Strength_Of_Materials_by_S_S_Bhavikatti/chapter_no.7_3.ipynb
A  Strength_Of_Materials_by_S_S_Bhavikatti/chapter_no.8_3.ipynb
A  Strength_Of_Materials_by_S_S_Bhavikatti/chapter_no.9_3.ipynb
A  Strength_Of_Materials_by_S_S_Bhavikatti/screenshots/B.M.D_1_2.JPG
A  Strength_Of_Materials_by_S_S_Bhavikatti/screenshots/S.F.D_1_2.jpg
A  Strength_Of_Materials_by_S_S_Bhavikatti/screenshots/S.F.D_2_2.jpg
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/Chapter10_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/Chapter28_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/Chapter29_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter11_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter12_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter13_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter14_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter15_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter16_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter17_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter18_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter19_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter1_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter20_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter21_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter22_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter23_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter24_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter25_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter26_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter27_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter2_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter3_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter4_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter5_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter6_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter7_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter8_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/chapter9_2.ipynb
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/screenshots/image11_1.png
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/screenshots/image12_1.png
A  principle_of_physics_by_V.K.MEHTA_,_ROHIT_MEHTA_/screenshots/image13_1.png

1 files changed, 781 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch8.ipynb b/Electronics_Circuits_and_Systems_by_Y._N._Bapat/Ch8.ipynb
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+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Chapter 8 - Linear Op-amp Systems"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8_1 Page No. 245"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Amin=8000.00\n",
+      "Amax=64000.00\n",
+      "part (i)\n",
+      "delta_Af=0.01\n",
+      "delta_A= (Amax-Amin)/Amin = 7.00\n",
+      "Sg = delta_Af/delta_A = 0.00\n",
+      " B = (1/Sg - 1)/Amax = 0.01\n",
+      " part (ii)\n",
+      "Af_min = Amin/(1+B*Amin) = 90.52\n",
+      "Af_max = Amax/(1+B*Amax) = 91.43\n",
+      "variation in Af = 1.01\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division  \n",
+    "Amin=8000\n",
+    "print \"Amin=%0.2f\"%(Amin) # Minimum gain of OP-AMP\n",
+    "Amax=64000\n",
+    "print \"Amax=%0.2f\"%(Amax) # Maximum gain \n",
+    "print \"part (i)\"\n",
+    "delta_Af=0.01\n",
+    "print \"delta_Af=%0.2f\"%(delta_Af) # Change in overall feedBack gain \n",
+    "delta_A=(Amax-Amin)/Amin\n",
+    "print \"delta_A= (Amax-Amin)/Amin = %0.2f\"%(delta_A) # Change in open loop gain \n",
+    "Sg = delta_Af/delta_A\n",
+    "B = (1/Sg - 1)/Amax\n",
+    "print \"Sg = delta_Af/delta_A = %0.2f\"%(Sg)#desensitivity factor\n",
+    "print \" B = (1/Sg - 1)/Amax = %0.2f\"%(B)#feedBack factor\n",
+    "print \" part (ii)\"\n",
+    "Af_min = Amin/(1+B*Amin)#minimum change in overall feedBack gain \n",
+    "Af_max = Amax/(1+B*Amax)#/maximum change in overall feedBack gain \n",
+    "print \"Af_min = Amin/(1+B*Amin) = %0.2f\"%(Af_min)\n",
+    "print \"Af_max = Amax/(1+B*Amax) = %0.2f\"%(Af_max)\n",
+    "print \"variation in Af = %0.2f\"%(Af_max/Af_min)#variation in Af with feedBack factor 'B'\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# for above problem author has divided question in two parts but during solution has written 3 parts. \n",
+    "# part (i) and part (ii) combinedly equivlent to part (i) \n",
+    "# part (iii) is equivalent to part (ii)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8_2 Page No. 248"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Avf=-100.00\n",
+      "Rif= 1.00  ohm\n",
+      "RF= -R1*Avf=100.00  ohm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division  \n",
+    "Avf=-100\n",
+    "print \"Avf=%0.2f\"%(Avf) # Voltage gain \n",
+    "Rif=1\n",
+    "print \"Rif= %0.2f\"%(Rif),\" ohm\"  #Input resistance of OP-AMP\n",
+    "R1=Rif\n",
+    "RF=-R1*Avf # using formulae Vo=(-RF/R1)*Vi\n",
+    "print \"RF= -R1*Avf=%0.2f\"%(RF),\" ohm\"  #Feedback resistance of OP-AMP\n",
+    "# NOTE:Error in value of RF since they have given value of Rif=1ohm but calculated RF by using Rif=1 Kilo ohm\n",
+    "# So i have calculated using Ri=1ohm and hence RF=100 ohm"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8_3 Page No. 249"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "R11= 1000.00  ohm\n",
+      "RF= 100000.00  ohm\n",
+      "R12= 10000.00  ohm\n",
+      "R13= 100000.00  ohm\n",
+      "vo = -(100.00 vs1 +10.00 vs2 +1.00 vs3)\n",
+      "vo = -(0.33  vs1 +0.33  vs2 +0.33  vs3)\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division  \n",
+    "R11=1*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"R11= %0.2f\"%(R11),\" ohm\"  # resistance at input terminal of OP-AMP Adder\n",
+    "RF=100*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"RF= %0.2f\"%(RF),\" ohm\"  #Feedback resistance\n",
+    "R12=10*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"R12= %0.2f\"%(R12),\" ohm\"  # resistance at input terminal of OP-AMP  Adder\n",
+    "R13=100*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"R13= %0.2f\"%(R13),\" ohm\"  # resistance at input terminal of OP-AMP  Adder\n",
+    "print \"vo = -(%0.2f\"%(RF/R11),\"vs1 +%0.2f\"%(RF/R12),\"vs2 +%0.2f\"%(RF/R13),\"vs3)\" # output voltage of opamp adder in terms of input vs1,vs2 vs3\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# for average value of input signal\n",
+    "n = 3# given inputs are '3'\n",
+    "R11 = n*RF\n",
+    "R12 = n*RF\n",
+    "R13 = n*RF\n",
+    "print \"vo = -(%0.2f\"%(RF/R11),\" vs1 +%0.2f\"%(RF/R12),\" vs2 +%0.2f\"%(RF/R13),\" vs3)\" # output voltage of opamp adder \n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# note : the output voltage of inverting adder is negative \n",
+    "# but while calculating weighted output voltage in above question ..author has neglected  or miss the negative sign"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8_4 Page No. 250"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Ir = 0.01  ampere/lumen of radiant energy \n",
+      "RF= 10000.00  ohm\n",
+      "E = 0.01  lumens\n",
+      "IR =Ir*E= 1.00e-04  ampere\n",
+      "Vo=IR*RF= 1.00  volts\n",
+      "scale factor=E/Vo= 0.01  lumens/V\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division  \n",
+    "Ir=10*10**(-3)\n",
+    "print \"Ir = %0.2f\"%(Ir),\" ampere/lumen of radiant energy \" #photodiode Reverse saturation current for constant reverse bias VR\n",
+    "RF=10*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"RF= %0.2f\"%(RF),\" ohm\"  #Feedback resistance\n",
+    "E=1*10**(-2)\n",
+    "print \"E = %0.2f\"%(E),\" lumens\"#  radiant energy\n",
+    "IR=Ir*E\n",
+    "print \"IR =Ir*E= %0.2e\"%(IR),\" ampere\" # Reverse saturation current\n",
+    "Vo=IR*RF\n",
+    "print \"Vo=IR*RF= %0.2f\"%(Vo),\" volts\" #  output voltage\n",
+    "s=E/Vo\n",
+    "print \"scale factor=E/Vo= %0.2f\"%(E),\" lumens/V\" #  Scale factor of photometer"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8_5 Page No. 252"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Av= 100000.00\n",
+      "RF= 100000.00  ohm\n",
+      "RM= 10000.00  ohm\n",
+      "is = 1.00e-05  ampere\n",
+      "vo=is*RF= 1.00  volts\n",
+      "S=vo/is= 100000.00  V/A\n",
+      "Rif=RF/(1+Av)= 1.00  ohm\n",
+      "im = 0.00  ampere\n",
+      "RF=(im*RM)/is= 100000.00  ohm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division  \n",
+    "Av=1*10**(5)\n",
+    "print \"Av= %0.2f\"%(Av) #Voltage gain\n",
+    "RF=100*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"RF= %0.2f\"%(RF),\" ohm\"  #Feedback resistance\n",
+    "RM=10*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"RM= %0.2f\"%(RM),\" ohm\"  # D.C Ammeter internal resistance\n",
+    "Is=10*10**(-6)\n",
+    "print \"is = %0.2e\"%(Is),\" ampere\" #  Source current\n",
+    "vo=Is*RF\n",
+    "print \"vo=is*RF= %0.2f\"%(vo),\" volts\" #  output voltage\n",
+    "S=vo/Is\n",
+    "print \"S=vo/is= %0.2f\"%(S),\" V/A\" # Sensitivity of Ammeter\n",
+    "Rif=RF/(1+Av)\n",
+    "print \"Rif=RF/(1+Av)= %0.2f\"%(Rif),\" ohm\"  #Input resistance of OP-AMP\n",
+    "im=100*10**(-6)\n",
+    "print \"im = %0.2f\"%(im),\" ampere\" # Meter Full-Scale deflection current   \n",
+    "RF=(im*RM)/Is\n",
+    "print \"RF=(im*RM)/is= %0.2f\"%(RF),\" ohm\"  # New required Feedback resistance for im=100 micro ampere"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8_6 Page No. 255"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Av= 36.00  dB\n",
+      "R1= 1000.00  ohm\n",
+      "RF=R1*[10**(Av/20)-1]= 62095.73  ohm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division  \n",
+    "Av=36\n",
+    "print \"Av= %0.2f\"%(Av),\" dB\" #Voltage gain\n",
+    "R1=1*10**(3)# Choosing value of R1\n",
+    "print \"R1= %0.2f\"%(R1),\" ohm\"  # Resistor at input side of OP-AMP\n",
+    "RF=R1*(10**(Av/20)-1) # Using formulae Av=20*log(1+RF/R1)\n",
+    "print \"RF=R1*[10**(Av/20)-1]= %0.2f\"%(RF),\" ohm\"  # Calculated Feedback resistance\n",
+    "#NOTE: Correct value of RF=62095.734 ohm or 62.095 kilo ohm but in book given as 62.24 kilo ohm \n",
+    " "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8_7 Page No. 256"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "if = 1.00e-04  ampere\n",
+      "Av= 100000.00\n",
+      "vs= 0.01  volts\n",
+      "RM= 100.00  ohm\n",
+      "Ri= 10000.00  ohm\n",
+      "R1=vs/if= 100.00  ohm\n",
+      "Avf=1+(RM/R1)=2.00\n",
+      "Rif=Ri*(Av/Avf)=5.00e+08  ohm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division  \n",
+    "If=100*10**(-6)\n",
+    "print \"if = %0.2e\"%(If),\" ampere\" #Full-Scale deflection current\n",
+    "Av=1*10**(5)\n",
+    "print \"Av= %0.2f\"%(Av) #Voltage gain    \n",
+    "vs=10*10**(-3)    \n",
+    "print \"vs= %0.2f\"%(vs),\" volts\" #  Input voltage \n",
+    "RM=100\n",
+    "print \"RM= %0.2f\"%(RM),\" ohm\"  # Moving coil Ammeter internal resistance\n",
+    "Ri=10*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"Ri= %0.2f\"%(Ri),\" ohm\"  #Input resistance of OP-AMP\n",
+    "R1=vs/If\n",
+    "print \"R1=vs/if= %0.2f\"%(R1),\" ohm\"  # Resistor at input side of OP-AMP in Voltage-to-Current converter \n",
+    "Avf=1+(RM/R1) # formulae using Avf=1+(RF/R1)=1+(RM/R1)# since RF=RM\n",
+    "print \"Avf=1+(RM/R1)=%0.2f\"%(Avf) # Overall Voltage gain\n",
+    "Rif=Ri*(Av/Avf)\n",
+    "print \"Rif=Ri*(Av/Avf)=%0.2e\"%(Rif),\" ohm\"  # Equivalent input side resistance of OP-AMP with feedback"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8_8 Page No. 258"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Ro= 1.00e-03  ohm\n",
+      "Sv= 0.01 %\n",
+      "change in regulator voltage= 3.00  volts\n",
+      "change in regulator Current= 0.25  A\n",
+      "change in regulator output voltage= 0.00  volts\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division  \n",
+    "Ro=0.001\n",
+    "print \"Ro= %0.2e\"%(Ro),\" ohm\"  #Output resistance\n",
+    "Sv=0.01\n",
+    "print \"Sv= %0.2f\"%(Sv),\"%\" # Input Regulation for IC regulator\n",
+    "delta_VI=12-9\n",
+    "print \"change in regulator voltage= %0.2f\"%(delta_VI),\" volts\" # Regulator input voltage variation\n",
+    "delta_IL=1.25-1\n",
+    "print \"change in regulator Current= %0.2f\"%(delta_IL),\" A\" # Regulator Current variation\n",
+    "delta_Vo=(delta_VI*(Sv/100)+delta_IL*Ro)\n",
+    "print \"change in regulator output voltage= %0.2f\"%(delta_Vo),\" volts\" # Regulator output voltage variation"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8_9 Page No. 260"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "alpha=1.41\n",
+      "AM=1.59\n",
+      "fOH= 1000.00  Hz\n",
+      "R1= 10000.00  ohm\n",
+      "RF=R1*(AM-1)=5860.00  ohm\n",
+      "C=1.00e-07 farad\n",
+      "R=1/(omega_OH*C)=1/(2*pi*fOH*C)=1591.55  ohm\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import pi\n",
+    "from __future__ import division  \n",
+    "alpha=1.414# Damping coefficient for Butterworth LP filter\n",
+    "print \"alpha=%0.2f\"%(alpha)\n",
+    "AM=3-alpha\n",
+    "print \"AM=%0.2f\"%(AM) # Midband gain of filter \n",
+    "fOH=1*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"fOH= %0.2f\"%(fOH),\" Hz\"#Cut off frequency\n",
+    "R1=10*10**(3)# Choosing value of R1 same as in book\n",
+    "print \"R1= %0.2f\"%(R1),\" ohm\"  # Resistor at input side of (OP-AMP)filter \n",
+    "RF=R1*(AM-1)\n",
+    "print \"RF=R1*(AM-1)=%0.2f\"%(RF),\" ohm\"  #Feedback resistance \n",
+    "C=0.1*10**(-6) # Choosing value of capacitor same a in book\n",
+    "print \"C=%0.2e\"%(C),\"farad\"\n",
+    "R=1/(2*pi*fOH*C)# Using formulae wOH=1/C*R and wOH=(2*pi*fOH)\n",
+    "print \"R=1/(omega_OH*C)=1/(2*pi*fOH*C)=%0.2f\"%(R),\" ohm\"  # resistance value for filter design"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8_10 Page No. 261"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "fo= 150.00  Hz\n",
+      "BW= 15.00  Hz\n",
+      "Q= 10.00\n",
+      "C=5.00e-08 farad\n",
+      "R=sqrt(2)/(2*pi*fo*C)=30010.54  ohm\n",
+      "Am=5-(sqrt(2)/Q)=4.86\n",
+      "Abp=Am/(5-Am)=34.36\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import sqrt,pi\n",
+    "from __future__ import division  \n",
+    "fo=150\n",
+    "print \"fo= %0.2f\"%(fo),\" Hz\"#Central frequency of band pass filter\n",
+    "BW=15\n",
+    "print \"BW= %0.2f\"%(BW),\" Hz\"# Upper cut-off frequency or 3-dB bandwidth\n",
+    "Q=fo/BW # Quality factor\n",
+    "print \"Q= %0.2f\"%(Q)\n",
+    "C=0.05*10**(-6) # Choosing value of capacitor same as in book\n",
+    "print \"C=%0.2e\"%(C),\"farad\"\n",
+    "R=sqrt(2)/(2*pi*fo*C)\n",
+    "print \"R=sqrt(2)/(2*pi*fo*C)=%0.2f\"%(R),\" ohm\"  # resistance value for filter design\n",
+    "Am=5-(sqrt(2)/Q) # formulae\n",
+    "print \"Am=5-(sqrt(2)/Q)=%0.2f\"%(Am) # Midband gain \n",
+    "Abp=Am/(5-Am)\n",
+    "print \"Abp=Am/(5-Am)=%0.2f\"%(Abp) # Central frequency  gain "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8_11 Page No. 263"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "R= 10000.00  ohm\n",
+      "R1= 10000.00  ohm\n",
+      "C=1.00e-08  farad\n",
+      "R1_ratio_K= 2500.00  ohm\n",
+      "R= 10000.00  ohm\n",
+      "alpha_R2= 250.00  ohm\n",
+      "alpha=alpha_R2/R2= 0.05\n",
+      "Q= 1/alpha=20.00\n",
+      "omega_o=1/(R*C)= 10000.00  radian\n",
+      "Bandwidth=omega_o/Q= 500.00  radian\n",
+      "K=R1/(R1_ratio_K)= 4.00\n",
+      "center frequency gain for BPF, K/alpha=K*Q= 80.00\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division  \n",
+    "R=10*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"R= %0.2f\"%(R),\" ohm\"  # resistance\n",
+    "R1=10*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"R1= %0.2f\"%(R1),\" ohm\"  # resistance\n",
+    "C=0.01*10**(-6) #  value of capacitor\n",
+    "print \"C=%0.2e\"%(C),\" farad\"\n",
+    "R1_ratio_K=2.5*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"R1_ratio_K= %0.2f\"%(R1_ratio_K),\" ohm\"  # resistance\n",
+    "R2=5*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"R= %0.2f\"%(R),\" ohm\"  # resistance\n",
+    "alpha_R2=250\n",
+    "print \"alpha_R2= %0.2f\"%(alpha_R2),\" ohm\"  # resistance\n",
+    "alpha=alpha_R2/R2\n",
+    "print \"alpha=alpha_R2/R2= %0.2f\"%(alpha)  # Damping factor\n",
+    "Q=1/alpha\n",
+    "print \"Q= 1/alpha=%0.2f\"%(Q) # Quality factor\n",
+    "omega_o=1/(R*C)\n",
+    "print \"omega_o=1/(R*C)= %0.2f\"%(omega_o),\" radian\"# centre angular frequency\n",
+    "BW=omega_o/Q\n",
+    "print \"Bandwidth=omega_o/Q= %0.2f\"%(BW),\" radian\"# Upper cut-off frequency or 3-dB bandwidth\n",
+    "K=R1/(R1_ratio_K)# Pass band gain for lPF and HPF of state variable filter\n",
+    "print \"K=R1/(R1_ratio_K)= %0.2f\"%(K)\n",
+    "Gm=K/alpha# Pass band gain of state variable filter\n",
+    "print \"center frequency gain for BPF, K/alpha=K*Q= %0.2f\"%(Gm) # Centre frequency gain for BP filter"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8_12 Page No. 264"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "IB = 5.00e-07  ampere\n",
+      "Iio = 5.00e-08  ampere\n",
+      "Vio= 1.00e-03  volts\n",
+      "R1= 10000.00  ohm\n",
+      "RF= 500000.00  ohm\n",
+      "Vos1=Vio*(1+RF/R1)=0.05  volts\n",
+      "Vos2=IB*RF=0.25  volts\n",
+      "Vos=Vos1+Vos2=0.30  volts\n",
+      "R2=(R1*RF)/(R1+RF)= 9803.92  ohm\n",
+      "Vos2=Iio*RF=0.02  volts\n",
+      "Vos=Vos1+Vos2=0.08  volts\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division  \n",
+    "IB=0.5*10**(-6)\n",
+    "print \"IB = %0.2e\"%(IB),\" ampere\" #Input bias current \n",
+    "Iio=0.05*10**(-6)\n",
+    "print \"Iio = %0.2e\"%(Iio),\" ampere\" #Input offset current  \n",
+    "Vio=1*10**(-3)\n",
+    "print \"Vio= %0.2e\"%(Vio),\" volts\" #Input offset voltage\n",
+    "R1=10*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"R1= %0.2f\"%(R1),\" ohm\"  # resistance\n",
+    "RF=500*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"RF= %0.2f\"%(RF),\" ohm\"  #Feedback resistance\n",
+    "Vos1=Vio*(1+RF/R1)\n",
+    "print \"Vos1=Vio*(1+RF/R1)=%0.2f\"%(Vos1),\" volts\" #output offset voltage due to input offset voltage\n",
+    "Vos2=IB*RF\n",
+    "print \"Vos2=IB*RF=%0.2f\"%(Vos2),\" volts\" #output offset voltage due to Input bias current \n",
+    "Vos=Vos1+Vos2\n",
+    "print \"Vos=Vos1+Vos2=%0.2f\"%(Vos),\" volts\" #total output offset voltage \n",
+    "R2=(R1*RF)/(R1+RF)\n",
+    "print \"R2=(R1*RF)/(R1+RF)= %0.2f\"%(R2),\" ohm\"  # resistance to balance IB effect \n",
+    "Vos2=Iio*RF\n",
+    "print \"Vos2=Iio*RF=%0.2f\"%(Vos2),\" volts\" # Reduced output offset voltage due to Input offset current  \n",
+    "Vos=Vos1+Vos2\n",
+    "print \"Vos=Vos1+Vos2=%0.2f\"%(Vos),\" volts\" # output offset voltage with compensation \n",
+    "  "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8_13 Page No. 265"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Iio = 1.00e-10  ampere/degree _celsius\n",
+      "Vio= 1.00e-05  volt/degree _celsius\n",
+      "Vs= 0.01  volts\n",
+      "R1= 10000.00  ohm\n",
+      "RF= 100000.00  ohm\n",
+      "part(i)\n",
+      "R2=(R1*RF)/(R1+RF)= 9090.91  ohm\n",
+      "part(ii)\n",
+      "delta_T=75-25 = 50.00  degree_celsius\n",
+      "delta_Vo=[(Vio*delta_T)*(1+RF/R1)]+(Iio*delta_T*RF)= 0.01  volts\n",
+      "part(iii)\n",
+      "Vo=(-RF/R1)*Vs= -0.10  volts\n",
+      "Percentage error=(delta_Vo/Vo)*100 =(-)6.00 , (+)6.00   percent\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division  \n",
+    "Iio=0.1*10**(-9)\n",
+    "print \"Iio = %0.2e\"%(Iio),\" ampere/degree _celsius\" #Input offset current  \n",
+    "Vio=10*10**(-6)\n",
+    "print \"Vio= %0.2e\"%(Vio),\" volt/degree _celsius\" #Input offset voltage\n",
+    "Vs=10*10**(-3)\n",
+    "print \"Vs= %0.2f\"%(Vs),\" volts\" #Input voltage\n",
+    "R1=10*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"R1= %0.2f\"%(R1),\" ohm\"  # resistance\n",
+    "RF=100*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"RF= %0.2f\"%(RF),\" ohm\"  #Feedback resistance\n",
+    "print \"part(i)\"\n",
+    "R2=(R1*RF)/(R1+RF)# R1 in parallel with RF\n",
+    "print \"R2=(R1*RF)/(R1+RF)= %0.2f\"%(R2),\" ohm\"  # resistance to balance IB i.e offset effect \n",
+    "print \"part(ii)\"\n",
+    "delta_T=75-25\n",
+    "print \"delta_T=75-25 = %0.2f\"%(delta_T),\" degree_celsius\" #Temperature change\n",
+    "delta_Vo=((Vio*delta_T)*(1+RF/R1))+(Iio*delta_T*RF)\n",
+    "print \"delta_Vo=[(Vio*delta_T)*(1+RF/R1)]+(Iio*delta_T*RF)= %0.2f\"%(delta_Vo),\" volts\" #Output voltage drift\n",
+    "print \"part(iii)\"\n",
+    "Vo=(-RF/R1)*Vs\n",
+    "print \"Vo=(-RF/R1)*Vs= %0.2f\"%(Vo),\" volts\" #Inverting OP-AMP output voltage\n",
+    "e=(delta_Vo/Vo)*100\n",
+    "print \"Percentage error=(delta_Vo/Vo)*100 =(-)%0.2f\"%(abs(e)),\", (+)%0.2f\"%(abs(e)),\"  percent\"#percentage error"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8_14 Page No. 266"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Iio = 1.00e-10  ampere\n",
+      "VCC= 15.00  volts\n",
+      "PSRR= 1.50e-04   volts/V\n",
+      "Vio= 1.00e-05  volts\n",
+      "R1= 10000.00  ohm\n",
+      "RF= 100000.00  ohm\n",
+      "delta_T=75-25 = 50.00  celsius\n",
+      "delta_Vo=[(Vio*delta_T)*(1+RF/R1)]+(Iio*delta_T*RF)= 0.01  volts\n",
+      "delta_Vio1=(delta_Vo)*(R1/RF)= 0.00  volts\n",
+      "delta_Vio2=(delta_Vio1)*(1/10)= 0.00  volts\n",
+      "power supply regulation=[(delta_Vio2)/(VCC*PSRR)]*100 =2.67  percent\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from __future__ import division  \n",
+    "Iio=0.1*10**(-9)\n",
+    "print \"Iio = %0.2e\"%(Iio),\" ampere\" #Input offset current\n",
+    "VCC=15\n",
+    "print \"VCC= %0.2f\"%(VCC),\" volts\" #  voltage supply  \n",
+    "PSRR=150*10**(-6)\n",
+    "print \"PSRR= %0.2e\"%(PSRR),\"  volts/V\"# Power supply rejection ratio\n",
+    "Vio=10*10**(-6)\n",
+    "print \"Vio= %0.2e\"%(Vio),\" volts\" #Input offset voltage\n",
+    "R1=10*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"R1= %0.2f\"%(R1),\" ohm\"  # resistance\n",
+    "RF=100*10**(3)\n",
+    "print \"RF= %0.2f\"%(RF),\" ohm\"  #Feedback resistance\n",
+    "delta_T=75-25\n",
+    "print \"delta_T=75-25 = %0.2f\"%(delta_T),\" celsius\" #Temperature change\n",
+    "delta_Vo=((Vio*delta_T)*(1+RF/R1))+(Iio*delta_T*RF)\n",
+    "print \"delta_Vo=[(Vio*delta_T)*(1+RF/R1)]+(Iio*delta_T*RF)= %0.2f\"%(delta_Vo),\" volts\" #Output voltage drift\n",
+    "delta_Vio1=(delta_Vo)*(R1/RF)\n",
+    "print \"delta_Vio1=(delta_Vo)*(R1/RF)= %0.2f\"%(delta_Vio1),\" volts\" # voltage change at Input for voltage drift found\n",
+    "delta_Vio2=(delta_Vio1)*(1/10)\n",
+    "print \"delta_Vio2=(delta_Vio1)*(1/10)= %0.2f\"%(delta_Vio2),\" volts\" #  change in Vio due to PSRR\n",
+    "p=((delta_Vio2)/(VCC*PSRR))*100\n",
+    "print \"power supply regulation=[(delta_Vio2)/(VCC*PSRR)]*100 =%0.2f\"%(p),\" percent\"# power supply regulation requirement\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#delta_Vio1 corresponds to voltage change at Input for voltage drift found \n",
+    "#delta_Vio2 corresponds voltage change at input due to PSRR"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example 8_15 Page No. 271"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "SR= 0.65   volts/microsecond\n",
+      "part(i)\n",
+      "Vm= 5.00  volts\n",
+      "fsm=SR/[10**(-6)*(2*pi*Vm)] = 20690.14  Hz\n",
+      "part(ii)\n",
+      "Vm= 1.00  volts\n",
+      "fsm=SR/[10**(-6)*(2*pi*Vm)] = 103450.71  Hz\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "from math import pi\n",
+    "from __future__ import division  \n",
+    "SR=0.65\n",
+    "print \"SR= %0.2f\"%(SR),\"  volts/microsecond\"# Slew rate of OP-AMP\n",
+    "print \"part(i)\"\n",
+    "Vm=5\n",
+    "print \"Vm= %0.2f\"%(Vm),\" volts\" #  Output peak voltage1\n",
+    "fsm=SR/(10**(-6)*(2*pi*Vm)) # using formulae  SR=2*pi*fsm*Vm\n",
+    "print \"fsm=SR/[10**(-6)*(2*pi*Vm)] = %0.2f\"%(fsm),\" Hz\"# # Full power bandwidth  for Output peak voltage Vm=5V\n",
+    "print \"part(ii)\"\n",
+    "Vm=1\n",
+    "print \"Vm= %0.2f\"%(Vm),\" volts\" #  Output peak voltage2\n",
+    "fsm=SR/(10**(-6)*(2*pi*Vm))  # using formulae  SR=2*pi*fsm*Vm\n",
+    "print \"fsm=SR/[10**(-6)*(2*pi*Vm)] = %0.2f\"%(fsm),\" Hz\"# # Full power bandwidth  for Output peak voltage Vm=1V"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
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