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| author | kinitrupti | 2017-05-12 18:53:46 +0530 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | kinitrupti | 2017-05-12 18:53:46 +0530 |
| commit | 6279fa19ac6e2a4087df2e6fe985430ecc2c2d5d (patch) | |
| tree | 22789c9dbe468dae6697dcd12d8e97de4bcf94a2 /Electronic_devices_and_circuits_by_I.J_Nagrath/Chapter6.ipynb | |
| parent | d36fc3b8f88cc3108ffff6151e376b619b9abb01 (diff) | |
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diff --git a/Electronic_devices_and_circuits_by_I.J_Nagrath/Chapter6.ipynb b/Electronic_devices_and_circuits_by_I.J_Nagrath/Chapter6.ipynb new file mode 100755 index 00000000..721c027d --- /dev/null +++ b/Electronic_devices_and_circuits_by_I.J_Nagrath/Chapter6.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,545 @@ +{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:b6947316bc65682adaa8d93a4eda990ab9271382dd0514c03ae855d300a77db0"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 6: Feedback Amplifiers And Oscillators"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.1,Page number 331"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Vo=12. #output voltage(V)\n",
+ "f=1.5*10**3 #frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "h=0.25 #second harmonic content(%) \n",
+ "ho=2.5 #reduced harmonic content of output(%)\n",
+ "A=100 #power amplifier gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Vd=Vo*h #second harmonic content in output(V)\n",
+ "Vd1=Vo*ho #reduced value of second harmonic content(V)\n",
+ "beta=((Vd1/Vd)-1)/A #feedback gain from formula Vd1=Vd/(1+beta*A) \n",
+ "Vs=Vo*(1+beta*A)/A #signal voltage(V) from formula (A/(1+Beta*A))*Vs \n",
+ "V=Vo/A #signal input needed without feedback \n",
+ "s=Vs/V #additional signal amplification needed before feedback amplifier\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"feedback gain is\",beta\n",
+ "print\"signal input to the overall system is\",s"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "feedback gain is 0.09\n",
+ "signal input to the overall system is 10.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.2,Page number 332"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "w2=10**4. #corner frequency(rad/s) \n",
+ "w2new=10**5. #new corner frequency(rad/s) \n",
+ "Ao=1000. #high frquency response \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "beta=((w2new/w2)-1)/Ao #feedback factor\n",
+ "Anew=Ao/(1+beta*Ao) #overall gain of amplifier from formula w2new=w2(1+beta*Ao)\n",
+ "p=w2*Ao #gain bandwidth product without feedback from formula Anew=Ao/1+beta*Ao\n",
+ "pnew=Anew*w2new #gain bandwidth product with feedback\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"beta is\",beta\n",
+ "print\"overall gain is\",Anew\n",
+ "print\"gain-bandwidth products with and without feedback are\",p,\"and\",pnew,\"resp.\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "beta is 0.009\n",
+ "overall gain is 100.0\n",
+ "gain-bandwidth products with and without feedback are 10000000.0 and 10000000.0 resp.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.3,Page number 333"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "A=100. #high frquency response \n",
+ "Af=100 #gain \n",
+ "A1=A**2 #forward gain\n",
+ "A1new=50 #gain reduces to 50% \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "beta=((A1/Af)-1)/A1 #feedback factor\n",
+ "Afnew=A1new**2/(1+beta*A1new**2) #new value of A\n",
+ "g=Af-Afnew #reduction in overall gain\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"% change in gain of feedback unit is\",round(g,2)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "% change in gain of feedback unit is 2.91\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.4,Page number 337"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "beta=0.008 #positive gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Ao=-(8/beta)**(1/3) #A=Ao/2,so beta(A^3)=-1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"% change in gain of feedback unit is\",round(Ao/1E-1)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "% change in gain of feedback unit is -10.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 14
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.5Page number 337"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "import cmath\n",
+ "from math import pi,degrees\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declarations\n",
+ "A = complex(0,60) #amplifier\n",
+ "B = complex(0,30) #amplifier\n",
+ "AB = A*B\n",
+ "C = (1+A)/AB #condition for oscillation\n",
+ "phi = cmath.phase(C) #phase\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"C =\",round(abs(C),4),\"with phase =\",round(degrees(phi),2)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "C = 0.0333 with phase = -90.95\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.7,Page number 347"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Rbb=8*10**3 #base resistance(k ohms)\n",
+ "eta=0.7 #efficiency\n",
+ "R1=0.2 #R1(k ohms)\n",
+ "Rt=40*10**3 #Rt(ohms)\n",
+ "Ct=0.12*10**-6 #capacitance(F)\n",
+ "Vv=2 #capacitor is charged to voltage(V)\n",
+ "Iv=10*10**-3 #current to capacitor(A)\n",
+ "Ip=10*10**-3 #peak current(A)\n",
+ "Vd=0.7 #diode voltage(V)\n",
+ "V=12. #voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "#Part a\n",
+ "Rb1=eta*Rbb #base resistance(ohms) \n",
+ "Rb2=Rbb-Rb1 #base resistance(ohms)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Part b\n",
+ "Vp=Vd+((Rb1+R1)*V/(Rbb+R1)) #peak voltage(V)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Part c\n",
+ "Rtmin=(V-Vv)/Iv #Rt minimum(k ohms) \n",
+ "Rtmax=(V-Vp)/Ip #Rt minimum(k ohms) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Part d\n",
+ "Rb11=.12 #resistance during discharge(ohms)\n",
+ "t1=Rt*Ct*1.27 #charging time(mS)\n",
+ "t2=(Rb11+R1)*Ct*1.52 #discharging time(uS)\n",
+ "T=t1+t2 #cycle time\n",
+ "foscE=1/T #oscillations frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "foscA=1/(Rt*Ct*1.2) #oscillations frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Part e\n",
+ "vR1=(R1*V)/(R1+Rbb) #vR1 at discharging period\n",
+ "vR1d=(R1*(Vp-Vd))/(R1+Rb11) #vR1 at discharging period\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"Rb1 and Rb2 are\",round((Rb1/1E+3),1),\"k ohms and\",round((Rb2/1E+3),1),\"k ohms resp.\"\n",
+ "print\"Vp is\",round(Vp,1),\"V\"\n",
+ "print\"Rtmin is\",round(Rtmin/1E+3),\",k ohms and Rtmax is\",round(Rtmax/1E+1),\"k ohms,hence Rt is in the range\"\n",
+ "print\"foscE is\",round(foscE),\"Hz and foscA is\",round(foscA),\"Hz\"\n",
+ "print\"vR1 is\",round((vR1/1E-3),3),\"and vRd1 is\",round(vR1d,2),\"V (range of Rt is wrong in the book)\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Rb1 and Rb2 are 5.6 k ohms and 2.4 k ohms resp.\n",
+ "Vp is 9.1 V\n",
+ "Rtmin is 1.0 ,k ohms and Rtmax is 29.0 k ohms,hence Rt is in the range\n",
+ "foscE is 164.0 Hz and foscA is 174.0 Hz\n",
+ "vR1 is 0.3 and vRd1 is 5.25 V (range of Rt is wrong in the book)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.8,Page number 350"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "A=1500 #voltage gain\n",
+ "beta=1/25. #current gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "#Part a\n",
+ "Af=A/(1+A*beta) #voltage gain with feedback\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Part b\n",
+ "g=0.1 #amplifier gain changes by 10%=0.1\n",
+ "gf=g/(1+A*beta) #% by which its gain in feedback mode changes dAf/Af\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"Amplifier gain with feedback is\",round(Af,1)\n",
+ "print\"% by which gain in feedback changes is\",round((gf/1E-2),3),\"%\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Amplifier gain with feedback is 24.6\n",
+ "% by which gain in feedback changes is 0.164 %\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 24
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.9,Page number 351"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "A=500 #voltage gain\n",
+ "beta=1/20. #current gain\n",
+ "Ro=50*10**3 #output resistance(ohms) \n",
+ "Ri=1.5*10**3 #input resistance(ohms)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "#Part a\n",
+ "Af=A/(1+A*beta) #voltage gain with feedback \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Part b\n",
+ "Rif=Ri*(1+(A*beta)) #input resistance(k ohms)\n",
+ "Rof=Ro/(1+A*beta) #output resistance(k ohms)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"Amplifier gain is\",round(Af,2)\n",
+ "print\"input resistance is\",round(Rif/1E+3),\"K ohms and output resistance is\",round((Rof/1E+2),2),\"Kohms\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Amplifier gain is 19.23\n",
+ "input resistance is 39.0 K ohms and output resistance is 19.23 Kohms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.10,Page number 351"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Ro=50*10**3 #output resistance(ohms)\n",
+ "Rd=10*10**3 #drain resistance(ohms)\n",
+ "R1=800*10**3 #resistance(ohms)\n",
+ "R2=200*10**3 #resistance(ohms)\n",
+ "gm=5500*10**-6 #transconduuctance(us)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "r=(Rd*Ro)/(Rd+Ro) #Rd||Ro\n",
+ "R=R1+R2 #combined resistance of R1 and R2\n",
+ "Rl=(R*r)/(R+r) #load resistance(ohms)\n",
+ "A=-gm*Rl #voltage gain without feedback\n",
+ "beta=R2/(R1+R2) #current gain \n",
+ "Af=A/(1+A*beta) #voltage gain with feedback\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"Amplifier gain with feedback is\",round((Af/1E+1),1),\"and without feedback is\",A"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Amplifier gain with feedback is -4.5 and without feedback is -45.452\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.11,Page number 352"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Re=1.25*10**3 #emitter resistance(ohms)\n",
+ "Rc=4.8*10**3 #collector resistance(ohms)\n",
+ "Rb=800*10**3 #base resistance(ohms) \n",
+ "rpi=900 #dynamic resistance(ohms)\n",
+ "Vcc=16 #supply voltage(V)\n",
+ "beta=100. #current gain \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "A=-(beta/rpi) #amplifier voltage gain \n",
+ "B=-Re \n",
+ "V=(A*Rc)/(1+B*A) #V=Vo/Vs\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"Amplifier voltage gain is\",round(V,1)"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Amplifier voltage gain is -3.8\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 58
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.12,Page number 352"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ " import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "C1=800*10**-9 #capacitance(F)\n",
+ "C2=2400*10**-9 #capacitance(F)\n",
+ "L=50*10**-6 #inductance(H)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Ceq=(C1*C2)/(C1+C2) #equivalent capacitance(F)\n",
+ "fo=1/(2*math.pi*math.sqrt(L*Ceq)) #output frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"the oscillation frequency is\",round((fo/1E+3),2),\"KHz\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "the oscillation frequency is 29.06 KHz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 6.13,Page number 353"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "C=200*10**-9 #capacitance(F)\n",
+ "Lrcf=0.5*10**-3 #shunt across L2\n",
+ "L1=800*10**-6 #inductance(H)\n",
+ "L2=800*10**-6 #inductance(H)\n",
+ "M=200*10**-6 \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "L21=(L2*Lrcf)/(L2+Lrcf) #effective value of L2(uH)\n",
+ "Leq=L1+L21+2*M #equivalent inductance(H)\n",
+ "fo=1/(2*math.pi*math.sqrt(Leq*C)) #output frequency(Hz)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"the oscillation frequency is\",round((fo/1E+3),2),\"KHz\""
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "the oscillation frequency is 9.17 KHz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 13
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file |