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+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": ""
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "<h1>Chapter 1:Introduction to Magnetic Circuits<h1>"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.1, Page number: 9"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "from math import *\n",
+      "#Variable declaration:\n",
+      "Ac=9                            #Cross-sectional area of the core(cm**2)\n",
+      "Ag=9                            #Cross-sectional area of the air-gap(cm**2)\n",
+      "g=0.050                         #Air-gap length(cm)            \n",
+      "lc=30                           #Mean Length of the core(cm)\n",
+      "N=500                           #No. of windings\n",
+      "ur=70000                        #Relative permeability of the core material\n",
+      "Bc=1.0                          # Magnetic Flux Density of the core(T)\n",
+      "uo=4*pi*10**-7                  #Permeability of free space\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculation\n",
+      "Rc=lc*10**-2/((ur*uo*Ac)*10**-4)\n",
+      "Rg=g*10**-2/((uo*Ag)*10**-4)\n",
+      "Q=Bc*Ac*10**-4\n",
+      "i=Q*(Rc+Rg)/N\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results\n",
+      "print \"a.Reluctance of the core,Rc:\",round(Rc,2), \"A.turns/Wb\" \n",
+      "print \"  Reluctance of the air-gap,Rg:\", round(Rg,2), \"A.turns/Wb\"\n",
+      "print \"b.The flux, Q:\", round(Q,4), \"Wb\"\n",
+      "print \"c.The current,i:\", round(i,2), \"A\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "a.Reluctance of the core,Rc: 3789.4 A.turns/Wb\n",
+        "  Reluctance of the air-gap,Rg: 442097.06 A.turns/Wb\n",
+        "b.The flux, Q: 0.0009 Wb\n",
+        "c.The current,i: 0.8 A\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.2, Page number: 10"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "from math import *\n",
+      "#Variable declaration:\n",
+      "I=10                            #Current in the coil(A)\n",
+      "N=1000                          #No of turns in the rotor\n",
+      "g=1                             #Air gap length(cm)\n",
+      "Ag=2000                         #Cross-section of the air-gap(cm**2)\n",
+      "uo=4*pi*10**-7                  #Permeability of free space\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculation:\n",
+      "Q=(N*I*uo*Ag*10**-4)/(2*g*10**-2)\n",
+      "Bg=round(Q,2)/(Ag*10**-4)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results\n",
+      "print \"The air-gap flux, Q:\", round(Q,2), \"Wb\"\n",
+      "print \"The flux density, Bg:\", round(Bg,4), \"T\"\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The air-gap flux, Q: 0.13 Wb\n",
+        "The flux density, Bg: 0.65 T\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.4, Page number: 13"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "from math import *\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "lc=0.3                                  #length of the core(cm)\n",
+      "ur1=72300                               #Relative permeablity for case(a)\n",
+      "ur2=2900                                #Relative permeablity for case(b)\n",
+      "Ac=9                                    #Cross-section of the core(cm**2)\n",
+      "Rg=4.42*10**5                           #Reluctance of the air-gap(A.turns/Wb)\n",
+      "N=500                                   #No of coil turns\n",
+      "uo=4*pi*10**-7                          #Permeability of free space(H/m)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations:\n",
+      "Rt1=(lc/(ur1*uo*Ac*10**-4))+Rg\n",
+      "L1=N**2/Rt1\n",
+      "Rt2=(lc/(ur2*uo*Ac*10**-4))+Rg\n",
+      "L2=N**2/Rt2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results:\n",
+      "print \"(a)Inductance,L:\",round(L1,2),\"H\"\n",
+      "print \"(b)Inductance,L:\",round(L2,2),\"H\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "(a)Inductance,L: 0.56 H\n",
+        "(b)Inductance,L: 0.47 H\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.5, Page number: 15"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "from pylab import *\n",
+      "from matplotlib import *\n",
+      "from math import *\n",
+      "%pylab inline\n",
+      "#Variable declaration:\n",
+      "Ac=9e-4                                 #Cross-section of the core(m)\n",
+      "Ag=9e-4                                 #Cross-section of the air-gap(m)\n",
+      "g=5e-4                                  #Air-gap length(m)\n",
+      "lc=0.3                                  #Mean length of the core(m)\n",
+      "N=500                                   #No. of turns of the core(m)\n",
+      "uo=4*pi*10**-7                          #Permeability of free space(H/m)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations:\n",
+      "Rg=g/(uo*Ag)                            #Reluctance of the air-gap(A.turns/Wb)\n",
+      "ur=[0]*200                              #Initialising array\n",
+      "L=[0]*200\n",
+      "\n",
+      "for n in range(1,101,1):\n",
+      "    ur[n-1]=100+(10000-100)*(n-1)/100\n",
+      "    Rc=lc/(ur[n-1]*uo*Ac)               #Reluctance of the core(A.turns/Wb)\n",
+      "    Rtot=Rg+Rc\n",
+      "    L[n-1]=(N**2)/Rtot                  #Inductance(H)\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results:\n",
+      "print \"The reqired plot is shown below:\"\n",
+      "plot(ur, L,'g.')\n",
+      "xlabel('Core relative permeability, ur')\n",
+      "ylabel('Inductance,L (H) ')\n",
+      "title('plot of inductance vs. relative permeability for Example 1.5.')\n",
+      "show()"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Populating the interactive namespace from numpy and matplotlib\n",
+        "The reqired plot is shown below:\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stderr",
+       "text": [
+        "WARNING: pylab import has clobbered these variables: ['streamplot', 'rc', 'tri', 'axes', 'sinh', 'legend', 'trunc', 'rc_context', 'figure', 'f', 'quiver', 'tan', 'axis', 'cosh', 'degrees', 'radians', 'fmod', 'expm1', 'ldexp', 'linalg', 'exp', 'draw_if_interactive', 'text', 'random', 'colors', 'stackplot', 'frexp', 'ceil', 'contour', 'isnan', 'copysign', 'cos', 'fft', 'tanh', 'colorbar', 'fabs', 'sqrt', 'rcdefaults', 'hypot', 'table', 'power', 'gamma', 'log', 'log10', 'info', 'log1p', 'floor', 'modf', 'test', 'pi', 'isinf', 'e', 'sin']\n",
+        "`%pylab --no-import-all` prevents importing * from pylab and numpy\n"
+       ]
+      },
+      {
+       "metadata": {},
+       "output_type": "display_data",
+       "png": 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PP2L+/PlKYlmwYAHy8/Mxffp0ZZq2bdsqieLWrVto2rQp/vOf/yA8PFw3yDrY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\nIiKDMWkQEZHBmDSIiMhgTBpERGSw/wfGiiSfSPgEbwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
+       "text": [
+        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x31b54d0>"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.6, Page number: 19"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "from sympy import *\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration:\n",
+      "Bc=1.0                                 #Magnetic field induction in the core\n",
+      "w=377                                  #Angular frequency of magnetic field(rad/s)\n",
+      "Rc=3791.33                             #Reluctance of the core(A.turns/Wb)\n",
+      "Rg=442321.3                            #Reluctance of the air-gap(A.turns/Wb)\n",
+      "N=500                                  #No. of windings\n",
+      "i=0.80                                 #Current in the coil\n",
+      "Ac=9*10**-4                            #Cross-section of the core\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations:\n",
+      "L=N**2/(Rc+Rg)\n",
+      "W=(1./2)*L*i**2\n",
+      "t = symbols('t')\n",
+      "Bc = 1.0*sin(w*t)\n",
+      "e=N*Ac*diff(Bc,t)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results:\n",
+      "print \"The Inductance, L:\", round(L,2), \"H\"\n",
+      "print \"The magntic stored energy, W:\", round(W,2), \"J\"\n",
+      "print \"Induced voltage, e:\",e,\"V\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The Inductance, L: 0.56 H\n",
+        "The magntic stored energy, W: 0.18 J\n",
+        "Induced voltage, e: 169.65*cos(377*t) V\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.7, Page number: 22"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "from math import *\n",
+      "#Variable declaration:\n",
+      "Bc=1                                    #Magnetic field in the core\n",
+      "Hc=11                                   #Magnetising force(A.turns/m)\n",
+      "lc=0.3                                  #length of the core(m)\n",
+      "N=500                                   #No of windings\n",
+      "g=0.050                                 #Air-gap length(cm)\n",
+      "uo=4*pi*10**-7                          #Permeability of free space(H/m)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculation:\n",
+      "Fc=Hc*lc                                #mmf drop for the core path(A.turns)\n",
+      "Fg=Bc*g*10**-2/uo                       #mmf drop across the air gap(A.turns)\n",
+      "i=(Fc+Fg)/N\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results:\n",
+      "print \"The required current,i:\" ,round(i,2) ,\"A\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The required current,i: 0.8 A\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 6
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.8, Page number: 28"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "from sympy import *\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration:\n",
+      "N=200                               #No. of turns\n",
+      "Ac=4                                #Cross-section of the core(in**2)\n",
+      "w=377                               #Angular frequency of the magnetic field(rad/s)\n",
+      "Hm=36                               #Max value magnetising force(A.turns/m)\n",
+      "Pc=1.2                              #Core loss density(W/kg)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations:\n",
+      "t=symbols('t')\n",
+      "Bc=1.5*sin(w*t)\n",
+      "e=(round(N*Ac*0.94/(39.4**2),2)*diff(Bc,t))\n",
+      "Erms=275*0.707\n",
+      "lc=(6+6+8+8)/39.4                   #Mean length of the core(m)\n",
+      "I=Hm*lc/N\n",
+      "Vc=4*0.94*28                        #Core volume(m**3)\n",
+      "Wc=105.5*(2.54**3)*7.65*10**-3                  #Core weight(kg)\n",
+      "Pa=1.5*13.2                         #Watts per Kg\n",
+      "Irms=Pa/Erms                        #Current (A)\n",
+      "Pct=Pc*Wc                           #Total core loss(W)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results:\n",
+      "print \"The applied voltage,e:\", e, \"V\"\n",
+      "print \"The peak current,I:\", round(I,2), \"A\"\n",
+      "print \"The total rms current. Irms:\", round(Irms,2), \"A\"\n",
+      "print \"Total Core loss, Pct:\",round(Pct,2),\"W\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The applied voltage,e: 271.44*cos(377*t) V\n",
+        "The peak current,I: 0.13 A\n",
+        "The total rms current. Irms: 0.1 A\n",
+        "Total Core loss, Pct: 15.87 W\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 8
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.9, Page number: 32"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "from sympy import *\n",
+      "from math import *\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable Declaration:\n",
+      "g=0.2                               #air-gap length(cm)\n",
+      "lm=1.0                              #length of magnetic section(cm)\n",
+      "Am=4                                #Cross-section of the core(cm**2)\n",
+      "Ag=4                                #Cross-section of the air-gap(cm**2)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Constants used:\n",
+      "uo=4*pi*10**-7                      #Permeability of free space(H/m)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations:\n",
+      "Hm=symbols('Hm')\n",
+      "def Bg(Hm):\n",
+      "    return -uo*Ag*lm*Hm/(Am*g)             \n",
+      "\n",
+      "Hm1=-49*10**3                    #Coercivity of ALNICO 5 (A/m)\n",
+      "Hm2=-6                          #Coercivity of M-5 electrical steel (A/m)                     \n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results:\n",
+      "print \"Flux Density of air gap:\", round(Bg(Hm1),2),\"T\"\n",
+      "print \"\\nFlux Density of air gap:\", round(Bg(Hm2*10**4),2),\"gauss\"\n",
+      "print \"\\nwhere value of Hm for different material.\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Flux Density of air gap: 0.31 T\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Flux Density of air gap: 0.38 gauss\n",
+        "\n",
+        "where value of Hm for different material.\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 10
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.10, Page number: 34"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "from sympy import *\n",
+      "from math import *\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration:\n",
+      "Ag=2                                #Cross-section of air-gap(cm**2) \n",
+      "Bg=0.8                              #Air-gap flux density(t)\n",
+      "Bm=1.0                              #Core-flux density(T)\n",
+      "Hm=-40                              #Magnetising force in the core(kA/m)\n",
+      "uo=4*pi*10**-7                      #permeability of free space(H/m)\n",
+      "g=0.2                               #Air-gap length(cm)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations:\n",
+      "Am=Ag*Bg/Bm\n",
+      "lm=-g*Bg/(Hm*uo*10**3)\n",
+      "Vm=Am*lm\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Results:\n",
+      "print \"The minimum magnet volume,Vm:\",round(Vm,2),\"cm**3\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "The minimum magnet volume,Vm: 5.09 cm**3\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 11
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 1.11, Page number: 39"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "from __future__ import division\n",
+      "from sympy import *\n",
+      "from math import *\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable Declaration:\n",
+      "Am = 2                    #magnetic material cros-section(cm^2)\n",
+      "g=0.2                     #air gap length(cm)\n",
+      "uo=4*pi*10**-7            #permeability of free space(H/m)\n",
+      "N=100                     #No. of windings\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Calculations and results:\n",
+      "#for part (a)\n",
+      "Bma = 1.0                 #Tesla\n",
+      "Hma = - 4                 #kA/m\n",
+      "Ag1 = 2                    #cm**2\n",
+      "Ag2 = 4                   #cm**2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "lm=g*(Am/Ag1)*(Bma/(-uo*Hma*10**4))\n",
+      "print \"(a) The Requied magnet length = \",round(lm,2),\"cm\"\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#for part (b):\n",
+      "i,Hm=symbols('i Hm')\n",
+      "Bm=-uo*(Ag1/Am)*(lm/g)*Hm+(uo*N/g)*(Ag1/Am)*i\n",
+      "H_max=200               #kA/m\n",
+      "B_max=2.1               #Tesla\n",
+      "i_max=(B_max+2.50*10**-5*H_max)/(6.28*10**-2)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"(b) Thus with the air-gap area set to 2 cm^2,\"\n",
+      "print \"    increasing the current to i_max = 45.2 A and then reducing\"\n",
+      "print \"    it to zero will achieve the desired magnetization.\"\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#for part (c):\n",
+      "Bm1=1.00               #Tesla\n",
+      "Bm2=1.08               #Tesla\n",
+      "Bg1=(Am/Ag1)*Bm1\n",
+      "Bg2=(Am/Ag2)*Bm2\n",
+      "print \"(c) The flux densities when plunger moves at two extremes are:\"\n",
+      "print \"    Bg1 =\",Bg1,\"T and Bg2 =\",Bg2,\"T\""
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "(a) The Requied magnet length =  3.98 cm\n",
+        "(b) Thus with the air-gap area set to 2 cm^2,\n",
+        "    increasing the current to i_max = 45.2 A and then reducing\n",
+        "    it to zero will achieve the desired magnetization.\n",
+        "(c) The flux densities when plunger moves at two extremes are:\n",
+        "    Bg1 = 1.0 T and Bg2 = 0.54 T\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 12
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file