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+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:86a92304d7490362995032f0562ccedb12e93f4b49049a51c2746a179c0b276d"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Chapter 4 : The Second law of thermodynamics and its applications"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.1 page : 101"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "T = 500. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "Qr = 5.*10**6 \t\t\t#kJ\n",
+      "T2 = 600. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "dSS = Qr/T\n",
+      "dSS2 = -Qr/T2\n",
+      "Ds = dSS+dSS2\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Entropy change of the system  =  %d kJ/K\"%(dSS)\n",
+      "print \" Entropy change of the surroundings  =  %d kJ/K\"%(dSS2)\n",
+      "print \" Entropy change if the universe  =  %.f kJ/K\"%(Ds)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Entropy change of the system  =  10000 kJ/K\n",
+        " Entropy change of the surroundings  =  -8333 kJ/K\n",
+        " Entropy change if the universe  =  1667 kJ/K\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.2 page : 104"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math \n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "p1 = 2.758 \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "p2 = 0.552 \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "T1 = 700. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "T2 = 700. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "n = 1.\n",
+      "R = 8.3143\n",
+      "Cv = 21.\n",
+      "Cp = 29.3\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "dsa = n*R*math.log(p1/p2)\n",
+      "T3 = 437.5 \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "dsb = Cv*math.log(T3/T2)\n",
+      "T4 = 350. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "dsc = Cp*math.log(T4/T3)\n",
+      "T5 = 634. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "dsd = 0.\n",
+      "T6 = 700. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "dse = Cp*math.log(T6/T5)\n",
+      "dstotal = dsa+dsb+dsc+dsd+dse\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Entropy change in case a  =  %.3f kJ/kmol K\"%(dsa)\n",
+      "print \" Entropy change in case b  =  %.3f kJ/kmol K\"%(dsb)\n",
+      "print \" Entropy change in case c  =  %.3f kJ/kmol K\"%(dsc)\n",
+      "print \" Entropy change in case d  =  %.3f kJ/kmol K\"%(dsd)\n",
+      "print \" Entropy change in case e  =  %.3f kJ/kmol K\"%(dse)\n",
+      "print \" Entropy change in total process  =  %.3f kJ/kmol K\"%(dstotal)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Entropy change in case a  =  13.375 kJ/kmol K\n",
+        " Entropy change in case b  =  -9.870 kJ/kmol K\n",
+        " Entropy change in case c  =  -6.538 kJ/kmol K\n",
+        " Entropy change in case d  =  0.000 kJ/kmol K\n",
+        " Entropy change in case e  =  2.902 kJ/kmol K\n",
+        " Entropy change in total process  =  -0.131 kJ/kmol K\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.3 page : 105"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math \n",
+      "\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "ratio = 1./2\n",
+      "R = 8.314\n",
+      "p1 = 0.5 \t\t\t#kPa\n",
+      "p2 = 0.1 \t\t\t#kPa\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "ya = ratio/(1+ratio)\n",
+      "ds = -ya*R*math.log(ya) - (1-ya)*R*math.log(1-ya)\n",
+      "dss = R*math.log(p1/p2)\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Entropy of mixing  =  %.3f kJ/kmol K\"%(ds)\n",
+      "print \" Total entropy change of the universe  =  %.2f kJ/kmol K\"%(dss)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Entropy of mixing  =  5.292 kJ/kmol K\n",
+        " Total entropy change of the universe  =  13.38 kJ/kmol K\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.4 page : 106"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math \n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "s1 = 7.096 \t\t\t#kJ/kg K\n",
+      "s2 = 7.915  \t\t\t#kJ/kg K\n",
+      "s3 = 7.16  \t\t\t#kJ/kg K\n",
+      "s4 = 7.014  \t\t\t#kJ/kg K\n",
+      "s5 = 6.999  \t\t\t#kJ/kg K\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "dsa = s2-s1\n",
+      "dsb = s3-s2\n",
+      "dsc = s4-s3\n",
+      "dsd = s5-s4\n",
+      "dse = s1-s5\n",
+      "dstotal = dsa+dsb+dsc+dsd+dse\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Change in entropy in process a  = %.3f  kJ/kg K\"%(dsa)\n",
+      "print \" Change in entropy in process b  = %.3f  kJ/kg K\"%(dsb)\n",
+      "print \" Change in entropy in process c  = %.2f  kJ/kg K\"%(dsc)\n",
+      "print \" Change in entropy in process d  = %.3f  kJ/kg K\"%(dsd)\n",
+      "print \" Change in entropy in process e  = %.3f  kJ/kg K\"%(dse)\n",
+      "print \" Change in entropy in total process   = %.3f  kJ/kg K\"%(dstotal)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Change in entropy in process a  = 0.819  kJ/kg K\n",
+        " Change in entropy in process b  = -0.755  kJ/kg K\n",
+        " Change in entropy in process c  = -0.15  kJ/kg K\n",
+        " Change in entropy in process d  = -0.015  kJ/kg K\n",
+        " Change in entropy in process e  = 0.097  kJ/kg K\n",
+        " Change in entropy in total process   = 0.000  kJ/kg K\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 7
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.5 page : 106"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math \n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "m1 = 5000. \t\t\t#kg/h\n",
+      "cp1 = 3.2 \t\t\t#kJ/kg K\n",
+      "cp2 = 4.186 \t\t\t#kJ/kg K\n",
+      "t1 = 220. \t\t\t#C\n",
+      "t2 = 30. \t\t\t#C\n",
+      "T1 = 210. \t\t\t#C\n",
+      "T2 = 20. \t\t\t#C\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "m2 = m1*cp1*(t1-t2)/(cp2*(T1-T2))\n",
+      "ds = m1*cp1*math.log((t2+273.1)/(t1+273.1)) + m2*cp2*math.log((T1+273.1)/(T2+273.1))\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Change in entropy  =  %.f kJ/h K\"%(ds)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Change in entropy  =  209 kJ/h K\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 9
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.6 page : 111"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "s1 = 218.8 \t\t\t#kJ/kmol K\n",
+      "s2 = 188.85 \t\t\t#kJ/kmol K\n",
+      "s3 = 237.8 \t\t\t#kJ/kmol K\n",
+      "s4 = 205.2 \t\t\t#kJ/kmol K\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "ds = s1+s2-s3-0.5*s4\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Entropy change   =  %.2f kJ/kmol K\"%(ds)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Entropy change   =  67.25 kJ/kmol K\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 10
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.7 page : 112"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "Q = 6. \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n",
+      "p1 = 1.5 \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "p2 = 0.1 \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "t1 = 500. \t\t\t#C\n",
+      "t2 = 140.8 \t\t\t#C\n",
+      "h1 = 3473.1 \t\t\t#kJ\n",
+      "h2 = 2758.1 \t\t\t#kJ\n",
+      "s1 = 7.5698 \t\t\t#kJ/K\n",
+      "s2 = 7.5698 \t\t\t#kJ/K\n",
+      "eff = 0.85\n",
+      "Ts = 293.1 \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "Wideal = h2-h1\n",
+      "Ws = eff*Wideal\n",
+      "dH = -Q-Ws\n",
+      "H2 = h1+dH\n",
+      "S2 = 7.8005\n",
+      "ds = S2-s1\n",
+      "Wlost = Ts*ds+Q\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"lost work  =  %.1f kJ\"%(Wlost)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "lost work  =  73.6 kJ\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 11
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.8 page : 113"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math \n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "m = 5000. \t\t\t#/kg/h\n",
+      "cp = 3.2 \t\t\t#kJ/kg K\n",
+      "Ts = 30.+273.1 \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "t1 = 220. \t\t\t#C\n",
+      "t2 = 40. \t\t\t#C\n",
+      "Q = 2.88*10**6 \t\t\t#kJ\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "Q = m*cp*(t2-t1)\n",
+      "dss = m*cp*math.log((t2+273.1)/(t1+273.1))\n",
+      "Wlost = Ts*dss-Q\n",
+      "eff = Ts*dss/Q\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Lost work  =  %d kJ\"%round(Wlost,-4)\n",
+      "print \" Efficiency  =  %.3f\"%(eff)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Lost work  =  680000 kJ\n",
+        " Efficiency  =  0.765\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 14
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.9 page : 114"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math \n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "R = 8.314\n",
+      "cp = 35.58\n",
+      "n = 100./16\n",
+      "T1 = 300. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "T2 = 500. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "k = 1.305\n",
+      "P2 = 3. \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "P1 = 0.5 \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "Ts = 290. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "cv = cp-R\n",
+      "Wi = n*R*T1/(k-1) *((P2/P1)**((k-1)/k) -1)\n",
+      "Hi = Wi\n",
+      "Ha = n*cp*(T2-T1)\n",
+      "eta = abs(Hi/Ha)\n",
+      "dss1 = cp*math.log(T2/T1) - R*math.log(P2/P1)\n",
+      "Wl1 = Ts*dss1\n",
+      "dss2 = n*cp*math.log(T2/T1)\n",
+      "dss3 = abs(Ha/Ts)\n",
+      "dsst = dss2+dss3\n",
+      "Wl2 = -Ts*dss2 +Ha\n",
+      "Wlost = Wl1+Wl2\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Thermodynamic efficiency  =  %.3f\"%(eta)\n",
+      "print \" Net work lost  =  %d kJ\"%(Wlost)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Thermodynamic efficiency  =  0.598\n",
+        " Net work lost  =  12483 kJ\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 15
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.10 page : 119"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "T1 = 673. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "T2 = 293. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "eta = (T1-T2)/T1\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "if eta >= 0.5:\n",
+      "    print \"Max efficiency   =  %.3f and an efficiency of 0.5 is possible\"%(eta)\n",
+      "else:\n",
+      "    print \"Max efficiency   =  %.3f and an efficiency of 0.5 is not possible\"%(eta)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Max efficiency   =  0.565 and an efficiency of 0.5 is possible\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 16
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.11 page : 121"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "T1 = 280. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "T2 = 300. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "cop = T1/(T2-T1)\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"coefficient of performance  =  %.1f\"%(cop)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "coefficient of performance  =  14.0\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 17
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.12 page : 123"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "P = 2. \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "T1 = 212.4+273.1 \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "T2 = 25+273.1 \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "h1 = 2799.5\n",
+      "h2 = 104.89\n",
+      "s1 = 6.3409\n",
+      "s2 = 0.3674\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "dh = h1-h2\n",
+      "ds = s1-s2\n",
+      "exergy = dh-T2*ds\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"exergy  =  %.1f kJ/kg\"%(exergy)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "exergy  =  913.9 kJ/kg\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 18
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.13 page : 126"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math \n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "R = 8314.3\n",
+      "T = 700. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "T2 = 437.5 \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "T3 = 350. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "T4 = T3\n",
+      "p2 = 0.552 \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "p1 = 2.758 \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "p3 = 0.345  \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "cp = 29.3\n",
+      "R0 = 8.3143\n",
+      "k = 1.4\n",
+      "n = 1.\n",
+      "P0 = 0.103 \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "cv = cp-R0\n",
+      "p3 = p2*T3/T2\n",
+      "p3 = 0.345\n",
+      "T5 = T4*(p1/p3)**((k-1)/k)\n",
+      "G1 = n*R*T*math.log(p2/p1)\n",
+      "V700 = R*10**3 *T/(p2*10**9)\n",
+      "Sa =  209.\n",
+      "Sb = 199.2\n",
+      "Sc = 204.7\n",
+      "S2 = (T2-T)/6 *(Sa+4*Sc+Sb    )\n",
+      "G2 = V700*(p3-p2)*10**3 -S2\n",
+      "saa = 199.2\n",
+      "sbb = 192.6\n",
+      "savg = (saa+sbb)*0.5\n",
+      "G3 = -savg*(T3-T2)\n",
+      "pmid = (p3+p2)/2\n",
+      "vmid = 2.88\n",
+      "sav = 192.7\n",
+      "v4 = 8.435 \t\t\t#m**3\n",
+      "v5 = 1.911 \t\t\t#m**3\n",
+      "integ = (p1-p3)*10**3 /6 *(v4+4*vmid+v5)\n",
+      "G4 = integ - sav*(T5-T3)\n",
+      "Sav = 194.25\n",
+      "G5 =  -Sav*(T-T5)\n",
+      "Gt = G1/10**3 +G2+G3+G4+G5\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"in case 1, Change in gibbs free energy  =  %.f kJ\"%(G1/10**3)\n",
+      "print \" in case 2, Change in gibbs free energy  =  %.f kJ\"%(G2)\n",
+      "print \" in case 3, Change in gibbs free energy  =  %d kJ\"%(G3)\n",
+      "print \" in case 4, Change in gibbs free energy  =  %d kJ\"%(G4)\n",
+      "print \" in case 5, Change in gibbs free energy  =  %d kJ\"%(G5)\n",
+      "print \" Net change in gibbs energy  =  %d kJ\"%(Gt)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# note : rounding off error."
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "in case 1, Change in gibbs free energy  =  -9363 kJ\n",
+        " in case 2, Change in gibbs free energy  =  51499 kJ\n",
+        " in case 3, Change in gibbs free energy  =  17141 kJ\n",
+        " in case 4, Change in gibbs free energy  =  -45908 kJ\n",
+        " in case 5, Change in gibbs free energy  =  -12844 kJ\n",
+        " Net change in gibbs energy  =  523 kJ\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 22
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.14 page : 130"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math \n",
+      "\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "v = 1./430\n",
+      "pi = 4.08 \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "pf = 10. \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "pf2 = 1. \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "pii = 0.1 \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "R = 8314.3\n",
+      "n = 1./28\n",
+      "T = 273.1\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "logpr = v*(pf-pii)*10**6 /(R*T*n)\n",
+      "pr = math.exp(logpr)\n",
+      "p = pr*pi\n",
+      "logpr = v*(pf2-pii)*10**6 /(R*T*n)\n",
+      "pr = math.exp(logpr)\n",
+      "p2 = pr*pi\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Final pressure  =  %.2f Mpa\"%(p)\n",
+      "print \" Final pressure in case 2  =  %.2f Mpa\"%(p2)\n",
+      "\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Final pressure  =  5.42 Mpa\n",
+        " Final pressure in case 2  =  4.19 Mpa\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 23
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.15 page : 131"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math \n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "Hvap = 338.14 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n",
+      "T = 409.3 \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "dss = Hvap/T\n",
+      "dg = 0\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"change in entropy and gibbs energy of system are %.3f kJ/kg K and %d kJ/kg respectivey\"%(dss,dg)\n",
+      "print \" change in entropy and gibbs energy of universe are %.3f kJ/kg K and %d kJ/kg respectivey\"%(-dss,-dg)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "change in entropy and gibbs energy of system are 0.826 kJ/kg K and 0 kJ/kg respectivey\n",
+        " change in entropy and gibbs energy of universe are -0.826 kJ/kg K and 0 kJ/kg respectivey\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 24
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.16 page : 134"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math \n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "T = 373.1 \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "R = 8314.3\n",
+      "Pd = 0.1013*10**6 \t\t\t#Pa\n",
+      "P = 10. \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "p3 = 5.*10**6 \t\t\t#Pa\n",
+      "vf = 0.0373\n",
+      "a = 424.447\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "Vd = R*T/Pd\n",
+      "V = 0.5\n",
+      "dss = -R*(math.log(p3/Pd) + math.log((V-vf)/(Vd-vf)))\n",
+      "dhh = R*T/10**3 - p3/10**3 *V+ a/V**2\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Change in entropy  =  %.4f kJ/kmol K\"%(dss/10**3)\n",
+      "print \" change in enthalpy =  %.f kJ/kmol\"%(dhh)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Change in entropy  =  2.4285 kJ/kmol K\n",
+        " change in enthalpy =  2300 kJ/kmol\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 26
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.18 page : 141"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math \n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "Tc = 647.3 \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "dh = 1.1\n",
+      "Db = -2\n",
+      "v2 = 0.234\n",
+      "v1 = 0.27\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "dh2 = dh+Db*(v2-v1)\n",
+      "dhh = dh2*Tc\n",
+      "dhbar = dhh*4.18/18\n",
+      "h1 = 3777.5 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n",
+      "h2 = 3928.2 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n",
+      "dhs = h2-h1\n",
+      "err = abs(dhs-dhbar)/dhs\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Enthalpy departure  =  %d kJ/kg\"%(dhbar)\n",
+      "print \" Percentage error  =  %.1f \"%(err*100)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Enthalpy departure  =  176 kJ/kg\n",
+        " Percentage error  =  16.9 \n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 27
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.19 page : 155"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "w = 0.3448\n",
+      "R = 8.3143\n",
+      "Tc = 647.3\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "h0 = 0.57\n",
+      "h1 = 0.05\n",
+      "h2 = h0+w*h1\n",
+      "h3 = h2*R*Tc\n",
+      "dh = -h3\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Enthalpy departure  =  %d kJ/kmol\"%(dh)\n",
+      "print (\"The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in the textbook\")\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Enthalpy departure  =  -3160 kJ/kmol\n",
+        "The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in the textbook\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 28
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.20 page : 164"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math \n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "ta = 310. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "pa = 80. \t\t\t#kPa\n",
+      "r = 10.\n",
+      "k = 1.4\n",
+      "R = 8.3143\n",
+      "n = 5./29\n",
+      "cv = 20.93\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "Qab = 0\n",
+      "tb = ta*r**(k-1)\n",
+      "va = R*ta/pa\n",
+      "vb = va/r\n",
+      "pb = R*tb/vb\n",
+      "Wab =  -n*R*ta/(k-1) *((pb/pa)**((k-1)/k) -1)\n",
+      "vc = vb\n",
+      "Qbc = 500 \t\t\t#kJ\n",
+      "Wbc = 0\n",
+      "tc = tb+ Qbc/(n*cv)\n",
+      "pc = R*tc/vc\n",
+      "Qcd = 0\n",
+      "td = tc/r**(k-1)\n",
+      "vd = va\n",
+      "pd = td/tc*(vc/vd)*pc\n",
+      "Wcd = -n*R*tc/(k-1) *((pd/pc)**((k-1)/k)-1)\n",
+      "Wda = 0\n",
+      "Qda = n*cv*(ta-td)\n",
+      "eta0 = 1-1/r**(k-1)\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Efficiency of cycle  =  %.3f\"%(eta0)\n",
+      "p = [pa, pb, pc, pd]\n",
+      "t = [ta, tb, tc, td]\n",
+      "Q = [Qab, Qbc, Qcd, Qda]\n",
+      "W = [Wab, Wbc, Wcd, Wda]\n",
+      "print ('Pressure (kPa)  =  ')\n",
+      "print (p)\n",
+      "print (\"Temperature (K) =  \")\n",
+      "print (t)\n",
+      "print (\"Heat (kJ) =  \")\n",
+      "print (Q)\n",
+      "print (\"Work done (kJ)  =  \")\n",
+      "print (W)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Efficiency of cycle  =  0.602\n",
+        "Pressure (kPa)  =  \n",
+        "[80.0, 2009.5091452076638, 2367.0758421853, 94.23498660179267]\n",
+        "Temperature (K) =  \n",
+        "[310.0, 778.6847937679697, 917.2418888468039, 365.1605730819466]\n",
+        "Heat (kJ) =  \n",
+        "[0, 500, 0, -199.05358527674872]\n",
+        "Work done (kJ)  =  \n",
+        "[-1679.6491296659615, 0, 1978.5214153723077, 0]\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 29
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.21 page : 168"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "ta = 310. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "tc = 917.3 \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "td = 365.2 \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "n = 0.602\n",
+      "k = 1.4\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "lntb =  1/(1-n)/k\n",
+      "tb = tc- lntb*(td-ta)\n",
+      "rc = (tb/ta)**(1/(k-1))\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Temperature at B  =  %.1f K\"%(tb)\n",
+      "print \" Compression ratio  =  %d \"%(rc)\n",
+      "print (\"The answer given in textbook for rc is wrong. please check using a calculator\")\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Temperature at B  =  818.2 K\n",
+        " Compression ratio  =  11 \n",
+        "The answer given in textbook for rc is wrong. please check using a calculator\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 31
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.22 page : 170"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "pr = 4.\n",
+      "k = 1.4\n",
+      "ta = 298. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "pa = 0.1 \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "pdr = 0.01\n",
+      "tc = 900. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "pri = 0.005 \t\t\t#Mpa\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "pb = pr*pa\n",
+      "nji = 1- (pr)**((1-k)/k)\n",
+      "tb = ta*(pb/pa)**((k-1)/k)\n",
+      "pc = pb-pdr\n",
+      "pd = pa+pri\n",
+      "td = tc*(pd/pc)**((k-1)/k)\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "p = [pa, pb, pc, pd]\n",
+      "t = [ta, tb, tc, td]\n",
+      "print \"ideal thermal efficiency  =  %.3f \"%(nji)\n",
+      "print (\"pressure (Mpa)  =  \")\n",
+      "print (p)\n",
+      "print (\"temperature (K)  =  \")\n",
+      "print (t)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "ideal thermal efficiency  =  0.327 \n",
+        "pressure (Mpa)  =  \n",
+        "[0.1, 0.4, 0.39, 0.10500000000000001]\n",
+        "temperature (K)  =  \n",
+        "[298.0, 442.8262981628106, 900.0, 618.6157783525422]\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 32
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.23 page : 175"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math \n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "sd = 4.9269\t\t\t#kJ/kg/K\n",
+      "sf = 1.1453\t\t\t#kJ/kg/K\n",
+      "sg = 7.5320\t\t\t#kJ/kg/K\n",
+      "hf = 359.86\t\t\t#kJ/kg\n",
+      "hg = 2653.5\t\t\t#kJ/kg\n",
+      "hd = 2409.7\t\t\t#kJ/kg\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "x = (sd-sg)/(sf-sg)\n",
+      "he = x*hf+(1-x)*hg\n",
+      "etar = (hd-he)/(hd-hf)\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Thermal efficiency  =  %.4f\"%(etar)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Thermal efficiency  =  0.3375\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 33
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.23b page : 176 "
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "sd = 6.7039\t\t\t#kJ/kg/K\n",
+      "sf = 1.1453\t\t\t#kJ/kg/K\n",
+      "sg = 7.5320\t\t\t#kJ/kg/K\n",
+      "hf = 359.86\t\t\t#kJ/kg\n",
+      "hg = 2653.5\t\t\t#kJ/kg\n",
+      "hd = 3717.9\t\t\t#kJ/kg\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "x = (sd-sg)/(sf-sg)\n",
+      "he = x*hf+(1-x)*hg\n",
+      "etar = (hd-he)/(hd-hf)\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Thermal efficiency  =  %.4f\"%(etar)\n",
+      "\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Thermal efficiency  =  0.4055\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 34
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.24 page : 178"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "ha = 2510.6 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n",
+      "hd = 125.78 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "kg = (10**6)/(ha-hd)\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"circulation rate  =  %d kg steam/h\"%(kg)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "circulation rate  =  419 kg steam/h\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 35
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.25 page : 179"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "tin = 298.  \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "tout = 273. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "tout2 = 308. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "tin2 = 294. \t\t\t#K\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "eta1 = (tin-tout)/tin\n",
+      "eta2 = abs((tin2-tout2)/tin2)\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Efficiency in case 1  =  %.3f\"%(eta1)\n",
+      "print \" efficiency in case 2  =  %.3f\"%(eta2)\n",
+      "\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Efficiency in case 1  =  0.084\n",
+        " efficiency in case 2  =  0.048\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 36
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.26 page : 181"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "import math \n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "ma = 500. \t\t\t#kg/h\n",
+      "cp1 = 3.2 \t\t\t#kJ/kg K\n",
+      "ta = 20. \t\t\t#C\n",
+      "mb = 200.\n",
+      "mc = 300. \t\t\t#kg/h\n",
+      "cp2 = 2.8 \t\t\t#kJ/kg K\n",
+      "tc = 80. \t\t\t#C\n",
+      "tb = 80. \t\t\t#C\n",
+      "me = 50. \t\t\t#kg/h\n",
+      "te = 120. \t\t\t#C\n",
+      "td = 120. \t\t\t#C\n",
+      "hg = 503.7\n",
+      "he = 2706.3\n",
+      "\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "Ws = (mb+me)*hg + mc*cp2*(tc) - me*he -ma*cp1*(ta)\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Net work done  =  %d kJ/h\"%(Ws)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Net work done  =  25810 kJ/h\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 37
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.27 page : 184"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "hc = 150. \t\t\t#Btu/lb\n",
+      "he = -115. \t\t\t#Btu/lb\n",
+      "hg = 168. \t\t\t#Btu/lb\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "frac = (hg-hc)/(hg-he)\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"Fraction of solid  =  %.3f\"%(frac)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "Fraction of solid  =  0.064\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 38
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "heading",
+     "level": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": [
+      "Example 4.28 page : 185"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": [
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Variables\n",
+      "H = 2696.5 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n",
+      "hg = 2706.7 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n",
+      "hf = 504.7 \t\t\t#kJ/kg\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Calculations\n",
+      "x =  (H-hf)/(hg-hf)\n",
+      "x2 = 1\n",
+      "\t\t\t\n",
+      "# Results\n",
+      "print \"In case 1, fraction of vapor  =  %.3f\"%(x)\n",
+      "print \" In case 2, fraction of vapor  =  %.3f\"%(x2)\n"
+     ],
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": [
+        "In case 1, fraction of vapor  =  0.995\n",
+        " In case 2, fraction of vapor  =  1.000\n"
+       ]
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 39
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file