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+{

+ "cells": [

+  {

+   "cell_type": "markdown",

+   "metadata": {},

+   "source": [

+    "# CHAPTER 2: MEASUREMENT ERRORS \n",

+    "\n",

+    "\n"

+   ]

+  },

+  {

+   "cell_type": "markdown",

+   "metadata": {},

+   "source": [

+    "##Example 2-1, Page Number: 16"

+   ]

+  },

+  {

+   "cell_type": "code",

+   "execution_count": 4,

+   "metadata": {

+    "collapsed": false

+   },

+   "outputs": [

+    {

+     "name": "stdout",

+     "output_type": "stream",

+     "text": [

+      "Tolerance of the resistance= ± 5 %\n",

+      "Maximum Resistance at 75 degree celsius= 1.2915 kilo ohm\n"

+     ]

+    }

+   ],

+   "source": [

+    "import math\n",

+    "#Variable Declaration\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#Resistance Values at 25 degree Celsius\n",

+    "rmax25=1.26*10**3                  #in ohm\n",

+    "rmin25=1.14*10**3                  #in ohm\n",

+    "r=1.2*10**3                        #in ohm\n",

+    "ppm=500.0/1000000              \n",

+    "\n",

+    "#Calculations\n",

+    "\n",

+    "absolute_error=rmax25-r           #in ohm  \n",

+    "\n",

+    "#Tolerance value in percentage\n",

+    "tolerance=absolute_error/r*100    #percentage\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#Resistance per degree Celsius\n",

+    "rperc=rmax25*ppm\n",

+    "\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#To Calculate ressistance at 75 degree celsius\n",

+    "\n",

+    "dT=75-25                          #degree celsius\n",

+    "\n",

+    "dR=rperc*dT                       #in ohm  \n",

+    "\n",

+    "#Maximum resistance at 75 degree celsius\n",

+    "\n",

+    "rmax75=rmax25+dR                  #in ohm  \n",

+    "\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#Results\n",

+    "print 'Tolerance of the resistance= ±',int(tolerance),'%'\n",

+    "print 'Maximum Resistance at 75 degree celsius=',round(rmax75/1000,4),'kilo ohm'\n",

+    "\n"

+   ]

+  },

+  {

+   "cell_type": "markdown",

+   "metadata": {

+    "collapsed": true

+   },

+   "source": [

+    "##Example 2-2, Page Number: 20\n"

+   ]

+  },

+  {

+   "cell_type": "code",

+   "execution_count": 5,

+   "metadata": {

+    "collapsed": false

+   },

+   "outputs": [

+    {

+     "name": "stdout",

+     "output_type": "stream",

+     "text": [

+      "Maximum percentage error= 2.8 %\n",

+      "V=( 180 V ± 2.8 %)\n"

+     ]

+    }

+   ],

+   "source": [

+    "import math\n",

+    "#Variable Declaration\n",

+    "\n",

+    "V1=100              #in V         \n",

+    "V2=80               #in V\n",

+    "p1=1.0/100          #Percentage error of V1\n",

+    "p2=5.0/100          #Percentage error of V2\n",

+    "\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#Calculations\n",

+    "V1max=V1+V1*p1      #in V\n",

+    "V2max=V2+V2*p2      #in V \n",

+    "\n",

+    "\n",

+    "Emax=V1max+V2max    #in V\n",

+    "E=V1+V2             #in V\n",

+    "\n",

+    "p=100*(Emax-E)/E    #Percentage\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#Results\n",

+    "print 'Maximum percentage error=',round(p,1),'%'\n",

+    "print 'V=(',E,'V ±',round(p,1),'%)'\n",

+    "\n",

+    "\n",

+    "\n"

+   ]

+  },

+  {

+   "cell_type": "markdown",

+   "metadata": {},

+   "source": [

+    "##Example 2-3, Page Number: 22"

+   ]

+  },

+  {

+   "cell_type": "code",

+   "execution_count": 7,

+   "metadata": {

+    "collapsed": false

+   },

+   "outputs": [

+    {

+     "name": "stdout",

+     "output_type": "stream",

+     "text": [

+      "Maximum percentage error= ± 25 %\n",

+      "Voltage=( 20 V ± 25 %)\n"

+     ]

+    }

+   ],

+   "source": [

+    "import math\n",

+    "#Variable Declaration\n",

+    "\n",

+    "V1=100              #in V  \n",

+    "V2=80               #in V  \n",

+    "p1=1.0/100          #Percentage error of V1\n",

+    "p2=5.0/100          #Percentage error of V2\n",

+    "\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#Calculations\n",

+    "E=V1-V2            #in V\n",

+    "V1max=V1+V1*p1     #in V \n",

+    "V2min=V2-V2*p2     #in V\n",

+    "Emax=V1max-V2min   #in V\n",

+    "\n",

+    "p=100*(Emax-E)/E   #percentage\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#Results\n",

+    "print 'Maximum percentage error= ±',int(p),'%'\n",

+    "print 'Voltage=(',E,'V ±',int(p), '%)'\n"

+   ]

+  },

+  {

+   "cell_type": "markdown",

+   "metadata": {},

+   "source": [

+    "##Example 2-4, Page Number: 23"

+   ]

+  },

+  {

+   "cell_type": "code",

+   "execution_count": 6,

+   "metadata": {

+    "collapsed": false

+   },

+   "outputs": [

+    {

+     "name": "stdout",

+     "output_type": "stream",

+     "text": [

+      "Power= 82  mW\n",

+      "Percentage error in power= ± 20 %\n",

+      "Power=( 82 mW ± 20 %)\n"

+     ]

+    }

+   ],

+   "source": [

+    "import math\n",

+    "#Variable Declaration\n",

+    "r=820                       #Resistance(ohm)\n",

+    "r_accuracy=10.0/100         #Accuracy of r in percentage\n",

+    "I=10*10**(-3)               #Current(A)\n",

+    "I_accuracy=2.0/100          #Accuracy of I at Full scale in percentage\n",

+    "Imax=25*10**(-3)            #Full scale current(A)\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#Calculations\n",

+    "power=r*(I**2)              #in Watt\n",

+    "\n",

+    "I_error=I_accuracy*Imax\n",

+    "\n",

+    "I_error_percentage=100*I_error/(10*10**(-3))\n",

+    "\n",

+    "Isquare_error=2*I_error_percentage\n",

+    "\n",

+    "p_error=Isquare_error+(r_accuracy*100)  \n",

+    "\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#Results\n",

+    "print 'Power=',int(power*1000),' mW'\n",

+    "print 'Percentage error in power= ±',int(p_error), '%'\n",

+    "print 'Power=(',int(power*1000),'mW ±',int(p_error),'%)'\n",

+    "\n",

+    "\n",

+    "\n"

+   ]

+  },

+  {

+   "cell_type": "markdown",

+   "metadata": {},

+   "source": [

+    "##Example 2-5, Page Number: 25"

+   ]

+  },

+  {

+   "cell_type": "code",

+   "execution_count": 7,

+   "metadata": {

+    "collapsed": false

+   },

+   "outputs": [

+    {

+     "name": "stdout",

+     "output_type": "stream",

+     "text": [

+      "Average Deviation= 0.0012 volt\n"

+     ]

+    }

+   ],

+   "source": [

+    "import math\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#Variable Declaration\n",

+    "V=[1.001,1.002,0.999,0.998,1.000]     #Voltage readings\n",

+    "v_average=0.0                         #Variable to hold average value\n",

+    "d=[0]*5                               #Array of 5 elements to hold deviation\n",

+    "D_average=0.0                         #Variable to hold average deviation\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#Calculation\n",

+    "#To find average\n",

+    "for i in range(0,5):\n",

+    "    v_average=v_average+V[i]\n",

+    " \n",

+    "v_average=v_average/5.0\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#To find deviations\n",

+    "for i in range(0,5):\n",

+    "    d[i]=V[i]-v_average\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#To find mean deviation    \n",

+    "for i in range(0,5):\n",

+    "    D_average=D_average+math.fabs(d[i])\n",

+    "\n",

+    "D_average=D_average/5\n",

+    "\n",

+    "print 'Average Deviation=',round(D_average,5),'volt'"

+   ]

+  },

+  {

+   "cell_type": "markdown",

+   "metadata": {},

+   "source": [

+    "##Example 2-6, Page Number: 26"

+   ]

+  },

+  {

+   "cell_type": "code",

+   "execution_count": 2,

+   "metadata": {

+    "collapsed": false

+   },

+   "outputs": [

+    {

+     "name": "stdout",

+     "output_type": "stream",

+     "text": [

+      "Standard Deviation= 0.0014 V\n",

+      "Probable Error= 0.94 mV\n"

+     ]

+    }

+   ],

+   "source": [

+    "import math\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#Variable Declaration\n",

+    "\n",

+    "V=[1.001,1.002,0.999,0.998,1.000]     #Voltage readings in V expressed as an array\n",

+    "v_average=0.0                         #Variable to hold average value\n",

+    "d=[0]*5                               #Array of 5 elements to hold deviation\n",

+    "D_average=0.0                         #Variable to hold average deviation\n",

+    "std_deviation=0.0\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#Calculation\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#To find average\n",

+    "for i in range(0,5):\n",

+    "    v_average=v_average+V[i]\n",

+    " \n",

+    "v_average=v_average/5.0\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#To find deviations\n",

+    "for i in range(0,5):\n",

+    "    d[i]=V[i]-v_average\n",

+    "\n",

+    "#To find standard deviation    \n",

+    "for i in range(0,5):\n",

+    "    std_deviation=std_deviation+d[i]**2\n",

+    "\n",

+    "std_deviation=math.sqrt(std_deviation/5)\n",

+    "\n",

+    "probable_error=0.6745*round(std_deviation,4)\n",

+    "print 'Standard Deviation=',round(std_deviation,4),'V'\n",

+    "print 'Probable Error=',round(probable_error*1000,2),'mV'"

+   ]

+  },

+  {

+   "cell_type": "code",

+   "execution_count": null,

+   "metadata": {

+    "collapsed": true

+   },

+   "outputs": [],

+   "source": []

+  }

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