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authorFOSSEE SysAds2015-12-08 15:04:13 +0600
committerFOSSEE SysAds2015-12-08 15:04:13 +0600
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Added(A)/Deleted(D) following books
A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/README.txt A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/ch2_1.ipynb A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/ch3_1.ipynb A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/ch4_1.ipynb A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/ch5_1.ipynb A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/ch6_1.ipynb A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/ch7_1.ipynb A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/ch8_1.ipynb A A_Course_In_Mechanical_Measurements_And_Instrumentation_by_A._K._Sawhney_And_P._Sawhney/ch9_1.ipynb A 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A_First_course_in_Programming_with_C/Chapter14.ipynb M A_First_course_in_Programming_with_C_by_T_Jeyapoovan/Chapter14_2.ipynb A A_First_course_in_Programming_with_C_by_T_Jeyapoovan/README.txt A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT1.2.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT1.3.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT1.7.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT1_2.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT1_3.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT1_7.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.10.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.11.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.13.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.14.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.15.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.16.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.17.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.18.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.2.ipynb A A_Textbook_on_Power_System_Engineering_by_A_Chakrabarti,_M_L_Soni,_P_V_Gupta,_U_S_Bhatnagar/CHAPT2.3.ipynb A 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Internal_Combustion_Engines_by_H._B._Keswani/screenshots/ch9.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter10_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter10_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter10_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter10_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter11_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter11_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter11_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter11_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter12_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter12_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter12_3.ipynb A 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Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter1_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter1_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter1_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter1_5.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter1_6.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter1_7.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter1_8.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter1_9.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter2_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter2_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter2_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter2_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter3_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter3_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter3_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter3_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter4_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter4_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter4_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter4_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter5_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter5_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter5_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter5_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter6_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter6_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter6_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter6_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter7_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter7_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter7_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter7_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter8_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter8_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter8_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter8_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter9_1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter9_2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter9_3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/Chapter9_4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/README.txt A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter10_1.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter10_2.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter10_3.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter10_4.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter3_1.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter3_2.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter3_3.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter3_4.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter4_1.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter4_2.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter4_3.png A Introduction_To_Fluid_Mechanics_by_R._W._Fox_And_A._T._McDonald/screenshots/chapter4_4.png A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter1.ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter2(PartB).ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter2.ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter3(partB).ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter3.ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter4(PartB).ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter4.ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter5.ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter6.ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/Chapter7.ipynb A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/screenshots/chapter1.png A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/screenshots/chapter2.png A Introduction_To_Mechanical_Engineering_by_S._Chandra_And_O._Singh/screenshots/chapter3.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/AppendixB.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/AppendixB_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter10.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter10_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter10_2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter1_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter1_2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter2_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter2_2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter3.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter3_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter3_2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter5.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter5_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter5_2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter6.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter6_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter6_2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter8.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter8_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter8_2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter9.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter9_1.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/chapter9_2.ipynb A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch6_VLdc_VLrms.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch6_VLdc_VLrms_1.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch6_VLdc_VLrms_2.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch6_variation_of_RF_FF.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch6_variation_of_RF_FF_1.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch6_variation_of_RF_FF_2.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch_3_variation_avg_rms_load_V.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch_3_variation_avg_rms_load_V_1.png A Introduction_to_Electric_Drives_by_J._S._Katre/screenshots/ch_3_variation_avg_rms_load_V_2.png A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/Chapter9.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/chapter1.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/chapter2.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/chapter3.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/chapter4.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/chapter6.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/chapter7.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/chapter8.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/chapter_5.ipynb A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/screenshots/ex1.2.png A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/screenshots/ex3.13.png A Introductory_Methods_Of_Numerical_Analysis__by_S._S._Sastry/screenshots/ex6.7.png A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/README.txt A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter01_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter01_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter02_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter02_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter03_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter03_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter04_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter04_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter05_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter05_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter06_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter06_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter07_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter07_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter08_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter08_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter09_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter09_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter10_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter10_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter11_1.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/chapter11_2.ipynb A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/screenshots/5_14.png A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/screenshots/5_14_1.png A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/screenshots/5_15.png A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/screenshots/5_15_1.png A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/screenshots/per_error_1.png A Linear_Integrated_Circuits_by_J._B._Gupta/screenshots/per_error_2.png A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER10.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER13.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER14.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER15.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER16.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER18.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER19.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER2.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER21.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER23.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER24_.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER26.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER30.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER31.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER33.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER36.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/CHAPTER9.ipynb A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/screenshots/CHAP10.png A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/screenshots/CHAP16.png A Manufacturing_Engineering_&_Technology_by__S._Kalpakjian_and_S._R._Schmid/screenshots/CHAP19.png A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch2.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch2_1.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch3.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch3_1.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch4.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch4_1.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch5.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch5_1.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch6.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch6_1.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch7.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/ch7_1.ipynb A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/screenshots/FricCoeff.png A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/screenshots/FricCoeff_1.png A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/screenshots/fillingtime.png A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/screenshots/fillingtime_1.png A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/screenshots/millPOwer.png A Manufacturing_Science_by_A._Ghosh_And_A._K._Mallik/screenshots/millPOwer_1.png A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter10.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter11.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter12.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter13.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter14.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter15.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter16.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter17.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter2.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter3.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter4.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter5.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter6.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter7.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter8.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/Chapter9.ipynb A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/screenshots/Chapter10.png A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/screenshots/Chapter11.png A Materials_Science_and_Engineering_-_A_First_Course_by_V._Raghavan/screenshots/Chapter12.png A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter10_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter12_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter1_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter2_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter3_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter4_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter5_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter6_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter7_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter8_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/Chapter9_1.ipynb A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/README.txt A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/screenshots/11.png A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/screenshots/22.png A Materials_Science_by_Dr._M._Arumugam/screenshots/33.png A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/Chapter_2_Generalized_Configurations_and_Functional_Descriptions_of_Measuring_Instruments.ipynb A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/Chapter_3_Generalized_Performance_Characteristics_of_Instruments.ipynb A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/Chapter_4_Relative_Velocity_Translational_and_Rotational.ipynb A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/Chapter_5_Force_Torque_and_Shaft_power_Measurement.ipynb A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/Chapter_6_Pressure_and_Sound_Measurement.ipynb A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/Chapter_7_Flow_Measurement.ipynb A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/Chapter_8_Temperature_and_Heat-Flux_Measurement.ipynb A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/screenshots/cha3.png A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/screenshots/cha4.png A Measurement_Systems_by_E._O._Doebelin_And_D._N._Manik/screenshots/cha5.png A Mechanical_Metallurgy_by_George_E._Dieter/README.txt A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/AppendixA.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/AppendixA_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/AppendixA_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/AppendixA_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_10.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_11.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_12.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_13.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_14.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_4.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_5.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_6.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_7.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_8.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter01_9.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter02.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter02_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter02_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter02_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter03.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter03_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter03_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter03_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter04.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter04_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter04_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter04_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter05.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter05_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter05_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter05_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter06.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter06_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter06_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter06_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter07.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter07_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter07_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter07_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter08.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter08_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter08_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter08_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter09.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter09_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter09_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter09_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter10.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter10_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter10_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter10_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter11.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter11_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter11_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter11_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter12.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter12_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter12_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter12_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter13.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter13_1.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter13_2.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/Chapter13_3.ipynb A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/README.txt A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/screenshots/Bedning_Moment_Diagram.png A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/screenshots/Bending.jpg A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/screenshots/Bending_1.jpg A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/screenshots/Bending_Moment_1.jpg A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/screenshots/Bending_Moment_Diagram.png A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/screenshots/ShearForce_1.jpg A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/screenshots/Shear_Force_2.jpg A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/screenshots/Shear_Force_Diagram.png A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/screenshots/bedning_2.jpg A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/screenshots/bedning_2_1.jpg A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/screenshots/shear_1.jpg A Mechanics_of_Materials_by_Pytel_and_Kiusalaas/screenshots/shear_1.tiff A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/Chapter10_1.ipynb A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/Chapter11_1.ipynb A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/Chapter12_1.ipynb A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/Chapter14_1.ipynb A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/Chapter1_1.ipynb A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/Chapter2_1.ipynb A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/Chapter3_1.ipynb A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/Chapter4_1.ipynb A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/Chapter5_1.ipynb A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/Chapter6_1.ipynb A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/Chapter7_1.ipynb A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/Chapter8_1.ipynb A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/Chapter9_1.ipynb A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/README.txt A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/screenshots/10.3.png A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/screenshots/5.2.png A Microelectronic_Circuits_by_A.S._Sedra_and_K.C._Smith/screenshots/5.4.png A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/README.txt A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter10.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter10_1.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter10_2.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter11.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter11_1.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter11_2.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter12.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter12_1.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter12_2.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter2.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter2_1.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter2_2.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter3.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter3_1.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter3_2.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter4.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter4_1.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter4_2.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter5.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter5_1.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter5_2.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter6.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter6_1.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter6_2.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter7.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter7_1.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter7_2.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter8.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter8_1.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter8_2.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter9.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter9_1.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/chapter9_2.ipynb A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/screenshots/Screenshot_(7).png A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/screenshots/Screenshot_(7)_1.png A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/screenshots/Screenshot_(7)_2.png A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/screenshots/Screenshot_(8).png A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/screenshots/Screenshot_(8)_1.png A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/screenshots/Screenshot_(8)_2.png A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/screenshots/Screenshot_(9).png A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/screenshots/Screenshot_(9)_1.png A Microwave_Devices_And_Circuits_by_S._Y._Liao/screenshots/Screenshot_(9)_2.png A Modern_Electronic_Instrumentation_And_Measurement_Techniques_by_A._D._Helfrick_And_W._D._Cooper/Chapter1.ipynb A 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Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter14.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter14_1.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter2.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter2_1.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter2_2.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter2_3.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter2_4.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter3.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter3_1.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter6.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter6_1.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter7.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter7_1.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter8.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter8_1.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter9.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/Chapter9_1.ipynb A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/README.txt A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/screenshots/chapter2.png A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/screenshots/chapter2_1.png A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/screenshots/chapter3.png A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/screenshots/chapter6.png A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/screenshots/chapter7.png A Non-conventional_Energy_Sources_by_G._D._Rai/screenshots/chapter8.png A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/README.txt A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch1.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch10.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch10_1.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch11.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch11_1.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch12.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch12_1.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch1_1.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch3.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch3_1.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch4.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch4_1.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch5.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch5_1.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch6.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch6_1.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch7.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch7_1.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch8.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch8_1.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch9.ipynb A OP_Amps_and_Linear_Integrated_Circuits:_Concepts_and_Applications_by_James_M._Fiore/ch9_1.ipynb A 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Special_Electrical_Machines_by_S.P._Burman/chapter03.ipynb A Special_Electrical_Machines_by_S.P._Burman/chapter04.ipynb A Special_Electrical_Machines_by_S.P._Burman/screenshots/ResolShaftSpeed3.png A Special_Electrical_Machines_by_S.P._Burman/screenshots/TorqLossEff1.png A Special_Electrical_Machines_by_S.P._Burman/screenshots/Torq_Speed1.png A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter01.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter02.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter03.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter04.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter05.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter06.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter07.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter08.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter09.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter10.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter11.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter12.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter13.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter14.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter15.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter16.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/Chapter17.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/README.txt A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_10_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_10_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_11_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_11_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_12_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_12_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_13_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_13_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_14_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_14_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_15_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_15_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_16_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_16_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_17_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_17_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_1_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_1_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_2_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_2_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_3_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_3_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_4_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_4_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_5_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_5_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_6_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_6_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_7_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_7_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_8_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_8_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_9_som.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/chapter_9_som_1.ipynb A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/B.M.D_1.JPG A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/B.M.D_2.JPG A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/BMD2.png A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/S.F.D_1.jpg A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/S.F.D_1_1.jpg A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/S.F.D_2.jpg A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/S.F.D_4.jpg A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/SFD.png A Strength_Of_Materials_by_B_K_Sarkar/screenshots/SFD3.png M The_C_Book/Chapter2.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/README.txt R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch10.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch10.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch10_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch2.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch2.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch2_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch3.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch3.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch3_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch4.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch4.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch4_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch5.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch5.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch5_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch6.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch6.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch6_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch7.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch7.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch7_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch8.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch8.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch8_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch9.ipynb -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch9.ipynb A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/ch9_1.ipynb R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/same3_7.png -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/same3_7.png A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/same3_7_1.png R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/same7.png -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/same7.png A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/same7_1.png R _Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/shearAndBendingMoment7.png -> Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/shearAndBendingMoment7.png A Vector_Mechanics_for_Engineers:_Stastics_And_Dynamics_by_F._P._Beer,_E._R._Johnston,_D._F._Mazurek,_P._J._Cornwell_And_E._R._Eisenberg/screenshots/shearAndBendingMoment7_1.png A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/README.txt A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch10_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch11_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch12_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch13_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch14_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch17_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch19_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch21_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch2_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch3_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch4_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch5_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch6_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch8_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/ch9_1.ipynb A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/screenshots/EbbyNo_1.png A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/screenshots/comparision_of_models_1.png A Wireless_Communications_and_Networking_by_V._Garg/screenshots/multiplexing_1.png A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/README.txt A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch10_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch11_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch12_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch1_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch2_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch3_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch4_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch5_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch6_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch7_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch8_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/ch9_1.ipynb A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/screenshots/energy_stored3_1.png A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/screenshots/magnetic_flux12_1.png A _Electric_Machinery_And_Transformers_by_B._S._Guru_And_H._R._Hiziroglu/screenshots/pitch_factor7_1.png A 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+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 1:INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.1, Page number 1.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The fringe width beta= 0.2945 mm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "D=1 #Distance in metre\n",
+ "lamda=589*10**-9 #nm to metres\n",
+ "d=2*10**-3 #mm to metre\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "beta=(D*lamda)/d\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The fringe width beta=\",round(beta*10**3,4),\"mm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.2, Page number 1.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Thickness of glass plate= 3.27 micron.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=3 #position\n",
+ "lamda=5450*10**-10 #Wawelength in Armstrong to metre\n",
+ "mu=1.5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t=(N*lamda)/(mu-1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Thickness of glass plate=\",round(t*10**6,2),\"micron.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.3, Page number 1.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total number of lines n the grating= 9539.0\n",
+ "#Answer varies due to rounding of number\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "w=0.02 \n",
+ "n=1\n",
+ "lamda=6.56*10**-7\n",
+ "theta=(18+(14/60))*math.pi/180\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=(w*math.sin(theta))/(n*lamda)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Total number of lines n the grating=\",round(N)\n",
+ "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of number\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.4, Page number 1.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "t= 11.786 micron\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5893*10**-10 #Angstroms to mts\n",
+ "x=4*10**-2\n",
+ "beta=1*10**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t=(lamda*x)/(2*beta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"t=\",round(t*10**6,3),\"micron\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.6, Page number 1.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The minimum thickness of coating,t= 996.4 Angstroms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5500\n",
+ "nf=1.38\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t=lamda/(4*nf)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The minimum thickness of coating,t=\",round(t,1),\"Angstroms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.7, Page number 1.37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Wavelength,lamda= 5448.0 *10**-10 m\n",
+ "#Answer varies due to rounding of number\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "beta=0.00227 #distance between adjascent green lines\n",
+ "D=2.5 \n",
+ "d=0.0006 #distance between narrow slits\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=(beta*d)/D\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Wavelength,lamda=\",round(lamda*10**10),\"*10**-10 m\"\n",
+ "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of number\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.8, Page number 1.37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Smallest thickness of plate,t= 3927.0 *10**-10 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5890*10**-10\n",
+ "mu=1.5\n",
+ "theta=60*math.pi/180 #Converting in to degrees\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "cos=math.cos(theta)\n",
+ "t=(lamda)/(2*mu*(math.cos(theta)))\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Smallest thickness of plate,t=\",round(t*10**10),\"*10**-10 m\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.9, Page number 1.37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Refractive index,mu = 1.31\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "R=1\n",
+ "n=5\n",
+ "lamda=5.895*10**-7\n",
+ "dn=0.003\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mu=(4*R*n*lamda)/(dn**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Refractive index,mu =\",mu "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.10, Page number 1.38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "N = 327.4\n",
+ "The number of rulings needed is 328. This is the minimum requirement.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5893;\n",
+ "n=3\n",
+ "d_lamda=6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=(lamda)/(n*d_lamda)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"N =\",round(N,1)\n",
+ "print\"The number of rulings needed is 328. This is the minimum requirement.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.11, Page number 1.38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Smallest angular separation of two stars = 2.642 *10**-7 radian\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5.5*10**-7\n",
+ "d=2.54\n",
+ "x=1.22\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "dtheta=(x*lamda)/d\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Smallest angular separation of two stars =\",round(dtheta*10**7,3),\"*10**-7 radian\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.12, Page number 1.38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Slit width value, a= 13000.0 Angstroms = 1.3 micron\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=6500\n",
+ "theta=30*math.pi/180\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=lamda/math.sin(theta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Slit width value, a=\",a,\"Angstroms =\",round(a*10**-4,1),\"micron\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.13, Page number 1.38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "r= 2.0 /1\n",
+ "Hence the ratio of the amplitudes= 2:1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a2=1\n",
+ "a1=2*a2\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "r=a1/a2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"r=\",r,\"/1\" #r = r/1 = r:1\n",
+ "print\"Hence the ratio of the amplitudes= 2:1\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.14, Page number 1.39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 73,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a= 2.0 *10**-4 m = 0.2 mm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=5*10**-3/2\n",
+ "lamda=5*10**-7\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=(lamda)/theta\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"a=\",round(a*10**4),\"*10**-4 m\",\"=\",a*10**3,\"mm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.15, Page number 1.39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 76,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "mu-1= 0.4\n",
+ "Refractive index, mu= 1.4\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=20\n",
+ "lamda=5000*10**-10 #Angstroms to meters\n",
+ "t=2.5*10**-5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mu_1=(N*lamda)/t\n",
+ "mu=1+(mu_1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"mu-1=\",mu_1\n",
+ "print\"Refractive index, mu=\",mu"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.16, Page number 1.39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 79,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Maximum number of orders= 3.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=90*math.pi/180 #theta=90 degrees to get maximum number of orders assume\n",
+ "lamda=5890*10**-10\n",
+ "aplusb=2*10**-6 #micro mts to mts \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=(aplusb*math.sin(theta))/lamda\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Maximum number of orders=\",round(n)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/1.INTERFERENCE_AND_DIFFRACTION_OF_LIGHT.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/1.INTERFERENCE_AND_DIFFRACTION_OF_LIGHT.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c7516bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/1.INTERFERENCE_AND_DIFFRACTION_OF_LIGHT.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 1:INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.1, Page number 1.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The fringe width beta= 0.2945 mm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "D=1 #Distance in metre\n",
+ "lamda=589*10**-9 #nm to metres\n",
+ "d=2*10**-3 #mm to metre\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "beta=(D*lamda)/d\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The fringe width beta=\",round(beta*10**3,4),\"mm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.2, Page number 1.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Thickness of glass plate= 3.27 micron.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=3 #position\n",
+ "lamda=5450*10**-10 #Wawelength in Armstrong to metre\n",
+ "mu=1.5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t=(N*lamda)/(mu-1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Thickness of glass plate=\",round(t*10**6,2),\"micron.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.3, Page number 1.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total number of lines n the grating= 9539.0\n",
+ "#Answer varies due to rounding of number\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "w=0.02 \n",
+ "n=1\n",
+ "lamda=6.56*10**-7\n",
+ "theta=(18+(14/60))*math.pi/180\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=(w*math.sin(theta))/(n*lamda)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Total number of lines n the grating=\",round(N)\n",
+ "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of number\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.4, Page number 1.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "t= 11.786 micron\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5893*10**-10 #Angstroms to mts\n",
+ "x=4*10**-2\n",
+ "beta=1*10**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t=(lamda*x)/(2*beta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"t=\",round(t*10**6,3),\"micron\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.6, Page number 1.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The minimum thickness of coating,t= 996.4 Angstroms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5500\n",
+ "nf=1.38\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t=lamda/(4*nf)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The minimum thickness of coating,t=\",round(t,1),\"Angstroms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.7, Page number 1.37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Wavelength,lamda= 5448.0 *10**-10 m\n",
+ "#Answer varies due to rounding of number\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "beta=0.00227 #distance between adjascent green lines\n",
+ "D=2.5 \n",
+ "d=0.0006 #distance between narrow slits\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=(beta*d)/D\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Wavelength,lamda=\",round(lamda*10**10),\"*10**-10 m\"\n",
+ "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of number\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.8, Page number 1.37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Smallest thickness of plate,t= 3927.0 *10**-10 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5890*10**-10\n",
+ "mu=1.5\n",
+ "theta=60*math.pi/180 #Converting in to degrees\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "cos=math.cos(theta)\n",
+ "t=(lamda)/(2*mu*(math.cos(theta)))\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Smallest thickness of plate,t=\",round(t*10**10),\"*10**-10 m\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.9, Page number 1.37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Refractive index,mu = 1.31\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "R=1\n",
+ "n=5\n",
+ "lamda=5.895*10**-7\n",
+ "dn=0.003\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mu=(4*R*n*lamda)/(dn**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Refractive index,mu =\",mu "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.10, Page number 1.38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "N = 327.4\n",
+ "The number of rulings needed is 328. This is the minimum requirement.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5893;\n",
+ "n=3\n",
+ "d_lamda=6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=(lamda)/(n*d_lamda)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"N =\",round(N,1)\n",
+ "print\"The number of rulings needed is 328. This is the minimum requirement.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.11, Page number 1.38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Smallest angular separation of two stars = 2.642 *10**-7 radian\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5.5*10**-7\n",
+ "d=2.54\n",
+ "x=1.22\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "dtheta=(x*lamda)/d\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Smallest angular separation of two stars =\",round(dtheta*10**7,3),\"*10**-7 radian\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.12, Page number 1.38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Slit width value, a= 13000.0 Angstroms = 1.3 micron\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=6500\n",
+ "theta=30*math.pi/180\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=lamda/math.sin(theta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Slit width value, a=\",a,\"Angstroms =\",round(a*10**-4,1),\"micron\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.13, Page number 1.38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "r= 2.0 /1\n",
+ "Hence the ratio of the amplitudes= 2:1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a2=1\n",
+ "a1=2*a2\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "r=a1/a2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"r=\",r,\"/1\" #r = r/1 = r:1\n",
+ "print\"Hence the ratio of the amplitudes= 2:1\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.14, Page number 1.39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 73,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a= 2.0 *10**-4 m = 0.2 mm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=5*10**-3/2\n",
+ "lamda=5*10**-7\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=(lamda)/theta\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"a=\",round(a*10**4),\"*10**-4 m\",\"=\",a*10**3,\"mm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.15, Page number 1.39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 76,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "mu-1= 0.4\n",
+ "Refractive index, mu= 1.4\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=20\n",
+ "lamda=5000*10**-10 #Angstroms to meters\n",
+ "t=2.5*10**-5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mu_1=(N*lamda)/t\n",
+ "mu=1+(mu_1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"mu-1=\",mu_1\n",
+ "print\"Refractive index, mu=\",mu"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.16, Page number 1.39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 79,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Maximum number of orders= 3.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=90*math.pi/180 #theta=90 degrees to get maximum number of orders assume\n",
+ "lamda=5890*10**-10\n",
+ "aplusb=2*10**-6 #micro mts to mts \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=(aplusb*math.sin(theta))/lamda\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Maximum number of orders=\",round(n)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/1.INTERFERENCE_AND_DIFFRACTION_OF_LIGHT_1.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/1.INTERFERENCE_AND_DIFFRACTION_OF_LIGHT_1.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c7516bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/1.INTERFERENCE_AND_DIFFRACTION_OF_LIGHT_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 1:INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.1, Page number 1.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The fringe width beta= 0.2945 mm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "D=1 #Distance in metre\n",
+ "lamda=589*10**-9 #nm to metres\n",
+ "d=2*10**-3 #mm to metre\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "beta=(D*lamda)/d\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The fringe width beta=\",round(beta*10**3,4),\"mm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.2, Page number 1.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Thickness of glass plate= 3.27 micron.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=3 #position\n",
+ "lamda=5450*10**-10 #Wawelength in Armstrong to metre\n",
+ "mu=1.5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t=(N*lamda)/(mu-1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Thickness of glass plate=\",round(t*10**6,2),\"micron.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.3, Page number 1.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total number of lines n the grating= 9539.0\n",
+ "#Answer varies due to rounding of number\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "w=0.02 \n",
+ "n=1\n",
+ "lamda=6.56*10**-7\n",
+ "theta=(18+(14/60))*math.pi/180\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=(w*math.sin(theta))/(n*lamda)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Total number of lines n the grating=\",round(N)\n",
+ "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of number\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.4, Page number 1.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "t= 11.786 micron\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5893*10**-10 #Angstroms to mts\n",
+ "x=4*10**-2\n",
+ "beta=1*10**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t=(lamda*x)/(2*beta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"t=\",round(t*10**6,3),\"micron\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.6, Page number 1.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The minimum thickness of coating,t= 996.4 Angstroms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5500\n",
+ "nf=1.38\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t=lamda/(4*nf)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The minimum thickness of coating,t=\",round(t,1),\"Angstroms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.7, Page number 1.37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Wavelength,lamda= 5448.0 *10**-10 m\n",
+ "#Answer varies due to rounding of number\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "beta=0.00227 #distance between adjascent green lines\n",
+ "D=2.5 \n",
+ "d=0.0006 #distance between narrow slits\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=(beta*d)/D\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Wavelength,lamda=\",round(lamda*10**10),\"*10**-10 m\"\n",
+ "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of number\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.8, Page number 1.37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Smallest thickness of plate,t= 3927.0 *10**-10 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5890*10**-10\n",
+ "mu=1.5\n",
+ "theta=60*math.pi/180 #Converting in to degrees\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "cos=math.cos(theta)\n",
+ "t=(lamda)/(2*mu*(math.cos(theta)))\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Smallest thickness of plate,t=\",round(t*10**10),\"*10**-10 m\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.9, Page number 1.37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Refractive index,mu = 1.31\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "R=1\n",
+ "n=5\n",
+ "lamda=5.895*10**-7\n",
+ "dn=0.003\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mu=(4*R*n*lamda)/(dn**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Refractive index,mu =\",mu "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.10, Page number 1.38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "N = 327.4\n",
+ "The number of rulings needed is 328. This is the minimum requirement.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5893;\n",
+ "n=3\n",
+ "d_lamda=6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=(lamda)/(n*d_lamda)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"N =\",round(N,1)\n",
+ "print\"The number of rulings needed is 328. This is the minimum requirement.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.11, Page number 1.38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Smallest angular separation of two stars = 2.642 *10**-7 radian\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5.5*10**-7\n",
+ "d=2.54\n",
+ "x=1.22\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "dtheta=(x*lamda)/d\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Smallest angular separation of two stars =\",round(dtheta*10**7,3),\"*10**-7 radian\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.12, Page number 1.38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Slit width value, a= 13000.0 Angstroms = 1.3 micron\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=6500\n",
+ "theta=30*math.pi/180\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=lamda/math.sin(theta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Slit width value, a=\",a,\"Angstroms =\",round(a*10**-4,1),\"micron\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.13, Page number 1.38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "r= 2.0 /1\n",
+ "Hence the ratio of the amplitudes= 2:1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a2=1\n",
+ "a1=2*a2\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "r=a1/a2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"r=\",r,\"/1\" #r = r/1 = r:1\n",
+ "print\"Hence the ratio of the amplitudes= 2:1\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.14, Page number 1.39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 73,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a= 2.0 *10**-4 m = 0.2 mm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=5*10**-3/2\n",
+ "lamda=5*10**-7\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=(lamda)/theta\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"a=\",round(a*10**4),\"*10**-4 m\",\"=\",a*10**3,\"mm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.15, Page number 1.39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 76,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "mu-1= 0.4\n",
+ "Refractive index, mu= 1.4\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=20\n",
+ "lamda=5000*10**-10 #Angstroms to meters\n",
+ "t=2.5*10**-5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mu_1=(N*lamda)/t\n",
+ "mu=1+(mu_1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"mu-1=\",mu_1\n",
+ "print\"Refractive index, mu=\",mu"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.16, Page number 1.39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 79,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Maximum number of orders= 3.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=90*math.pi/180 #theta=90 degrees to get maximum number of orders assume\n",
+ "lamda=5890*10**-10\n",
+ "aplusb=2*10**-6 #micro mts to mts \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=(aplusb*math.sin(theta))/lamda\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Maximum number of orders=\",round(n)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/2.POLARIZATION AND ULTRASONICS.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/2.POLARIZATION AND ULTRASONICS.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d548c39e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/2.POLARIZATION AND ULTRASONICS.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 2:POLARIZATION AND ULTRASONICS "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.1, Page number 2.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "theta= 45.0 degrees\n",
+ "theta= 135.0 degrees\n",
+ "#The value of theta can be +(or)- 45 degrees and +(or)-135 degrees.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "I=1/2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta1=math.acos(1/math.sqrt(2))*(180/math.pi)\n",
+ "theta2=math.acos(-1/math.sqrt(2))*(180/math.pi)\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"theta=\",theta1,\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print\"theta=\",theta2,\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print\"#The value of theta can be +(or)- 45 degrees and +(or)-135 degrees.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.2, Page number 2.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ip= 60.0 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ip=math.atan(1.732)*(180/math.pi)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"ip=\",round(ip),\"degrees\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.3, Page number 2.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "phi= 104.7 rad.\n",
+ "Since the phase difference should be with in 2pi radius, we get phi=4.169 rad.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=1*10**-3\n",
+ "lamda=6000*10**-10\n",
+ "nd=0.01 #difference between the refractive indices(n1 - n2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "phi=(2*math.pi*d*nd)/lamda\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"phi=\",round(phi,1),\"rad.\"\n",
+ "print\"Since the phase difference should be with in 2pi radius, we get phi=4.169 rad.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.4, Page number 2.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Thickness,t= 27.47 micro m.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5000*10**-10\n",
+ "mu_0=1.5533\n",
+ "mu_1=1.5442\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "t=lamda/(2*(mu_0 - mu_1))\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Thickness,t=\",round(t*10**6,2),\"micro m.\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.5, Page number 2.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Birefringence of the crystal delta/mu= 0.005\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=6000*10**-10\n",
+ "t=0.003*10**-2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "delta_mu=lamda/(4*t)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Birefringence of the crystal delta/mu=\",delta_mu\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.6, Page number 2.34¶"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Refractive index of medium= 1.732\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=60*(math.pi/180) #When the angle of refraction is 30degrees, angle of reflection will be 60degrees\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mu=math.tan(theta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Refractive index of medium=\",round(mu,3)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.7, Page number 2.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Ultrasonic wavelength,lamda s = 7.47 *10**-4 m\n",
+ "Velocity of ultrasonic waves in liquid = 1495.0 ms**-1\n",
+ "#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "m=1\n",
+ "lamda_l=6000*10**-10\n",
+ "theta=0.046*(math.pi/180)\n",
+ "n=2*10**6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda_s=(m*lamda_l)/(math.sin(theta))\n",
+ "v=n*lamda_s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Ultrasonic wavelength,lamda s =\",round(lamda_s*10**4,2),\"*10**-4 m\"\n",
+ "print\"Velocity of ultrasonic waves in liquid =\",round(v),\"ms**-1\"\n",
+ "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.8, Page number 2.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Velocity of blood flow = 0.1001 m s**-1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "C=1500\n",
+ "Df=267\n",
+ "f=2*10**6\n",
+ "theta=0*math.pi/180 #degrees\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=(C*Df)/(2*f*math.cos(theta))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Velocity of blood flow =\",round(V,4),\"m s**-1\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.9, Page number 2.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Fundamental frequency,f = 4.0 *10**6 Hz.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "t=0.7*10**-3\n",
+ "E=8.8*10**10\n",
+ "rho=2800\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "f=(1/(2*t))*math.sqrt(E/rho) #Fundamental frequency\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Fundamental frequency,f =\",round(f*10**-6),\"*10**6 Hz.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.10, Page number 2.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 38,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The depth of the sea = 997.5 m.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "v=1500\n",
+ "t=1.33\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=(v*t)/2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The depth of the sea =\",d,\"m.\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/2.POLARIZATION_AND_ULTRASONICS.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/2.POLARIZATION_AND_ULTRASONICS.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d548c39e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/2.POLARIZATION_AND_ULTRASONICS.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 2:POLARIZATION AND ULTRASONICS "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.1, Page number 2.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "theta= 45.0 degrees\n",
+ "theta= 135.0 degrees\n",
+ "#The value of theta can be +(or)- 45 degrees and +(or)-135 degrees.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "I=1/2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta1=math.acos(1/math.sqrt(2))*(180/math.pi)\n",
+ "theta2=math.acos(-1/math.sqrt(2))*(180/math.pi)\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"theta=\",theta1,\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print\"theta=\",theta2,\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print\"#The value of theta can be +(or)- 45 degrees and +(or)-135 degrees.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.2, Page number 2.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ip= 60.0 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ip=math.atan(1.732)*(180/math.pi)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"ip=\",round(ip),\"degrees\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.3, Page number 2.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "phi= 104.7 rad.\n",
+ "Since the phase difference should be with in 2pi radius, we get phi=4.169 rad.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=1*10**-3\n",
+ "lamda=6000*10**-10\n",
+ "nd=0.01 #difference between the refractive indices(n1 - n2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "phi=(2*math.pi*d*nd)/lamda\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"phi=\",round(phi,1),\"rad.\"\n",
+ "print\"Since the phase difference should be with in 2pi radius, we get phi=4.169 rad.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.4, Page number 2.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Thickness,t= 27.47 micro m.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5000*10**-10\n",
+ "mu_0=1.5533\n",
+ "mu_1=1.5442\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "t=lamda/(2*(mu_0 - mu_1))\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Thickness,t=\",round(t*10**6,2),\"micro m.\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.5, Page number 2.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Birefringence of the crystal delta/mu= 0.005\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=6000*10**-10\n",
+ "t=0.003*10**-2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "delta_mu=lamda/(4*t)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Birefringence of the crystal delta/mu=\",delta_mu\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.6, Page number 2.34¶"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Refractive index of medium= 1.732\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=60*(math.pi/180) #When the angle of refraction is 30degrees, angle of reflection will be 60degrees\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mu=math.tan(theta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Refractive index of medium=\",round(mu,3)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.7, Page number 2.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Ultrasonic wavelength,lamda s = 7.47 *10**-4 m\n",
+ "Velocity of ultrasonic waves in liquid = 1495.0 ms**-1\n",
+ "#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "m=1\n",
+ "lamda_l=6000*10**-10\n",
+ "theta=0.046*(math.pi/180)\n",
+ "n=2*10**6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda_s=(m*lamda_l)/(math.sin(theta))\n",
+ "v=n*lamda_s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Ultrasonic wavelength,lamda s =\",round(lamda_s*10**4,2),\"*10**-4 m\"\n",
+ "print\"Velocity of ultrasonic waves in liquid =\",round(v),\"ms**-1\"\n",
+ "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.8, Page number 2.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Velocity of blood flow = 0.1001 m s**-1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "C=1500\n",
+ "Df=267\n",
+ "f=2*10**6\n",
+ "theta=0*math.pi/180 #degrees\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=(C*Df)/(2*f*math.cos(theta))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Velocity of blood flow =\",round(V,4),\"m s**-1\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.9, Page number 2.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Fundamental frequency,f = 4.0 *10**6 Hz.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "t=0.7*10**-3\n",
+ "E=8.8*10**10\n",
+ "rho=2800\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "f=(1/(2*t))*math.sqrt(E/rho) #Fundamental frequency\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Fundamental frequency,f =\",round(f*10**-6),\"*10**6 Hz.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.10, Page number 2.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 38,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The depth of the sea = 997.5 m.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "v=1500\n",
+ "t=1.33\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=(v*t)/2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The depth of the sea =\",d,\"m.\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/2.POLARIZATION_AND_ULTRASONICS_1.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/2.POLARIZATION_AND_ULTRASONICS_1.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d548c39e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/2.POLARIZATION_AND_ULTRASONICS_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 2:POLARIZATION AND ULTRASONICS "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.1, Page number 2.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "theta= 45.0 degrees\n",
+ "theta= 135.0 degrees\n",
+ "#The value of theta can be +(or)- 45 degrees and +(or)-135 degrees.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "I=1/2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta1=math.acos(1/math.sqrt(2))*(180/math.pi)\n",
+ "theta2=math.acos(-1/math.sqrt(2))*(180/math.pi)\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"theta=\",theta1,\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print\"theta=\",theta2,\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print\"#The value of theta can be +(or)- 45 degrees and +(or)-135 degrees.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.2, Page number 2.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ip= 60.0 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ip=math.atan(1.732)*(180/math.pi)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"ip=\",round(ip),\"degrees\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.3, Page number 2.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "phi= 104.7 rad.\n",
+ "Since the phase difference should be with in 2pi radius, we get phi=4.169 rad.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=1*10**-3\n",
+ "lamda=6000*10**-10\n",
+ "nd=0.01 #difference between the refractive indices(n1 - n2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "phi=(2*math.pi*d*nd)/lamda\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"phi=\",round(phi,1),\"rad.\"\n",
+ "print\"Since the phase difference should be with in 2pi radius, we get phi=4.169 rad.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.4, Page number 2.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Thickness,t= 27.47 micro m.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5000*10**-10\n",
+ "mu_0=1.5533\n",
+ "mu_1=1.5442\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "t=lamda/(2*(mu_0 - mu_1))\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Thickness,t=\",round(t*10**6,2),\"micro m.\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.5, Page number 2.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Birefringence of the crystal delta/mu= 0.005\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=6000*10**-10\n",
+ "t=0.003*10**-2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "delta_mu=lamda/(4*t)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Birefringence of the crystal delta/mu=\",delta_mu\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.6, Page number 2.34¶"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Refractive index of medium= 1.732\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=60*(math.pi/180) #When the angle of refraction is 30degrees, angle of reflection will be 60degrees\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mu=math.tan(theta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Refractive index of medium=\",round(mu,3)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.7, Page number 2.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Ultrasonic wavelength,lamda s = 7.47 *10**-4 m\n",
+ "Velocity of ultrasonic waves in liquid = 1495.0 ms**-1\n",
+ "#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "m=1\n",
+ "lamda_l=6000*10**-10\n",
+ "theta=0.046*(math.pi/180)\n",
+ "n=2*10**6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda_s=(m*lamda_l)/(math.sin(theta))\n",
+ "v=n*lamda_s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Ultrasonic wavelength,lamda s =\",round(lamda_s*10**4,2),\"*10**-4 m\"\n",
+ "print\"Velocity of ultrasonic waves in liquid =\",round(v),\"ms**-1\"\n",
+ "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.8, Page number 2.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Velocity of blood flow = 0.1001 m s**-1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "C=1500\n",
+ "Df=267\n",
+ "f=2*10**6\n",
+ "theta=0*math.pi/180 #degrees\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=(C*Df)/(2*f*math.cos(theta))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Velocity of blood flow =\",round(V,4),\"m s**-1\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.9, Page number 2.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Fundamental frequency,f = 4.0 *10**6 Hz.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "t=0.7*10**-3\n",
+ "E=8.8*10**10\n",
+ "rho=2800\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "f=(1/(2*t))*math.sqrt(E/rho) #Fundamental frequency\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Fundamental frequency,f =\",round(f*10**-6),\"*10**6 Hz.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.10, Page number 2.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 38,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The depth of the sea = 997.5 m.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "v=1500\n",
+ "t=1.33\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=(v*t)/2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The depth of the sea =\",d,\"m.\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/3.ACOUSTICS AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/3.ACOUSTICS AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a665a220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/3.ACOUSTICS AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#3: ACOUSTICS OF BUILDINGS AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.1, Page number 3.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Reverbration time = 3.9 s\n",
+ "Final Reverbration time = 1.95 s\n",
+ "Thus the reverbration time is reduced to one-half of its initial value\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=2265\n",
+ "A=92.9\n",
+ "x=2 #The absorption become 2*A of open window\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T=(0.16*V)/A #Sabine's formula \n",
+ "T2=(0.16*V)/(x*A)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Reverbration time =\",round(T,1),\"s\"\n",
+ "print\"Final Reverbration time =\",round(T2,2),\"s\"\n",
+ "print\"Thus the reverbration time is reduced to one-half of its initial value\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.2, Page number 3.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Volume of the hall = 2160 m**3\n",
+ "Total absorption = 430.7 m**2\n",
+ "Reverbration time = 0.8 second\n",
+ "Answer given for the Reverbration time in the text book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a1=450 #Area of plastered wall\n",
+ "a2=360 #Area of wooden floor and wooden doors\n",
+ "a3=24 #Area of Glass\n",
+ "a4=600 #Area of seats\n",
+ "a5=500 #Area of audience when they are in seats\n",
+ "c1=0.03 #Coefficient of absorption of plastered wall\n",
+ "c2=0.06 #Coefficient of absorption of wooden floor and wooden doors\n",
+ "c3=0.025 #Coefficient of absorption of Glass\n",
+ "c4=0.3 #Coefficient of absorption of seats\n",
+ "c5=0.43 #Coefficient of absorption of audience when they are in seats\n",
+ "l=12\n",
+ "b=30\n",
+ "h=6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=l*b*h #volume of the hall\n",
+ "A=(a1*c1)+(a2*c2)+(a3*c3)+(a4*c4)+(a5*c5) #Total absorption\n",
+ "T=(0.16*V)/A #Reverbration time\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Volume of the hall =\",V,\"m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Total absorption =\",A,\"m**2\"\n",
+ "print\"Reverbration time =\",round(T,1),\"second\"\n",
+ "print\"Answer given for the Reverbration time in the text book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.3, Page number 3.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total absorpttion = 1000.0 m**2 of O.W.U.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=1.2\n",
+ "V=7500\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "A=(0.16*V)/T\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Total absorpttion =\",A,\" m**2 of O.W.U.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.4, Page number 3.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "T1 = 1.45 second\n",
+ "T2 = 0.73 second\n",
+ "Change in Reverbration time = 0.727 second\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=12*10**4\n",
+ "A=13200\n",
+ "x=2 #The absorption become 2*A of open window\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T1=(0.16*V)/A #Sabine's formula \n",
+ "T2=(0.16*V)/(x*A)\n",
+ "Td=T1-T2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"T1 =\",round(T1,2),\"second\"\n",
+ "print\"T2 =\",round(T2,2),\"second\"\n",
+ "print\"Change in Reverbration time =\",round(Td,3),\"second\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.6, Page number 3.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "critical field is 33.64 *10**3 ampere/m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "H0=64*10**3; #initial field(ampere/m)\n",
+ "T=5; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "Tc=7.26; #transition temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "H=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); #critical field(ampere/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"critical field is\",round(H/10**3,2),\"*10**3 ampere/m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.7, Page number 3.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Frequency of generated microwaves= 483.0 *10**9 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "V=1*10\n",
+ "h=6.625*10**-34\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "v=(2*e*V**-3)/h \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Frequency of generated microwaves=\",round(v/10**9),\"*10**9 Hz\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.8, Page number 3.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Number of electrons per unit volume = 3.7 *10**28/m**3\n",
+ "Effective mass of electron 'm*' = 17.3 *10*-31 kg\n",
+ "Penetration depth = 3.81011659367 Angstroms\n",
+ "#The answer given in the text book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=7300 #density in (kg/m**3)\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro Number\n",
+ "A=118.7 #Atomic Weight\n",
+ "E=1.9 #Effective mass\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "n=(d*N)/A\n",
+ "m=E*9.1*10**-31\n",
+ "x=4*math.pi*10**-7*n*e**2\n",
+ "lamda_L=math.sqrt(m/x)\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Number of electrons per unit volume =\",round(n/10**28,1),\"*10**28/m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Effective mass of electron 'm*' =\",round(m*10**31,1),\"*10*-31 kg\"\n",
+ "print\"Penetration depth =\",lamda_L*10**8,\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"#The answer given in the text book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.9, Page number 3.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Tc = 7.0969 K\n",
+ "lamda0= 39.0 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda_L1=39.6*10**-9\n",
+ "lamda_L2=173*10**-9\n",
+ "T1=7.1\n",
+ "T2=3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "x=(lamda_L1/lamda_L2)**2\n",
+ "Tc4=(T1**4)-((T2**4)*x)/(1-x)\n",
+ "Tc=(Tc4)**(1/4)\n",
+ "print\"Tc =\",round(Tc,4),\"K\"\n",
+ "print\"lamda0=\",round((math.sqrt(1-(T2/Tc)**4)*lamda_L1)*10**9),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.10, Page number 3.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Hc = 4.2759 *10**4\n",
+ "Critical current density,Jc = 1.71 *10**8 ampere/metre**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "H0=6.5*10**4 #(ampere/metre)\n",
+ "T=4.2 #K\n",
+ "Tc=7.18 #K\n",
+ "r=0.5*10**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2)\n",
+ "Ic=(2*math.pi*r)*Hc\n",
+ "A=math.pi*r**2\n",
+ "Jc=Ic/A #Critical current density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Hc =\",round(Hc/10**4,4),\"*10**4\"\n",
+ "print \"Critical current density,Jc =\",round(Jc/10**8,2),\"*10**8 ampere/metre**2\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.11, Page number 6.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "New critical temperature for mercury = 4.145 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Tc1=4.185\n",
+ "M1=199.5\n",
+ "M2=203.4\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Tc2=Tc1*(M1/M2)**(1/2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"New critical temperature for mercury =\",round(Tc2,3),\"K\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/3.ACOUSTICS_AND_SUPERCONDUCTIVITY.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/3.ACOUSTICS_AND_SUPERCONDUCTIVITY.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a665a220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/3.ACOUSTICS_AND_SUPERCONDUCTIVITY.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#3: ACOUSTICS OF BUILDINGS AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.1, Page number 3.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Reverbration time = 3.9 s\n",
+ "Final Reverbration time = 1.95 s\n",
+ "Thus the reverbration time is reduced to one-half of its initial value\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=2265\n",
+ "A=92.9\n",
+ "x=2 #The absorption become 2*A of open window\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T=(0.16*V)/A #Sabine's formula \n",
+ "T2=(0.16*V)/(x*A)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Reverbration time =\",round(T,1),\"s\"\n",
+ "print\"Final Reverbration time =\",round(T2,2),\"s\"\n",
+ "print\"Thus the reverbration time is reduced to one-half of its initial value\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.2, Page number 3.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Volume of the hall = 2160 m**3\n",
+ "Total absorption = 430.7 m**2\n",
+ "Reverbration time = 0.8 second\n",
+ "Answer given for the Reverbration time in the text book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a1=450 #Area of plastered wall\n",
+ "a2=360 #Area of wooden floor and wooden doors\n",
+ "a3=24 #Area of Glass\n",
+ "a4=600 #Area of seats\n",
+ "a5=500 #Area of audience when they are in seats\n",
+ "c1=0.03 #Coefficient of absorption of plastered wall\n",
+ "c2=0.06 #Coefficient of absorption of wooden floor and wooden doors\n",
+ "c3=0.025 #Coefficient of absorption of Glass\n",
+ "c4=0.3 #Coefficient of absorption of seats\n",
+ "c5=0.43 #Coefficient of absorption of audience when they are in seats\n",
+ "l=12\n",
+ "b=30\n",
+ "h=6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=l*b*h #volume of the hall\n",
+ "A=(a1*c1)+(a2*c2)+(a3*c3)+(a4*c4)+(a5*c5) #Total absorption\n",
+ "T=(0.16*V)/A #Reverbration time\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Volume of the hall =\",V,\"m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Total absorption =\",A,\"m**2\"\n",
+ "print\"Reverbration time =\",round(T,1),\"second\"\n",
+ "print\"Answer given for the Reverbration time in the text book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.3, Page number 3.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total absorpttion = 1000.0 m**2 of O.W.U.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=1.2\n",
+ "V=7500\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "A=(0.16*V)/T\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Total absorpttion =\",A,\" m**2 of O.W.U.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.4, Page number 3.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "T1 = 1.45 second\n",
+ "T2 = 0.73 second\n",
+ "Change in Reverbration time = 0.727 second\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=12*10**4\n",
+ "A=13200\n",
+ "x=2 #The absorption become 2*A of open window\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T1=(0.16*V)/A #Sabine's formula \n",
+ "T2=(0.16*V)/(x*A)\n",
+ "Td=T1-T2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"T1 =\",round(T1,2),\"second\"\n",
+ "print\"T2 =\",round(T2,2),\"second\"\n",
+ "print\"Change in Reverbration time =\",round(Td,3),\"second\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.6, Page number 3.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "critical field is 33.64 *10**3 ampere/m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "H0=64*10**3; #initial field(ampere/m)\n",
+ "T=5; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "Tc=7.26; #transition temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "H=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); #critical field(ampere/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"critical field is\",round(H/10**3,2),\"*10**3 ampere/m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.7, Page number 3.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Frequency of generated microwaves= 483.0 *10**9 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "V=1*10\n",
+ "h=6.625*10**-34\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "v=(2*e*V**-3)/h \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Frequency of generated microwaves=\",round(v/10**9),\"*10**9 Hz\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.8, Page number 3.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Number of electrons per unit volume = 3.7 *10**28/m**3\n",
+ "Effective mass of electron 'm*' = 17.3 *10*-31 kg\n",
+ "Penetration depth = 3.81011659367 Angstroms\n",
+ "#The answer given in the text book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=7300 #density in (kg/m**3)\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro Number\n",
+ "A=118.7 #Atomic Weight\n",
+ "E=1.9 #Effective mass\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "n=(d*N)/A\n",
+ "m=E*9.1*10**-31\n",
+ "x=4*math.pi*10**-7*n*e**2\n",
+ "lamda_L=math.sqrt(m/x)\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Number of electrons per unit volume =\",round(n/10**28,1),\"*10**28/m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Effective mass of electron 'm*' =\",round(m*10**31,1),\"*10*-31 kg\"\n",
+ "print\"Penetration depth =\",lamda_L*10**8,\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"#The answer given in the text book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.9, Page number 3.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Tc = 7.0969 K\n",
+ "lamda0= 39.0 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda_L1=39.6*10**-9\n",
+ "lamda_L2=173*10**-9\n",
+ "T1=7.1\n",
+ "T2=3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "x=(lamda_L1/lamda_L2)**2\n",
+ "Tc4=(T1**4)-((T2**4)*x)/(1-x)\n",
+ "Tc=(Tc4)**(1/4)\n",
+ "print\"Tc =\",round(Tc,4),\"K\"\n",
+ "print\"lamda0=\",round((math.sqrt(1-(T2/Tc)**4)*lamda_L1)*10**9),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.10, Page number 3.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Hc = 4.2759 *10**4\n",
+ "Critical current density,Jc = 1.71 *10**8 ampere/metre**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "H0=6.5*10**4 #(ampere/metre)\n",
+ "T=4.2 #K\n",
+ "Tc=7.18 #K\n",
+ "r=0.5*10**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2)\n",
+ "Ic=(2*math.pi*r)*Hc\n",
+ "A=math.pi*r**2\n",
+ "Jc=Ic/A #Critical current density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Hc =\",round(Hc/10**4,4),\"*10**4\"\n",
+ "print \"Critical current density,Jc =\",round(Jc/10**8,2),\"*10**8 ampere/metre**2\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.11, Page number 6.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "New critical temperature for mercury = 4.145 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Tc1=4.185\n",
+ "M1=199.5\n",
+ "M2=203.4\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Tc2=Tc1*(M1/M2)**(1/2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"New critical temperature for mercury =\",round(Tc2,3),\"K\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/3.ACOUSTICS_AND_SUPERCONDUCTIVITY_1.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/3.ACOUSTICS_AND_SUPERCONDUCTIVITY_1.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a665a220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/3.ACOUSTICS_AND_SUPERCONDUCTIVITY_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#3: ACOUSTICS OF BUILDINGS AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.1, Page number 3.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Reverbration time = 3.9 s\n",
+ "Final Reverbration time = 1.95 s\n",
+ "Thus the reverbration time is reduced to one-half of its initial value\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=2265\n",
+ "A=92.9\n",
+ "x=2 #The absorption become 2*A of open window\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T=(0.16*V)/A #Sabine's formula \n",
+ "T2=(0.16*V)/(x*A)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Reverbration time =\",round(T,1),\"s\"\n",
+ "print\"Final Reverbration time =\",round(T2,2),\"s\"\n",
+ "print\"Thus the reverbration time is reduced to one-half of its initial value\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.2, Page number 3.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Volume of the hall = 2160 m**3\n",
+ "Total absorption = 430.7 m**2\n",
+ "Reverbration time = 0.8 second\n",
+ "Answer given for the Reverbration time in the text book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a1=450 #Area of plastered wall\n",
+ "a2=360 #Area of wooden floor and wooden doors\n",
+ "a3=24 #Area of Glass\n",
+ "a4=600 #Area of seats\n",
+ "a5=500 #Area of audience when they are in seats\n",
+ "c1=0.03 #Coefficient of absorption of plastered wall\n",
+ "c2=0.06 #Coefficient of absorption of wooden floor and wooden doors\n",
+ "c3=0.025 #Coefficient of absorption of Glass\n",
+ "c4=0.3 #Coefficient of absorption of seats\n",
+ "c5=0.43 #Coefficient of absorption of audience when they are in seats\n",
+ "l=12\n",
+ "b=30\n",
+ "h=6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=l*b*h #volume of the hall\n",
+ "A=(a1*c1)+(a2*c2)+(a3*c3)+(a4*c4)+(a5*c5) #Total absorption\n",
+ "T=(0.16*V)/A #Reverbration time\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Volume of the hall =\",V,\"m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Total absorption =\",A,\"m**2\"\n",
+ "print\"Reverbration time =\",round(T,1),\"second\"\n",
+ "print\"Answer given for the Reverbration time in the text book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.3, Page number 3.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total absorpttion = 1000.0 m**2 of O.W.U.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=1.2\n",
+ "V=7500\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "A=(0.16*V)/T\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Total absorpttion =\",A,\" m**2 of O.W.U.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.4, Page number 3.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "T1 = 1.45 second\n",
+ "T2 = 0.73 second\n",
+ "Change in Reverbration time = 0.727 second\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=12*10**4\n",
+ "A=13200\n",
+ "x=2 #The absorption become 2*A of open window\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T1=(0.16*V)/A #Sabine's formula \n",
+ "T2=(0.16*V)/(x*A)\n",
+ "Td=T1-T2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"T1 =\",round(T1,2),\"second\"\n",
+ "print\"T2 =\",round(T2,2),\"second\"\n",
+ "print\"Change in Reverbration time =\",round(Td,3),\"second\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.6, Page number 3.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "critical field is 33.64 *10**3 ampere/m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "H0=64*10**3; #initial field(ampere/m)\n",
+ "T=5; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "Tc=7.26; #transition temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "H=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); #critical field(ampere/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"critical field is\",round(H/10**3,2),\"*10**3 ampere/m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.7, Page number 3.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Frequency of generated microwaves= 483.0 *10**9 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "V=1*10\n",
+ "h=6.625*10**-34\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "v=(2*e*V**-3)/h \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Frequency of generated microwaves=\",round(v/10**9),\"*10**9 Hz\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.8, Page number 3.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Number of electrons per unit volume = 3.7 *10**28/m**3\n",
+ "Effective mass of electron 'm*' = 17.3 *10*-31 kg\n",
+ "Penetration depth = 3.81011659367 Angstroms\n",
+ "#The answer given in the text book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=7300 #density in (kg/m**3)\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro Number\n",
+ "A=118.7 #Atomic Weight\n",
+ "E=1.9 #Effective mass\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "n=(d*N)/A\n",
+ "m=E*9.1*10**-31\n",
+ "x=4*math.pi*10**-7*n*e**2\n",
+ "lamda_L=math.sqrt(m/x)\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Number of electrons per unit volume =\",round(n/10**28,1),\"*10**28/m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Effective mass of electron 'm*' =\",round(m*10**31,1),\"*10*-31 kg\"\n",
+ "print\"Penetration depth =\",lamda_L*10**8,\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"#The answer given in the text book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.9, Page number 3.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Tc = 7.0969 K\n",
+ "lamda0= 39.0 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda_L1=39.6*10**-9\n",
+ "lamda_L2=173*10**-9\n",
+ "T1=7.1\n",
+ "T2=3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "x=(lamda_L1/lamda_L2)**2\n",
+ "Tc4=(T1**4)-((T2**4)*x)/(1-x)\n",
+ "Tc=(Tc4)**(1/4)\n",
+ "print\"Tc =\",round(Tc,4),\"K\"\n",
+ "print\"lamda0=\",round((math.sqrt(1-(T2/Tc)**4)*lamda_L1)*10**9),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.10, Page number 3.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Hc = 4.2759 *10**4\n",
+ "Critical current density,Jc = 1.71 *10**8 ampere/metre**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "H0=6.5*10**4 #(ampere/metre)\n",
+ "T=4.2 #K\n",
+ "Tc=7.18 #K\n",
+ "r=0.5*10**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2)\n",
+ "Ic=(2*math.pi*r)*Hc\n",
+ "A=math.pi*r**2\n",
+ "Jc=Ic/A #Critical current density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Hc =\",round(Hc/10**4,4),\"*10**4\"\n",
+ "print \"Critical current density,Jc =\",round(Jc/10**8,2),\"*10**8 ampere/metre**2\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.11, Page number 6.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "New critical temperature for mercury = 4.145 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Tc1=4.185\n",
+ "M1=199.5\n",
+ "M2=203.4\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Tc2=Tc1*(M1/M2)**(1/2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"New critical temperature for mercury =\",round(Tc2,3),\"K\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/4.LASERS.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/4.LASERS.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..823230a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/4.LASERS.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 4:LASERS "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.1, Page number 4.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Divergence = 0.5 *10**-3 radian\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "r1 = 2; #in radians\n",
+ "r2 = 3; #in radians\n",
+ "d1 = 4; #Converting from mm to radians\n",
+ "d2 = 6; #Converting from mm to radians\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculations\n",
+ "D = (r2-r1)/(d2*10**3-d1*10**3) #Divergence\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Divergence =\",round(D*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 radian\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.2, Page number 4.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Frequency (V) = 4.32 *10**14 Hz\n",
+ "Relative Population= 1.081 *10**30\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "C=3*10**8 #The speed of light\n",
+ "Lamda=6943 #Wavelength\n",
+ "T=300 #Temperature in Kelvin\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23 #Boltzmann's constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V=(C)/(Lamda*10**-10) #Frequency\n",
+ "R=math.exp(h*V/(k*T)) #Relative population\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Frequency (V) =\",round(V/10**14,2),\"*10**14 Hz\"\n",
+ "print \"Relative Population=\",round(R/10**30,3),\"*10**30\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.3, Page number 4.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Frequency= 4.74 *10**14 Hz\n",
+ "no.of photons emitted= 7.322 *10**15 photons/sec\n",
+ "Power density = 2.3 kWm**-2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "C=3*10**8 #Velocity of light\n",
+ "W=632.8*10**-9 #wavelength\n",
+ "P=2.3\n",
+ "t=1\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n",
+ "S=1*10**-6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V=C/W #Frequency\n",
+ "n=((P*10**-3)*t)/(h*V) #no.of photons emitted\n",
+ "PD=P*10**-3/S #Power density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Frequency=\",round(V/10**14,2),\"*10**14 Hz\"\n",
+ "print \"no.of photons emitted=\",round(n/10**15,3),\"*10**15 photons/sec\"\n",
+ "print \"Power density =\",round(PD/1000,1),\"kWm**-2\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.4, Page number 4.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Wavelenght = 8628.0 Angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n",
+ "C=3*10**8 #Velocity of light\n",
+ "E_g=1.44 #bandgap \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculations\n",
+ "lamda=(h*C)*10**10/(E_g*1.6*10**-19) #Wavelenght\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Wavelenght =\",round(lamda),\"Angstrom\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.5, Page number 4.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Band gap = 0.8 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "W=1.55 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "E_g=(1.24)/W #Bandgap in eV \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Band gap =\",E_g,\"eV\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/4.LASERS_1.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/4.LASERS_1.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..823230a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/4.LASERS_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 4:LASERS "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.1, Page number 4.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Divergence = 0.5 *10**-3 radian\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "r1 = 2; #in radians\n",
+ "r2 = 3; #in radians\n",
+ "d1 = 4; #Converting from mm to radians\n",
+ "d2 = 6; #Converting from mm to radians\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculations\n",
+ "D = (r2-r1)/(d2*10**3-d1*10**3) #Divergence\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Divergence =\",round(D*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 radian\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.2, Page number 4.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Frequency (V) = 4.32 *10**14 Hz\n",
+ "Relative Population= 1.081 *10**30\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "C=3*10**8 #The speed of light\n",
+ "Lamda=6943 #Wavelength\n",
+ "T=300 #Temperature in Kelvin\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23 #Boltzmann's constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V=(C)/(Lamda*10**-10) #Frequency\n",
+ "R=math.exp(h*V/(k*T)) #Relative population\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Frequency (V) =\",round(V/10**14,2),\"*10**14 Hz\"\n",
+ "print \"Relative Population=\",round(R/10**30,3),\"*10**30\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.3, Page number 4.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Frequency= 4.74 *10**14 Hz\n",
+ "no.of photons emitted= 7.322 *10**15 photons/sec\n",
+ "Power density = 2.3 kWm**-2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "C=3*10**8 #Velocity of light\n",
+ "W=632.8*10**-9 #wavelength\n",
+ "P=2.3\n",
+ "t=1\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n",
+ "S=1*10**-6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V=C/W #Frequency\n",
+ "n=((P*10**-3)*t)/(h*V) #no.of photons emitted\n",
+ "PD=P*10**-3/S #Power density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Frequency=\",round(V/10**14,2),\"*10**14 Hz\"\n",
+ "print \"no.of photons emitted=\",round(n/10**15,3),\"*10**15 photons/sec\"\n",
+ "print \"Power density =\",round(PD/1000,1),\"kWm**-2\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.4, Page number 4.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Wavelenght = 8628.0 Angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n",
+ "C=3*10**8 #Velocity of light\n",
+ "E_g=1.44 #bandgap \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculations\n",
+ "lamda=(h*C)*10**10/(E_g*1.6*10**-19) #Wavelenght\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Wavelenght =\",round(lamda),\"Angstrom\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.5, Page number 4.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Band gap = 0.8 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "W=1.55 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "E_g=(1.24)/W #Bandgap in eV \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Band gap =\",E_g,\"eV\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/4.LASERS_2.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/4.LASERS_2.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..823230a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/4.LASERS_2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 4:LASERS "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.1, Page number 4.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Divergence = 0.5 *10**-3 radian\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "r1 = 2; #in radians\n",
+ "r2 = 3; #in radians\n",
+ "d1 = 4; #Converting from mm to radians\n",
+ "d2 = 6; #Converting from mm to radians\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculations\n",
+ "D = (r2-r1)/(d2*10**3-d1*10**3) #Divergence\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Divergence =\",round(D*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 radian\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.2, Page number 4.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Frequency (V) = 4.32 *10**14 Hz\n",
+ "Relative Population= 1.081 *10**30\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "C=3*10**8 #The speed of light\n",
+ "Lamda=6943 #Wavelength\n",
+ "T=300 #Temperature in Kelvin\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23 #Boltzmann's constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V=(C)/(Lamda*10**-10) #Frequency\n",
+ "R=math.exp(h*V/(k*T)) #Relative population\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Frequency (V) =\",round(V/10**14,2),\"*10**14 Hz\"\n",
+ "print \"Relative Population=\",round(R/10**30,3),\"*10**30\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.3, Page number 4.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Frequency= 4.74 *10**14 Hz\n",
+ "no.of photons emitted= 7.322 *10**15 photons/sec\n",
+ "Power density = 2.3 kWm**-2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "C=3*10**8 #Velocity of light\n",
+ "W=632.8*10**-9 #wavelength\n",
+ "P=2.3\n",
+ "t=1\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n",
+ "S=1*10**-6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V=C/W #Frequency\n",
+ "n=((P*10**-3)*t)/(h*V) #no.of photons emitted\n",
+ "PD=P*10**-3/S #Power density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Frequency=\",round(V/10**14,2),\"*10**14 Hz\"\n",
+ "print \"no.of photons emitted=\",round(n/10**15,3),\"*10**15 photons/sec\"\n",
+ "print \"Power density =\",round(PD/1000,1),\"kWm**-2\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.4, Page number 4.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Wavelenght = 8628.0 Angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n",
+ "C=3*10**8 #Velocity of light\n",
+ "E_g=1.44 #bandgap \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculations\n",
+ "lamda=(h*C)*10**10/(E_g*1.6*10**-19) #Wavelenght\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Wavelenght =\",round(lamda),\"Angstrom\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.5, Page number 4.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Band gap = 0.8 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "W=1.55 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "E_g=(1.24)/W #Bandgap in eV \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Band gap =\",E_g,\"eV\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/5.FIBER OPTICS.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/5.FIBER OPTICS.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49cd3086
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/5.FIBER OPTICS.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 5:Fiber Optics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.1, Page number 5.28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 125,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The Critical angle = 78.5 degrees\n",
+ "The numerical aperture = 0.3\n",
+ "The acceptance angle = 17.4 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.50 #Core refractive index\n",
+ "n2=1.47 #Cladding refractive index\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "C_a=math.asin(n2/n1) #Critical angle \n",
+ "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2)**(1/2)\n",
+ "A_a=math.asin(N_a)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"The Critical angle =\",round(C_a*180/math.pi,1),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print \"The numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,2)\n",
+ "print \"The acceptance angle =\",round(A_a*180/math.pi,1),\"degrees\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.2, Page number 5.28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 126,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "N = 490.0\n",
+ "Fiber can support 490.0 guided modes\n",
+ "In graded index fiber, No.of modes propogated inside the fiber = 245.0 only\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "d=50 #diameter\n",
+ "N_a=0.2 #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "lamda=1 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "N=4.9*(((d*10**-6*N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"N =\",N\n",
+ "print \"Fiber can support\",N,\"guided modes\"\n",
+ "print \"In graded index fiber, No.of modes propogated inside the fiber =\",N/2,\"only\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.3, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Numerical aperture = 0.008691\n",
+ "No. of modes that can be propogated = 1.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "d=50 #diameter\n",
+ "n1=1.450\n",
+ "n2=1.447\n",
+ "lamda=1 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2) #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "N=4.9*(((d*10**-6*N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Numerical aperture =\",N_a\n",
+ "print \"No. of modes that can be propogated =\",round(N)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.4, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 34,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Numerical aperture = 0.46\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "delta=0.05 \n",
+ "n1=1.46\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N_a=n1*(2*delta)**(1/2) #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.5, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 40,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "V number = 94.72\n",
+ "maximum no.of modes propogating through fiber = 4486.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "a=50\n",
+ "n1=1.53\n",
+ "n2=1.50\n",
+ "lamda=1 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2) #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "V=((2*math.pi*a)/lamda)*N_a**(1/2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"V number =\",round(V,2)\n",
+ "print \"maximum no.of modes propogating through fiber =\",round(N)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.6, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 64,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Number of modes = 24589.0 modes\n",
+ "No.of modes is doubled to account for the two possible polarisations\n",
+ "Total No.of modes = 49178.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "a=100\n",
+ "N_a=0.3 #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "lamda=850 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V_n=(2*(math.pi)**2*a**2*10**-12*N_a**2)/lamda**2*10**-18\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Number of modes =\",round(V_n/10**-36),\"modes\"\n",
+ "print \"No.of modes is doubled to account for the two possible polarisations\"\n",
+ "print \"Total No.of modes =\",round(V_n/10**-36)*2\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.7, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 88,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Cutoff Wavellength = 1.315 micro m.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "a=5;\n",
+ "n1=1.48;\n",
+ "delta=0.01;\n",
+ "V=25;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=(math.pi*(a*10**-6)*n1*math.sqrt(2*delta))/V # Cutoff Wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Cutoff Wavellength =\",round(lamda*10**7,3),\"micro m.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.8, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 87,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum core radius= 9.95 micro m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "V=2.405\n",
+ "lamda=1.3\n",
+ "N_a=0.05\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a_max=(V*lamda)/(2*math.pi*N_a)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Maximum core radius=\",round(a_max,2),\"micro m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.9, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Acceptance angle, theta_a = 17.46 degrees\n",
+ "For skew rays,theta_as 34.83 degrees\n",
+ "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "N_a=0.3\n",
+ "gamma=45\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "theta_a=math.asin(N_a)\n",
+ "theta_as=math.asin((N_a)/math.cos(gamma))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Acceptance angle, theta_a =\",round(theta_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print \"For skew rays,theta_as \",round(theta_as*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print\"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.10, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 115,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Numerical aperture = 0.303\n",
+ "Acceptance angle = 17.63 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.53\n",
+ "delta=0.0196\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "N_a=n1*(2*delta)**(1/2)\n",
+ "A_a=math.asin(N_a)\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,3)\n",
+ "print \"Acceptance angle =\",round(A_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.11, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "delta = 0.01\n",
+ "Core radius,a = 1.55 micro m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.480\n",
+ "n2=1.465\n",
+ "V=2.405\n",
+ "lamda=850*10**-9\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "delta=(n1**2-n2**2)/(2*n1**2)\n",
+ "a=(V*lamda*10**-9)/(2*math.pi*n1*math.sqrt(2*delta))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"delta =\",round(delta,2)\n",
+ "print \"Core radius,a =\",round(a*10**15,2),\"micro m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.12, Page number 5.31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 147,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Critical angle= 83.38 degrees\n",
+ "Fiber length covered in one reflection= 430.84 micro m\n",
+ "Total no.of reflections per metre= 2321.0\n",
+ "Since L=1m, Total dist. travelled by light over one metre of fiber = 1.0067 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.5\n",
+ "n2=1.49\n",
+ "a=25\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "C_a=math.asin(n2/n1) #Critical angle\n",
+ "L=2*a*math.tan(C_a) \n",
+ "N_r=10**6/L \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Critical angle=\",round(C_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print \"Fiber length covered in one reflection=\",round(L,2),\"micro m\"\n",
+ "print \"Total no.of reflections per metre=\",round(N_r)\n",
+ "print \"Since L=1m, Total dist. travelled by light over one metre of fiber =\",round(1/math.sin(C_a),4),\"m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.13, Page number 5.31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 155,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "No.of modes = 154.69 =155(approx)\n",
+ "Taking the two possible polarizations, Total No.of nodes = 309.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "alpha=1.85\n",
+ "lamda=1.3*10**-6\n",
+ "a=25*10**-6\n",
+ "N_a=0.21\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V_n=((2*math.pi**2)*a**2*N_a**2)/lamda**2\n",
+ "N_m=(alpha/(alpha+2))*V_n\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"No.of modes =\",round(N_m,2),\"=155(approx)\"\n",
+ "print \"Taking the two possible polarizations, Total No.of nodes =\",round(N_m*2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.14, Page number 5.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a)Signal attention per unit length = 3.9 dB km**-1\n",
+ "b)Overall signal attenuation = 39.0 dB\n",
+ "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "P_i=100\n",
+ "P_o=2\n",
+ "L=10\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "S=(10/L)*math.log(P_i/P_o)\n",
+ "O=S*L\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"a)Signal attention per unit length =\",round(S,1),\"dB km**-1\"\n",
+ "print \"b)Overall signal attenuation =\",round(O),\"dB\"\n",
+ "print \"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.15, Page number 5.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total dispersion = 1343.3 ns\n",
+ "Bandwidth length product = 37.22 Hz-km\n",
+ "#Answer given in the text book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "L=10\n",
+ "n1=1.55\n",
+ "delta=0.026\n",
+ "C=3*10**5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "delta_T=(L*n1*delta)/C\n",
+ "B_W=10/(2*delta_T)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Total dispersion =\",round(delta_T/10**-9,1),\"ns\"\n",
+ "print \"Bandwidth length product =\",round(B_W/10**5,2),\"Hz-km\"\n",
+ "print \"#Answer given in the text book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/5.FIBER_OPTICS.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/5.FIBER_OPTICS.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49cd3086
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/5.FIBER_OPTICS.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 5:Fiber Optics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.1, Page number 5.28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 125,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The Critical angle = 78.5 degrees\n",
+ "The numerical aperture = 0.3\n",
+ "The acceptance angle = 17.4 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.50 #Core refractive index\n",
+ "n2=1.47 #Cladding refractive index\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "C_a=math.asin(n2/n1) #Critical angle \n",
+ "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2)**(1/2)\n",
+ "A_a=math.asin(N_a)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"The Critical angle =\",round(C_a*180/math.pi,1),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print \"The numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,2)\n",
+ "print \"The acceptance angle =\",round(A_a*180/math.pi,1),\"degrees\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.2, Page number 5.28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 126,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "N = 490.0\n",
+ "Fiber can support 490.0 guided modes\n",
+ "In graded index fiber, No.of modes propogated inside the fiber = 245.0 only\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "d=50 #diameter\n",
+ "N_a=0.2 #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "lamda=1 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "N=4.9*(((d*10**-6*N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"N =\",N\n",
+ "print \"Fiber can support\",N,\"guided modes\"\n",
+ "print \"In graded index fiber, No.of modes propogated inside the fiber =\",N/2,\"only\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.3, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Numerical aperture = 0.008691\n",
+ "No. of modes that can be propogated = 1.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "d=50 #diameter\n",
+ "n1=1.450\n",
+ "n2=1.447\n",
+ "lamda=1 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2) #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "N=4.9*(((d*10**-6*N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Numerical aperture =\",N_a\n",
+ "print \"No. of modes that can be propogated =\",round(N)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.4, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 34,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Numerical aperture = 0.46\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "delta=0.05 \n",
+ "n1=1.46\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N_a=n1*(2*delta)**(1/2) #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.5, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 40,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "V number = 94.72\n",
+ "maximum no.of modes propogating through fiber = 4486.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "a=50\n",
+ "n1=1.53\n",
+ "n2=1.50\n",
+ "lamda=1 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2) #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "V=((2*math.pi*a)/lamda)*N_a**(1/2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"V number =\",round(V,2)\n",
+ "print \"maximum no.of modes propogating through fiber =\",round(N)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.6, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 64,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Number of modes = 24589.0 modes\n",
+ "No.of modes is doubled to account for the two possible polarisations\n",
+ "Total No.of modes = 49178.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "a=100\n",
+ "N_a=0.3 #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "lamda=850 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V_n=(2*(math.pi)**2*a**2*10**-12*N_a**2)/lamda**2*10**-18\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Number of modes =\",round(V_n/10**-36),\"modes\"\n",
+ "print \"No.of modes is doubled to account for the two possible polarisations\"\n",
+ "print \"Total No.of modes =\",round(V_n/10**-36)*2\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.7, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 88,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Cutoff Wavellength = 1.315 micro m.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "a=5;\n",
+ "n1=1.48;\n",
+ "delta=0.01;\n",
+ "V=25;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=(math.pi*(a*10**-6)*n1*math.sqrt(2*delta))/V # Cutoff Wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Cutoff Wavellength =\",round(lamda*10**7,3),\"micro m.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.8, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 87,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum core radius= 9.95 micro m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "V=2.405\n",
+ "lamda=1.3\n",
+ "N_a=0.05\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a_max=(V*lamda)/(2*math.pi*N_a)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Maximum core radius=\",round(a_max,2),\"micro m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.9, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Acceptance angle, theta_a = 17.46 degrees\n",
+ "For skew rays,theta_as 34.83 degrees\n",
+ "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "N_a=0.3\n",
+ "gamma=45\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "theta_a=math.asin(N_a)\n",
+ "theta_as=math.asin((N_a)/math.cos(gamma))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Acceptance angle, theta_a =\",round(theta_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print \"For skew rays,theta_as \",round(theta_as*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print\"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.10, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 115,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Numerical aperture = 0.303\n",
+ "Acceptance angle = 17.63 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.53\n",
+ "delta=0.0196\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "N_a=n1*(2*delta)**(1/2)\n",
+ "A_a=math.asin(N_a)\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,3)\n",
+ "print \"Acceptance angle =\",round(A_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.11, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "delta = 0.01\n",
+ "Core radius,a = 1.55 micro m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.480\n",
+ "n2=1.465\n",
+ "V=2.405\n",
+ "lamda=850*10**-9\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "delta=(n1**2-n2**2)/(2*n1**2)\n",
+ "a=(V*lamda*10**-9)/(2*math.pi*n1*math.sqrt(2*delta))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"delta =\",round(delta,2)\n",
+ "print \"Core radius,a =\",round(a*10**15,2),\"micro m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.12, Page number 5.31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 147,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Critical angle= 83.38 degrees\n",
+ "Fiber length covered in one reflection= 430.84 micro m\n",
+ "Total no.of reflections per metre= 2321.0\n",
+ "Since L=1m, Total dist. travelled by light over one metre of fiber = 1.0067 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.5\n",
+ "n2=1.49\n",
+ "a=25\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "C_a=math.asin(n2/n1) #Critical angle\n",
+ "L=2*a*math.tan(C_a) \n",
+ "N_r=10**6/L \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Critical angle=\",round(C_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print \"Fiber length covered in one reflection=\",round(L,2),\"micro m\"\n",
+ "print \"Total no.of reflections per metre=\",round(N_r)\n",
+ "print \"Since L=1m, Total dist. travelled by light over one metre of fiber =\",round(1/math.sin(C_a),4),\"m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.13, Page number 5.31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 155,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "No.of modes = 154.69 =155(approx)\n",
+ "Taking the two possible polarizations, Total No.of nodes = 309.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "alpha=1.85\n",
+ "lamda=1.3*10**-6\n",
+ "a=25*10**-6\n",
+ "N_a=0.21\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V_n=((2*math.pi**2)*a**2*N_a**2)/lamda**2\n",
+ "N_m=(alpha/(alpha+2))*V_n\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"No.of modes =\",round(N_m,2),\"=155(approx)\"\n",
+ "print \"Taking the two possible polarizations, Total No.of nodes =\",round(N_m*2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.14, Page number 5.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a)Signal attention per unit length = 3.9 dB km**-1\n",
+ "b)Overall signal attenuation = 39.0 dB\n",
+ "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "P_i=100\n",
+ "P_o=2\n",
+ "L=10\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "S=(10/L)*math.log(P_i/P_o)\n",
+ "O=S*L\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"a)Signal attention per unit length =\",round(S,1),\"dB km**-1\"\n",
+ "print \"b)Overall signal attenuation =\",round(O),\"dB\"\n",
+ "print \"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.15, Page number 5.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total dispersion = 1343.3 ns\n",
+ "Bandwidth length product = 37.22 Hz-km\n",
+ "#Answer given in the text book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "L=10\n",
+ "n1=1.55\n",
+ "delta=0.026\n",
+ "C=3*10**5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "delta_T=(L*n1*delta)/C\n",
+ "B_W=10/(2*delta_T)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Total dispersion =\",round(delta_T/10**-9,1),\"ns\"\n",
+ "print \"Bandwidth length product =\",round(B_W/10**5,2),\"Hz-km\"\n",
+ "print \"#Answer given in the text book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/5.FIBER_OPTICS_1.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/5.FIBER_OPTICS_1.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49cd3086
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/5.FIBER_OPTICS_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 5:Fiber Optics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.1, Page number 5.28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 125,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The Critical angle = 78.5 degrees\n",
+ "The numerical aperture = 0.3\n",
+ "The acceptance angle = 17.4 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.50 #Core refractive index\n",
+ "n2=1.47 #Cladding refractive index\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "C_a=math.asin(n2/n1) #Critical angle \n",
+ "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2)**(1/2)\n",
+ "A_a=math.asin(N_a)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"The Critical angle =\",round(C_a*180/math.pi,1),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print \"The numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,2)\n",
+ "print \"The acceptance angle =\",round(A_a*180/math.pi,1),\"degrees\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.2, Page number 5.28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 126,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "N = 490.0\n",
+ "Fiber can support 490.0 guided modes\n",
+ "In graded index fiber, No.of modes propogated inside the fiber = 245.0 only\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "d=50 #diameter\n",
+ "N_a=0.2 #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "lamda=1 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "N=4.9*(((d*10**-6*N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"N =\",N\n",
+ "print \"Fiber can support\",N,\"guided modes\"\n",
+ "print \"In graded index fiber, No.of modes propogated inside the fiber =\",N/2,\"only\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.3, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Numerical aperture = 0.008691\n",
+ "No. of modes that can be propogated = 1.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "d=50 #diameter\n",
+ "n1=1.450\n",
+ "n2=1.447\n",
+ "lamda=1 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2) #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "N=4.9*(((d*10**-6*N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Numerical aperture =\",N_a\n",
+ "print \"No. of modes that can be propogated =\",round(N)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.4, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 34,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Numerical aperture = 0.46\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "delta=0.05 \n",
+ "n1=1.46\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N_a=n1*(2*delta)**(1/2) #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.5, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 40,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "V number = 94.72\n",
+ "maximum no.of modes propogating through fiber = 4486.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "a=50\n",
+ "n1=1.53\n",
+ "n2=1.50\n",
+ "lamda=1 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2) #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "V=((2*math.pi*a)/lamda)*N_a**(1/2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"V number =\",round(V,2)\n",
+ "print \"maximum no.of modes propogating through fiber =\",round(N)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.6, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 64,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Number of modes = 24589.0 modes\n",
+ "No.of modes is doubled to account for the two possible polarisations\n",
+ "Total No.of modes = 49178.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "a=100\n",
+ "N_a=0.3 #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "lamda=850 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V_n=(2*(math.pi)**2*a**2*10**-12*N_a**2)/lamda**2*10**-18\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Number of modes =\",round(V_n/10**-36),\"modes\"\n",
+ "print \"No.of modes is doubled to account for the two possible polarisations\"\n",
+ "print \"Total No.of modes =\",round(V_n/10**-36)*2\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.7, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 88,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Cutoff Wavellength = 1.315 micro m.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "a=5;\n",
+ "n1=1.48;\n",
+ "delta=0.01;\n",
+ "V=25;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=(math.pi*(a*10**-6)*n1*math.sqrt(2*delta))/V # Cutoff Wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Cutoff Wavellength =\",round(lamda*10**7,3),\"micro m.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.8, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 87,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum core radius= 9.95 micro m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "V=2.405\n",
+ "lamda=1.3\n",
+ "N_a=0.05\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a_max=(V*lamda)/(2*math.pi*N_a)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Maximum core radius=\",round(a_max,2),\"micro m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.9, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Acceptance angle, theta_a = 17.46 degrees\n",
+ "For skew rays,theta_as 34.83 degrees\n",
+ "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "N_a=0.3\n",
+ "gamma=45\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "theta_a=math.asin(N_a)\n",
+ "theta_as=math.asin((N_a)/math.cos(gamma))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Acceptance angle, theta_a =\",round(theta_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print \"For skew rays,theta_as \",round(theta_as*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print\"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.10, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 115,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Numerical aperture = 0.303\n",
+ "Acceptance angle = 17.63 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.53\n",
+ "delta=0.0196\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "N_a=n1*(2*delta)**(1/2)\n",
+ "A_a=math.asin(N_a)\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,3)\n",
+ "print \"Acceptance angle =\",round(A_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.11, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "delta = 0.01\n",
+ "Core radius,a = 1.55 micro m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.480\n",
+ "n2=1.465\n",
+ "V=2.405\n",
+ "lamda=850*10**-9\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "delta=(n1**2-n2**2)/(2*n1**2)\n",
+ "a=(V*lamda*10**-9)/(2*math.pi*n1*math.sqrt(2*delta))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"delta =\",round(delta,2)\n",
+ "print \"Core radius,a =\",round(a*10**15,2),\"micro m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.12, Page number 5.31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 147,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Critical angle= 83.38 degrees\n",
+ "Fiber length covered in one reflection= 430.84 micro m\n",
+ "Total no.of reflections per metre= 2321.0\n",
+ "Since L=1m, Total dist. travelled by light over one metre of fiber = 1.0067 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.5\n",
+ "n2=1.49\n",
+ "a=25\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "C_a=math.asin(n2/n1) #Critical angle\n",
+ "L=2*a*math.tan(C_a) \n",
+ "N_r=10**6/L \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Critical angle=\",round(C_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print \"Fiber length covered in one reflection=\",round(L,2),\"micro m\"\n",
+ "print \"Total no.of reflections per metre=\",round(N_r)\n",
+ "print \"Since L=1m, Total dist. travelled by light over one metre of fiber =\",round(1/math.sin(C_a),4),\"m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.13, Page number 5.31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 155,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "No.of modes = 154.69 =155(approx)\n",
+ "Taking the two possible polarizations, Total No.of nodes = 309.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "alpha=1.85\n",
+ "lamda=1.3*10**-6\n",
+ "a=25*10**-6\n",
+ "N_a=0.21\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V_n=((2*math.pi**2)*a**2*N_a**2)/lamda**2\n",
+ "N_m=(alpha/(alpha+2))*V_n\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"No.of modes =\",round(N_m,2),\"=155(approx)\"\n",
+ "print \"Taking the two possible polarizations, Total No.of nodes =\",round(N_m*2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.14, Page number 5.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a)Signal attention per unit length = 3.9 dB km**-1\n",
+ "b)Overall signal attenuation = 39.0 dB\n",
+ "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "P_i=100\n",
+ "P_o=2\n",
+ "L=10\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "S=(10/L)*math.log(P_i/P_o)\n",
+ "O=S*L\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"a)Signal attention per unit length =\",round(S,1),\"dB km**-1\"\n",
+ "print \"b)Overall signal attenuation =\",round(O),\"dB\"\n",
+ "print \"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.15, Page number 5.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total dispersion = 1343.3 ns\n",
+ "Bandwidth length product = 37.22 Hz-km\n",
+ "#Answer given in the text book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "L=10\n",
+ "n1=1.55\n",
+ "delta=0.026\n",
+ "C=3*10**5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "delta_T=(L*n1*delta)/C\n",
+ "B_W=10/(2*delta_T)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Total dispersion =\",round(delta_T/10**-9,1),\"ns\"\n",
+ "print \"Bandwidth length product =\",round(B_W/10**5,2),\"Hz-km\"\n",
+ "print \"#Answer given in the text book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/6.MAGNETIC PROPERTIES AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES..ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/6.MAGNETIC PROPERTIES AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES..ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..392de89d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/6.MAGNETIC PROPERTIES AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES..ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 6:Magnetic Properties and Crystal Structures"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.1, Page number 6.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "temperature rise is 8.43 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "El=10**-2*50; #energy loss(J)\n",
+ "H=El*60; #heat produced(J)\n",
+ "d=7.7*10**3; #iron rod(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "s=0.462*10**-3; #specific heat(J/kg K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=H/(d*s); #temperature rise(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"temperature rise is\",round(theta,2),\"K\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.2, Page number 6.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetic field at the centre is 14.0 weber/m**2\n",
+ "dipole moment is 9.0 *10**-24 ampere/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "new=6.8*10**15; #frequency(revolutions per second)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "R=5.1*10**-11; #radius(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "i=round(e*new,4); #current(ampere)\n",
+ "B=mew0*i/(2*R); #magnetic field at the centre(weber/m**2)\n",
+ "A=math.pi*R**2;\n",
+ "d=i*A; #dipole moment(ampere/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetic field at the centre is\",round(B),\"weber/m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"dipole moment is\",round(d*10**24),\"*10**-24 ampere/m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.3, Page number 6.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "intensity of magnetisation is 5.0 ampere/m\n",
+ "flux density in material is 1.257 weber/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "chi=0.5*10**-5; #magnetic susceptibility\n",
+ "H=10**6; #field strength(ampere/m)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "I=chi*H; #intensity of magnetisation(ampere/m)\n",
+ "B=mew0*(I+H); #flux density in material(weber/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intensity of magnetisation is\",I,\"ampere/m\"\n",
+ "print \"flux density in material is\",round(B,3),\"weber/m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.4, Page number 6.47"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of Bohr magnetons is 2.22 bohr magneon/atom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "B=9.27*10**-24; #bohr magneton(ampere m**2)\n",
+ "a=2.86*10**-10; #edge(m)\n",
+ "Is=1.76*10**6; #saturation value of magnetisation(ampere/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=2/a**3;\n",
+ "mew_bar=Is/N; #number of Bohr magnetons(ampere m**2)\n",
+ "mew_bar=mew_bar/B; #number of Bohr magnetons(bohr magneon/atom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of Bohr magnetons is\",round(mew_bar,2),\"bohr magneon/atom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.5, Page number 6.47"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "average magnetic moment is 2.79 *10**-3 bohr magneton/spin\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "H=9.27*10**-24; #bohr magneton(ampere m**2)\n",
+ "beta=10**6; #field(ampere/m)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T=303; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mm=mew0*H*beta/(k*T); #average magnetic moment(bohr magneton/spin)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"average magnetic moment is\",round(mm*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 bohr magneton/spin\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.6, Page number 6.48"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "hysteresis loss per cycle is 188.0 J/m**3\n",
+ "hysteresis loss per second is 9400.0 watt/m**3\n",
+ "power loss is 1.23 watt/kg\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "A=94; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "vy=0.1; #value of length(weber/m**2)\n",
+ "vx=20; #value of unit length\n",
+ "n=50; #number of magnetization cycles\n",
+ "d=7650; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "h=A*vy*vx; #hysteresis loss per cycle(J/m**3)\n",
+ "hs=h*n; #hysteresis loss per second(watt/m**3)\n",
+ "pl=hs/d; #power loss(watt/kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"hysteresis loss per cycle is\",h,\"J/m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"hysteresis loss per second is\",hs,\"watt/m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"power loss is\",round(pl,2),\"watt/kg\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.7, Page number 6.48"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a= 5.43 Angstorm\n",
+ "density = 6.88 kg/m**3\n",
+ "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "d=2.351 #bond lenght\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "n=8 #number of atoms in unit cell\n",
+ "A=28.09 #Atomin mass of silicon\n",
+ "m=6.02*10**26 #1mole\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=(4*d)/math.sqrt(3)\n",
+ "p=(n*A)/((a*10**-10)*m) #density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"a=\",round(a,2),\"Angstorm\"\n",
+ "print \"density =\",round(p*10**16,2),\"kg/m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.8, Page number 6.48"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " radius of largest sphere is 0.154700538379252*r\n",
+ "maximum radius of sphere is 0.414213562373095*r\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ " import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "from sympy import Symbol\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "r=Symbol('r')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a1=4*r/math.sqrt(3);\n",
+ "R1=(a1/2)-r; #radius of largest sphere\n",
+ "a2=4*r/math.sqrt(2);\n",
+ "R2=(a2/2)-r; #maximum radius of sphere\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"radius of largest sphere is\",R1\n",
+ "print \"maximum radius of sphere is\",R2 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.9, Page number 6.49"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a1= 2.905 Angstrom\n",
+ "Unit cell volume =a1**3 = 24.521 *10**-30 m**3\n",
+ "Volume occupied by one atom = 12.26 *10**-30 m**3\n",
+ "a2= 3.654 Angstorm\n",
+ "Unit cell volume =a2**3 = 48.8 *10**-30 m**3\n",
+ "Volume occupied by one atom = 12.2 *10**-30 m**3\n",
+ "Volume Change in % = 0.493\n",
+ "Density Change in % = 0.5\n",
+ "Thus the increase of density or the decrease of volume is about 0.5%\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "r1=1.258 #Atomic radius of BCC\n",
+ "r2=1.292 #Atomic radius of FCC\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculations\n",
+ "a1=(4*r1)/math.sqrt(3) #in BCC\n",
+ "b1=((a1)**3)*10**-30 #Unit cell volume\n",
+ "v1=(b1)/2 #Volume occupied by one atom\n",
+ "a2=2*math.sqrt(2)*r2 #in FCC\n",
+ "b2=(a2)**3*10**-30 #Unit cell volume\n",
+ "v2=(b2)/4 #Volume occupied by one atom \n",
+ "v_c=((v1)-(v2))*100/(v1) #Volume Change in % \n",
+ "d_c=((v1)-(v2))*100/(v2) #Density Change in %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"a1=\",round(a1,3),\"Angstrom\" \n",
+ "print \"Unit cell volume =a1**3 =\",round((b1)/10**-30,3),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"Volume occupied by one atom =\",round(v1/10**-30,2),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"a2=\",round(a2,3),\"Angstorm\"\n",
+ "print \"Unit cell volume =a2**3 =\",round((b2)/10**-30,3),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"Volume occupied by one atom =\",round(v2/10**-30,2),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"Volume Change in % =\",round(v_c,3)\n",
+ "print \"Density Change in % =\",round(d_c,2)\n",
+ "print \"Thus the increase of density or the decrease of volume is about 0.5%\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.10, Page number 6.50"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a= 0.563 *10**-9 metre\n",
+ "spacing between the nearest neighbouring ions = 0.2814 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n=4 \n",
+ "M=58.5 #Molecular wt. of NaCl\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "rho=2180 #density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=((n*M)/(N*rho))**(1/3) \n",
+ "s=a/2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"a=\",round(a/10**-9,3),\"*10**-9 metre\"\n",
+ "print \"spacing between the nearest neighbouring ions =\",round(s/10**-9,4),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.11, Page number 6.51"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice constant, a= 0.36 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n=4 \n",
+ "A=63.55 #Atomic wt. of NaCl\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "rho=8930 #density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=((n*A)/(N*rho))**(1/3) #Lattice Constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice constant, a=\",round(a*10**9,2),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.12, Page number 6.51"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Density of iron = 8805.0 kg/m**-3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "r=0.123 #Atomic radius\n",
+ "n=4\n",
+ "A=55.8 #Atomic wt\n",
+ "a=2*math.sqrt(2) \n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "rho=(n*A)/((a*r*10**-9)**3*N)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Density of iron =\",round(rho),\"kg/m**-3\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/6.MAGNETIC_PROPERTIES_AND_CRYSTAL_STRUCTURES..ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/6.MAGNETIC_PROPERTIES_AND_CRYSTAL_STRUCTURES..ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..392de89d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/6.MAGNETIC_PROPERTIES_AND_CRYSTAL_STRUCTURES..ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 6:Magnetic Properties and Crystal Structures"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.1, Page number 6.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "temperature rise is 8.43 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "El=10**-2*50; #energy loss(J)\n",
+ "H=El*60; #heat produced(J)\n",
+ "d=7.7*10**3; #iron rod(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "s=0.462*10**-3; #specific heat(J/kg K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=H/(d*s); #temperature rise(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"temperature rise is\",round(theta,2),\"K\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.2, Page number 6.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetic field at the centre is 14.0 weber/m**2\n",
+ "dipole moment is 9.0 *10**-24 ampere/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "new=6.8*10**15; #frequency(revolutions per second)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "R=5.1*10**-11; #radius(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "i=round(e*new,4); #current(ampere)\n",
+ "B=mew0*i/(2*R); #magnetic field at the centre(weber/m**2)\n",
+ "A=math.pi*R**2;\n",
+ "d=i*A; #dipole moment(ampere/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetic field at the centre is\",round(B),\"weber/m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"dipole moment is\",round(d*10**24),\"*10**-24 ampere/m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.3, Page number 6.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "intensity of magnetisation is 5.0 ampere/m\n",
+ "flux density in material is 1.257 weber/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "chi=0.5*10**-5; #magnetic susceptibility\n",
+ "H=10**6; #field strength(ampere/m)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "I=chi*H; #intensity of magnetisation(ampere/m)\n",
+ "B=mew0*(I+H); #flux density in material(weber/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intensity of magnetisation is\",I,\"ampere/m\"\n",
+ "print \"flux density in material is\",round(B,3),\"weber/m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.4, Page number 6.47"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of Bohr magnetons is 2.22 bohr magneon/atom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "B=9.27*10**-24; #bohr magneton(ampere m**2)\n",
+ "a=2.86*10**-10; #edge(m)\n",
+ "Is=1.76*10**6; #saturation value of magnetisation(ampere/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=2/a**3;\n",
+ "mew_bar=Is/N; #number of Bohr magnetons(ampere m**2)\n",
+ "mew_bar=mew_bar/B; #number of Bohr magnetons(bohr magneon/atom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of Bohr magnetons is\",round(mew_bar,2),\"bohr magneon/atom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.5, Page number 6.47"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "average magnetic moment is 2.79 *10**-3 bohr magneton/spin\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "H=9.27*10**-24; #bohr magneton(ampere m**2)\n",
+ "beta=10**6; #field(ampere/m)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T=303; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mm=mew0*H*beta/(k*T); #average magnetic moment(bohr magneton/spin)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"average magnetic moment is\",round(mm*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 bohr magneton/spin\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.6, Page number 6.48"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "hysteresis loss per cycle is 188.0 J/m**3\n",
+ "hysteresis loss per second is 9400.0 watt/m**3\n",
+ "power loss is 1.23 watt/kg\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "A=94; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "vy=0.1; #value of length(weber/m**2)\n",
+ "vx=20; #value of unit length\n",
+ "n=50; #number of magnetization cycles\n",
+ "d=7650; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "h=A*vy*vx; #hysteresis loss per cycle(J/m**3)\n",
+ "hs=h*n; #hysteresis loss per second(watt/m**3)\n",
+ "pl=hs/d; #power loss(watt/kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"hysteresis loss per cycle is\",h,\"J/m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"hysteresis loss per second is\",hs,\"watt/m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"power loss is\",round(pl,2),\"watt/kg\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.7, Page number 6.48"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a= 5.43 Angstorm\n",
+ "density = 6.88 kg/m**3\n",
+ "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "d=2.351 #bond lenght\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "n=8 #number of atoms in unit cell\n",
+ "A=28.09 #Atomin mass of silicon\n",
+ "m=6.02*10**26 #1mole\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=(4*d)/math.sqrt(3)\n",
+ "p=(n*A)/((a*10**-10)*m) #density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"a=\",round(a,2),\"Angstorm\"\n",
+ "print \"density =\",round(p*10**16,2),\"kg/m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.8, Page number 6.48"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " radius of largest sphere is 0.154700538379252*r\n",
+ "maximum radius of sphere is 0.414213562373095*r\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ " import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "from sympy import Symbol\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "r=Symbol('r')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a1=4*r/math.sqrt(3);\n",
+ "R1=(a1/2)-r; #radius of largest sphere\n",
+ "a2=4*r/math.sqrt(2);\n",
+ "R2=(a2/2)-r; #maximum radius of sphere\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"radius of largest sphere is\",R1\n",
+ "print \"maximum radius of sphere is\",R2 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.9, Page number 6.49"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a1= 2.905 Angstrom\n",
+ "Unit cell volume =a1**3 = 24.521 *10**-30 m**3\n",
+ "Volume occupied by one atom = 12.26 *10**-30 m**3\n",
+ "a2= 3.654 Angstorm\n",
+ "Unit cell volume =a2**3 = 48.8 *10**-30 m**3\n",
+ "Volume occupied by one atom = 12.2 *10**-30 m**3\n",
+ "Volume Change in % = 0.493\n",
+ "Density Change in % = 0.5\n",
+ "Thus the increase of density or the decrease of volume is about 0.5%\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "r1=1.258 #Atomic radius of BCC\n",
+ "r2=1.292 #Atomic radius of FCC\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculations\n",
+ "a1=(4*r1)/math.sqrt(3) #in BCC\n",
+ "b1=((a1)**3)*10**-30 #Unit cell volume\n",
+ "v1=(b1)/2 #Volume occupied by one atom\n",
+ "a2=2*math.sqrt(2)*r2 #in FCC\n",
+ "b2=(a2)**3*10**-30 #Unit cell volume\n",
+ "v2=(b2)/4 #Volume occupied by one atom \n",
+ "v_c=((v1)-(v2))*100/(v1) #Volume Change in % \n",
+ "d_c=((v1)-(v2))*100/(v2) #Density Change in %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"a1=\",round(a1,3),\"Angstrom\" \n",
+ "print \"Unit cell volume =a1**3 =\",round((b1)/10**-30,3),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"Volume occupied by one atom =\",round(v1/10**-30,2),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"a2=\",round(a2,3),\"Angstorm\"\n",
+ "print \"Unit cell volume =a2**3 =\",round((b2)/10**-30,3),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"Volume occupied by one atom =\",round(v2/10**-30,2),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"Volume Change in % =\",round(v_c,3)\n",
+ "print \"Density Change in % =\",round(d_c,2)\n",
+ "print \"Thus the increase of density or the decrease of volume is about 0.5%\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.10, Page number 6.50"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a= 0.563 *10**-9 metre\n",
+ "spacing between the nearest neighbouring ions = 0.2814 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n=4 \n",
+ "M=58.5 #Molecular wt. of NaCl\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "rho=2180 #density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=((n*M)/(N*rho))**(1/3) \n",
+ "s=a/2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"a=\",round(a/10**-9,3),\"*10**-9 metre\"\n",
+ "print \"spacing between the nearest neighbouring ions =\",round(s/10**-9,4),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.11, Page number 6.51"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice constant, a= 0.36 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n=4 \n",
+ "A=63.55 #Atomic wt. of NaCl\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "rho=8930 #density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=((n*A)/(N*rho))**(1/3) #Lattice Constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice constant, a=\",round(a*10**9,2),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.12, Page number 6.51"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Density of iron = 8805.0 kg/m**-3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "r=0.123 #Atomic radius\n",
+ "n=4\n",
+ "A=55.8 #Atomic wt\n",
+ "a=2*math.sqrt(2) \n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "rho=(n*A)/((a*r*10**-9)**3*N)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Density of iron =\",round(rho),\"kg/m**-3\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/6.MAGNETIC_PROPERTIES_AND_CRYSTAL_STRUCTURES._1.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/6.MAGNETIC_PROPERTIES_AND_CRYSTAL_STRUCTURES._1.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..392de89d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/6.MAGNETIC_PROPERTIES_AND_CRYSTAL_STRUCTURES._1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 6:Magnetic Properties and Crystal Structures"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.1, Page number 6.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "temperature rise is 8.43 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "El=10**-2*50; #energy loss(J)\n",
+ "H=El*60; #heat produced(J)\n",
+ "d=7.7*10**3; #iron rod(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "s=0.462*10**-3; #specific heat(J/kg K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=H/(d*s); #temperature rise(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"temperature rise is\",round(theta,2),\"K\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.2, Page number 6.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetic field at the centre is 14.0 weber/m**2\n",
+ "dipole moment is 9.0 *10**-24 ampere/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "new=6.8*10**15; #frequency(revolutions per second)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "R=5.1*10**-11; #radius(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "i=round(e*new,4); #current(ampere)\n",
+ "B=mew0*i/(2*R); #magnetic field at the centre(weber/m**2)\n",
+ "A=math.pi*R**2;\n",
+ "d=i*A; #dipole moment(ampere/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetic field at the centre is\",round(B),\"weber/m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"dipole moment is\",round(d*10**24),\"*10**-24 ampere/m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.3, Page number 6.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "intensity of magnetisation is 5.0 ampere/m\n",
+ "flux density in material is 1.257 weber/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "chi=0.5*10**-5; #magnetic susceptibility\n",
+ "H=10**6; #field strength(ampere/m)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "I=chi*H; #intensity of magnetisation(ampere/m)\n",
+ "B=mew0*(I+H); #flux density in material(weber/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intensity of magnetisation is\",I,\"ampere/m\"\n",
+ "print \"flux density in material is\",round(B,3),\"weber/m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.4, Page number 6.47"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of Bohr magnetons is 2.22 bohr magneon/atom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "B=9.27*10**-24; #bohr magneton(ampere m**2)\n",
+ "a=2.86*10**-10; #edge(m)\n",
+ "Is=1.76*10**6; #saturation value of magnetisation(ampere/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=2/a**3;\n",
+ "mew_bar=Is/N; #number of Bohr magnetons(ampere m**2)\n",
+ "mew_bar=mew_bar/B; #number of Bohr magnetons(bohr magneon/atom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of Bohr magnetons is\",round(mew_bar,2),\"bohr magneon/atom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.5, Page number 6.47"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "average magnetic moment is 2.79 *10**-3 bohr magneton/spin\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "H=9.27*10**-24; #bohr magneton(ampere m**2)\n",
+ "beta=10**6; #field(ampere/m)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T=303; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mm=mew0*H*beta/(k*T); #average magnetic moment(bohr magneton/spin)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"average magnetic moment is\",round(mm*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 bohr magneton/spin\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.6, Page number 6.48"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "hysteresis loss per cycle is 188.0 J/m**3\n",
+ "hysteresis loss per second is 9400.0 watt/m**3\n",
+ "power loss is 1.23 watt/kg\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "A=94; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "vy=0.1; #value of length(weber/m**2)\n",
+ "vx=20; #value of unit length\n",
+ "n=50; #number of magnetization cycles\n",
+ "d=7650; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "h=A*vy*vx; #hysteresis loss per cycle(J/m**3)\n",
+ "hs=h*n; #hysteresis loss per second(watt/m**3)\n",
+ "pl=hs/d; #power loss(watt/kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"hysteresis loss per cycle is\",h,\"J/m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"hysteresis loss per second is\",hs,\"watt/m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"power loss is\",round(pl,2),\"watt/kg\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.7, Page number 6.48"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a= 5.43 Angstorm\n",
+ "density = 6.88 kg/m**3\n",
+ "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "d=2.351 #bond lenght\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "n=8 #number of atoms in unit cell\n",
+ "A=28.09 #Atomin mass of silicon\n",
+ "m=6.02*10**26 #1mole\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=(4*d)/math.sqrt(3)\n",
+ "p=(n*A)/((a*10**-10)*m) #density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"a=\",round(a,2),\"Angstorm\"\n",
+ "print \"density =\",round(p*10**16,2),\"kg/m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.8, Page number 6.48"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " radius of largest sphere is 0.154700538379252*r\n",
+ "maximum radius of sphere is 0.414213562373095*r\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ " import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "from sympy import Symbol\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "r=Symbol('r')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a1=4*r/math.sqrt(3);\n",
+ "R1=(a1/2)-r; #radius of largest sphere\n",
+ "a2=4*r/math.sqrt(2);\n",
+ "R2=(a2/2)-r; #maximum radius of sphere\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"radius of largest sphere is\",R1\n",
+ "print \"maximum radius of sphere is\",R2 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.9, Page number 6.49"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a1= 2.905 Angstrom\n",
+ "Unit cell volume =a1**3 = 24.521 *10**-30 m**3\n",
+ "Volume occupied by one atom = 12.26 *10**-30 m**3\n",
+ "a2= 3.654 Angstorm\n",
+ "Unit cell volume =a2**3 = 48.8 *10**-30 m**3\n",
+ "Volume occupied by one atom = 12.2 *10**-30 m**3\n",
+ "Volume Change in % = 0.493\n",
+ "Density Change in % = 0.5\n",
+ "Thus the increase of density or the decrease of volume is about 0.5%\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "r1=1.258 #Atomic radius of BCC\n",
+ "r2=1.292 #Atomic radius of FCC\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculations\n",
+ "a1=(4*r1)/math.sqrt(3) #in BCC\n",
+ "b1=((a1)**3)*10**-30 #Unit cell volume\n",
+ "v1=(b1)/2 #Volume occupied by one atom\n",
+ "a2=2*math.sqrt(2)*r2 #in FCC\n",
+ "b2=(a2)**3*10**-30 #Unit cell volume\n",
+ "v2=(b2)/4 #Volume occupied by one atom \n",
+ "v_c=((v1)-(v2))*100/(v1) #Volume Change in % \n",
+ "d_c=((v1)-(v2))*100/(v2) #Density Change in %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"a1=\",round(a1,3),\"Angstrom\" \n",
+ "print \"Unit cell volume =a1**3 =\",round((b1)/10**-30,3),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"Volume occupied by one atom =\",round(v1/10**-30,2),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"a2=\",round(a2,3),\"Angstorm\"\n",
+ "print \"Unit cell volume =a2**3 =\",round((b2)/10**-30,3),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"Volume occupied by one atom =\",round(v2/10**-30,2),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"Volume Change in % =\",round(v_c,3)\n",
+ "print \"Density Change in % =\",round(d_c,2)\n",
+ "print \"Thus the increase of density or the decrease of volume is about 0.5%\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.10, Page number 6.50"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a= 0.563 *10**-9 metre\n",
+ "spacing between the nearest neighbouring ions = 0.2814 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n=4 \n",
+ "M=58.5 #Molecular wt. of NaCl\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "rho=2180 #density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=((n*M)/(N*rho))**(1/3) \n",
+ "s=a/2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"a=\",round(a/10**-9,3),\"*10**-9 metre\"\n",
+ "print \"spacing between the nearest neighbouring ions =\",round(s/10**-9,4),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.11, Page number 6.51"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice constant, a= 0.36 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n=4 \n",
+ "A=63.55 #Atomic wt. of NaCl\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "rho=8930 #density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=((n*A)/(N*rho))**(1/3) #Lattice Constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice constant, a=\",round(a*10**9,2),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.12, Page number 6.51"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Density of iron = 8805.0 kg/m**-3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "r=0.123 #Atomic radius\n",
+ "n=4\n",
+ "A=55.8 #Atomic wt\n",
+ "a=2*math.sqrt(2) \n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "rho=(n*A)/((a*r*10**-9)**3*N)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Density of iron =\",round(rho),\"kg/m**-3\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/7.CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/7.CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..884fa904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/7.CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#7: Crystal Planes and X-ray Diffraction"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.1, Page number 7.12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "i)Number of atoms per unit area of (100)plane= 1/(4*R**2)\n",
+ "ii)Number of atoms per unit area of (110)plane= 2.82842712474619*R**2\n",
+ "iii)Number of atoms per unit area of (111)plane= 2.3094010767585*R**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "from sympy import Symbol\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "R=Symbol('R')\n",
+ "a=2*R\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"i)Number of atoms per unit area of (100)plane=\",1/a**2\n",
+ "print\"ii)Number of atoms per unit area of (110)plane=\",1/math.sqrt(2)*a**2\n",
+ "print\"iii)Number of atoms per unit area of (111)plane=\",1/math.sqrt(3)*a**2"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.2, Page number 7.13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "i)Surface area of the face ABCD = 13.0 *10**-14 mm**2\n",
+ "ii)Surface area of plane (110) = 1.09 *10**13 atoms/mm**2\n",
+ "iii)Surface area of pane(111)= 1.772 *10**13 atoms/mm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=3.61*10**-7\n",
+ "BC=math.sqrt(2)/2\n",
+ "AD=(math.sqrt(6))/2\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"i)Surface area of the face ABCD =\",round(a**2*10**14),\"*10**-14 mm**2\"\n",
+ "print\"ii)Surface area of plane (110) =\",round((2/(a*math.sqrt(2)*a)/10**13),2),\"*10**13 atoms/mm**2\"\n",
+ "print\"iii)Surface area of pane(111)=\",round(2/(BC*AD*a**2)*10**-13,3),\"*10**13 atoms/mm**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.3, Page number 7.14"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d1 = 1.0\n",
+ "d2 = 0.707\n",
+ "d3 = 0.577\n",
+ "d1:d2:d3 = 1.0 : 0.707 : 0.577\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h1=1\n",
+ "k1=0\n",
+ "l1=0\n",
+ "h2=1\n",
+ "k2=1\n",
+ "l2=0\n",
+ "h3=1\n",
+ "k3=1\n",
+ "l3=1\n",
+ "a=1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d1=a/(math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2))\n",
+ "d2=a/(math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2))\n",
+ "d3=a/(math.sqrt(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"d1 =\",d1 \n",
+ "print\"d2 =\",round(d2,3)\n",
+ "print\"d3 =\",round(d3,3)\n",
+ "print\"d1:d2:d3 =\",d1,\":\",round(d2,3),\":\",round(d3,3)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.4, Page number 7.15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d(220) = 159.1 pm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=2\n",
+ "k=2\n",
+ "l=0\n",
+ "a=450\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d=a/(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"d(220) =\",round(d,1),\"pm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.5, Page number 7.15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a = 3.615 Angstroms\n",
+ "d = 2.087 Angstroms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=3.615\n",
+ "r=1.278\n",
+ "h=1\n",
+ "k=1\n",
+ "l=1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=(4*r)/math.sqrt(2)\n",
+ "d=a/(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"a =\",round(a,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d,3),\"Angstroms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.7, Page number 7.15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 28,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d = 1.45 *10**-10 m\n",
+ "a = 4.1 *10**-10 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1\n",
+ "lamda=1.54\n",
+ "theta=32*math.pi/180\n",
+ "h=2\n",
+ "k=2\n",
+ "l=0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d=(n*lamda*10**-10)/(2*math.sin(theta)) #derived from 2dsin(theta)=n*l\n",
+ "a=d*(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d*10**10,2),\"*10**-10 m\"\n",
+ "print\"a =\",round(a*10**10,1),\"*10**-10 m\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.8, Page number 7.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "i. d/n = 2.582 Angstroms\n",
+ "ii. d/n = 1.824 Angstroms\n",
+ "iii.d/n = 1.289 Angstroms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.58\n",
+ "theta1=6.45*math.pi/180\n",
+ "theta2=9.15*math.pi/180\n",
+ "theta3=13*math.pi/180\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "dbyn1=lamda/(2*(math.sin(theta1)))\n",
+ "dbyn2=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta2))\n",
+ "dbyn3=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta3))\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"i. d/n =\",round(dbyn1,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"ii. d/n =\",round(dbyn2,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"iii.d/n =\",round(dbyn3,3),\"Angstroms\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.9, Page number 7.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "n = 1.53\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=1.18\n",
+ "theta=90*math.pi/180\n",
+ "lamda=1.540\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "n=(2*d*math.sin(theta))/lamda\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"n =\",round(n,2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.10, Page number 7.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a = 3.51 Angstorms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.58\n",
+ "theta=9.5*math.pi/180\n",
+ "n=1\n",
+ "d=0.5 #d200=a/math.sqrt(2**2+0**2+0**2)=0.5a\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=n*lamda/(2*d*math.sin(theta)) #2*d*sin(theta)=n*lamda \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"a =\",round(a,2),\"Angstorms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.11, Page number 7.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "sin(theta3) = 26 35.9387574495\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.842\n",
+ "n1=1\n",
+ "q=(8+(35/60))*(math.pi/180)\n",
+ "n2=3\n",
+ "d=1\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "#n*lamda=2*d*sin(theta)\n",
+ "#n1*0.842=2*d*sin(q)\n",
+ "#n3*0.842=2*d*sin(theta3)\n",
+ "#Dividing both the eauations, we get\n",
+ "#(n2*lamda)/(n1*lamda)=2*d*math.sin(theta3)/2*d*math.sin(q)\n",
+ "theta3=math.asin((((n2*lamda)/(n1*lamda))*(2*d*math.sin(q)))/(2*d))\n",
+ "d=theta3*180/math.pi;\n",
+ "a_d=int(d);\n",
+ "a_m=(d-int(d))*60\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"sin(theta3) =\",a_d,a_m\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.12, Page number 7.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d = 2.22 Angstorms\n",
+ "sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2) = 1.424\n",
+ "Therefore, h**2+k**2+l**2 =sqrt(2)\n",
+ "h =1, k=1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=3.16\n",
+ "lamda=1.54\n",
+ "n=1\n",
+ "theta=20.3*math.pi/180\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d=(n*lamda)/(2*math.sin(theta))\n",
+ "x=a/d #let math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)=x\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstorms\"\n",
+ "print\"sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2) =\",round(x,3)\n",
+ "print\"Therefore, h**2+k**2+l**2 =sqrt(2)\"\n",
+ "print\"h =1, k=1\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.13, Page number 7.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 53,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a = 4.09 Angstroms\n",
+ "d = 2.36 Angstroms\n",
+ "lamda = 1.552 Angstroms\n",
+ "E = 8.0 *10**3 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "## importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=4\n",
+ "A=107.87\n",
+ "rho=10500\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=1;\n",
+ "H=6.625*10**-34\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "theta=(19+(12/60))*math.pi/180\n",
+ "C=3*10**8\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=((n*A)/(rho*N))**(1/3)*10**10\n",
+ "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)\n",
+ "lamda=2*d*math.sin(theta)\n",
+ "E=(H*C)/(lamda*10**-10*e)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"a =\",round(a,2),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"lamda =\",round(lamda,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"E =\",round(E/10**3),\"*10**3 eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.14, Page number 7.19"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 72,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d = 2.64 Angstorms\n",
+ "sin(theta)= 0.288\n",
+ "X = 7.554 cm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=4.57\n",
+ "h=1\n",
+ "k=1\n",
+ "l=1\n",
+ "lamda=1.52\n",
+ "twotheta=33.5*math.pi/180\n",
+ "r=5 #radius\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d=a/(h**2+k**2+l**2)**(1/2)\n",
+ "sintheta=lamda/(2*d)\n",
+ "X=r/math.tan(twotheta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstorms\"\n",
+ "print\"sin(theta)=\",round(sintheta,3)\n",
+ "print\"X =\",round(X,3),\"cm\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/7.CRYSTAL_STRUCTURES_AND_X-RAY_DIFFRACTION.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/7.CRYSTAL_STRUCTURES_AND_X-RAY_DIFFRACTION.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..884fa904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/7.CRYSTAL_STRUCTURES_AND_X-RAY_DIFFRACTION.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#7: Crystal Planes and X-ray Diffraction"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.1, Page number 7.12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "i)Number of atoms per unit area of (100)plane= 1/(4*R**2)\n",
+ "ii)Number of atoms per unit area of (110)plane= 2.82842712474619*R**2\n",
+ "iii)Number of atoms per unit area of (111)plane= 2.3094010767585*R**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "from sympy import Symbol\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "R=Symbol('R')\n",
+ "a=2*R\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"i)Number of atoms per unit area of (100)plane=\",1/a**2\n",
+ "print\"ii)Number of atoms per unit area of (110)plane=\",1/math.sqrt(2)*a**2\n",
+ "print\"iii)Number of atoms per unit area of (111)plane=\",1/math.sqrt(3)*a**2"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.2, Page number 7.13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "i)Surface area of the face ABCD = 13.0 *10**-14 mm**2\n",
+ "ii)Surface area of plane (110) = 1.09 *10**13 atoms/mm**2\n",
+ "iii)Surface area of pane(111)= 1.772 *10**13 atoms/mm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=3.61*10**-7\n",
+ "BC=math.sqrt(2)/2\n",
+ "AD=(math.sqrt(6))/2\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"i)Surface area of the face ABCD =\",round(a**2*10**14),\"*10**-14 mm**2\"\n",
+ "print\"ii)Surface area of plane (110) =\",round((2/(a*math.sqrt(2)*a)/10**13),2),\"*10**13 atoms/mm**2\"\n",
+ "print\"iii)Surface area of pane(111)=\",round(2/(BC*AD*a**2)*10**-13,3),\"*10**13 atoms/mm**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.3, Page number 7.14"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d1 = 1.0\n",
+ "d2 = 0.707\n",
+ "d3 = 0.577\n",
+ "d1:d2:d3 = 1.0 : 0.707 : 0.577\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h1=1\n",
+ "k1=0\n",
+ "l1=0\n",
+ "h2=1\n",
+ "k2=1\n",
+ "l2=0\n",
+ "h3=1\n",
+ "k3=1\n",
+ "l3=1\n",
+ "a=1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d1=a/(math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2))\n",
+ "d2=a/(math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2))\n",
+ "d3=a/(math.sqrt(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"d1 =\",d1 \n",
+ "print\"d2 =\",round(d2,3)\n",
+ "print\"d3 =\",round(d3,3)\n",
+ "print\"d1:d2:d3 =\",d1,\":\",round(d2,3),\":\",round(d3,3)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.4, Page number 7.15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d(220) = 159.1 pm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=2\n",
+ "k=2\n",
+ "l=0\n",
+ "a=450\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d=a/(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"d(220) =\",round(d,1),\"pm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.5, Page number 7.15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a = 3.615 Angstroms\n",
+ "d = 2.087 Angstroms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=3.615\n",
+ "r=1.278\n",
+ "h=1\n",
+ "k=1\n",
+ "l=1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=(4*r)/math.sqrt(2)\n",
+ "d=a/(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"a =\",round(a,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d,3),\"Angstroms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.7, Page number 7.15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 28,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d = 1.45 *10**-10 m\n",
+ "a = 4.1 *10**-10 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1\n",
+ "lamda=1.54\n",
+ "theta=32*math.pi/180\n",
+ "h=2\n",
+ "k=2\n",
+ "l=0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d=(n*lamda*10**-10)/(2*math.sin(theta)) #derived from 2dsin(theta)=n*l\n",
+ "a=d*(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d*10**10,2),\"*10**-10 m\"\n",
+ "print\"a =\",round(a*10**10,1),\"*10**-10 m\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.8, Page number 7.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "i. d/n = 2.582 Angstroms\n",
+ "ii. d/n = 1.824 Angstroms\n",
+ "iii.d/n = 1.289 Angstroms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.58\n",
+ "theta1=6.45*math.pi/180\n",
+ "theta2=9.15*math.pi/180\n",
+ "theta3=13*math.pi/180\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "dbyn1=lamda/(2*(math.sin(theta1)))\n",
+ "dbyn2=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta2))\n",
+ "dbyn3=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta3))\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"i. d/n =\",round(dbyn1,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"ii. d/n =\",round(dbyn2,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"iii.d/n =\",round(dbyn3,3),\"Angstroms\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.9, Page number 7.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "n = 1.53\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=1.18\n",
+ "theta=90*math.pi/180\n",
+ "lamda=1.540\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "n=(2*d*math.sin(theta))/lamda\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"n =\",round(n,2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.10, Page number 7.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a = 3.51 Angstorms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.58\n",
+ "theta=9.5*math.pi/180\n",
+ "n=1\n",
+ "d=0.5 #d200=a/math.sqrt(2**2+0**2+0**2)=0.5a\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=n*lamda/(2*d*math.sin(theta)) #2*d*sin(theta)=n*lamda \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"a =\",round(a,2),\"Angstorms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.11, Page number 7.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "sin(theta3) = 26 35.9387574495\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.842\n",
+ "n1=1\n",
+ "q=(8+(35/60))*(math.pi/180)\n",
+ "n2=3\n",
+ "d=1\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "#n*lamda=2*d*sin(theta)\n",
+ "#n1*0.842=2*d*sin(q)\n",
+ "#n3*0.842=2*d*sin(theta3)\n",
+ "#Dividing both the eauations, we get\n",
+ "#(n2*lamda)/(n1*lamda)=2*d*math.sin(theta3)/2*d*math.sin(q)\n",
+ "theta3=math.asin((((n2*lamda)/(n1*lamda))*(2*d*math.sin(q)))/(2*d))\n",
+ "d=theta3*180/math.pi;\n",
+ "a_d=int(d);\n",
+ "a_m=(d-int(d))*60\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"sin(theta3) =\",a_d,a_m\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.12, Page number 7.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d = 2.22 Angstorms\n",
+ "sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2) = 1.424\n",
+ "Therefore, h**2+k**2+l**2 =sqrt(2)\n",
+ "h =1, k=1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=3.16\n",
+ "lamda=1.54\n",
+ "n=1\n",
+ "theta=20.3*math.pi/180\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d=(n*lamda)/(2*math.sin(theta))\n",
+ "x=a/d #let math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)=x\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstorms\"\n",
+ "print\"sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2) =\",round(x,3)\n",
+ "print\"Therefore, h**2+k**2+l**2 =sqrt(2)\"\n",
+ "print\"h =1, k=1\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.13, Page number 7.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 53,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a = 4.09 Angstroms\n",
+ "d = 2.36 Angstroms\n",
+ "lamda = 1.552 Angstroms\n",
+ "E = 8.0 *10**3 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "## importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=4\n",
+ "A=107.87\n",
+ "rho=10500\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=1;\n",
+ "H=6.625*10**-34\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "theta=(19+(12/60))*math.pi/180\n",
+ "C=3*10**8\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=((n*A)/(rho*N))**(1/3)*10**10\n",
+ "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)\n",
+ "lamda=2*d*math.sin(theta)\n",
+ "E=(H*C)/(lamda*10**-10*e)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"a =\",round(a,2),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"lamda =\",round(lamda,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"E =\",round(E/10**3),\"*10**3 eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.14, Page number 7.19"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 72,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d = 2.64 Angstorms\n",
+ "sin(theta)= 0.288\n",
+ "X = 7.554 cm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=4.57\n",
+ "h=1\n",
+ "k=1\n",
+ "l=1\n",
+ "lamda=1.52\n",
+ "twotheta=33.5*math.pi/180\n",
+ "r=5 #radius\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d=a/(h**2+k**2+l**2)**(1/2)\n",
+ "sintheta=lamda/(2*d)\n",
+ "X=r/math.tan(twotheta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstorms\"\n",
+ "print\"sin(theta)=\",round(sintheta,3)\n",
+ "print\"X =\",round(X,3),\"cm\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/7.CRYSTAL_STRUCTURES_AND_X-RAY_DIFFRACTION_1.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/7.CRYSTAL_STRUCTURES_AND_X-RAY_DIFFRACTION_1.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..884fa904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/7.CRYSTAL_STRUCTURES_AND_X-RAY_DIFFRACTION_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#7: Crystal Planes and X-ray Diffraction"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.1, Page number 7.12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "i)Number of atoms per unit area of (100)plane= 1/(4*R**2)\n",
+ "ii)Number of atoms per unit area of (110)plane= 2.82842712474619*R**2\n",
+ "iii)Number of atoms per unit area of (111)plane= 2.3094010767585*R**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "from sympy import Symbol\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "R=Symbol('R')\n",
+ "a=2*R\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"i)Number of atoms per unit area of (100)plane=\",1/a**2\n",
+ "print\"ii)Number of atoms per unit area of (110)plane=\",1/math.sqrt(2)*a**2\n",
+ "print\"iii)Number of atoms per unit area of (111)plane=\",1/math.sqrt(3)*a**2"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.2, Page number 7.13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "i)Surface area of the face ABCD = 13.0 *10**-14 mm**2\n",
+ "ii)Surface area of plane (110) = 1.09 *10**13 atoms/mm**2\n",
+ "iii)Surface area of pane(111)= 1.772 *10**13 atoms/mm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=3.61*10**-7\n",
+ "BC=math.sqrt(2)/2\n",
+ "AD=(math.sqrt(6))/2\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"i)Surface area of the face ABCD =\",round(a**2*10**14),\"*10**-14 mm**2\"\n",
+ "print\"ii)Surface area of plane (110) =\",round((2/(a*math.sqrt(2)*a)/10**13),2),\"*10**13 atoms/mm**2\"\n",
+ "print\"iii)Surface area of pane(111)=\",round(2/(BC*AD*a**2)*10**-13,3),\"*10**13 atoms/mm**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.3, Page number 7.14"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d1 = 1.0\n",
+ "d2 = 0.707\n",
+ "d3 = 0.577\n",
+ "d1:d2:d3 = 1.0 : 0.707 : 0.577\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h1=1\n",
+ "k1=0\n",
+ "l1=0\n",
+ "h2=1\n",
+ "k2=1\n",
+ "l2=0\n",
+ "h3=1\n",
+ "k3=1\n",
+ "l3=1\n",
+ "a=1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d1=a/(math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2))\n",
+ "d2=a/(math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2))\n",
+ "d3=a/(math.sqrt(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"d1 =\",d1 \n",
+ "print\"d2 =\",round(d2,3)\n",
+ "print\"d3 =\",round(d3,3)\n",
+ "print\"d1:d2:d3 =\",d1,\":\",round(d2,3),\":\",round(d3,3)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.4, Page number 7.15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d(220) = 159.1 pm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=2\n",
+ "k=2\n",
+ "l=0\n",
+ "a=450\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d=a/(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"d(220) =\",round(d,1),\"pm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.5, Page number 7.15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a = 3.615 Angstroms\n",
+ "d = 2.087 Angstroms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=3.615\n",
+ "r=1.278\n",
+ "h=1\n",
+ "k=1\n",
+ "l=1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=(4*r)/math.sqrt(2)\n",
+ "d=a/(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"a =\",round(a,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d,3),\"Angstroms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.7, Page number 7.15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 28,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d = 1.45 *10**-10 m\n",
+ "a = 4.1 *10**-10 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1\n",
+ "lamda=1.54\n",
+ "theta=32*math.pi/180\n",
+ "h=2\n",
+ "k=2\n",
+ "l=0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d=(n*lamda*10**-10)/(2*math.sin(theta)) #derived from 2dsin(theta)=n*l\n",
+ "a=d*(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d*10**10,2),\"*10**-10 m\"\n",
+ "print\"a =\",round(a*10**10,1),\"*10**-10 m\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.8, Page number 7.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "i. d/n = 2.582 Angstroms\n",
+ "ii. d/n = 1.824 Angstroms\n",
+ "iii.d/n = 1.289 Angstroms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.58\n",
+ "theta1=6.45*math.pi/180\n",
+ "theta2=9.15*math.pi/180\n",
+ "theta3=13*math.pi/180\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "dbyn1=lamda/(2*(math.sin(theta1)))\n",
+ "dbyn2=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta2))\n",
+ "dbyn3=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta3))\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"i. d/n =\",round(dbyn1,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"ii. d/n =\",round(dbyn2,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"iii.d/n =\",round(dbyn3,3),\"Angstroms\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.9, Page number 7.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "n = 1.53\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=1.18\n",
+ "theta=90*math.pi/180\n",
+ "lamda=1.540\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "n=(2*d*math.sin(theta))/lamda\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"n =\",round(n,2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.10, Page number 7.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a = 3.51 Angstorms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.58\n",
+ "theta=9.5*math.pi/180\n",
+ "n=1\n",
+ "d=0.5 #d200=a/math.sqrt(2**2+0**2+0**2)=0.5a\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=n*lamda/(2*d*math.sin(theta)) #2*d*sin(theta)=n*lamda \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"a =\",round(a,2),\"Angstorms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.11, Page number 7.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "sin(theta3) = 26 35.9387574495\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.842\n",
+ "n1=1\n",
+ "q=(8+(35/60))*(math.pi/180)\n",
+ "n2=3\n",
+ "d=1\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "#n*lamda=2*d*sin(theta)\n",
+ "#n1*0.842=2*d*sin(q)\n",
+ "#n3*0.842=2*d*sin(theta3)\n",
+ "#Dividing both the eauations, we get\n",
+ "#(n2*lamda)/(n1*lamda)=2*d*math.sin(theta3)/2*d*math.sin(q)\n",
+ "theta3=math.asin((((n2*lamda)/(n1*lamda))*(2*d*math.sin(q)))/(2*d))\n",
+ "d=theta3*180/math.pi;\n",
+ "a_d=int(d);\n",
+ "a_m=(d-int(d))*60\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"sin(theta3) =\",a_d,a_m\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.12, Page number 7.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d = 2.22 Angstorms\n",
+ "sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2) = 1.424\n",
+ "Therefore, h**2+k**2+l**2 =sqrt(2)\n",
+ "h =1, k=1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=3.16\n",
+ "lamda=1.54\n",
+ "n=1\n",
+ "theta=20.3*math.pi/180\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d=(n*lamda)/(2*math.sin(theta))\n",
+ "x=a/d #let math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)=x\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstorms\"\n",
+ "print\"sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2) =\",round(x,3)\n",
+ "print\"Therefore, h**2+k**2+l**2 =sqrt(2)\"\n",
+ "print\"h =1, k=1\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.13, Page number 7.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 53,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a = 4.09 Angstroms\n",
+ "d = 2.36 Angstroms\n",
+ "lamda = 1.552 Angstroms\n",
+ "E = 8.0 *10**3 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "## importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=4\n",
+ "A=107.87\n",
+ "rho=10500\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=1;\n",
+ "H=6.625*10**-34\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "theta=(19+(12/60))*math.pi/180\n",
+ "C=3*10**8\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=((n*A)/(rho*N))**(1/3)*10**10\n",
+ "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)\n",
+ "lamda=2*d*math.sin(theta)\n",
+ "E=(H*C)/(lamda*10**-10*e)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"a =\",round(a,2),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"lamda =\",round(lamda,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"E =\",round(E/10**3),\"*10**3 eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.14, Page number 7.19"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 72,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d = 2.64 Angstorms\n",
+ "sin(theta)= 0.288\n",
+ "X = 7.554 cm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=4.57\n",
+ "h=1\n",
+ "k=1\n",
+ "l=1\n",
+ "lamda=1.52\n",
+ "twotheta=33.5*math.pi/180\n",
+ "r=5 #radius\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d=a/(h**2+k**2+l**2)**(1/2)\n",
+ "sintheta=lamda/(2*d)\n",
+ "X=r/math.tan(twotheta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstorms\"\n",
+ "print\"sin(theta)=\",round(sintheta,3)\n",
+ "print\"X =\",round(X,3),\"cm\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/8.DEFECTS IN SOLIDS.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/8.DEFECTS IN SOLIDS.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09325a4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/8.DEFECTS IN SOLIDS.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#8:Defects In Solids "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.1, Page number 8.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "at 0K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 0\n",
+ "at 300K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 7.577 *10**5\n",
+ "at 900K, The numb ber of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 6.502 *10**19\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**26\n",
+ "deltaHv=120\n",
+ "B=1.38*10**-23\n",
+ "k=6.023*10**23\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "n0=0 # 0 in denominator\n",
+ "n300=N*math.exp(-deltaHv*10**3/(k*B*300)) #The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper\n",
+ "n900=N*math.exp(-(deltaHv*10**3)/(k*B*900))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"at 0K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",n0\n",
+ "print\"at 300K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",round(n300/10**5,3),\"*10**5\"\n",
+ "print\"at 900K, The numb ber of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",round(n900/10**19,3),\"*10**19\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.2, Page number 8.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Fraction of vacancies at 1000 degrees C = 8.5 *10**-7\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "from sympy import Symbol\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "F_500=1*10**-10\n",
+ "delta_Hv=Symbol('delta_Hv')\n",
+ "k=Symbol('k')\n",
+ "T1=500+273\n",
+ "T2=1000+273\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "lnx=math.log(F_500)*T1/T2;\n",
+ "x=math.exp(round(lnx,2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Fraction of vacancies at 1000 degrees C =\",round(x*10**7,1),\"*10**-7\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.3, Page number 8.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Volume of unit cell of NaCl = 1.794 *10**-28 m**3\n",
+ "Total number of ion pairs 'N' =' 2.23 *10**28\n",
+ "The concentration of Schottky defects per m**3 at 300K = 6.42 *10**11\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=(2*2.82*10**-10)\n",
+ "delta_Hs=1.971*1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23\n",
+ "T=300\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V=a**3 #Volume of unit cell of NaCl\n",
+ "N=4/V #Total number of ion pairs\n",
+ "n=N*math.e**-(delta_Hs/(2*k*T)) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Volume of unit cell of NaCl =\",round(V*10**28,3),\"*10**-28 m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Total number of ion pairs 'N' ='\",round(N/10**28,2),\"*10**28\"\n",
+ "print\"The concentration of Schottky defects per m**3 at 300K =\",round(n/10**11,2),\"*10**11\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.4, Page number 8.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The number that must be created on heating from 0 to 500K is n= 9.22 *10**12 per cm**3\n",
+ "As one step is 2 Angstorms, 5*10**7 vacancies are required for 1cm\n",
+ "The amount of climb down by the dislocation is 0.369 cm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23\n",
+ "delta_Hv=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23\n",
+ "T=500\n",
+ "mv=5.55; #molar volume\n",
+ "x=2*10**-8; #numbber of cm in 1 angstrom\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "n=N*math.exp(-delta_Hv/(k*T))/mv\n",
+ "a=round(n/(5*10**7*10**6),4)*x;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The number that must be created on heating from 0 to 500K is n=\",round(n/10**12,2),\"*10**12 per cm**3\" #into cm**3\n",
+ "print\"As one step is 2 Angstorms, 5*10**7 vacancies are required for 1cm\"\n",
+ "print\"The amount of climb down by the dislocation is\",a*10**8,\"cm\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/8.DEFECTS_IN_SOLIDS.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/8.DEFECTS_IN_SOLIDS.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09325a4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/8.DEFECTS_IN_SOLIDS.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#8:Defects In Solids "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.1, Page number 8.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "at 0K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 0\n",
+ "at 300K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 7.577 *10**5\n",
+ "at 900K, The numb ber of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 6.502 *10**19\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**26\n",
+ "deltaHv=120\n",
+ "B=1.38*10**-23\n",
+ "k=6.023*10**23\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "n0=0 # 0 in denominator\n",
+ "n300=N*math.exp(-deltaHv*10**3/(k*B*300)) #The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper\n",
+ "n900=N*math.exp(-(deltaHv*10**3)/(k*B*900))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"at 0K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",n0\n",
+ "print\"at 300K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",round(n300/10**5,3),\"*10**5\"\n",
+ "print\"at 900K, The numb ber of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",round(n900/10**19,3),\"*10**19\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.2, Page number 8.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Fraction of vacancies at 1000 degrees C = 8.5 *10**-7\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "from sympy import Symbol\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "F_500=1*10**-10\n",
+ "delta_Hv=Symbol('delta_Hv')\n",
+ "k=Symbol('k')\n",
+ "T1=500+273\n",
+ "T2=1000+273\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "lnx=math.log(F_500)*T1/T2;\n",
+ "x=math.exp(round(lnx,2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Fraction of vacancies at 1000 degrees C =\",round(x*10**7,1),\"*10**-7\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.3, Page number 8.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Volume of unit cell of NaCl = 1.794 *10**-28 m**3\n",
+ "Total number of ion pairs 'N' =' 2.23 *10**28\n",
+ "The concentration of Schottky defects per m**3 at 300K = 6.42 *10**11\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=(2*2.82*10**-10)\n",
+ "delta_Hs=1.971*1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23\n",
+ "T=300\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V=a**3 #Volume of unit cell of NaCl\n",
+ "N=4/V #Total number of ion pairs\n",
+ "n=N*math.e**-(delta_Hs/(2*k*T)) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Volume of unit cell of NaCl =\",round(V*10**28,3),\"*10**-28 m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Total number of ion pairs 'N' ='\",round(N/10**28,2),\"*10**28\"\n",
+ "print\"The concentration of Schottky defects per m**3 at 300K =\",round(n/10**11,2),\"*10**11\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.4, Page number 8.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The number that must be created on heating from 0 to 500K is n= 9.22 *10**12 per cm**3\n",
+ "As one step is 2 Angstorms, 5*10**7 vacancies are required for 1cm\n",
+ "The amount of climb down by the dislocation is 0.369 cm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23\n",
+ "delta_Hv=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23\n",
+ "T=500\n",
+ "mv=5.55; #molar volume\n",
+ "x=2*10**-8; #numbber of cm in 1 angstrom\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "n=N*math.exp(-delta_Hv/(k*T))/mv\n",
+ "a=round(n/(5*10**7*10**6),4)*x;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The number that must be created on heating from 0 to 500K is n=\",round(n/10**12,2),\"*10**12 per cm**3\" #into cm**3\n",
+ "print\"As one step is 2 Angstorms, 5*10**7 vacancies are required for 1cm\"\n",
+ "print\"The amount of climb down by the dislocation is\",a*10**8,\"cm\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/8.DEFECTS_IN_SOLIDS_1.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/8.DEFECTS_IN_SOLIDS_1.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09325a4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/8.DEFECTS_IN_SOLIDS_1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#8:Defects In Solids "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.1, Page number 8.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "at 0K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 0\n",
+ "at 300K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 7.577 *10**5\n",
+ "at 900K, The numb ber of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 6.502 *10**19\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**26\n",
+ "deltaHv=120\n",
+ "B=1.38*10**-23\n",
+ "k=6.023*10**23\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "n0=0 # 0 in denominator\n",
+ "n300=N*math.exp(-deltaHv*10**3/(k*B*300)) #The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper\n",
+ "n900=N*math.exp(-(deltaHv*10**3)/(k*B*900))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"at 0K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",n0\n",
+ "print\"at 300K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",round(n300/10**5,3),\"*10**5\"\n",
+ "print\"at 900K, The numb ber of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",round(n900/10**19,3),\"*10**19\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.2, Page number 8.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Fraction of vacancies at 1000 degrees C = 8.5 *10**-7\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "from sympy import Symbol\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "F_500=1*10**-10\n",
+ "delta_Hv=Symbol('delta_Hv')\n",
+ "k=Symbol('k')\n",
+ "T1=500+273\n",
+ "T2=1000+273\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "lnx=math.log(F_500)*T1/T2;\n",
+ "x=math.exp(round(lnx,2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Fraction of vacancies at 1000 degrees C =\",round(x*10**7,1),\"*10**-7\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.3, Page number 8.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Volume of unit cell of NaCl = 1.794 *10**-28 m**3\n",
+ "Total number of ion pairs 'N' =' 2.23 *10**28\n",
+ "The concentration of Schottky defects per m**3 at 300K = 6.42 *10**11\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=(2*2.82*10**-10)\n",
+ "delta_Hs=1.971*1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23\n",
+ "T=300\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V=a**3 #Volume of unit cell of NaCl\n",
+ "N=4/V #Total number of ion pairs\n",
+ "n=N*math.e**-(delta_Hs/(2*k*T)) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Volume of unit cell of NaCl =\",round(V*10**28,3),\"*10**-28 m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Total number of ion pairs 'N' ='\",round(N/10**28,2),\"*10**28\"\n",
+ "print\"The concentration of Schottky defects per m**3 at 300K =\",round(n/10**11,2),\"*10**11\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.4, Page number 8.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The number that must be created on heating from 0 to 500K is n= 9.22 *10**12 per cm**3\n",
+ "As one step is 2 Angstorms, 5*10**7 vacancies are required for 1cm\n",
+ "The amount of climb down by the dislocation is 0.369 cm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23\n",
+ "delta_Hv=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23\n",
+ "T=500\n",
+ "mv=5.55; #molar volume\n",
+ "x=2*10**-8; #numbber of cm in 1 angstrom\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "n=N*math.exp(-delta_Hv/(k*T))/mv\n",
+ "a=round(n/(5*10**7*10**6),4)*x;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The number that must be created on heating from 0 to 500K is n=\",round(n/10**12,2),\"*10**12 per cm**3\" #into cm**3\n",
+ "print\"As one step is 2 Angstorms, 5*10**7 vacancies are required for 1cm\"\n",
+ "print\"The amount of climb down by the dislocation is\",a*10**8,\"cm\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter01.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter01.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c7516bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter01.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 1:INTERFERENCE AND DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.1, Page number 1.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The fringe width beta= 0.2945 mm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "D=1 #Distance in metre\n",
+ "lamda=589*10**-9 #nm to metres\n",
+ "d=2*10**-3 #mm to metre\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "beta=(D*lamda)/d\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The fringe width beta=\",round(beta*10**3,4),\"mm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.2, Page number 1.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Thickness of glass plate= 3.27 micron.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=3 #position\n",
+ "lamda=5450*10**-10 #Wawelength in Armstrong to metre\n",
+ "mu=1.5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t=(N*lamda)/(mu-1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Thickness of glass plate=\",round(t*10**6,2),\"micron.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.3, Page number 1.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total number of lines n the grating= 9539.0\n",
+ "#Answer varies due to rounding of number\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "w=0.02 \n",
+ "n=1\n",
+ "lamda=6.56*10**-7\n",
+ "theta=(18+(14/60))*math.pi/180\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=(w*math.sin(theta))/(n*lamda)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Total number of lines n the grating=\",round(N)\n",
+ "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of number\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.4, Page number 1.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 7,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "t= 11.786 micron\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5893*10**-10 #Angstroms to mts\n",
+ "x=4*10**-2\n",
+ "beta=1*10**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t=(lamda*x)/(2*beta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"t=\",round(t*10**6,3),\"micron\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.6, Page number 1.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The minimum thickness of coating,t= 996.4 Angstroms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5500\n",
+ "nf=1.38\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "t=lamda/(4*nf)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The minimum thickness of coating,t=\",round(t,1),\"Angstroms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.7, Page number 1.37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Wavelength,lamda= 5448.0 *10**-10 m\n",
+ "#Answer varies due to rounding of number\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "beta=0.00227 #distance between adjascent green lines\n",
+ "D=2.5 \n",
+ "d=0.0006 #distance between narrow slits\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=(beta*d)/D\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Wavelength,lamda=\",round(lamda*10**10),\"*10**-10 m\"\n",
+ "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of number\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.8, Page number 1.37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Smallest thickness of plate,t= 3927.0 *10**-10 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5890*10**-10\n",
+ "mu=1.5\n",
+ "theta=60*math.pi/180 #Converting in to degrees\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "cos=math.cos(theta)\n",
+ "t=(lamda)/(2*mu*(math.cos(theta)))\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Smallest thickness of plate,t=\",round(t*10**10),\"*10**-10 m\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.9, Page number 1.37"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 5,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Refractive index,mu = 1.31\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "R=1\n",
+ "n=5\n",
+ "lamda=5.895*10**-7\n",
+ "dn=0.003\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mu=(4*R*n*lamda)/(dn**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Refractive index,mu =\",mu "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.10, Page number 1.38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "N = 327.4\n",
+ "The number of rulings needed is 328. This is the minimum requirement.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5893;\n",
+ "n=3\n",
+ "d_lamda=6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=(lamda)/(n*d_lamda)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"N =\",round(N,1)\n",
+ "print\"The number of rulings needed is 328. This is the minimum requirement.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.11, Page number 1.38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Smallest angular separation of two stars = 2.642 *10**-7 radian\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5.5*10**-7\n",
+ "d=2.54\n",
+ "x=1.22\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "dtheta=(x*lamda)/d\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Smallest angular separation of two stars =\",round(dtheta*10**7,3),\"*10**-7 radian\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.12, Page number 1.38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Slit width value, a= 13000.0 Angstroms = 1.3 micron\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=6500\n",
+ "theta=30*math.pi/180\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=lamda/math.sin(theta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Slit width value, a=\",a,\"Angstroms =\",round(a*10**-4,1),\"micron\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.13, Page number 1.38"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "r= 2.0 /1\n",
+ "Hence the ratio of the amplitudes= 2:1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a2=1\n",
+ "a1=2*a2\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "r=a1/a2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"r=\",r,\"/1\" #r = r/1 = r:1\n",
+ "print\"Hence the ratio of the amplitudes= 2:1\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.14, Page number 1.39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 73,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a= 2.0 *10**-4 m = 0.2 mm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=5*10**-3/2\n",
+ "lamda=5*10**-7\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a=(lamda)/theta\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"a=\",round(a*10**4),\"*10**-4 m\",\"=\",a*10**3,\"mm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.15, Page number 1.39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 76,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "mu-1= 0.4\n",
+ "Refractive index, mu= 1.4\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=20\n",
+ "lamda=5000*10**-10 #Angstroms to meters\n",
+ "t=2.5*10**-5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mu_1=(N*lamda)/t\n",
+ "mu=1+(mu_1)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"mu-1=\",mu_1\n",
+ "print\"Refractive index, mu=\",mu"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 1.16, Page number 1.39"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 79,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Maximum number of orders= 3.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=90*math.pi/180 #theta=90 degrees to get maximum number of orders assume\n",
+ "lamda=5890*10**-10\n",
+ "aplusb=2*10**-6 #micro mts to mts \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "n=(aplusb*math.sin(theta))/lamda\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Maximum number of orders=\",round(n)\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter02.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter02.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d548c39e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter02.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 2:POLARIZATION AND ULTRASONICS "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.1, Page number 2.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "theta= 45.0 degrees\n",
+ "theta= 135.0 degrees\n",
+ "#The value of theta can be +(or)- 45 degrees and +(or)-135 degrees.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "I=1/2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta1=math.acos(1/math.sqrt(2))*(180/math.pi)\n",
+ "theta2=math.acos(-1/math.sqrt(2))*(180/math.pi)\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"theta=\",theta1,\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print\"theta=\",theta2,\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print\"#The value of theta can be +(or)- 45 degrees and +(or)-135 degrees.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.2, Page number 2.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 10,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "ip= 60.0 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "ip=math.atan(1.732)*(180/math.pi)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"ip=\",round(ip),\"degrees\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.3, Page number 2.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "phi= 104.7 rad.\n",
+ "Since the phase difference should be with in 2pi radius, we get phi=4.169 rad.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=1*10**-3\n",
+ "lamda=6000*10**-10\n",
+ "nd=0.01 #difference between the refractive indices(n1 - n2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "phi=(2*math.pi*d*nd)/lamda\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"phi=\",round(phi,1),\"rad.\"\n",
+ "print\"Since the phase difference should be with in 2pi radius, we get phi=4.169 rad.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.4, Page number 2.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 30,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Thickness,t= 27.47 micro m.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=5000*10**-10\n",
+ "mu_0=1.5533\n",
+ "mu_1=1.5442\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "t=lamda/(2*(mu_0 - mu_1))\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Thickness,t=\",round(t*10**6,2),\"micro m.\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.5, Page number 2.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 31,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Birefringence of the crystal delta/mu= 0.005\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=6000*10**-10\n",
+ "t=0.003*10**-2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "delta_mu=lamda/(4*t)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Birefringence of the crystal delta/mu=\",delta_mu\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.6, Page number 2.34¶"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Refractive index of medium= 1.732\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "theta=60*(math.pi/180) #When the angle of refraction is 30degrees, angle of reflection will be 60degrees\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mu=math.tan(theta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Refractive index of medium=\",round(mu,3)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.7, Page number 2.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 6,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Ultrasonic wavelength,lamda s = 7.47 *10**-4 m\n",
+ "Velocity of ultrasonic waves in liquid = 1495.0 ms**-1\n",
+ "#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "m=1\n",
+ "lamda_l=6000*10**-10\n",
+ "theta=0.046*(math.pi/180)\n",
+ "n=2*10**6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda_s=(m*lamda_l)/(math.sin(theta))\n",
+ "v=n*lamda_s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Ultrasonic wavelength,lamda s =\",round(lamda_s*10**4,2),\"*10**-4 m\"\n",
+ "print\"Velocity of ultrasonic waves in liquid =\",round(v),\"ms**-1\"\n",
+ "print\"#Answer varies due to rounding of numbers\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.8, Page number 2.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Velocity of blood flow = 0.1001 m s**-1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "C=1500\n",
+ "Df=267\n",
+ "f=2*10**6\n",
+ "theta=0*math.pi/180 #degrees\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=(C*Df)/(2*f*math.cos(theta))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Velocity of blood flow =\",round(V,4),\"m s**-1\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.9, Page number 2.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 35,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Fundamental frequency,f = 4.0 *10**6 Hz.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "t=0.7*10**-3\n",
+ "E=8.8*10**10\n",
+ "rho=2800\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "f=(1/(2*t))*math.sqrt(E/rho) #Fundamental frequency\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Fundamental frequency,f =\",round(f*10**-6),\"*10**6 Hz.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 2.10, Page number 2.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 38,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The depth of the sea = 997.5 m.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "v=1500\n",
+ "t=1.33\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "d=(v*t)/2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The depth of the sea =\",d,\"m.\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter03.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter03.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a665a220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter03.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#3: ACOUSTICS OF BUILDINGS AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.1, Page number 3.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 22,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Reverbration time = 3.9 s\n",
+ "Final Reverbration time = 1.95 s\n",
+ "Thus the reverbration time is reduced to one-half of its initial value\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=2265\n",
+ "A=92.9\n",
+ "x=2 #The absorption become 2*A of open window\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T=(0.16*V)/A #Sabine's formula \n",
+ "T2=(0.16*V)/(x*A)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Reverbration time =\",round(T,1),\"s\"\n",
+ "print\"Final Reverbration time =\",round(T2,2),\"s\"\n",
+ "print\"Thus the reverbration time is reduced to one-half of its initial value\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.2, Page number 3.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 19,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Volume of the hall = 2160 m**3\n",
+ "Total absorption = 430.7 m**2\n",
+ "Reverbration time = 0.8 second\n",
+ "Answer given for the Reverbration time in the text book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a1=450 #Area of plastered wall\n",
+ "a2=360 #Area of wooden floor and wooden doors\n",
+ "a3=24 #Area of Glass\n",
+ "a4=600 #Area of seats\n",
+ "a5=500 #Area of audience when they are in seats\n",
+ "c1=0.03 #Coefficient of absorption of plastered wall\n",
+ "c2=0.06 #Coefficient of absorption of wooden floor and wooden doors\n",
+ "c3=0.025 #Coefficient of absorption of Glass\n",
+ "c4=0.3 #Coefficient of absorption of seats\n",
+ "c5=0.43 #Coefficient of absorption of audience when they are in seats\n",
+ "l=12\n",
+ "b=30\n",
+ "h=6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "V=l*b*h #volume of the hall\n",
+ "A=(a1*c1)+(a2*c2)+(a3*c3)+(a4*c4)+(a5*c5) #Total absorption\n",
+ "T=(0.16*V)/A #Reverbration time\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Volume of the hall =\",V,\"m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Total absorption =\",A,\"m**2\"\n",
+ "print\"Reverbration time =\",round(T,1),\"second\"\n",
+ "print\"Answer given for the Reverbration time in the text book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.3, Page number 3.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 21,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total absorpttion = 1000.0 m**2 of O.W.U.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "T=1.2\n",
+ "V=7500\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "A=(0.16*V)/T\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Total absorpttion =\",A,\" m**2 of O.W.U.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.4, Page number 3.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "T1 = 1.45 second\n",
+ "T2 = 0.73 second\n",
+ "Change in Reverbration time = 0.727 second\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "V=12*10**4\n",
+ "A=13200\n",
+ "x=2 #The absorption become 2*A of open window\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "T1=(0.16*V)/A #Sabine's formula \n",
+ "T2=(0.16*V)/(x*A)\n",
+ "Td=T1-T2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"T1 =\",round(T1,2),\"second\"\n",
+ "print\"T2 =\",round(T2,2),\"second\"\n",
+ "print\"Change in Reverbration time =\",round(Td,3),\"second\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.6, Page number 3.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "critical field is 33.64 *10**3 ampere/m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "H0=64*10**3; #initial field(ampere/m)\n",
+ "T=5; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "Tc=7.26; #transition temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "H=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2); #critical field(ampere/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"critical field is\",round(H/10**3,2),\"*10**3 ampere/m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.7, Page number 3.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Frequency of generated microwaves= 483.0 *10**9 Hz\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "V=1*10\n",
+ "h=6.625*10**-34\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "v=(2*e*V**-3)/h \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Frequency of generated microwaves=\",round(v/10**9),\"*10**9 Hz\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.8, Page number 3.34"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Number of electrons per unit volume = 3.7 *10**28/m**3\n",
+ "Effective mass of electron 'm*' = 17.3 *10*-31 kg\n",
+ "Penetration depth = 3.81011659367 Angstroms\n",
+ "#The answer given in the text book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=7300 #density in (kg/m**3)\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro Number\n",
+ "A=118.7 #Atomic Weight\n",
+ "E=1.9 #Effective mass\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "n=(d*N)/A\n",
+ "m=E*9.1*10**-31\n",
+ "x=4*math.pi*10**-7*n*e**2\n",
+ "lamda_L=math.sqrt(m/x)\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Number of electrons per unit volume =\",round(n/10**28,1),\"*10**28/m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Effective mass of electron 'm*' =\",round(m*10**31,1),\"*10*-31 kg\"\n",
+ "print\"Penetration depth =\",lamda_L*10**8,\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"#The answer given in the text book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": true
+ },
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.9, Page number 3.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Tc = 7.0969 K\n",
+ "lamda0= 39.0 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda_L1=39.6*10**-9\n",
+ "lamda_L2=173*10**-9\n",
+ "T1=7.1\n",
+ "T2=3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "x=(lamda_L1/lamda_L2)**2\n",
+ "Tc4=(T1**4)-((T2**4)*x)/(1-x)\n",
+ "Tc=(Tc4)**(1/4)\n",
+ "print\"Tc =\",round(Tc,4),\"K\"\n",
+ "print\"lamda0=\",round((math.sqrt(1-(T2/Tc)**4)*lamda_L1)*10**9),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.10, Page number 3.35"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Hc = 4.2759 *10**4\n",
+ "Critical current density,Jc = 1.71 *10**8 ampere/metre**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "H0=6.5*10**4 #(ampere/metre)\n",
+ "T=4.2 #K\n",
+ "Tc=7.18 #K\n",
+ "r=0.5*10**-3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Hc=H0*(1-(T/Tc)**2)\n",
+ "Ic=(2*math.pi*r)*Hc\n",
+ "A=math.pi*r**2\n",
+ "Jc=Ic/A #Critical current density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Hc =\",round(Hc/10**4,4),\"*10**4\"\n",
+ "print \"Critical current density,Jc =\",round(Jc/10**8,2),\"*10**8 ampere/metre**2\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 3.11, Page number 6.36"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "New critical temperature for mercury = 4.145 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "Tc1=4.185\n",
+ "M1=199.5\n",
+ "M2=203.4\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Tc2=Tc1*(M1/M2)**(1/2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"New critical temperature for mercury =\",round(Tc2,3),\"K\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter04.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter04.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..823230a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter04.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "# Chapter 4:LASERS "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.1, Page number 4.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Divergence = 0.5 *10**-3 radian\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "r1 = 2; #in radians\n",
+ "r2 = 3; #in radians\n",
+ "d1 = 4; #Converting from mm to radians\n",
+ "d2 = 6; #Converting from mm to radians\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculations\n",
+ "D = (r2-r1)/(d2*10**3-d1*10**3) #Divergence\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Divergence =\",round(D*10**3,3),\"*10**-3 radian\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.2, Page number 4.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 3,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Frequency (V) = 4.32 *10**14 Hz\n",
+ "Relative Population= 1.081 *10**30\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "C=3*10**8 #The speed of light\n",
+ "Lamda=6943 #Wavelength\n",
+ "T=300 #Temperature in Kelvin\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23 #Boltzmann's constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "\n",
+ "V=(C)/(Lamda*10**-10) #Frequency\n",
+ "R=math.exp(h*V/(k*T)) #Relative population\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Frequency (V) =\",round(V/10**14,2),\"*10**14 Hz\"\n",
+ "print \"Relative Population=\",round(R/10**30,3),\"*10**30\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.3, Page number 4.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Frequency= 4.74 *10**14 Hz\n",
+ "no.of photons emitted= 7.322 *10**15 photons/sec\n",
+ "Power density = 2.3 kWm**-2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "C=3*10**8 #Velocity of light\n",
+ "W=632.8*10**-9 #wavelength\n",
+ "P=2.3\n",
+ "t=1\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n",
+ "S=1*10**-6\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V=C/W #Frequency\n",
+ "n=((P*10**-3)*t)/(h*V) #no.of photons emitted\n",
+ "PD=P*10**-3/S #Power density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Frequency=\",round(V/10**14,2),\"*10**14 Hz\"\n",
+ "print \"no.of photons emitted=\",round(n/10**15,3),\"*10**15 photons/sec\"\n",
+ "print \"Power density =\",round(PD/1000,1),\"kWm**-2\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.4, Page number 4.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Wavelenght = 8628.0 Angstrom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "h=6.626*10**-34 #Planck constant \n",
+ "C=3*10**8 #Velocity of light\n",
+ "E_g=1.44 #bandgap \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculations\n",
+ "lamda=(h*C)*10**10/(E_g*1.6*10**-19) #Wavelenght\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Wavelenght =\",round(lamda),\"Angstrom\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 4.5, Page number 4.33"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Band gap = 0.8 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "W=1.55 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "E_g=(1.24)/W #Bandgap in eV \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Band gap =\",E_g,\"eV\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter05.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter05.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49cd3086
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter05.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 5:Fiber Optics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.1, Page number 5.28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 125,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The Critical angle = 78.5 degrees\n",
+ "The numerical aperture = 0.3\n",
+ "The acceptance angle = 17.4 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.50 #Core refractive index\n",
+ "n2=1.47 #Cladding refractive index\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "C_a=math.asin(n2/n1) #Critical angle \n",
+ "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2)**(1/2)\n",
+ "A_a=math.asin(N_a)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"The Critical angle =\",round(C_a*180/math.pi,1),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print \"The numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,2)\n",
+ "print \"The acceptance angle =\",round(A_a*180/math.pi,1),\"degrees\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.2, Page number 5.28"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 126,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "N = 490.0\n",
+ "Fiber can support 490.0 guided modes\n",
+ "In graded index fiber, No.of modes propogated inside the fiber = 245.0 only\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "d=50 #diameter\n",
+ "N_a=0.2 #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "lamda=1 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "N=4.9*(((d*10**-6*N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"N =\",N\n",
+ "print \"Fiber can support\",N,\"guided modes\"\n",
+ "print \"In graded index fiber, No.of modes propogated inside the fiber =\",N/2,\"only\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.3, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Numerical aperture = 0.008691\n",
+ "No. of modes that can be propogated = 1.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "d=50 #diameter\n",
+ "n1=1.450\n",
+ "n2=1.447\n",
+ "lamda=1 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2) #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "N=4.9*(((d*10**-6*N_a)/(lamda*10**-6))**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Numerical aperture =\",N_a\n",
+ "print \"No. of modes that can be propogated =\",round(N)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.4, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 34,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Numerical aperture = 0.46\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "delta=0.05 \n",
+ "n1=1.46\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N_a=n1*(2*delta)**(1/2) #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.5, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 40,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "V number = 94.72\n",
+ "maximum no.of modes propogating through fiber = 4486.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "a=50\n",
+ "n1=1.53\n",
+ "n2=1.50\n",
+ "lamda=1 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "N_a=(n1**2-n2**2) #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "V=((2*math.pi*a)/lamda)*N_a**(1/2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"V number =\",round(V,2)\n",
+ "print \"maximum no.of modes propogating through fiber =\",round(N)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.6, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 64,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Number of modes = 24589.0 modes\n",
+ "No.of modes is doubled to account for the two possible polarisations\n",
+ "Total No.of modes = 49178.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "a=100\n",
+ "N_a=0.3 #Numerical aperture\n",
+ "lamda=850 #wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V_n=(2*(math.pi)**2*a**2*10**-12*N_a**2)/lamda**2*10**-18\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Number of modes =\",round(V_n/10**-36),\"modes\"\n",
+ "print \"No.of modes is doubled to account for the two possible polarisations\"\n",
+ "print \"Total No.of modes =\",round(V_n/10**-36)*2\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.7, Page number 5.29"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 88,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Cutoff Wavellength = 1.315 micro m.\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "a=5;\n",
+ "n1=1.48;\n",
+ "delta=0.01;\n",
+ "V=25;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "lamda=(math.pi*(a*10**-6)*n1*math.sqrt(2*delta))/V # Cutoff Wavelength\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Cutoff Wavellength =\",round(lamda*10**7,3),\"micro m.\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.8, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 87,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Maximum core radius= 9.95 micro m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "V=2.405\n",
+ "lamda=1.3\n",
+ "N_a=0.05\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a_max=(V*lamda)/(2*math.pi*N_a)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Maximum core radius=\",round(a_max,2),\"micro m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.9, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Acceptance angle, theta_a = 17.46 degrees\n",
+ "For skew rays,theta_as 34.83 degrees\n",
+ "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "N_a=0.3\n",
+ "gamma=45\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "theta_a=math.asin(N_a)\n",
+ "theta_as=math.asin((N_a)/math.cos(gamma))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"Acceptance angle, theta_a =\",round(theta_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print \"For skew rays,theta_as \",round(theta_as*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print\"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.10, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 115,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Numerical aperture = 0.303\n",
+ "Acceptance angle = 17.63 degrees\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.53\n",
+ "delta=0.0196\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "N_a=n1*(2*delta)**(1/2)\n",
+ "A_a=math.asin(N_a)\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Numerical aperture =\",round(N_a,3)\n",
+ "print \"Acceptance angle =\",round(A_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.11, Page number 5.30"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 4,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "delta = 0.01\n",
+ "Core radius,a = 1.55 micro m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.480\n",
+ "n2=1.465\n",
+ "V=2.405\n",
+ "lamda=850*10**-9\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "delta=(n1**2-n2**2)/(2*n1**2)\n",
+ "a=(V*lamda*10**-9)/(2*math.pi*n1*math.sqrt(2*delta))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"delta =\",round(delta,2)\n",
+ "print \"Core radius,a =\",round(a*10**15,2),\"micro m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.12, Page number 5.31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 147,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " Critical angle= 83.38 degrees\n",
+ "Fiber length covered in one reflection= 430.84 micro m\n",
+ "Total no.of reflections per metre= 2321.0\n",
+ "Since L=1m, Total dist. travelled by light over one metre of fiber = 1.0067 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n1=1.5\n",
+ "n2=1.49\n",
+ "a=25\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "C_a=math.asin(n2/n1) #Critical angle\n",
+ "L=2*a*math.tan(C_a) \n",
+ "N_r=10**6/L \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Critical angle=\",round(C_a*180/math.pi,2),\"degrees\"\n",
+ "print \"Fiber length covered in one reflection=\",round(L,2),\"micro m\"\n",
+ "print \"Total no.of reflections per metre=\",round(N_r)\n",
+ "print \"Since L=1m, Total dist. travelled by light over one metre of fiber =\",round(1/math.sin(C_a),4),\"m\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.13, Page number 5.31"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 155,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "No.of modes = 154.69 =155(approx)\n",
+ "Taking the two possible polarizations, Total No.of nodes = 309.0\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "alpha=1.85\n",
+ "lamda=1.3*10**-6\n",
+ "a=25*10**-6\n",
+ "N_a=0.21\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V_n=((2*math.pi**2)*a**2*N_a**2)/lamda**2\n",
+ "N_m=(alpha/(alpha+2))*V_n\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print \"No.of modes =\",round(N_m,2),\"=155(approx)\"\n",
+ "print \"Taking the two possible polarizations, Total No.of nodes =\",round(N_m*2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.14, Page number 5.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a)Signal attention per unit length = 3.9 dB km**-1\n",
+ "b)Overall signal attenuation = 39.0 dB\n",
+ "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "P_i=100\n",
+ "P_o=2\n",
+ "L=10\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "S=(10/L)*math.log(P_i/P_o)\n",
+ "O=S*L\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"a)Signal attention per unit length =\",round(S,1),\"dB km**-1\"\n",
+ "print \"b)Overall signal attenuation =\",round(O),\"dB\"\n",
+ "print \"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example 5.15, Page number 5.32"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Total dispersion = 1343.3 ns\n",
+ "Bandwidth length product = 37.22 Hz-km\n",
+ "#Answer given in the text book is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "L=10\n",
+ "n1=1.55\n",
+ "delta=0.026\n",
+ "C=3*10**5\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "delta_T=(L*n1*delta)/C\n",
+ "B_W=10/(2*delta_T)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Total dispersion =\",round(delta_T/10**-9,1),\"ns\"\n",
+ "print \"Bandwidth length product =\",round(B_W/10**5,2),\"Hz-km\"\n",
+ "print \"#Answer given in the text book is wrong\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter06.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter06.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..392de89d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter06.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#Chapter 6:Magnetic Properties and Crystal Structures"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.1, Page number 6.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "temperature rise is 8.43 K\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "El=10**-2*50; #energy loss(J)\n",
+ "H=El*60; #heat produced(J)\n",
+ "d=7.7*10**3; #iron rod(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "s=0.462*10**-3; #specific heat(J/kg K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "theta=H/(d*s); #temperature rise(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"temperature rise is\",round(theta,2),\"K\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.2, Page number 6.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 11,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "magnetic field at the centre is 14.0 weber/m**2\n",
+ "dipole moment is 9.0 *10**-24 ampere/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
+ "new=6.8*10**15; #frequency(revolutions per second)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "R=5.1*10**-11; #radius(m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "i=round(e*new,4); #current(ampere)\n",
+ "B=mew0*i/(2*R); #magnetic field at the centre(weber/m**2)\n",
+ "A=math.pi*R**2;\n",
+ "d=i*A; #dipole moment(ampere/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"magnetic field at the centre is\",round(B),\"weber/m**2\"\n",
+ "print \"dipole moment is\",round(d*10**24),\"*10**-24 ampere/m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.3, Page number 6.46"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 12,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "intensity of magnetisation is 5.0 ampere/m\n",
+ "flux density in material is 1.257 weber/m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "chi=0.5*10**-5; #magnetic susceptibility\n",
+ "H=10**6; #field strength(ampere/m)\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "I=chi*H; #intensity of magnetisation(ampere/m)\n",
+ "B=mew0*(I+H); #flux density in material(weber/m**2)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"intensity of magnetisation is\",I,\"ampere/m\"\n",
+ "print \"flux density in material is\",round(B,3),\"weber/m**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.4, Page number 6.47"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "number of Bohr magnetons is 2.22 bohr magneon/atom\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "B=9.27*10**-24; #bohr magneton(ampere m**2)\n",
+ "a=2.86*10**-10; #edge(m)\n",
+ "Is=1.76*10**6; #saturation value of magnetisation(ampere/m)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "N=2/a**3;\n",
+ "mew_bar=Is/N; #number of Bohr magnetons(ampere m**2)\n",
+ "mew_bar=mew_bar/B; #number of Bohr magnetons(bohr magneon/atom)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"number of Bohr magnetons is\",round(mew_bar,2),\"bohr magneon/atom\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.5, Page number 6.47"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 14,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "average magnetic moment is 2.79 *10**-3 bohr magneton/spin\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "mew0=4*math.pi*10**-7;\n",
+ "H=9.27*10**-24; #bohr magneton(ampere m**2)\n",
+ "beta=10**6; #field(ampere/m)\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23; #boltzmann constant\n",
+ "T=303; #temperature(K)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "mm=mew0*H*beta/(k*T); #average magnetic moment(bohr magneton/spin)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"average magnetic moment is\",round(mm*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 bohr magneton/spin\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.6, Page number 6.48"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 15,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "hysteresis loss per cycle is 188.0 J/m**3\n",
+ "hysteresis loss per second is 9400.0 watt/m**3\n",
+ "power loss is 1.23 watt/kg\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "A=94; #area(m**2)\n",
+ "vy=0.1; #value of length(weber/m**2)\n",
+ "vx=20; #value of unit length\n",
+ "n=50; #number of magnetization cycles\n",
+ "d=7650; #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "h=A*vy*vx; #hysteresis loss per cycle(J/m**3)\n",
+ "hs=h*n; #hysteresis loss per second(watt/m**3)\n",
+ "pl=hs/d; #power loss(watt/kg)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"hysteresis loss per cycle is\",h,\"J/m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"hysteresis loss per second is\",hs,\"watt/m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"power loss is\",round(pl,2),\"watt/kg\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.7, Page number 6.48"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 16,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a= 5.43 Angstorm\n",
+ "density = 6.88 kg/m**3\n",
+ "#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "d=2.351 #bond lenght\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "n=8 #number of atoms in unit cell\n",
+ "A=28.09 #Atomin mass of silicon\n",
+ "m=6.02*10**26 #1mole\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=(4*d)/math.sqrt(3)\n",
+ "p=(n*A)/((a*10**-10)*m) #density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"a=\",round(a,2),\"Angstorm\"\n",
+ "print \"density =\",round(p*10**16,2),\"kg/m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"#Answer given in the textbook is wrong\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.8, Page number 6.48"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 20,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ " radius of largest sphere is 0.154700538379252*r\n",
+ "maximum radius of sphere is 0.414213562373095*r\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ " import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "from sympy import Symbol\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "r=Symbol('r')\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculation\n",
+ "a1=4*r/math.sqrt(3);\n",
+ "R1=(a1/2)-r; #radius of largest sphere\n",
+ "a2=4*r/math.sqrt(2);\n",
+ "R2=(a2/2)-r; #maximum radius of sphere\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"radius of largest sphere is\",R1\n",
+ "print \"maximum radius of sphere is\",R2 "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.9, Page number 6.49"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 1,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a1= 2.905 Angstrom\n",
+ "Unit cell volume =a1**3 = 24.521 *10**-30 m**3\n",
+ "Volume occupied by one atom = 12.26 *10**-30 m**3\n",
+ "a2= 3.654 Angstorm\n",
+ "Unit cell volume =a2**3 = 48.8 *10**-30 m**3\n",
+ "Volume occupied by one atom = 12.2 *10**-30 m**3\n",
+ "Volume Change in % = 0.493\n",
+ "Density Change in % = 0.5\n",
+ "Thus the increase of density or the decrease of volume is about 0.5%\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "r1=1.258 #Atomic radius of BCC\n",
+ "r2=1.292 #Atomic radius of FCC\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#calculations\n",
+ "a1=(4*r1)/math.sqrt(3) #in BCC\n",
+ "b1=((a1)**3)*10**-30 #Unit cell volume\n",
+ "v1=(b1)/2 #Volume occupied by one atom\n",
+ "a2=2*math.sqrt(2)*r2 #in FCC\n",
+ "b2=(a2)**3*10**-30 #Unit cell volume\n",
+ "v2=(b2)/4 #Volume occupied by one atom \n",
+ "v_c=((v1)-(v2))*100/(v1) #Volume Change in % \n",
+ "d_c=((v1)-(v2))*100/(v2) #Density Change in %\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print \"a1=\",round(a1,3),\"Angstrom\" \n",
+ "print \"Unit cell volume =a1**3 =\",round((b1)/10**-30,3),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"Volume occupied by one atom =\",round(v1/10**-30,2),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"a2=\",round(a2,3),\"Angstorm\"\n",
+ "print \"Unit cell volume =a2**3 =\",round((b2)/10**-30,3),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"Volume occupied by one atom =\",round(v2/10**-30,2),\"*10**-30 m**3\"\n",
+ "print \"Volume Change in % =\",round(v_c,3)\n",
+ "print \"Density Change in % =\",round(d_c,2)\n",
+ "print \"Thus the increase of density or the decrease of volume is about 0.5%\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.10, Page number 6.50"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 24,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a= 0.563 *10**-9 metre\n",
+ "spacing between the nearest neighbouring ions = 0.2814 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n=4 \n",
+ "M=58.5 #Molecular wt. of NaCl\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "rho=2180 #density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=((n*M)/(N*rho))**(1/3) \n",
+ "s=a/2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"a=\",round(a/10**-9,3),\"*10**-9 metre\"\n",
+ "print \"spacing between the nearest neighbouring ions =\",round(s/10**-9,4),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.11, Page number 6.51"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 25,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "lattice constant, a= 0.36 nm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "n=4 \n",
+ "A=63.55 #Atomic wt. of NaCl\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "rho=8930 #density\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=((n*A)/(N*rho))**(1/3) #Lattice Constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"lattice constant, a=\",round(a*10**9,2),\"nm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 6.12, Page number 6.51"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 26,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Density of iron = 8805.0 kg/m**-3\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "import math\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#variable declaration\n",
+ "r=0.123 #Atomic radius\n",
+ "n=4\n",
+ "A=55.8 #Atomic wt\n",
+ "a=2*math.sqrt(2) \n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26 #Avagadro number\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "rho=(n*A)/((a*r*10**-9)**3*N)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print \"Density of iron =\",round(rho),\"kg/m**-3\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter07.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter07.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..884fa904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter07.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#7: Crystal Planes and X-ray Diffraction"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.1, Page number 7.12"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 9,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "i)Number of atoms per unit area of (100)plane= 1/(4*R**2)\n",
+ "ii)Number of atoms per unit area of (110)plane= 2.82842712474619*R**2\n",
+ "iii)Number of atoms per unit area of (111)plane= 2.3094010767585*R**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "from sympy import Symbol\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "R=Symbol('R')\n",
+ "a=2*R\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"i)Number of atoms per unit area of (100)plane=\",1/a**2\n",
+ "print\"ii)Number of atoms per unit area of (110)plane=\",1/math.sqrt(2)*a**2\n",
+ "print\"iii)Number of atoms per unit area of (111)plane=\",1/math.sqrt(3)*a**2"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.2, Page number 7.13"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 42,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "i)Surface area of the face ABCD = 13.0 *10**-14 mm**2\n",
+ "ii)Surface area of plane (110) = 1.09 *10**13 atoms/mm**2\n",
+ "iii)Surface area of pane(111)= 1.772 *10**13 atoms/mm**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=3.61*10**-7\n",
+ "BC=math.sqrt(2)/2\n",
+ "AD=(math.sqrt(6))/2\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"i)Surface area of the face ABCD =\",round(a**2*10**14),\"*10**-14 mm**2\"\n",
+ "print\"ii)Surface area of plane (110) =\",round((2/(a*math.sqrt(2)*a)/10**13),2),\"*10**13 atoms/mm**2\"\n",
+ "print\"iii)Surface area of pane(111)=\",round(2/(BC*AD*a**2)*10**-13,3),\"*10**13 atoms/mm**2\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.3, Page number 7.14"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 43,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d1 = 1.0\n",
+ "d2 = 0.707\n",
+ "d3 = 0.577\n",
+ "d1:d2:d3 = 1.0 : 0.707 : 0.577\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h1=1\n",
+ "k1=0\n",
+ "l1=0\n",
+ "h2=1\n",
+ "k2=1\n",
+ "l2=0\n",
+ "h3=1\n",
+ "k3=1\n",
+ "l3=1\n",
+ "a=1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d1=a/(math.sqrt(h1**2+k1**2+l1**2))\n",
+ "d2=a/(math.sqrt(h2**2+k2**2+l2**2))\n",
+ "d3=a/(math.sqrt(h3**2+k3**2+l3**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"d1 =\",d1 \n",
+ "print\"d2 =\",round(d2,3)\n",
+ "print\"d3 =\",round(d3,3)\n",
+ "print\"d1:d2:d3 =\",d1,\":\",round(d2,3),\":\",round(d3,3)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.4, Page number 7.15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 47,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d(220) = 159.1 pm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "h=2\n",
+ "k=2\n",
+ "l=0\n",
+ "a=450\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d=a/(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"d(220) =\",round(d,1),\"pm\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.5, Page number 7.15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 49,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a = 3.615 Angstroms\n",
+ "d = 2.087 Angstroms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=3.615\n",
+ "r=1.278\n",
+ "h=1\n",
+ "k=1\n",
+ "l=1\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=(4*r)/math.sqrt(2)\n",
+ "d=a/(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"a =\",round(a,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d,3),\"Angstroms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.7, Page number 7.15"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 28,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d = 1.45 *10**-10 m\n",
+ "a = 4.1 *10**-10 m\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=1\n",
+ "lamda=1.54\n",
+ "theta=32*math.pi/180\n",
+ "h=2\n",
+ "k=2\n",
+ "l=0\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d=(n*lamda*10**-10)/(2*math.sin(theta)) #derived from 2dsin(theta)=n*l\n",
+ "a=d*(math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d*10**10,2),\"*10**-10 m\"\n",
+ "print\"a =\",round(a*10**10,1),\"*10**-10 m\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.8, Page number 7.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 50,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "i. d/n = 2.582 Angstroms\n",
+ "ii. d/n = 1.824 Angstroms\n",
+ "iii.d/n = 1.289 Angstroms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.58\n",
+ "theta1=6.45*math.pi/180\n",
+ "theta2=9.15*math.pi/180\n",
+ "theta3=13*math.pi/180\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "dbyn1=lamda/(2*(math.sin(theta1)))\n",
+ "dbyn2=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta2))\n",
+ "dbyn3=lamda/(2*math.sin(theta3))\n",
+ " \n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"i. d/n =\",round(dbyn1,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"ii. d/n =\",round(dbyn2,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"iii.d/n =\",round(dbyn3,3),\"Angstroms\"\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.9, Page number 7.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "n = 1.53\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "d=1.18\n",
+ "theta=90*math.pi/180\n",
+ "lamda=1.540\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "n=(2*d*math.sin(theta))/lamda\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"n =\",round(n,2)"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.10, Page number 7.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 41,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a = 3.51 Angstorms\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.58\n",
+ "theta=9.5*math.pi/180\n",
+ "n=1\n",
+ "d=0.5 #d200=a/math.sqrt(2**2+0**2+0**2)=0.5a\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=n*lamda/(2*d*math.sin(theta)) #2*d*sin(theta)=n*lamda \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"a =\",round(a,2),\"Angstorms\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.11, Page number 7.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 17,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "sin(theta3) = 26 35.9387574495\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "lamda=0.842\n",
+ "n1=1\n",
+ "q=(8+(35/60))*(math.pi/180)\n",
+ "n2=3\n",
+ "d=1\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "#n*lamda=2*d*sin(theta)\n",
+ "#n1*0.842=2*d*sin(q)\n",
+ "#n3*0.842=2*d*sin(theta3)\n",
+ "#Dividing both the eauations, we get\n",
+ "#(n2*lamda)/(n1*lamda)=2*d*math.sin(theta3)/2*d*math.sin(q)\n",
+ "theta3=math.asin((((n2*lamda)/(n1*lamda))*(2*d*math.sin(q)))/(2*d))\n",
+ "d=theta3*180/math.pi;\n",
+ "a_d=int(d);\n",
+ "a_m=(d-int(d))*60\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"sin(theta3) =\",a_d,a_m\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.12, Page number 7.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d = 2.22 Angstorms\n",
+ "sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2) = 1.424\n",
+ "Therefore, h**2+k**2+l**2 =sqrt(2)\n",
+ "h =1, k=1\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=3.16\n",
+ "lamda=1.54\n",
+ "n=1\n",
+ "theta=20.3*math.pi/180\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d=(n*lamda)/(2*math.sin(theta))\n",
+ "x=a/d #let math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)=x\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstorms\"\n",
+ "print\"sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2) =\",round(x,3)\n",
+ "print\"Therefore, h**2+k**2+l**2 =sqrt(2)\"\n",
+ "print\"h =1, k=1\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.13, Page number 7.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 53,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "a = 4.09 Angstroms\n",
+ "d = 2.36 Angstroms\n",
+ "lamda = 1.552 Angstroms\n",
+ "E = 8.0 *10**3 eV\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "## importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "n=4\n",
+ "A=107.87\n",
+ "rho=10500\n",
+ "N=6.02*10**26\n",
+ "h=1;\n",
+ "k=1;\n",
+ "l=1;\n",
+ "H=6.625*10**-34\n",
+ "e=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "theta=(19+(12/60))*math.pi/180\n",
+ "C=3*10**8\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "a=((n*A)/(rho*N))**(1/3)*10**10\n",
+ "d=a/math.sqrt(h**2+k**2+l**2)\n",
+ "lamda=2*d*math.sin(theta)\n",
+ "E=(H*C)/(lamda*10**-10*e)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"a =\",round(a,2),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"lamda =\",round(lamda,3),\"Angstroms\"\n",
+ "print\"E =\",round(E/10**3),\"*10**3 eV\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 7.14, Page number 7.19"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 72,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "d = 2.64 Angstorms\n",
+ "sin(theta)= 0.288\n",
+ "X = 7.554 cm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=4.57\n",
+ "h=1\n",
+ "k=1\n",
+ "l=1\n",
+ "lamda=1.52\n",
+ "twotheta=33.5*math.pi/180\n",
+ "r=5 #radius\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "d=a/(h**2+k**2+l**2)**(1/2)\n",
+ "sintheta=lamda/(2*d)\n",
+ "X=r/math.tan(twotheta)\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"d =\",round(d,2),\"Angstorms\"\n",
+ "print\"sin(theta)=\",round(sintheta,3)\n",
+ "print\"X =\",round(X,3),\"cm\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter08.ipynb b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter08.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09325a4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ENGINEERING_PHYSICS_by_M.ARUMUGAM/Chapter08.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "#8:Defects In Solids "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.1, Page number 8.16"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 13,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "at 0K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 0\n",
+ "at 300K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 7.577 *10**5\n",
+ "at 900K, The numb ber of vacancies per kilomole of copper is 6.502 *10**19\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**26\n",
+ "deltaHv=120\n",
+ "B=1.38*10**-23\n",
+ "k=6.023*10**23\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "n0=0 # 0 in denominator\n",
+ "n300=N*math.exp(-deltaHv*10**3/(k*B*300)) #The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper\n",
+ "n900=N*math.exp(-(deltaHv*10**3)/(k*B*900))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Results\n",
+ "print\"at 0K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",n0\n",
+ "print\"at 300K, The number of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",round(n300/10**5,3),\"*10**5\"\n",
+ "print\"at 900K, The numb ber of vacancies per kilomole of copper is\",round(n900/10**19,3),\"*10**19\""
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.2, Page number 8.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 2,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Fraction of vacancies at 1000 degrees C = 8.5 *10**-7\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "from sympy import Symbol\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "F_500=1*10**-10\n",
+ "delta_Hv=Symbol('delta_Hv')\n",
+ "k=Symbol('k')\n",
+ "T1=500+273\n",
+ "T2=1000+273\n",
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "lnx=math.log(F_500)*T1/T2;\n",
+ "x=math.exp(round(lnx,2))\n",
+ "\n",
+ "print\"Fraction of vacancies at 1000 degrees C =\",round(x*10**7,1),\"*10**-7\" "
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.3, Page number 8.17"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 18,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "Volume of unit cell of NaCl = 1.794 *10**-28 m**3\n",
+ "Total number of ion pairs 'N' =' 2.23 *10**28\n",
+ "The concentration of Schottky defects per m**3 at 300K = 6.42 *10**11\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "a=(2*2.82*10**-10)\n",
+ "delta_Hs=1.971*1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23\n",
+ "T=300\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V=a**3 #Volume of unit cell of NaCl\n",
+ "N=4/V #Total number of ion pairs\n",
+ "n=N*math.e**-(delta_Hs/(2*k*T)) \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"Volume of unit cell of NaCl =\",round(V*10**28,3),\"*10**-28 m**3\"\n",
+ "print\"Total number of ion pairs 'N' ='\",round(N/10**28,2),\"*10**28\"\n",
+ "print\"The concentration of Schottky defects per m**3 at 300K =\",round(n/10**11,2),\"*10**11\"\n",
+ "\n"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "markdown",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "##Example number 8.4, Page number 8.18"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "execution_count": 36,
+ "metadata": {
+ "collapsed": false
+ },
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "name": "stdout",
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "text": [
+ "The number that must be created on heating from 0 to 500K is n= 9.22 *10**12 per cm**3\n",
+ "As one step is 2 Angstorms, 5*10**7 vacancies are required for 1cm\n",
+ "The amount of climb down by the dislocation is 0.369 cm\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "source": [
+ "#importing modules\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "from __future__ import division\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Variable declaration\n",
+ "N=6.023*10**23\n",
+ "delta_Hv=1.6*10**-19\n",
+ "k=1.38*10**-23\n",
+ "T=500\n",
+ "mv=5.55; #molar volume\n",
+ "x=2*10**-8; #numbber of cm in 1 angstrom\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "n=N*math.exp(-delta_Hv/(k*T))/mv\n",
+ "a=round(n/(5*10**7*10**6),4)*x;\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Result\n",
+ "print\"The number that must be created on heating from 0 to 500K is n=\",round(n/10**12,2),\"*10**12 per cm**3\" #into cm**3\n",
+ "print\"As one step is 2 Angstorms, 5*10**7 vacancies are required for 1cm\"\n",
+ "print\"The amount of climb down by the dislocation is\",a*10**8,\"cm\""
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+ "kernelspec": {
+ "display_name": "Python 2",
+ "language": "python",
+ "name": "python2"
+ },
+ "language_info": {
+ "codemirror_mode": {
+ "name": "ipython",
+ "version": 2
+ },
+ "file_extension": ".py",
+ "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+ "name": "python",
+ "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+ "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+ "version": "2.7.9"
+ }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
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