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+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:7af95e71b6cf98d68e11993a774d3756f4ae51c9cf67e86b78531811773b4bb7"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter - 6 : Resistance Measurements"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  6.1 - Page No : 156\n",
+      " "
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "#Given data\n",
+      "V= 100 # in volt\n",
+      "I=5 # in mA\n",
+      "I=I*10**-3 # in amp\n",
+      "VS= 1000 # sensitivity of voltmeter in ohm\n",
+      "VR= 150 # voltmeter range in volt\n",
+      "Rv= VS*VR # in ohm\n",
+      "# Part (i)\n",
+      "Rm= V/I # in ohm\n",
+      "Rm= Rm*10**-3 # in kohm\n",
+      "print \"Apparent value of unknown resistor = %0.f kohm\" %Rm \n",
+      "\n",
+      "# Part (ii)\n",
+      "Rx= V/(I*(1-V/(I*Rv))) # in ohm\n",
+      "Rx= Rx*10**-3 #/ in kohm\n",
+      "print \"Actual value of unknown resistor = %0.3f kohm\" %Rx\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# Part (iii)\n",
+      "epsilon_r= (Rm-Rx)/Rx*100 # in %\n",
+      "print \"Error percentage due to loading effect of voltmeter = %0.2f %%\" %epsilon_r "
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Apparent value of unknown resistor = 20 kohm\n",
+        "Actual value of unknown resistor = 23.077 kohm\n",
+        "Error percentage due to loading effect of voltmeter = -13.33 %\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  6.2 - Page No : 156"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "from math import sqrt\n",
+      "#Given data\n",
+      "V=38.4 # in volt\n",
+      "I=0.4 # in amp\n",
+      "ammeterRange= 1 # in amp\n",
+      "voltmeterRange= 50 # in volt\n",
+      "inst_acc= 1/2 # instrument accurcy in %\n",
+      "R= 100 # resistance in ohm\n",
+      "\n",
+      "R_A= 2.5 # in ohm\n",
+      "R_V= 6000 # in ohm\n",
+      "Rx= sqrt(R_A*R_V) # in ohm\n",
+      "print \"Value of unknown resistance = %0.1f ohm\" %Rx\n",
+      "print \"Since the unknown resistance is of value smaller than \",round(Rx,1),\" ohm, the voltmeter should be connected\"\n",
+      "print \"directly across the unknown resistance as it will give more accurate result\"\n",
+      "Rm= V/I # in ohm\n",
+      "Rx= V/(I*(1-V/(I*R_V))) # in ohm\n",
+      "ErrorAmmeter= inst_acc*ammeterRange/R # Error in ammeter reading in amp\n",
+      "ErrorVoltmeter= inst_acc*voltmeterRange/R # Error in voltmeter reading in volt\n",
+      "# Percentage error at 0.4 A reading \n",
+      "E1= ErrorAmmeter/0.4*100 #in %\n",
+      "# Percentage error at 38.4 V reading \n",
+      "E2= ErrorVoltmeter/38.4*100 #in %\n",
+      "#Error due to ammeter and voltmeter\n",
+      "E= sqrt(E1**2+E2**2) \n",
+      "#Absolute error due to ammeter and voltmeter\n",
+      "Error_ammeter_voltmeter= E/R*Rx # in pos and neg\n",
+      "print \"\\nAbsolute error due to ammeter and voltmeter = %0.3f ohm\" %Error_ammeter_voltmeter\n",
+      "print \"So the resistance is specified as (\",round(Rx,2),\"\u00b1\",round(Error_ammeter_voltmeter,3),\") ohm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Value of unknown resistance = 122.5 ohm\n",
+        "Since the unknown resistance is of value smaller than  122.5  ohm, the voltmeter should be connected\n",
+        "directly across the unknown resistance as it will give more accurate result\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Absolute error due to ammeter and voltmeter = 1.375 ohm\n",
+        "So the resistance is specified as ( 97.56 \u00b1 1.375 ) ohm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 12
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  6.3 - Page No : 157"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "V=120 # in volt\n",
+      "I=8 # in amp\n",
+      "R_A= 0.3 # in ohm\n",
+      "ammeterReading= 0.01 # in A\n",
+      "voltmeterReading= 0.1 # in V\n",
+      "AmmeterRange= 10 #in A\n",
+      "VoltmeterRange= 150 #in V\n",
+      "EA= 0.25 # constructional error of the ammeter in %\n",
+      "EV= 0.5 # constructional error of the voltmeter in %\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Rm= V/I # in ohm\n",
+      "Rx= Rm-R_A # in ohm\n",
+      "ErrorAmmeter= ammeterReading/AmmeterRange*100 # in %\n",
+      "ErrorVoltmeter= voltmeterReading/VoltmeterRange*100 # in %\n",
+      "del_I= ErrorAmmeter+EA # in %\n",
+      "del_V= ErrorVoltmeter+EV # in %\n",
+      "# since R=V/I\n",
+      "TotalError= del_I+del_V # in % in neg and pos\n",
+      "print \"Total systematic error in measurement = \u00b1 %0.3f %%\" %TotalError\n",
+      "print \"So the value of Rx is specified as : (\",round(Rx,1),\"\u00b1\",round(Rx*TotalError/100,3),\") ohm\"\n",
+      "    "
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Total systematic error in measurement = \u00b1 0.917 %\n",
+        "So the value of Rx is specified as : ( 14.7 \u00b1 0.135 ) ohm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 13
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  6.4 - Page No : 164"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "P=100 # in ohm\n",
+      "Q=10 # in ohm\n",
+      "S=46 # in ohm\n",
+      "R= P*S/Q #in ohm\n",
+      "print \"The value of unknown resistance = %0.f ohm\" %R"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The value of unknown resistance = 460 ohm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 17
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  6.5 - Page No : 164"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "S=6 # in ohm\n",
+      "AB= 25 # in cm\n",
+      "BC= 75 # in cm\n",
+      "R= S*AB/BC # in ohm\n",
+      "print \"The value of unknown resistance = %0.f ohm\" %R"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The value of unknown resistance = 2 ohm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 18
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  6.6 - Page No : 164"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "resistor= 5000 # in ohm\n",
+      "LVR1= resistor-resistor*0.1/100 # Limiting value of 5000 ohm resistor in negative error\n",
+      "LVR2= resistor+resistor*0.1/100  #Limiting value of 5000 ohm resistor in positve error\n",
+      "print \"Limiting value of 5000 ohm resistance =\",int(LVR1),\"to\",int(LVR2),\"ohm\"\n",
+      "print \"Thus dials of 1000 , 100 , 10 and 1 ohm would to be adjusted\" "
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Limiting value of 5000 ohm resistance = 4995 to 5005 ohm\n",
+        "Thus dials of 1000 , 100 , 10 and 1 ohm would to be adjusted\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 21
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  6.7 - Page No : 164"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "P=100 # in ohm\n",
+      "Q=100 # in ohm\n",
+      "S=230 # in ohm\n",
+      "R=P*S/Q # in ohm\n",
+      "del_P_BY_P= 0.02 # in %\n",
+      "del_Q_BY_Q= 0.02 # in %\n",
+      "del_S_BY_S= 0.01 # in %\n",
+      "del_R_BY_R= del_P_BY_P + del_Q_BY_Q + del_S_BY_S # in %\n",
+      "print \"Relative limiting error of unknown resistance = %0.2f %%\" %del_R_BY_R\n",
+      "print \"So limiting values of unknown resistance =\",round(R-R*del_R_BY_R/100,3),\"to\",round(R+R*del_R_BY_R/100,3),\"ohm\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Relative limiting error of unknown resistance = 0.05 %\n",
+        "So limiting values of unknown resistance = 229.885 to 230.115 ohm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 24
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  6.8 - Page No : 165"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "P=1000 # in ohm\n",
+      "Q=1000 # in ohm\n",
+      "S=100 # in ohm\n",
+      "E=2 # in volt\n",
+      "Rg=50 # in ohm\n",
+      "R_desh= 101 # in ohm\n",
+      "R=Q*S/P # in ohm\n",
+      "del_R= R_desh-R # in ohm\n",
+      "E_Th= E*((R+del_R)/(R+del_R+S)- P/(P+Q)) # in volt\n",
+      "R_Th= ((R+del_R)*S/(R+del_R+S)+ P*Q/(P+Q)) #in ohm\n",
+      "Ig= E_Th/(R_Th+Rg) # in amp\n",
+      "Ig=Ig*10**+6 # in micro amp\n",
+      "print \"The galvanometer current = %0.3f \u00b5A\" %Ig"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The galvanometer current = 8.288 \u00b5A\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 27
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  6.9 - Page No : 165"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "P=100 # in ohm\n",
+      "Q=1000 # in ohm\n",
+      "S=2000 # in ohm\n",
+      "E=5 # in volt\n",
+      "Si= 5 # in mm/miuA\n",
+      "Rg=200 # in ohm\n",
+      "R_desh= 202 # in ohm\n",
+      "R=P*S/Q # in ohm\n",
+      "del_R= R_desh-R # in ohm\n",
+      "E_Th= E*((R+del_R)/(R+del_R+S)- P/(P+Q)) # in volt\n",
+      "R_Th= ((R+del_R)*S/(R+del_R+S)+ P*Q/(P+Q)) #in ohm\n",
+      "Ig= E_Th/(R_Th+Rg) # in amp\n",
+      "Ig=Ig*10**+6 # in micro amp\n",
+      "theta= Si*Ig # in mm\n",
+      "print \"Deflection of the galvanometer = %0.1f mm\" %theta\n",
+      "S_B= theta/del_R # in mm/ohm\n",
+      "print \"Sensitivity of the bridge = %0.2f mm/ohm\" %S_B"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Deflection of the galvanometer = 43.5 mm\n",
+        "Sensitivity of the bridge = 21.76 mm/ohm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 30
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  6.10 - Page No : 166"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "P=1000 # in ohm\n",
+      "Q=100 # in ohm\n",
+      "R=200 # in ohm\n",
+      "E=5 # in volt\n",
+      "Si1= 10 # in mm/miuA\n",
+      "Si2= 5 # in mm/miuA\n",
+      "Rg1= 400 # in ohm\n",
+      "Rg2= 100 # in ohm\n",
+      "S=R*Q/P # in ohm\n",
+      "R_Th= R*S/(R+S)+ P*Q/(P+Q) # in ohm\n",
+      "# theta=Si1*E*S*del_R/((R+S)**2*(R_Th+Rg))\n",
+      "# RatioTheta21= theta2/theta1  \n",
+      "RatioTheta21= Si2/Si1*(R_Th+Rg1)/(R_Th+Rg2) \n",
+      "print \"Ratio of deflection on two galvanometers = %0.3f\" %RatioTheta21"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Ratio of deflection on two galvanometers = 1.217\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 31
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  6.11 - Page No : 167"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "P=500 # in ohm\n",
+      "S=P \n",
+      "Q=S \n",
+      "R=P \n",
+      "R_Th=R # in ohm\n",
+      "Rg=100 # in ohm\n",
+      "E=10 # in volt\n",
+      "Ig= 1 # in nA\n",
+      "Ig=Ig*10**-9 #in amp\n",
+      "# Formula Ig= E_Th/(R_Th+Rg) and E_Th= E*del_R/(4*R) so\n",
+      "# Ig= (E*del_R/(4*R))/(R_Th+Rg) and\n",
+      "del_R= Ig*(R_Th+Rg)*4*R/E # in ohm\n",
+      "del_R= del_R*10**3 #in mohm\n",
+      "print \"The smallest change in resistance = %0.2f m ohm\" %del_R"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The smallest change in resistance = 0.12 m ohm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 33
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  6.12 - Page No : 167"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "R=200 # in ohm\n",
+      "S=R \n",
+      "P=S \n",
+      "Q=P \n",
+      "r=2 # in ohm\n",
+      "E=24 # in volt\n",
+      "Power= 0.5 # in W\n",
+      "# Formula Power= I**2/R\n",
+      "I= sqrt(Power/R) # in A\n",
+      "print \"Maximum power dissipation = %0.2f A\" %I\n",
+      "V=I*2*R # in volt\n",
+      "# Formula E= V+2*I*(r+R)\n",
+      "R= (E-V)/(2*I)-r # in ohm\n",
+      "print \"Series resistance = %0.f ohm\" %R"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Maximum power dissipation = 0.05 A\n",
+        "Series resistance = 38 ohm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 35
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  6.13 - Page No : 167"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "P=10000 # in ohm\n",
+      "Q=10 # in ohm\n",
+      "S=5 # in kohm\n",
+      "S=S*10**3 # in ohm\n",
+      "E=12 # in volt\n",
+      "R=P*S/Q # in ohm\n",
+      "print \"(i) : The maximum value of resistance that can be measurement with the given argument = %0.f Mohm\" %(R*10**-6)\n",
+      "R_Th= R*S/(R+S)+ P*Q/(P+Q) # in ohm\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# Part (ii)\n",
+      "theta= 2.5 # in mm\n",
+      "Rg=100 # in ohm\n",
+      "Si=100 # in mm/miuA\n",
+      "Si=Si*10**6 # in mm/amp\n",
+      "del_R= theta*(R_Th+Rg)*(R+S)**2/(Si*E*S) # in ohm\n",
+      "print \"(ii) : Change in resistance  = %0.2f kohm\" %(del_R*10**-3)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "(i) : The maximum value of resistance that can be measurement with the given argument = 5 Mohm\n",
+        "(ii) : Change in resistance  = 53.28 kohm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 38
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  6.14 - Page No : 171"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "p=200.62 # in ohm\n",
+      "q=400 # in ohm\n",
+      "P=200.48 # in ohm\n",
+      "Q=400 # in ohm\n",
+      "S=100.03 # in micro ohm\n",
+      "S=S*10**-6 # in ohm\n",
+      "r=700 # in micro ohm\n",
+      "r=r*10**-6 # in ohm\n",
+      "X= P*S/Q+q*r/(p+q)*(P/Q-p/q) # in ohm\n",
+      "print \"Unknown resistance = %0.4f micro ohm\" %(X*10**+6)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Unknown resistance = 49.9719 micro ohm\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 41
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file