removing problem statements

1 files changed, 515 insertions, 36 deletions

diff --git a/C++_from_the_Ground/Chapter_19(1).ipynb b/C++_from_the_Ground/Chapter_19(1).ipynb
index 318b8aaa..3c9ecd17 100644
--- a/C++_from_the_Ground/Chapter_19(1).ipynb
+++ b/C++_from_the_Ground/Chapter_19(1).ipynb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
  "metadata": {
-  "name": "Chapter 19"
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:d2c5aefc81786f6e7a83b5f07eeb250789c73d2ab2ad23662758aa0cdec50617"
  },
  "nbformat": 3,
  "nbformat_minor": 0,
@@ -10,24 +11,56 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h1>Chapter 19: Run-Time Type ID and the Casting Operators<h1>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h1>Chapter 19: Run-Time Type ID and the Casting Operators<h1>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 19.1, Page Number: 453<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 19.1, Page Number: 453<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''A simple example taht uses typeid'''\n\nclass myclass:\n    pass\n\n#Variable declaration\ni=j=0\nf=0.0\nob=myclass()\n\nprint \"The type of i is:\",type(i).__name__\nprint \"The type of f is:\",type(f).__name__\nprint \"The type of ob is:\",ob.__class__.__name__\nprint \"\\n\"\n\nif type(i)==type(j):\n    print \"The types of i and j are the same\"\n    \nif not(type(i)==type(f)):\n    print \"The types of i and f are not the same\"",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "class myclass:\n",
+      "    pass\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "i=j=0\n",
+      "f=0.0\n",
+      "ob=myclass()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"The type of i is:\",type(i).__name__\n",
+      "print \"The type of f is:\",type(f).__name__\n",
+      "print \"The type of ob is:\",ob.__class__.__name__\n",
+      "print \"\\n\"\n",
+      "\n",
+      "if type(i)==type(j):\n",
+      "    print \"The types of i and j are the same\"\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "if not(type(i)==type(f)):\n",
+      "    print \"The types of i and f are not the same\""
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "The type of i is: int\nThe type of f is: float\nThe type of ob is: myclass\n\n\nThe types of i and j are the same\nThe types of i and f are not the same\n"
+       "text": [
+        "The type of i is: int\n",
+        "The type of f is: float\n",
+        "The type of ob is: myclass\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\n",
+        "The types of i and j are the same\n",
+        "The types of i and f are not the same\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 2
@@ -35,19 +68,52 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 19.2, Page Number: 454<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 19.2, Page Number: 454<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''An example that uses typeid on a polymorphic class hierarchy'''\n\nclass Base:\n    pass\nclass Derived1(Base):\n    pass\nclass Derived2(Base):\n    pass\n\n#Variable declaration\nbaseob=Base()\np=[Base()]\nob1=Derived1()\nob2=Derived2()\n\n\np[0]=baseob\nprint \"p is pointing to an object of type\",\nprint p[0].__class__.__name__\n\np[0]=ob1\nprint \"p is pointing to an object of type\",\nprint p[0].__class__.__name__\n\np[0]=ob2\nprint \"p is pointing to an object of type\",\nprint p[0].__class__.__name__",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "class Base:\n",
+      "    pass\n",
+      "class Derived1(Base):\n",
+      "    pass\n",
+      "class Derived2(Base):\n",
+      "    pass\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "baseob=Base()\n",
+      "p=[Base()]\n",
+      "ob1=Derived1()\n",
+      "ob2=Derived2()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "p[0]=baseob\n",
+      "print \"p is pointing to an object of type\",\n",
+      "print p[0].__class__.__name__\n",
+      "\n",
+      "p[0]=ob1\n",
+      "print \"p is pointing to an object of type\",\n",
+      "print p[0].__class__.__name__\n",
+      "\n",
+      "p[0]=ob2\n",
+      "print \"p is pointing to an object of type\",\n",
+      "print p[0].__class__.__name__"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "p is pointing to an object of type Base\np is pointing to an object of type Derived1\np is pointing to an object of type Derived2\n"
+       "text": [
+        "p is pointing to an object of type Base\n",
+        "p is pointing to an object of type Derived1\n",
+        "p is pointing to an object of type Derived2\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 3
@@ -55,19 +121,48 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 19.3, Page Number: 455<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 19.3, Page Number: 455<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''An example that uses typeid on a polymorphic class hierarchy'''\n\nclass Base:\n    pass\nclass Derived1(Base):\n    pass\nclass Derived2(Base):\n    pass\n\ndef WhatType(ob):\n    print \"ob is referencing an object of type\",\n    print ob.__class__.__name__\n    \n    \n#Variable declaration\nbaseob=Base()\np=[Base()]\nob1=Derived1()\nob2=Derived2()\n\nWhatType(baseob)\nWhatType(ob1)\nWhatType(ob2)",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "class Base:\n",
+      "    pass\n",
+      "class Derived1(Base):\n",
+      "    pass\n",
+      "class Derived2(Base):\n",
+      "    pass\n",
+      "\n",
+      "def WhatType(ob):\n",
+      "    print \"ob is referencing an object of type\",\n",
+      "    print ob.__class__.__name__\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    \n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "baseob=Base()\n",
+      "p=[Base()]\n",
+      "ob1=Derived1()\n",
+      "ob2=Derived2()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "WhatType(baseob)\n",
+      "WhatType(ob1)\n",
+      "WhatType(ob2)"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "ob is referencing an object of type Base\nob is referencing an object of type Derived1\nob is referencing an object of type Derived2\n"
+       "text": [
+        "ob is referencing an object of type Base\n",
+        "ob is referencing an object of type Derived1\n",
+        "ob is referencing an object of type Derived2\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 4
@@ -75,19 +170,94 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 19.4, Page Number: 456<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 19.4, Page Number: 456<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Demonstrate run-time type id'''\n\nimport random\n\nclass figure:\n    def __init__(self,i,j):\n        self._x=i\n        self._y=j\n        \nclass triangle(figure):\n    def __init__(self,i,j):\n        figure.__init__(self,i,j)\n    def area(self):\n        return self._x*0.5*self._y\n        \nclass rectangle(figure):\n    def __init__(self,i,j):\n        figure.__init__(self,i,j)\n    def area(self):\n        return self._x*self._y\n        \nclass circle(figure):\n    def __init__(self,i,j=0):\n        figure.__init__(self,i,j)\n    def area(self):\n        return self._x*self._x*3.14\n    \ndef factory():\n    i=random.randint(0,2)\n    if i==0:\n        return circle(10.0)\n    elif i==1:\n        return triangle(10.1,5.3)\n    elif i==2:\n        return rectangle(4.3,5.7)\n    \n\nt=c=r=0   \np=[None]\n\n#generate and count objects\nfor i in range(10):\n    p[0]=factory()    #generate an object\n    print \"Object is \",p[0].__class__.__name__,\". \",\n    #count it\n    if p[0].__class__.__name__==triangle.__name__:\n        t+=1\n    if p[0].__class__.__name__==rectangle.__name__:\n        r+=1\n    if p[0].__class__.__name__==circle.__name__:\n        c+=1\n    #display its area\n    print \"Area is\",p[0].area()\n\nprint \"Objects generated:\"\nprint \"Triangles:\",t\nprint \"Rectangles:\",r\nprint \"Circles:\",c",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "import random\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class figure:\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,i,j):\n",
+      "        self._x=i\n",
+      "        self._y=j\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "class triangle(figure):\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,i,j):\n",
+      "        figure.__init__(self,i,j)\n",
+      "    def area(self):\n",
+      "        return self._x*0.5*self._y\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "class rectangle(figure):\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,i,j):\n",
+      "        figure.__init__(self,i,j)\n",
+      "    def area(self):\n",
+      "        return self._x*self._y\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "class circle(figure):\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,i,j=0):\n",
+      "        figure.__init__(self,i,j)\n",
+      "    def area(self):\n",
+      "        return self._x*self._x*3.14\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "def factory():\n",
+      "    i=random.randint(0,2)\n",
+      "    if i==0:\n",
+      "        return circle(10.0)\n",
+      "    elif i==1:\n",
+      "        return triangle(10.1,5.3)\n",
+      "    elif i==2:\n",
+      "        return rectangle(4.3,5.7)\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "\n",
+      "t=c=r=0   \n",
+      "p=[None]\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#generate and count objects\n",
+      "for i in range(10):\n",
+      "    p[0]=factory()    #generate an object\n",
+      "    print \"Object is \",p[0].__class__.__name__,\". \",\n",
+      "    #count it\n",
+      "    if p[0].__class__.__name__==triangle.__name__:\n",
+      "        t+=1\n",
+      "    if p[0].__class__.__name__==rectangle.__name__:\n",
+      "        r+=1\n",
+      "    if p[0].__class__.__name__==circle.__name__:\n",
+      "        c+=1\n",
+      "    #display its area\n",
+      "    print \"Area is\",p[0].area()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"Objects generated:\"\n",
+      "print \"Triangles:\",t\n",
+      "print \"Rectangles:\",r\n",
+      "print \"Circles:\",c"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "Object is  circle .  Area is 314.0\nObject is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\nObject is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\nObject is  circle .  Area is 314.0\nObject is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\nObject is  circle .  Area is 314.0\nObject is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\nObject is  triangle .  Area is 26.765\nObject is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\nObject is  circle .  Area is 314.0\nObjects generated:\nTriangles: 1\nRectangles: 5\nCircles: 4\n"
+       "text": [
+        "Object is  circle .  Area is 314.0\n",
+        "Object is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\n",
+        "Object is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\n",
+        "Object is  circle .  Area is 314.0\n",
+        "Object is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\n",
+        "Object is  circle .  Area is 314.0\n",
+        "Object is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\n",
+        "Object is  triangle .  Area is 26.765\n",
+        "Object is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\n",
+        "Object is  circle .  Area is 314.0\n",
+        "Objects generated:\n",
+        "Triangles: 1\n",
+        "Rectangles: 5\n",
+        "Circles: 4\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 5
@@ -95,19 +265,56 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 19.5, Page Number: 456<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 19.5, Page Number: 456<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Using typeid with templates'''\n#Since python does not have templates\n#it will give a different output.\n\n#Template class\nclass myclass:\n    def __init__(self,i):\n        self.__a=i\n        \no1=myclass(10)\no2=myclass(9)\no3=myclass(7.2)\n\nprint \"Type of o1 is\",o1.__class__.__name__\n\nprint \"Type of o2 is\",o2.__class__.__name__\n\nprint \"Type of o3 is\",o3.__class__.__name__\n\nprint\n\nif o1.__class__.__name__==o2.__class__.__name__:\n    print \"o1 and o2 are the same type\"\n    \nif o1.__class__.__name__==o3.__class__.__name__:\n    print \"Error\"\nelse:\n    print \"o1 and o3 are different types\"\n\n#This prints error because python doesnt use templates.",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "#Template class\n",
+      "class myclass:\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,i):\n",
+      "        self.__a=i\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "o1=myclass(10)\n",
+      "o2=myclass(9)\n",
+      "o3=myclass(7.2)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"Type of o1 is\",o1.__class__.__name__\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"Type of o2 is\",o2.__class__.__name__\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"Type of o3 is\",o3.__class__.__name__\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print\n",
+      "\n",
+      "if o1.__class__.__name__==o2.__class__.__name__:\n",
+      "    print \"o1 and o2 are the same type\"\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "if o1.__class__.__name__==o3.__class__.__name__:\n",
+      "    print \"Error\"\n",
+      "else:\n",
+      "    print \"o1 and o3 are different types\"\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#This prints error because python doesnt use templates."
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "Type of o1 is myclass\nType of o2 is myclass\nType of o3 is myclass\n\no1 and o2 are the same type\nError\n"
+       "text": [
+        "Type of o1 is myclass\n",
+        "Type of o2 is myclass\n",
+        "Type of o3 is myclass\n",
+        "\n",
+        "o1 and o2 are the same type\n",
+        "Error\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 6
@@ -115,19 +322,94 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 19.6, Page Number: 460<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 19.6, Page Number: 460<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Template version of figure hierarchy'''\n#Python classes are effectively template classes.\n\nimport random\n\nclass figure:\n    def __init__(self,i,j):\n        self._x=i\n        self._y=j\n        \nclass triangle(figure):\n    def __init__(self,i,j):\n        figure.__init__(self,i,j)\n    def area(self):\n        return self._x*0.5*self._y\n        \nclass rectangle(figure):\n    def __init__(self,i,j):\n        figure.__init__(self,i,j)\n    def area(self):\n        return self._x*self._y\n        \nclass circle(figure):\n    def __init__(self,i,j=0):\n        figure.__init__(self,i,j)\n    def area(self):\n        return self._x*self._x*3.14\n    \ndef factory():\n    i=random.randint(0,2)\n    if i==0:\n        return circle(10.0)\n    elif i==1:\n        return triangle(10.1,5.3)\n    elif i==2:\n        return rectangle(4.3,5.7)\n    \n\nt=c=r=0   \np=[None]\n\n#generate and count objects\nfor i in range(10):\n    p[0]=factory()    #generate an object\n    print \"Object is \",p[0].__class__.__name__,\". \",\n    #count it\n    if p[0].__class__.__name__==triangle.__name__:\n        t+=1\n    if p[0].__class__.__name__==rectangle.__name__:\n        r+=1\n    if p[0].__class__.__name__==circle.__name__:\n        c+=1\n    #display its area\n    print \"Area is\",p[0].area()\n\nprint \"Objects generated:\"\nprint \"Triangles:\",t\nprint \"Rectangles:\",r\nprint \"Circles:\",c",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "import random\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class figure:\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,i,j):\n",
+      "        self._x=i\n",
+      "        self._y=j\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "class triangle(figure):\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,i,j):\n",
+      "        figure.__init__(self,i,j)\n",
+      "    def area(self):\n",
+      "        return self._x*0.5*self._y\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "class rectangle(figure):\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,i,j):\n",
+      "        figure.__init__(self,i,j)\n",
+      "    def area(self):\n",
+      "        return self._x*self._y\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "class circle(figure):\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,i,j=0):\n",
+      "        figure.__init__(self,i,j)\n",
+      "    def area(self):\n",
+      "        return self._x*self._x*3.14\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "def factory():\n",
+      "    i=random.randint(0,2)\n",
+      "    if i==0:\n",
+      "        return circle(10.0)\n",
+      "    elif i==1:\n",
+      "        return triangle(10.1,5.3)\n",
+      "    elif i==2:\n",
+      "        return rectangle(4.3,5.7)\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "\n",
+      "t=c=r=0   \n",
+      "p=[None]\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#generate and count objects\n",
+      "for i in range(10):\n",
+      "    p[0]=factory()    #generate an object\n",
+      "    print \"Object is \",p[0].__class__.__name__,\". \",\n",
+      "    #count it\n",
+      "    if p[0].__class__.__name__==triangle.__name__:\n",
+      "        t+=1\n",
+      "    if p[0].__class__.__name__==rectangle.__name__:\n",
+      "        r+=1\n",
+      "    if p[0].__class__.__name__==circle.__name__:\n",
+      "        c+=1\n",
+      "    #display its area\n",
+      "    print \"Area is\",p[0].area()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print \"Objects generated:\"\n",
+      "print \"Triangles:\",t\n",
+      "print \"Rectangles:\",r\n",
+      "print \"Circles:\",c"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "Object is  triangle .  Area is 26.765\nObject is  circle .  Area is 314.0\nObject is  circle .  Area is 314.0\nObject is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\nObject is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\nObject is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\nObject is  circle .  Area is 314.0\nObject is  circle .  Area is 314.0\nObject is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\nObject is  triangle .  Area is 26.765\nObjects generated:\nTriangles: 2\nRectangles: 4\nCircles: 4\n"
+       "text": [
+        "Object is  triangle .  Area is 26.765\n",
+        "Object is  circle .  Area is 314.0\n",
+        "Object is  circle .  Area is 314.0\n",
+        "Object is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\n",
+        "Object is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\n",
+        "Object is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\n",
+        "Object is  circle .  Area is 314.0\n",
+        "Object is  circle .  Area is 314.0\n",
+        "Object is  rectangle .  Area is 24.51\n",
+        "Object is  triangle .  Area is 26.765\n",
+        "Objects generated:\n",
+        "Triangles: 2\n",
+        "Rectangles: 4\n",
+        "Circles: 4\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 7
@@ -135,19 +417,119 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 19.7, Page Number: 463<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 19.7, Page Number: 463<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Implement dynamic casting'''\n#Dynamic casting is not needed in python \n#Also, the output will be different in python since \n#here since pointers are implemented using lists,\n\nclass Base:\n    def f(self):\n        print \"Inside Base\"\n        \nclass Derived(Base):\n    def f(self):\n        print \"Inside Derived\"\n        \nbp=[Base()]       #pointer to base\nb_ob=Base()    \ndp=[Derived()]    #pointer to derived\nd_ob=Derived()\n\ndp[0]=d_ob\nif dp[0]:\n    print \"Cast from Derived * to Derived * OK.\"\n    dp[0].f()\nelse:\n    print \"Error\"\nprint\n\nbp[0]=d_ob\nif bp[0]:\n    print \"Cast from Derived * to Base * OK.\"\n    bp[0].f()\nelse:\n    print \"Error\"\nprint\n\nbp[0]=b_ob\nif bp[0]:\n    print \"Cast from Base * to Base * OK.\"\n    bp[0].f()\nelse:\n    print \"Error\"\nprint\n\ndp[0]=b_ob\nif dp[0]:\n    print \"Error\"\nelse:\n    print \"Cast from Base * to Derived * not OK.\"\nprint\n\nbp[0]=d_ob      #bp points to Derived object\ndp[0]=bp[0]\nif dp[0]:\n    print \"Cast bp to a Derived * OK.\"\n    print \"because bp is really pointing\\n\",\n    print \"to a Derived object.\"\n    dp[0].f()\nelse:\n    print \"Error\"\nprint\n\nbp[0]=b_ob      #bp points to Base object\ndp[0]=bp[0]\nif dp[0]:\n    print \"Error\"\nelse:\n    print \"Now casting bp to a Derived *\\n\",\n    print \"is not OK because bp is really\\n\",\n    print \" pointing to a Base object.\"\nprint\n\ndp[0]=d_ob      #dp points to Derived object\nbp[0]=dp[0]\nif bp[0]:\n    print \"Casting dp to a Base * is OK.\"\n    bp[0].f()\nelse:\n    print \"Error\"\nprint\n",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class Base:\n",
+      "    def f(self):\n",
+      "        print \"Inside Base\"\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "class Derived(Base):\n",
+      "    def f(self):\n",
+      "        print \"Inside Derived\"\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "bp=[Base()]       #pointer to base\n",
+      "b_ob=Base()    \n",
+      "dp=[Derived()]    #pointer to derived\n",
+      "d_ob=Derived()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "dp[0]=d_ob\n",
+      "if dp[0]:\n",
+      "    print \"Cast from Derived * to Derived * OK.\"\n",
+      "    dp[0].f()\n",
+      "else:\n",
+      "    print \"Error\"\n",
+      "print\n",
+      "\n",
+      "bp[0]=d_ob\n",
+      "if bp[0]:\n",
+      "    print \"Cast from Derived * to Base * OK.\"\n",
+      "    bp[0].f()\n",
+      "else:\n",
+      "    print \"Error\"\n",
+      "print\n",
+      "\n",
+      "bp[0]=b_ob\n",
+      "if bp[0]:\n",
+      "    print \"Cast from Base * to Base * OK.\"\n",
+      "    bp[0].f()\n",
+      "else:\n",
+      "    print \"Error\"\n",
+      "print\n",
+      "\n",
+      "dp[0]=b_ob\n",
+      "if dp[0]:\n",
+      "    print \"Error\"\n",
+      "else:\n",
+      "    print \"Cast from Base * to Derived * not OK.\"\n",
+      "print\n",
+      "\n",
+      "bp[0]=d_ob      #bp points to Derived object\n",
+      "dp[0]=bp[0]\n",
+      "if dp[0]:\n",
+      "    print \"Cast bp to a Derived * OK.\"\n",
+      "    print \"because bp is really pointing\\n\",\n",
+      "    print \"to a Derived object.\"\n",
+      "    dp[0].f()\n",
+      "else:\n",
+      "    print \"Error\"\n",
+      "print\n",
+      "\n",
+      "bp[0]=b_ob      #bp points to Base object\n",
+      "dp[0]=bp[0]\n",
+      "if dp[0]:\n",
+      "    print \"Error\"\n",
+      "else:\n",
+      "    print \"Now casting bp to a Derived *\\n\",\n",
+      "    print \"is not OK because bp is really\\n\",\n",
+      "    print \" pointing to a Base object.\"\n",
+      "print\n",
+      "\n",
+      "dp[0]=d_ob      #dp points to Derived object\n",
+      "bp[0]=dp[0]\n",
+      "if bp[0]:\n",
+      "    print \"Casting dp to a Base * is OK.\"\n",
+      "    bp[0].f()\n",
+      "else:\n",
+      "    print \"Error\"\n",
+      "print\n"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "Cast from Derived * to Derived * OK.\nInside Derived\n\nCast from Derived * to Base * OK.\nInside Derived\n\nCast from Base * to Base * OK.\nInside Base\n\nError\n\nCast bp to a Derived * OK.\nbecause bp is really pointing\nto a Derived object.\nInside Derived\n\nError\n\nCasting dp to a Base * is OK.\nInside Derived\n\n"
+       "text": [
+        "Cast from Derived * to Derived * OK.\n",
+        "Inside Derived\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Cast from Derived * to Base * OK.\n",
+        "Inside Derived\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Cast from Base * to Base * OK.\n",
+        "Inside Base\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Error\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Cast bp to a Derived * OK.\n",
+        "because bp is really pointing\n",
+        "to a Derived object.\n",
+        "Inside Derived\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Error\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Casting dp to a Base * is OK.\n",
+        "Inside Derived\n",
+        "\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 8
@@ -155,19 +537,74 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 19.8, Page Number: 465<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 19.8, Page Number: 465<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Implement dynamic casting'''\n#Dynamic casting is not needed in python \n#Also, the output will be different in python since \n#here since pointers are implemented using lists,\n\nclass Base:\n    def f(self):\n        pass\n        \nclass Derived(Base):\n    def derivedOnly(self):\n        print \"Is a Derived Object\"\n        \nbp=[Base()]       #pointer to base\nb_ob=Base()    \ndp=[Derived()]    #pointer to derived\nd_ob=Derived()\n\n#Use typeid\n\nbp[0]=b_ob\nif bp[0].__class__.__name__==Derived.__name__:\n    dp[0]=bp[0]\n    dp[0].derivedOnly()\nelse:\n    print \"Cast from Base to Derived failed.\"\n    \nbp[0]=d_ob\nif bp[0].__class__.__name__==Derived.__name__:\n    dp[0]=bp[0]\n    dp[0].derivedOnly()\nelse:\n    print \"Error, cast should work!\"\n    \n#Use dynamic_cast\n\nbp[0]=b_ob\ndp[0]=bp[0]\nif dp[0].__class__.__name__==Derived.__name__:\n    dp[0].derivedOnly()\nelse:\n    print \"Cast from Base to Derived failed.\"\n    \nbp[0]=d_ob\ndp[0]=bp[0]\nif dp:\n    dp[0].derivedOnly()\nelse:\n    print \"Error, cast should work!\"\n    ",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class Base:\n",
+      "    def f(self):\n",
+      "        pass\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "class Derived(Base):\n",
+      "    def derivedOnly(self):\n",
+      "        print \"Is a Derived Object\"\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "bp=[Base()]       #pointer to base\n",
+      "b_ob=Base()    \n",
+      "dp=[Derived()]    #pointer to derived\n",
+      "d_ob=Derived()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Use typeid\n",
+      "\n",
+      "bp[0]=b_ob\n",
+      "if bp[0].__class__.__name__==Derived.__name__:\n",
+      "    dp[0]=bp[0]\n",
+      "    dp[0].derivedOnly()\n",
+      "else:\n",
+      "    print \"Cast from Base to Derived failed.\"\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "bp[0]=d_ob\n",
+      "if bp[0].__class__.__name__==Derived.__name__:\n",
+      "    dp[0]=bp[0]\n",
+      "    dp[0].derivedOnly()\n",
+      "else:\n",
+      "    print \"Error, cast should work!\"\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "#Use dynamic_cast\n",
+      "\n",
+      "bp[0]=b_ob\n",
+      "dp[0]=bp[0]\n",
+      "if dp[0].__class__.__name__==Derived.__name__:\n",
+      "    dp[0].derivedOnly()\n",
+      "else:\n",
+      "    print \"Cast from Base to Derived failed.\"\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "bp[0]=d_ob\n",
+      "dp[0]=bp[0]\n",
+      "if dp:\n",
+      "    dp[0].derivedOnly()\n",
+      "else:\n",
+      "    print \"Error, cast should work!\"\n",
+      "    "
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "Cast from Base to Derived failed.\nIs a Derived Object\nCast from Base to Derived failed.\nIs a Derived Object\n"
+       "text": [
+        "Cast from Base to Derived failed.\n",
+        "Is a Derived Object\n",
+        "Cast from Base to Derived failed.\n",
+        "Is a Derived Object\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 9
@@ -175,19 +612,37 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 19.9, Page Number: 467<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 19.9, Page Number: 467<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Implementation of const_cast'''\n#Since python does not have constants, const_cast is not needed\n\ndef f(p):\n    v=p\n    v[0]=100\n    \n#Variable declaration\nx=[]\n\nx.append(99)\nprint \"x before call:\",x[0]\nf(x)\nprint \"x after call:\",x[0]\n",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "def f(p):\n",
+      "    v=p\n",
+      "    v[0]=100\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "x=[]\n",
+      "\n",
+      "x.append(99)\n",
+      "print \"x before call:\",x[0]\n",
+      "f(x)\n",
+      "print \"x after call:\",x[0]\n"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "x before call: 99\nx after call: 100\n"
+       "text": [
+        "x before call: 99\n",
+        "x after call: 100\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 10
@@ -195,19 +650,30 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 19.10, Page Number: 468<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 19.10, Page Number: 468<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Implement static_cast'''\n#Since python does not have static variables,\n#static_cast is not needed\n\nf=199.22\n\ni=f\nprint i\n",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "f=199.22\n",
+      "\n",
+      "i=f\n",
+      "print i\n"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "199.22\n"
+       "text": [
+        "199.22\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 11
@@ -215,19 +681,32 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 19.11, Page Number: 469<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 19.11, Page Number: 469<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''An example of reinterpret_cast'''\n#python does not have specific data type variables \n#hence reinterpretation is not required\n\n#Variable Declaration\ni=0    #int\np=\"This is a string\"\n\ni=p     #cast pointer to integer   \n\n#Result\nprint i\n",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "i=0    #int\n",
+      "p=\"This is a string\"\n",
+      "\n",
+      "i=p     #cast pointer to integer   \n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print i\n"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "This is a string\n"
+       "text": [
+        "This is a string\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 12
@@ -235,7 +714,7 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "",
+     "input": [],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": []