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+{
+ "metadata": {
+  "name": "Chapter 9"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+  {
+   "cells": [
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h1>Chapter 9: More Data Types and Operations<h1>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.1, Page Number: 182<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Printing a string'''\n#pyhton doesnt have constants, hence a normal object has been used\n\ndef code(str):\n    print str\n\n#Calling function\ncode(\"this is a test\")",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "this is a test\n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.2, Page Number: 183<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Implementing const references'''\n\ndef f(i):\n    i=100\n    print i\n    \n#Variable declaration\nk=10\n\n#function call\nf(k)\n",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "100\n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.3, Page Number: 187<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Implementing extern in pyhton'''\n\n#Variable Declaration\nfirst=10                  #global definition of first and last\nlast=20\n\n#Result\nprint first,last\n\n",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "10 20\n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 7
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.4, Page Number: 188<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Compute a running average of numbers entered by the user'''\n'''Implementing static variables in python'''\n\n#Variable declaration\nsum=0             \ncount=0\nnum=5              #Loop for user entries\n\n#compute a running average\ndef r_avg(i):\n    global sum,count\n    sum=sum+i\n    count+=1\n    return sum/count\n\n\nwhile True:\n    print \"Enter numbers(-1 to quit): \"\n    num-=1                 #User input\n    if not(num==-1):\n        print \"Running average is: \",r_avg(num)   #Result\n    if num<0:\n        break",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "Enter numbers(-1 to quit): \nRunning average is:  4\nEnter numbers(-1 to quit): \nRunning average is:  3\nEnter numbers(-1 to quit): \nRunning average is:  3\nEnter numbers(-1 to quit): \nRunning average is:  2\nEnter numbers(-1 to quit): \nRunning average is:  2\nEnter numbers(-1 to quit): \n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.5, Page Number: 189<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Compute a running average of numbers entered by the user'''\n'''Implementing static variables in python'''\n\n#Variable declaration\nsum=0             \ncount=0\nnum=10              #Loop for user entries\n\n#user input given: 9,8,7,6,-2,4,3,2,1,-1\n\n#compute a running average\ndef r_avg(i):\n    global sum,count\n    sum=sum+i\n    count+=1\n    return sum/count\n\ndef reset():\n    global sum,count\n    sum=0\n    count=0\n    \nwhile True:\n    print \"Enter numbers(-1 to quit, -2 to reset): \"\n    num-=1                 #User input\n    if num==5:\n        num=-2\n    if num==-2:            #for reset\n        num=4\n        reset()\n        continue\n    if not(num==-1):\n        print \"Running average is: \",r_avg(num)   #Result\n    else:\n        break",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "Enter numbers(-1 to quit, -2 to reset): \nRunning average is:  9\nEnter numbers(-1 to quit, -2 to reset): \nRunning average is:  8\nEnter numbers(-1 to quit, -2 to reset): \nRunning average is:  8\nEnter numbers(-1 to quit, -2 to reset): \nRunning average is:  7\nEnter numbers(-1 to quit, -2 to reset): \nEnter numbers(-1 to quit, -2 to reset): \nRunning average is:  3\nEnter numbers(-1 to quit, -2 to reset): \nRunning average is:  2\nEnter numbers(-1 to quit, -2 to reset): \nRunning average is:  2\nEnter numbers(-1 to quit, -2 to reset): \nRunning average is:  1\nEnter numbers(-1 to quit, -2 to reset): \n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.6, Page Number: 196<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Implementation of enumeration in python'''\n\n#Array of strings that correspond to the enumeration\nname=[\"Jonathan\",\"Golden Delicious\",\"Red Delicious\",\"Winesap\",\n      \"Cortland\",\"McIntosh\"]\n\n#enumeration type\n(Jonathan,Golden_Delicious,Red_Delicious,Winesap,Cortland,McIntosh) = (0,1,2,3,4,5)\n\nfruit=Jonathan\nprint name[fruit]\n\nfruit = Winesap\nprint name[fruit]\n\nfruit = McIntosh\nprint name[fruit]",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "Jonathan\nWinesap\nMcIntosh\n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.7, Page Number: 198<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Convert to uppercase letter'''\n\n#Variable declaration\nch='j'                  #User input\nwhile True:\n    #This statement turns off the 6th but.\n    c=chr(ord(ch)&223)  #ch is now uppercase\n    print c\n    if c=='Q':\n        break \n    else:\n        ch = chr(ord(ch)+1)  #incrementing for different user inputs\n    \n\n",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "J\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.8, Page Number: 200<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Convert to lowercase letter'''\n\n#Variable declaration\nch='J'                  #User input\nwhile True:\n    #This statement turns off the 6th but.\n    c=chr(ord(ch)|32)  #ch is now uppercase\n    print c\n    if c=='q':\n        break \n    else:\n        ch = chr(ord(ch)+1)  #incrementing for different user inputs\n    ",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "j\nk\nl\nm\nn\no\np\nq\n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.9, Page Number: 201<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Display the bits within a byte'''\n\n#function to display the bits\ndef disp_binary(u):\n    t=128\n    while t:\n        if u&t:\n            print 1,\n        else:\n            print 0,\n        t=t/2\n    print \"\"\n    \n#Variable declaration\nu=99                   #User Input\n\nprint \"Here's the number in binary: \",\ndisp_binary(u)\n\nprint \"Here's the complement of th number: \",\ndisp_binary(~u)\n",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "Here's the number in binary:  0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 \nHere's the complement of th number:  1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 \n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.10, Page Number: 202<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Demonstrate bitshifting'''\n\n#unction to display the bits within a byte\ndef disp_binary(u):\n    t=128\n    while t:\n        if u&t:\n            print 1,\n        else:\n            print 0,\n        t=t/2\n    print \"\"\n    \n#Variable dclaration\ni=1\n\n#Result\nfor t in range(8):\n    disp_binary(i)\n    i=i<<1\n\nprint\"\\n\"\n\nfor t in range(8):\n    i=i>>1\n    disp_binary(i)\n    ",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 \n0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 \n0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 \n0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 \n0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 \n0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 \n0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 \n1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 \n\n\n1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 \n0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 \n0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 \n0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 \n0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 \n0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 \n0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 \n0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 \n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 6
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.11, Page Number: 204<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''This program implements ? operator in python'''\n\ndef div_zero():\n    print \"Cannot divide by zero.\"\n    return 0\n \n#Variable declaration\ni=10                     #User Input\nj=0\n\n#This statement prevents a divide by zero\nif j:\n    result=i/j\nelse:\n    result=div_zero()\n\n#Result\nprint \"Result: \",result",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "Cannot divide by zero.\nResult:  0\n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 7
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.12, Page Number: 206<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Implementation of the comma operator'''\n\n#Variable declaration\nj=10\ni=None\n\nj+=1\nj+100\ni=999+j\n\n#Result\nprint i",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "1010\n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 1
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.13, Page Number: 207<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Demonstrate sizeof'''\n\nfrom ctypes import *\n\n#Variable declaration\nch=c_char\ni=c_int\n\nprint sizeof(ch),          #size of char\nprint sizeof(i),           #size of int\nprint sizeof(c_float),     #size of float\nprint sizeof(c_double)     #size of double\n",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "1 4 4 8\n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 2
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.14, Page Number: 209<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Example of pointers'''\n\nfrom ctypes import *\n\n#Variabke declaration \ni=c_int(20)          #allocate memory for int\np=pointer(i)         #assign a pointer to the memory\n\n#Result\nprint p[0]           #proove that it works by displaying value\n",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "20\n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 3
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.15, Page Number: 210<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Imlementation of dynamic initialization in python'''\n\nfrom ctypes import *\n\n#Variable declaration \ni=c_int(99)          #initialize with 99\np=pointer(i)         #assign a pointer to the value\n\n#Result\nprint p[0]           #displays 99\n",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "99\n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 4
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.16, Page Number: 211<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Imlementation of dynamic initialization in python'''\n\nfrom ctypes import *\n\n#Variable declaration \ni=c_double(10)       \np=pointer(i)\n\n#assign the values 100 to 109\nfor i in range(10):\n    p[i]=100.00+i\n\n#display the contents of the array\nfor i in range(10):\n    print p[i],\n",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "100.0 101.0 102.0 103.0 104.0 105.0 106.0 107.0 108.0 109.0\n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 5
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.17, Page Number: 211<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Implementation of malloc int python'''\n\n#Variable declaration\ni=c_int()              \nj=c_double()\npi=pointer(i)         #pointer to int\npj=pointer(j)         #pointer to double\n\n#Assign values using pointers\npi[0]=10\npj[0]=100.123\n\n#Result\nprint pi[0],pj[0]\n\n",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "10 100.123\n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 6
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "markdown",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "source": "<h3>Example 9.18, Page Number: 212<h3>"
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "'''Implementation of dynamic memory allocation'''\nfrom ctypes import *\n\n#Variable declaration\ni=pointer(c_int())\nj=pointer(c_double())\n\n#Checking if i and j have been allocated memory addresses\nif not(id(i)):\n    print \"Allocation Failure.\"\n    \nif not(id(j)):\n    print \"Allocation Failure.\"   \n\ni[0]=10\nj[0]=100.123\n\n\n#Result\nprint i[0],j[0]\n\n",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": [
+      {
+       "output_type": "stream",
+       "stream": "stdout",
+       "text": "10 100.123\n"
+      }
+     ],
+     "prompt_number": 11
+    },
+    {
+     "cell_type": "code",
+     "collapsed": false,
+     "input": "",
+     "language": "python",
+     "metadata": {},
+     "outputs": []
+    }
+   ],
+   "metadata": {}
+  }
+ ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file