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+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "Chapter_16"
+ }, 
+ "nbformat": 2, 
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "source": [
+      "<h1>Chapter 16: Oscillators<h1>"
+     ]
+    }, 
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 16.1, Page Number: 524<h3>"
+     ]
+    }, 
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code", 
+     "collapsed": false, 
+     "input": [
+      "%matplotlib inline"
+     ], 
+     "language": "python", 
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream", 
+       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "text": [
+        "", 
+        "Welcome to pylab, a matplotlib-based Python environment [backend: module://IPython.zmq.pylab.backend_inline].", 
+        "For more information, type 'help(pylab)'."
+       ]
+      }
+     ], 
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    }, 
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code", 
+     "collapsed": false, 
+     "input": [
+      "", 
+      "import math", 
+      "R1=10*10**3;", 
+      "R2=R1;", 
+      "R=R1;", 
+      "C1=0.01*10**-6;", 
+      "C2=C1;", 
+      "C=C1;", 
+      "R3=1*10**3;", 
+      "r_ds=500;", 
+      "f_r=1/(2*math.pi*R*C);", 
+      "print('resonant frequency of the  Wein-bridge oscillator in Hertz = %.4f'%f_r)", 
+      "#closed loop gain A_v=3 to sustain oscillations", 
+      "A_v=3;", 
+      "#A_v=(R_f+R_i)+1 where R_i is composed of R3 and r_ds", 
+      "R_f=(A_v-1)*(R3+r_ds);", 
+      "print('value of R_f in ohms = %d'%R_f)"
+     ], 
+     "language": "python", 
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream", 
+       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "text": [
+        "resonant frequency of the  Wein-bridge oscillator in Hertz = 1591.5494", 
+        "value of R_f in ohms = 3000"
+       ]
+      }
+     ], 
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    }, 
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 16.2, Page Number: 525<h3>"
+     ]
+    }, 
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code", 
+     "collapsed": false, 
+     "input": [
+      "", 
+      "import math", 
+      "A_cl=29;    #A_cl=R_f/R_i;", 
+      "R3=10*10**3;", 
+      "R_f=A_cl*R3;", 
+      "print('value of R_f in ohms = %d'%R_f)", 
+      "#let R1=R2=R3=R and C1=C2=C3=C", 
+      "R=R3;", 
+      "C3=0.001*10**-6;", 
+      "C=C3;", 
+      "f_r=1/(2*math.pi*math.sqrt(6)*R*C);", 
+      "print('frequency of oscillation in Hertz = %f'%f_r)"
+     ], 
+     "language": "python", 
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream", 
+       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "text": [
+        "value of R_f in ohms = 290000", 
+        "frequency of oscillation in Hertz = 6497.473344"
+       ]
+      }
+     ], 
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    }, 
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 16.3, Page Number: 530<h3>"
+     ]
+    }, 
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code", 
+     "collapsed": false, 
+     "input": [
+      "", 
+      "import math", 
+      "C1=0.1*10**-6;", 
+      "C2=0.01*10**-6;", 
+      "L=50.0*10**-3;    #in Henry", 
+      "C_T=C1*C2/(C1+C2);    #total capacitance", 
+      "f_r=1/(2*math.pi*math.sqrt((L*C_T)));", 
+      "print('frequency of oscillation in Hertz when Q>10 is \\n\\t %f'%f_r)", 
+      "Q=8.0;    #when Q drops to 8", 
+      "f_r1=(1/(2*math.pi*math.sqrt((L*C_T))))*math.sqrt((Q**2/(1+Q**2)));", 
+      "print('frequency of oscillation in hertz when Q=8 is \\n \\t %f'%f_r1)"
+     ], 
+     "language": "python", 
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream", 
+       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "text": [
+        "frequency of oscillation in Hertz when Q>10 is ", 
+        "\t 7465.028533", 
+        "frequency of oscillation in hertz when Q=8 is ", 
+        " \t 7407.382663"
+       ]
+      }
+     ], 
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    }, 
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 16.4, Page Number: 535<h3>"
+     ]
+    }, 
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code", 
+     "collapsed": false, 
+     "input": [
+      "", 
+      "R1=10.0*10**3;", 
+      "R2=33.0*10**3;", 
+      "R3=10.0*10**3;", 
+      "C=0.01*10**-6;", 
+      "f_r=(1/(4*R1*C))*(R2/R3);", 
+      "print('frequency of oscillation in hertz is \\n\\t%d'%f_r)", 
+      "#the value of R1 when frequency of oscillation is 20 kHz", 
+      "f=20.0*10**3;", 
+      "R1=(1/(4*f*C))*(R2/R3);", 
+      "print('value of R1 in ohms to make frequency 20 kiloHertz is \\n\\t%d'%R1)"
+     ], 
+     "language": "python", 
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream", 
+       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "text": [
+        "frequency of oscillation in hertz is ", 
+        "\t8250", 
+        "value of R1 in ohms to make frequency 20 kiloHertz is ", 
+        "\t4125"
+       ]
+      }
+     ], 
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    }, 
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 16.5, Page Number: 537<h3>"
+     ]
+    }, 
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code", 
+     "collapsed": false, 
+     "input": [
+      "", 
+      "import pylab", 
+      "import numpy", 
+      "V=15.0;", 
+      "C=0.0047*10**-6;", 
+      "R3=10.0*10**3;", 
+      "R4=R3;", 
+      "R2=10.0*10**3;", 
+      "R1=68.0*10**3;", 
+      "R_i=100.0*10**3;", 
+      "V_G=R4*V/(R3+R4);    #gate voltage at which PUT turns on", 
+      "V_p=V_G;    #neglecting 0.7V, this the peak voltage of sawtooth wave", 
+      "print('neglecting 0.7V,  the peak voltage of sawtooth wave = %.1f V'%V_p)", 
+      "V_F=1.0;    #minimum peak value of sawtooth wave", 
+      "V_pp=V_p-V_F;", 
+      "print('peak to peak amplitude of the sawtooth wave = %.1f V'%V_pp)", 
+      "V_IN=-V*R2/(R1+R2);", 
+      "f=(abs(V_IN)/(R_i*C))*(1/(V_pp));", 
+      "print('frequency of the sawtooth wave = %.1f Hz'%f)", 
+      "", 
+      "#############PLOT###############################", 
+      "", 
+      "t = arange(0.0, 2.0, 0.0005)", 
+      "t1= arange(2.0, 4.0, 0.0005)", 
+      "t2= arange(4.0, 6.0, 0.0005)", 
+      "k=arange(0.1,7.5, 0.0005)", 
+      "t3=(2*k)/k", 
+      "t4=(4*k)/k", 
+      "t6=(6*k)/k", 
+      "", 
+      "subplot(111)", 
+      "plot(t, (6.5/2)*t+1)", 
+      "plot(t1, (6.5/2)*t+1,'b')", 
+      "plot(t2, (6.5/2)*t+1,'b')", 
+      "plot(t3,k,'b')", 
+      "plot(t4,k,'b')", 
+      "plot(t6,k,'b')", 
+      "", 
+      "ylim( (1,8) )", 
+      "ylabel('Vout')", 
+      "xlabel('ms')", 
+      "title('Output of the Circuit')"
+     ], 
+     "language": "python", 
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream", 
+       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "text": [
+        "neglecting 0.7V,  the peak voltage of sawtooth wave = 7.5 V", 
+        "peak to peak amplitude of the sawtooth wave = 6.5 V", 
+        "frequency of the sawtooth wave = 629.5 Hz"
+       ]
+      }, 
+      {
+       "output_type": "pyout", 
+       "prompt_number": 6, 
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.text.Text at 0xa046eec>"
+       ]
+      }, 
+      {
+       "output_type": "display_data", 
+       "png": 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/fXz55ZeIiopCVFQU0tPT23VM6725ixapNCTZheEuWQx3kT1U/2syduxYWCwW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\n4VInInIhXOpERC7k/wD4xTcXWswNTwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n"
+      }
+     ], 
+     "prompt_number": 6
+    }, 
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown", 
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 16.6, Page Number: 542<h3>"
+     ]
+    }, 
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code", 
+     "collapsed": false, 
+     "input": [
+      "", 
+      "R1=2.2*10**3;", 
+      "R2=4.7*10**3;", 
+      "C_ext=0.022*10**-6;", 
+      "f_r=1.44/((R1+2*R2)*C_ext);", 
+      "print('frequency of the 555 timer in hertz = %f'%f_r)", 
+      "duty_cycle=((R1+R2)/(R1+2*R2))*100;", 
+      "print('duty cycle in percentage = %f'%duty_cycle)"
+     ], 
+     "language": "python", 
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream", 
+       "stream": "stdout", 
+       "text": [
+        "frequency of the 555 timer in hertz = 5642.633229", 
+        "duty cycle in percentage = 59.482759"
+       ]
+      }
+     ], 
+     "prompt_number": 7
+    }
+   ]
+  }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file