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+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:3339b00236a2f81e5e5e7b7f9b1a7ab1f4ae4cfea924466604e158fa53da71b7"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter - 5 : Digital Meters"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  5.1 - Page No : 117"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "#Given data\n",
+      "V_REF= 10 # in volt\n",
+      "w2= V_REF/2 # The second MSB weight in volt\n",
+      "print \"The second MSB weight = %0.f V\" %w2\n",
+      "w3= V_REF/4 # The third MSB weight in volt\n",
+      "print \"The third MSB weight = %0.1f V\" %w3\n",
+      "w4= V_REF/8 # The forth MSB weight in volt\n",
+      "print \"The forth MSB weight = %0.2f V\" %w4\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# (i)\n",
+      "r_DAC= w4 # resolution of the DAC in volt\n",
+      "print \"(i) : Resolutio of the DAC = %0.2f V\" %r_DAC  \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#(ii)\n",
+      "FSO= V_REF+w2+w3+w4 #full scale output in volt\n",
+      "print \"(ii) : Full scale output = %0.2f V\" %FSO\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# (iii)\n",
+      "FSO_R= FSO/4 # full scale output when the feedback resistor is made one fourth of R in volt\n",
+      "print \"(iii) : The full scale output when the feedback resistor is made one fourth of R i volt = %0.4f\" %FSO_R"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The second MSB weight = 5 V\n",
+        "The third MSB weight = 2.5 V\n",
+        "The forth MSB weight = 1.25 V\n",
+        "(i) : Resolutio of the DAC = 1.25 V\n",
+        "(ii) : Full scale output = 18.75 V\n",
+        "(iii) : The full scale output when the feedback resistor is made one fourth of R i volt = 4.6875\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  5.2 - Page No : 117"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "V_REF= -5 # in volt\n",
+      "V_A= -5 # in volt\n",
+      "V_C=V_A # in volt\n",
+      "V_D=V_C # in volt\n",
+      "V_B= 0 \n",
+      "Vout= -1*(V_A+V_B/2+V_C/4+V_D/8) \n",
+      "print \"Output voltage = %0.3f V\" %Vout "
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Output voltage = 6.875 V\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  5.3\n",
+      " - Page No :"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "D=16 \n",
+      "D1= D/2 # first MSB output in volt\n",
+      "print \"First MSB output  = %0.f V\" %D1 \n",
+      "D2= D/4 # second MSB output in volt\n",
+      "print \"Second MSB output = %0.f V\" %D2 \n",
+      "D3= D/8 # third MSB output in volt\n",
+      "print \"Third MSB output  = %0.f V\" %D3\n",
+      "D4= D/16 # fourth MSB output in volt\n",
+      "print \"Fourth MSB output = %0.f V\" %D4 \n",
+      "D5= D/32 # fifth MSB output in volt\n",
+      "print \"Fifth MSB output  = %0.1f V\" %D5\n",
+      "D6= D/64 # sixth MSB (LSB) output in volt\n",
+      "print \"Sixth MSB (LSB) output = %0.2f V\" %D6 \n",
+      "print \"The resolution is equal to the weight of the LSB       = %0.2f V\" %D6\n",
+      "# Full scale output occurs for a digital input of 111111\n",
+      "FSO= D1+D2+D3+D4+D5+D6 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"Full scale output occurs for a digital input of 111111 = %0.2f V\" %FSO\n",
+      "# The output voltage for a digital input of 101011\n",
+      "D0=16 \n",
+      "D1=16 \n",
+      "D2=0 \n",
+      "D3=16 \n",
+      "D4=0 \n",
+      "D5=16 \n",
+      "Vout= ( D0*2**0 + D1*2**1 + D2*2**2 + D3*2**3 + D4*2**4 + D5*2**5  )/64 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"The output voltage for  digital input of 101011        = %0.2f V\" %Vout"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "First MSB output  = 8 V\n",
+        "Second MSB output = 4 V\n",
+        "Third MSB output  = 2 V\n",
+        "Fourth MSB output = 1 V\n",
+        "Fifth MSB output  = 0.5 V\n",
+        "Sixth MSB (LSB) output = 0.25 V\n",
+        "The resolution is equal to the weight of the LSB       = 0.25 V\n",
+        "Full scale output occurs for a digital input of 111111 = 15.75 V\n",
+        "The output voltage for  digital input of 101011        = 10.75 V\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 10
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  5.4 - Page No : 123"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "R=100 # in kohm\n",
+      "R=R*10**3 #in ohm\n",
+      "C=1*10**-6 # in F\n",
+      "V_REF= 5 # in volt\n",
+      "t=0.2 # time taken to read unknown voltage in sec\n",
+      "T=R*C # in sec\n",
+      "Vx= T/t*V_REF # in volt\n",
+      "print \"The value of Unknown voltage = %0.1f V\" %Vx"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The value of Unknown voltage = 2.5 V\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 12
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  5.5 - Page No : 124"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "# For an 8-bit converter reference voltage V_REF be taken as 100 V\n",
+      "V_REF= 100 # in volt\n",
+      "f=75*10**6 # in Hz\n",
+      "# For setting\n",
+      "D7=1 \n",
+      "Vout1= V_REF*2**7/2**8 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"For D7 = 1, The output voltage    = %0.f volt\" %Vout1\n",
+      "# since 180-100 = 80 > 50  set D7=1\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# For setting\n",
+      "D6=1 \n",
+      "Vout2= V_REF*2**6/2**8 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"For D6 = 1, The output voltage    = %0.f volt\" %Vout2\n",
+      "# Hence for setting D7=1 and D6=1 output voltage\n",
+      "Vout3= Vout1+Vout2 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"D7 and D6 = 1, The output voltage = %0.f volt\" %Vout3\n",
+      "# since 80>75  set D6=1\n",
+      "# For setting D5=1, D6=1 and D7=1\n",
+      "Vout4   = V_REF*2**5/2**8 + Vout1+ Vout2 # in volt\n",
+      "print \"For D6 = 1, The output voltage    = %0.1f volt\" %Vout4\n",
+      "print \"All other digits will be set to zero or 1. Output will be accordingly indicated as a result of successive approximation.\"\n",
+      "print \"The Converted 8-bit digital form will be 1110010\"\n",
+      "T=1/f #in sec\n",
+      "print \"Conversion time = %0.1f ns\" %(T*10**9)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "For D7 = 1, The output voltage    = 50 volt\n",
+        "For D6 = 1, The output voltage    = 25 volt\n",
+        "D7 and D6 = 1, The output voltage = 75 volt\n",
+        "For D6 = 1, The output voltage    = 87.5 volt\n",
+        "All other digits will be set to zero or 1. Output will be accordingly indicated as a result of successive approximation.\n",
+        "The Converted 8-bit digital form will be 1110010\n",
+        "Conversion time = 13.3 ns\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 27
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  5.6 - Page No : 124"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "N=8 # Number of bits\n",
+      "f=1*10**6 # in Hz\n",
+      "T=1/f \n",
+      "Tc= N*T # in second\n",
+      "print \"Time of conversion = %0.f \u00b5s\" %(Tc*10**6)"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Time of conversion = 8 \u00b5s\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 29
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  5.7 - Page No : 124"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "Vin= 2 # in volt\n",
+      "Vout= 10 # in volt\n",
+      "R=100 # kohm\n",
+      "R=R*10**3 # in ohm\n",
+      "C= 0.1 # in miu F\n",
+      "C=C*10**-6 # in F\n",
+      "#  Vout= -1/(R*C)*integrate('Vin','t',0,t) = -Vin*t/(R*C)\n",
+      "t= Vout*R*C/Vin # in sec\n",
+      "print \"The maximum time upto which the reference voltage can be integrated = %0.f ms\" %(t*10**3) "
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The maximum time upto which the reference voltage can be integrated = 50 ms\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 30
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  5.8 - Page No : 134"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "n=3 \n",
+      "R=1/10**n \n",
+      "fs1=1 # full scale range of 1 v\n",
+      "r1= fs1*R # resolution for full scale range of 1 V\n",
+      "print \"Resolution for full scale range of 1 V  = %0.3f V\" %r1\n",
+      "fs2=10 # full scale range of 10 v\n",
+      "r2= fs2*R # resolution for full scale range of 10 V\n",
+      "print \"Resolution for full scale range of 10 V = %0.2f V\" %r2\n",
+      "# The display for 2 V reading on 10 V scale of 3*1/2 digital meter would be 02.00 i.e\n",
+      "reading=2 \n",
+      "LSD= 5*R # in volt\n",
+      "Total_pos_Error= reading*0.5/100+LSD #in volt\n",
+      "print \"Total possible error = %0.3f V\" %Total_pos_Error"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Resolution for full scale range of 1 V  = 0.001 V\n",
+        "Resolution for full scale range of 10 V = 0.01 V\n",
+        "Total possible error = 0.015 V\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 31
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  5.9 - Page No : 134"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "R= 1/10**4 # resolution\n",
+      "print \"Resolution of voltmeter = %0.4f\" %R\n",
+      "reading1= 16.58 \n",
+      "reading2= 0.7254 \n",
+      "print \"There are 5 digit places in 4\u00bd display, so \",round(reading1,2),\" would be displayed as 16.580 V on a 10V range \"\n",
+      "print \"Any reading up to 4th decimal can be displayed.\"\n",
+      "print \"Hence \",round(reading2,4),\" will be displayed as : \",reading2\n",
+      "R= 10*R # resolution on 10 V range\n",
+      "print \"Resolution of 10 V range =\",round(R,3),\" So\"\n",
+      "print \"0.7254 will be displayed as : \",round(reading2,3),\"instead of\",reading2"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Resolution of voltmeter = 0.0001\n",
+        "There are 5 digit places in 4\u00bd display, so  16.58  would be displayed as 16.580 V on a 10V range \n",
+        "Any reading up to 4th decimal can be displayed.\n",
+        "Hence  0.7254  will be displayed as :  0.7254\n",
+        "Resolution of 10 V range = 0.001  So\n",
+        "0.7254 will be displayed as :  0.725 instead of 0.7254\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 37
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  5.10 - Page No : 135"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from __future__ import division \n",
+      "#Given data\n",
+      "n=3 \n",
+      "R=1/10**n \n",
+      "fs1=10 # full scale range of 10 v\n",
+      "r1= fs1*R # resolution for full scale range of 10 V\n",
+      "print \"Resolution for full scale range of 10 V = \",r1\n",
+      "fs2=100 # full scale range of 100 v\n",
+      "r2= fs2*R # resolution for full scale range of 100 V\n",
+      "print \"Resolution for full scale range of 100 V = \",r2\n",
+      "print \"The display of 14.53 V reading on 10 V scale would be 14.530\"\n",
+      "print \"The display of 14.53 V reading on 100 V scale would be 0145.3\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Resolution for full scale range of 10 V =  0.01\n",
+        "Resolution for full scale range of 100 V =  0.1\n",
+        "The display of 14.53 V reading on 10 V scale would be 14.530\n",
+        "The display of 14.53 V reading on 100 V scale would be 0145.3\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 43
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  5.11 - Page No : 135"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from numpy import pi\n",
+      "#Given data\n",
+      "Vmax= 255 # in volt\n",
+      "Vx= 180 # in volt\n",
+      "f=10 # in kHz\n",
+      "f=f*10**3 # in Hz\n",
+      "t= (Vmax-Vx)/(2*pi*f*Vmax) # time taken to read the unknown voltage in second\n",
+      "t=t*10**6 # in micro second\n",
+      "print \"Time taken to read the unknown voltage = %0.2f \u00b5s\" %t "
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Time taken to read the unknown voltage = 4.68 \u00b5s\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 45
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  5.12 - Page No : 146"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "f=2.5 # in kHz\n",
+      "f=f*10**3 # in Hz\n",
+      "# Part (i) when\n",
+      "t=0.1 # in sec\n",
+      "count= f*t \n",
+      "print \"When GATE ENABLE time is 0.1 sec then the counter count or display = %0.f\" %count\n",
+      "# Part (ii) when\n",
+      "t=1 # in sec\n",
+      "count= f*t \n",
+      "print \"When GATE ENABLE time is 1 sec then the counter count or display   = %0.f\" %count\n",
+      "# Part (iii) when\n",
+      "t=10 # in sec\n",
+      "count= f*t \n",
+      "print \"When GATE ENABLE time is 10 sec then the counter count             = %0.f\" %count"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "When GATE ENABLE time is 0.1 sec then the counter count or display = 250\n",
+        "When GATE ENABLE time is 1 sec then the counter count or display   = 2500\n",
+        "When GATE ENABLE time is 10 sec then the counter count             = 25000\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 47
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  5.13 - Page No : 147"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "N=45 # unit less\n",
+      "t=10 # in ms\n",
+      "t=t*10**-3 # in sec\n",
+      "f=N/t # Hz\n",
+      "f=f*10**-3 # in kHz\n",
+      "print \"The value of frequency = %0.1f kHz\" %f"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The value of frequency = 4.5 kHz\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 49
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  5.14 - Page No : 147"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "totalPulse= 174 # unit less\n",
+      "t=100 #time period of total pulses in miu s\n",
+      "t=t*10**-6 # in sec\n",
+      "t1= t/totalPulse # time period of one pulse in sec\n",
+      "f= 1/t1 # frequency in Hz\n",
+      "f=f*10**-6 # in MHz\n",
+      "print \"The value of frequency = %0.2f MHz\" %f \n",
+      "resolution= totalPulse/t # in sec\n",
+      "resolution=resolution*10**-6 # per micro sec\n",
+      "print \"Resolution of measurement = %0.2f per \u00b5s\" %resolution"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The value of frequency = 1.74 MHz\n",
+        "Resolution of measurement = 1.74 per \u00b5s\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 51
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example :  5.15 - Page No : 147"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      " #Given data\n",
+      "t=1/(2*10**6)  # time of one cycle o 2MHz clock in sec\n",
+      "N=500 # number of cycle\n",
+      "t1= N*t # time of 1 cycle by the electronic counter in sec\n",
+      "f= 1/t1 # in Hz\n",
+      "f=f*10**-3 # in kHz\n",
+      "print \"The value of frequency of input signal = %0.f kHz\" %f"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The value of frequency of input signal = 4 kHz\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 52
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file