removing problem statements

1 files changed, 655 insertions, 39 deletions

diff --git a/C++_from_the_Ground/Chapter_13(1).ipynb b/C++_from_the_Ground/Chapter_13(1).ipynb
index c38dca6a..6d12a5a7 100644
--- a/C++_from_the_Ground/Chapter_13(1).ipynb
+++ b/C++_from_the_Ground/Chapter_13(1).ipynb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 {
  "metadata": {
-  "name": "Chapter 13"
+  "name": "",
+  "signature": "sha256:be0df45a07fa8844875025463a4211b5faab9834d4e1dd155b475b36ae6ea27e"
  },
  "nbformat": 3,
  "nbformat_minor": 0,
@@ -10,24 +11,85 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h1>Chapter 13: Operator Overloading<h1>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h1>Chapter 13: Operator Overloading<h1>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 13.1, Page Number: 300<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 13.1, Page Number: 300<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Overloading operators using member functions'''\n\nclass three_d:\n    def __init__(self,i=None,j=None,k=None):\n        if i==None:\n            self.x=self.y=self.z=0\n        else:\n            self.x=i\n            self.y=j\n            self.z=k\n    #Overload +\n    def __add__(self,op2):\n        temp=three_d()\n        temp.x=self.x + op2.x         #These are integer additions\n        temp.y=self.y + op2.y         #and the + retains its original\n        temp.z=self.z + op2.z         #meaning relative to them.\n        return temp\n    #Overload assignment\n    def __assign__(self,op2):\n        self.x=op2.x                  #These are integer assignments\n        self.y=op2.y                  #and the = retains its original \n        self.z=op2.z                  #meaning relative to them\n        return self\n    #Show x,y,z coordinates\n    def show(self):\n        print self.x,\",\",self.y,\",\",self.z\n  \n#Variable declaration\na=three_d(1,2,3)\nb=three_d(10,10,10)\nc=three_d()\n\na.show()\nb.show()\n\n#add a and b together\nc=a+b\nc.show()\n\n#add a,b and c together\nc=a+b+c\nc.show()\n\n#demonstrate multiple assignment\nc=b=a\nc.show()\nb.show()\n      \n    ",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class three_d:\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,i=None,j=None,k=None):\n",
+      "        if i==None:\n",
+      "            self.x=self.y=self.z=0\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            self.x=i\n",
+      "            self.y=j\n",
+      "            self.z=k\n",
+      "    #Overload +\n",
+      "    def __add__(self,op2):\n",
+      "        temp=three_d()\n",
+      "        temp.x=self.x + op2.x         #These are integer additions\n",
+      "        temp.y=self.y + op2.y         #and the + retains its original\n",
+      "        temp.z=self.z + op2.z         #meaning relative to them.\n",
+      "        return temp\n",
+      "    #Overload assignment\n",
+      "    def __assign__(self,op2):\n",
+      "        self.x=op2.x                  #These are integer assignments\n",
+      "        self.y=op2.y                  #and the = retains its original \n",
+      "        self.z=op2.z                  #meaning relative to them\n",
+      "        return self\n",
+      "    #Show x,y,z coordinates\n",
+      "    def show(self):\n",
+      "        print self.x,\",\",self.y,\",\",self.z\n",
+      "  \n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "a=three_d(1,2,3)\n",
+      "b=three_d(10,10,10)\n",
+      "c=three_d()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "a.show()\n",
+      "b.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#add a and b together\n",
+      "c=a+b\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#add a,b and c together\n",
+      "c=a+b+c\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#demonstrate multiple assignment\n",
+      "c=b=a\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "b.show()\n",
+      "      \n",
+      "    "
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "1 , 2 , 3\n10 , 10 , 10\n11 , 12 , 13\n22 , 24 , 26\n1 , 2 , 3\n1 , 2 , 3\n"
+       "text": [
+        "1 , 2 , 3\n",
+        "10 , 10 , 10\n",
+        "11 , 12 , 13\n",
+        "22 , 24 , 26\n",
+        "1 , 2 , 3\n",
+        "1 , 2 , 3\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 1
@@ -35,19 +97,86 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 13.2, Page Number: 303<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 13.2, Page Number: 303<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Implementation of ++ operator in python'''\n\nclass three_d:\n    def __init__(self,i=None,j=None,k=None):\n        if i==None:\n            self.x=self.y=self.z=0\n        else:\n            self.x=i\n            self.y=j\n            self.z=k\n    #Overload +\n    def __add__(self,op2):\n        temp=three_d()\n        temp.x=self.x + op2.x         #These are integer additions\n        temp.y=self.y + op2.y         #and the + retains its original\n        temp.z=self.z + op2.z         #meaning relative to them.\n        return temp\n    #Overload assignment\n    def __assign__(self,op2):\n        self.x=op2.x                  #These are integer assignments\n        self.y=op2.y                  #and the = retains its original \n        self.z=op2.z                  #meaning relative to them\n        return self\n    #Overload the increment operator\n    def __iadd__(self,op2):\n        self.x+=op2\n        self.y+=op2\n        self.z+=op2\n        return self\n    #Show x,y,z coordinates\n    def show(self):\n        print self.x,\",\",self.y,\",\",self.z\n        \na=three_d(1,2,3)\nb=three_d(10,10,10)\nc=three_d()\n\na.show()\nb.show()\n\n#add a and b together\nc=a+b\nc.show()\n\n#add a,b and c together\nc=a+b+c\nc.show()\n\n#demonstrate multiple assignment\nc=b=a\nc.show()\nb.show()\n        \n#Increment c\nc+=1\nc.show()\n",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class three_d:\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,i=None,j=None,k=None):\n",
+      "        if i==None:\n",
+      "            self.x=self.y=self.z=0\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            self.x=i\n",
+      "            self.y=j\n",
+      "            self.z=k\n",
+      "    #Overload +\n",
+      "    def __add__(self,op2):\n",
+      "        temp=three_d()\n",
+      "        temp.x=self.x + op2.x         #These are integer additions\n",
+      "        temp.y=self.y + op2.y         #and the + retains its original\n",
+      "        temp.z=self.z + op2.z         #meaning relative to them.\n",
+      "        return temp\n",
+      "    #Overload assignment\n",
+      "    def __assign__(self,op2):\n",
+      "        self.x=op2.x                  #These are integer assignments\n",
+      "        self.y=op2.y                  #and the = retains its original \n",
+      "        self.z=op2.z                  #meaning relative to them\n",
+      "        return self\n",
+      "    #Overload the increment operator\n",
+      "    def __iadd__(self,op2):\n",
+      "        self.x+=op2\n",
+      "        self.y+=op2\n",
+      "        self.z+=op2\n",
+      "        return self\n",
+      "    #Show x,y,z coordinates\n",
+      "    def show(self):\n",
+      "        print self.x,\",\",self.y,\",\",self.z\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "a=three_d(1,2,3)\n",
+      "b=three_d(10,10,10)\n",
+      "c=three_d()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "a.show()\n",
+      "b.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#add a and b together\n",
+      "c=a+b\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#add a,b and c together\n",
+      "c=a+b+c\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#demonstrate multiple assignment\n",
+      "c=b=a\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "b.show()\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "#Increment c\n",
+      "c+=1\n",
+      "c.show()\n"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "1 , 2 , 3\n10 , 10 , 10\n11 , 12 , 13\n22 , 24 , 26\n1 , 2 , 3\n1 , 2 , 3\n2 , 3 , 4\n"
+       "text": [
+        "1 , 2 , 3\n",
+        "10 , 10 , 10\n",
+        "11 , 12 , 13\n",
+        "22 , 24 , 26\n",
+        "1 , 2 , 3\n",
+        "1 , 2 , 3\n",
+        "2 , 3 , 4\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 2
@@ -55,19 +184,107 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 13.3, Page Number: 306<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 13.3, Page Number: 306<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Implementation of prefix and postfix ++ operator in python'''\n\nclass three_d:\n    def __init__(self,i=None,j=None,k=None):\n        if i==None:\n            self.x=self.y=self.z=0\n        else:\n            self.x=i\n            self.y=j\n            self.z=k\n    #Overload +\n    def __add__(self,op2):\n        temp=three_d()\n        temp.x=self.x + op2.x         #These are integer additions\n        temp.y=self.y + op2.y         #and the + retains its original\n        temp.z=self.z + op2.z         #meaning relative to them.\n        return temp\n    #Overload assignment\n    def __assign__(self,op2):\n        self.x=op2.x                  #These are integer assignments\n        self.y=op2.y                  #and the = retains its original \n        self.z=op2.z                  #meaning relative to them\n        return self\n    #Overload the increment operator\n    def __iadd__(self,op2):\n        self.x+=op2\n        self.y+=op2\n        self.z+=op2\n        return self\n    #Show x,y,z coordinates\n    def show(self):\n        print self.x,\",\",self.y,\",\",self.z\n        \na=three_d(1,2,3)\nb=three_d(10,10,10)\nc=three_d()\n\na.show()\nb.show()\n\n#add a and b together\nc=a+b\nc.show()\n\n#add a,b and c together\nc=a+b+c\nc.show()\n\n#demonstrate multiple assignment\nc=b=a\nc.show()\nb.show()\n        \n#Increment c (prefix)\nc+=1\nc.show()\n\n#Increment c (postfix)\nc+=1\nc.show()\n\n#Implementing prefix\nc+=1\na=c\na.show()\nc.show()\n\n#Implementing postfix\na=c\na.show()\nc+=1\nc.show()",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class three_d:\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,i=None,j=None,k=None):\n",
+      "        if i==None:\n",
+      "            self.x=self.y=self.z=0\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            self.x=i\n",
+      "            self.y=j\n",
+      "            self.z=k\n",
+      "    #Overload +\n",
+      "    def __add__(self,op2):\n",
+      "        temp=three_d()\n",
+      "        temp.x=self.x + op2.x         #These are integer additions\n",
+      "        temp.y=self.y + op2.y         #and the + retains its original\n",
+      "        temp.z=self.z + op2.z         #meaning relative to them.\n",
+      "        return temp\n",
+      "    #Overload assignment\n",
+      "    def __assign__(self,op2):\n",
+      "        self.x=op2.x                  #These are integer assignments\n",
+      "        self.y=op2.y                  #and the = retains its original \n",
+      "        self.z=op2.z                  #meaning relative to them\n",
+      "        return self\n",
+      "    #Overload the increment operator\n",
+      "    def __iadd__(self,op2):\n",
+      "        self.x+=op2\n",
+      "        self.y+=op2\n",
+      "        self.z+=op2\n",
+      "        return self\n",
+      "    #Show x,y,z coordinates\n",
+      "    def show(self):\n",
+      "        print self.x,\",\",self.y,\",\",self.z\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "a=three_d(1,2,3)\n",
+      "b=three_d(10,10,10)\n",
+      "c=three_d()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "a.show()\n",
+      "b.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#add a and b together\n",
+      "c=a+b\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#add a,b and c together\n",
+      "c=a+b+c\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#demonstrate multiple assignment\n",
+      "c=b=a\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "b.show()\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "#Increment c (prefix)\n",
+      "c+=1\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Increment c (postfix)\n",
+      "c+=1\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Implementing prefix\n",
+      "c+=1\n",
+      "a=c\n",
+      "a.show()\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Implementing postfix\n",
+      "a=c\n",
+      "a.show()\n",
+      "c+=1\n",
+      "c.show()"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "1 , 2 , 3\n10 , 10 , 10\n11 , 12 , 13\n22 , 24 , 26\n1 , 2 , 3\n1 , 2 , 3\n2 , 3 , 4\n3 , 4 , 5\n4 , 5 , 6\n4 , 5 , 6\n4 , 5 , 6\n5 , 6 , 7\n"
+       "text": [
+        "1 , 2 , 3\n",
+        "10 , 10 , 10\n",
+        "11 , 12 , 13\n",
+        "22 , 24 , 26\n",
+        "1 , 2 , 3\n",
+        "1 , 2 , 3\n",
+        "2 , 3 , 4\n",
+        "3 , 4 , 5\n",
+        "4 , 5 , 6\n",
+        "4 , 5 , 6\n",
+        "4 , 5 , 6\n",
+        "5 , 6 , 7\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 3
@@ -75,19 +292,79 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 13.4, Page Number: 310<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 13.4, Page Number: 310<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Overload + using a friend'''\n\nclass three_d:\n    def __init__(self,i=None,j=None,k=None):\n        if i==None:\n            self.x=self.y=self.z=0\n        else:\n            self.x=i\n            self.y=j\n            self.z=k\n    #Overload +\n    def __add__(self,op2):\n        return add(self,op2)\n    #Overload assignment\n    def __assign__(self,op2):\n        self.x=op2.x                  #These are integer assignments\n        self.y=op2.y                  #and the = retains its original \n        self.z=op2.z                  #meaning relative to them\n        return self\n    #Show x,y,z coordinates\n    def show(self):\n        print self.x,\",\",self.y,\",\",self.z\n \n#friending the funcion\ndef add(op1,op2):\n    temp=three_d()\n    temp.x=op1.x + op2.x         #These are integer additions\n    temp.y=op1.y + op2.y         #and the + retains its original\n    temp.z=op1.z + op2.z         #meaning relative to them.\n    return temp\n\na=three_d(1,2,3)\nb=three_d(10,10,10)\nc=three_d()\n\na.show()\nb.show()\n\n#add a and b together\nc=a+b\nc.show()\n\n#add a,b and c together\nc=a+b+c\nc.show()\n\n#demonstrate multiple assignment\nc=b=a\nc.show()\nb.show()\n",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class three_d:\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,i=None,j=None,k=None):\n",
+      "        if i==None:\n",
+      "            self.x=self.y=self.z=0\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            self.x=i\n",
+      "            self.y=j\n",
+      "            self.z=k\n",
+      "    #Overload +\n",
+      "    def __add__(self,op2):\n",
+      "        return add(self,op2)\n",
+      "    #Overload assignment\n",
+      "    def __assign__(self,op2):\n",
+      "        self.x=op2.x                  #These are integer assignments\n",
+      "        self.y=op2.y                  #and the = retains its original \n",
+      "        self.z=op2.z                  #meaning relative to them\n",
+      "        return self\n",
+      "    #Show x,y,z coordinates\n",
+      "    def show(self):\n",
+      "        print self.x,\",\",self.y,\",\",self.z\n",
+      " \n",
+      "#friending the funcion\n",
+      "def add(op1,op2):\n",
+      "    temp=three_d()\n",
+      "    temp.x=op1.x + op2.x         #These are integer additions\n",
+      "    temp.y=op1.y + op2.y         #and the + retains its original\n",
+      "    temp.z=op1.z + op2.z         #meaning relative to them.\n",
+      "    return temp\n",
+      "\n",
+      "a=three_d(1,2,3)\n",
+      "b=three_d(10,10,10)\n",
+      "c=three_d()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "a.show()\n",
+      "b.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#add a and b together\n",
+      "c=a+b\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#add a,b and c together\n",
+      "c=a+b+c\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#demonstrate multiple assignment\n",
+      "c=b=a\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "b.show()\n"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "1 , 2 , 3\n10 , 10 , 10\n11 , 12 , 13\n22 , 24 , 26\n1 , 2 , 3\n1 , 2 , 3\n"
+       "text": [
+        "1 , 2 , 3\n",
+        "10 , 10 , 10\n",
+        "11 , 12 , 13\n",
+        "22 , 24 , 26\n",
+        "1 , 2 , 3\n",
+        "1 , 2 , 3\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 4
@@ -95,19 +372,62 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 13.5, Page Number: 311<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 13.5, Page Number: 311<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Operator overloading when object is on the right side of the operator'''\n\nclass CL:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.count=0\n    def __assign__(self,obj):\n        self.count=obj.count\n        return self\n    def __add__(self,i):         \n        return add(self,i)\n    def __radd__(self,i):\n        return radd(self,i)\n\n#This handles ob + int\ndef add(ob,i):\n    temp=CL()\n    temp.count=ob.count+i\n    return temp\n    \n#This handles int + ob        \ndef radd(ob,i):\n    temp=CL()\n    temp.count=i+ob.count\n    return temp\n\n#Variable declaration\no=CL()\no.count = 10\n\n#Result\nprint o.count,     #outputs 10\no=10+o\nprint o.count,     #outputs 20\no=o+12\nprint o.count      #outputs 32\n\n\n        ",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class CL:\n",
+      "    def __init__(self):\n",
+      "        self.count=0\n",
+      "    def __assign__(self,obj):\n",
+      "        self.count=obj.count\n",
+      "        return self\n",
+      "    def __add__(self,i):         \n",
+      "        return add(self,i)\n",
+      "    def __radd__(self,i):\n",
+      "        return radd(self,i)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#This handles ob + int\n",
+      "def add(ob,i):\n",
+      "    temp=CL()\n",
+      "    temp.count=ob.count+i\n",
+      "    return temp\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "#This handles int + ob        \n",
+      "def radd(ob,i):\n",
+      "    temp=CL()\n",
+      "    temp.count=i+ob.count\n",
+      "    return temp\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "o=CL()\n",
+      "o.count = 10\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print o.count,     #outputs 10\n",
+      "o=10+o\n",
+      "print o.count,     #outputs 20\n",
+      "o=o+12\n",
+      "print o.count      #outputs 32\n",
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "        "
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "10 20 32\n"
+       "text": [
+        "10 20 32\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 1
@@ -115,19 +435,112 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 13.6, Page Number: 314<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 13.6, Page Number: 314<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Implementation of prefix and postfix ++ as a friend function'''\n\nclass three_d:\n    def __init__(self,i=None,j=None,k=None):\n        if i==None:\n            self.x=self.y=self.z=0\n        else:\n            self.x=i\n            self.y=j\n            self.z=k\n    #Overload +\n    def __add__(self,op2):\n        return add(self,op2)\n    #Overload assignment\n    def __assign__(self,op2):\n        self.x=op2.x                  #These are integer assignments\n        self.y=op2.y                  #and the = retains its original \n        self.z=op2.z                  #meaning relative to them\n        return self\n    #Overload the increment operator\n    def __iadd__(self,op2):\n        return iadd(self,op2)\n    #Show x,y,z coordinates\n    def show(self):\n        print self.x,\",\",self.y,\",\",self.z\n\n#friending the funcion\ndef add(op1,op2):\n    temp=three_d()\n    temp.x=op1.x + op2.x         #These are integer additions\n    temp.y=op1.y + op2.y         #and the + retains its original\n    temp.z=op1.z + op2.z         #meaning relative to them.\n    return temp\ndef iadd(op1,op2):\n    op1.x+=op2\n    op1.y+=op2\n    op1.z+=op2\n    return op1\n        \na=three_d(1,2,3)\nb=three_d(10,10,10)\nc=three_d()\n\na.show()\nb.show()\n\n#add a and b together\nc=a+b\nc.show()\n\n#add a,b and c together\nc=a+b+c\nc.show()\n\n#demonstrate multiple assignment\nc=b=a\nc.show()\nb.show()\n        \n#Increment c (prefix)\nc+=1\nc.show()\n\n#Increment c (postfix)\nc+=1\nc.show()\n\n#Implementing prefix\nc+=1\na=c\na.show()\nc.show()\n\n#Implementing postfix\na=c\na.show()\nc+=1\nc.show()",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "class three_d:\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,i=None,j=None,k=None):\n",
+      "        if i==None:\n",
+      "            self.x=self.y=self.z=0\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            self.x=i\n",
+      "            self.y=j\n",
+      "            self.z=k\n",
+      "    #Overload +\n",
+      "    def __add__(self,op2):\n",
+      "        return add(self,op2)\n",
+      "    #Overload assignment\n",
+      "    def __assign__(self,op2):\n",
+      "        self.x=op2.x                  #These are integer assignments\n",
+      "        self.y=op2.y                  #and the = retains its original \n",
+      "        self.z=op2.z                  #meaning relative to them\n",
+      "        return self\n",
+      "    #Overload the increment operator\n",
+      "    def __iadd__(self,op2):\n",
+      "        return iadd(self,op2)\n",
+      "    #Show x,y,z coordinates\n",
+      "    def show(self):\n",
+      "        print self.x,\",\",self.y,\",\",self.z\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#friending the funcion\n",
+      "def add(op1,op2):\n",
+      "    temp=three_d()\n",
+      "    temp.x=op1.x + op2.x         #These are integer additions\n",
+      "    temp.y=op1.y + op2.y         #and the + retains its original\n",
+      "    temp.z=op1.z + op2.z         #meaning relative to them.\n",
+      "    return temp\n",
+      "def iadd(op1,op2):\n",
+      "    op1.x+=op2\n",
+      "    op1.y+=op2\n",
+      "    op1.z+=op2\n",
+      "    return op1\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "a=three_d(1,2,3)\n",
+      "b=three_d(10,10,10)\n",
+      "c=three_d()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "a.show()\n",
+      "b.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#add a and b together\n",
+      "c=a+b\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#add a,b and c together\n",
+      "c=a+b+c\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#demonstrate multiple assignment\n",
+      "c=b=a\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "b.show()\n",
+      "        \n",
+      "#Increment c (prefix)\n",
+      "c+=1\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Increment c (postfix)\n",
+      "c+=1\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Implementing prefix\n",
+      "c+=1\n",
+      "a=c\n",
+      "a.show()\n",
+      "c.show()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Implementing postfix\n",
+      "a=c\n",
+      "a.show()\n",
+      "c+=1\n",
+      "c.show()"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "1 , 2 , 3\n10 , 10 , 10\n11 , 12 , 13\n22 , 24 , 26\n1 , 2 , 3\n1 , 2 , 3\n2 , 3 , 4\n3 , 4 , 5\n4 , 5 , 6\n4 , 5 , 6\n4 , 5 , 6\n5 , 6 , 7\n"
+       "text": [
+        "1 , 2 , 3\n",
+        "10 , 10 , 10\n",
+        "11 , 12 , 13\n",
+        "22 , 24 , 26\n",
+        "1 , 2 , 3\n",
+        "1 , 2 , 3\n",
+        "2 , 3 , 4\n",
+        "3 , 4 , 5\n",
+        "4 , 5 , 6\n",
+        "4 , 5 , 6\n",
+        "4 , 5 , 6\n",
+        "5 , 6 , 7\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 6
@@ -135,19 +548,61 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 13.7, Page Number: 318<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 13.7, Page Number: 318<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "\n\nclass sample:\n    def __init__(self,ob=0):\n        if isinstance(ob,int):\n            #Normal constructor\n            self.__s=\"\"\n            return\n        else:\n            #Copy constructor\n            self.__s=obj._sample__s\n            return\n    def __del__(self):\n        print \"Freeing s\"\n    def show(self):\n        print self.__s\n    def set(self,str):\n        self.__s=str\n    def __assign__(self,ob):        #Overload assignment\n        self.s=ob._sample__s\n        return self\n    \ndef input():\n    str=sample()\n    instr=\"Hello\"   #User input\n    str.set(instr)\n    return str\n\nob=sample()\n\n#assign returned object to ob\nob=input()\n\n#Result\nob.show()\n",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class sample:\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,ob=0):\n",
+      "        if isinstance(ob,int):\n",
+      "            #Normal constructor\n",
+      "            self.__s=\"\"\n",
+      "            return\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            #Copy constructor\n",
+      "            self.__s=obj._sample__s\n",
+      "            return\n",
+      "    def __del__(self):\n",
+      "        print \"Freeing s\"\n",
+      "    def show(self):\n",
+      "        print self.__s\n",
+      "    def set(self,str):\n",
+      "        self.__s=str\n",
+      "    def __assign__(self,ob):        #Overload assignment\n",
+      "        self.s=ob._sample__s\n",
+      "        return self\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "def input():\n",
+      "    str=sample()\n",
+      "    instr=\"Hello\"   #User input\n",
+      "    str.set(instr)\n",
+      "    return str\n",
+      "\n",
+      "ob=sample()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#assign returned object to ob\n",
+      "ob=input()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "ob.show()\n"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "Freeing s\nFreeing s\nHello\n"
+       "text": [
+        "Freeing s\n",
+        "Freeing s\n",
+        "Hello\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 4
@@ -155,19 +610,41 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 13.8, Page Number: 321<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 13.8, Page Number: 321<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Overload []'''\n#There is on implementation of overloading [], hence we use normal functions\n\n\nclass atype:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.__a=[]\n        for i in range(SIZE):\n            self.__a.append(i)\n    def a(self,i):\n        return self.__a[i]\n  \n#Variable declaration\nSIZE=3\nob=atype()\n\n#Result\nprint ob.a(2),\n\n",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class atype:\n",
+      "    def __init__(self):\n",
+      "        self.__a=[]\n",
+      "        for i in range(SIZE):\n",
+      "            self.__a.append(i)\n",
+      "    def a(self,i):\n",
+      "        return self.__a[i]\n",
+      "  \n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "SIZE=3\n",
+      "ob=atype()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print ob.a(2),\n",
+      "\n"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "2\n"
+       "text": [
+        "2\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 6
@@ -175,19 +652,46 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 13.9, Page Number: 322<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 13.9, Page Number: 322<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Overload []'''\n\nclass atype:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.__a=[]\n        for i in range(SIZE):\n            self.__a.append(i)\n    def a(self,i,j=None):\n        if j==None:\n            return self.__a[i]\n        else:\n            self.__a[i]=j\n            \n#Variable declaration\nSIZE=3    \nob=atype()\n\nprint ob.a(2),     #displays 2\n\nob.a(2,25)\n\nprint ob.a(2)      #now displays 25",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class atype:\n",
+      "    def __init__(self):\n",
+      "        self.__a=[]\n",
+      "        for i in range(SIZE):\n",
+      "            self.__a.append(i)\n",
+      "    def a(self,i,j=None):\n",
+      "        if j==None:\n",
+      "            return self.__a[i]\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            self.__a[i]=j\n",
+      "            \n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "SIZE=3    \n",
+      "ob=atype()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print ob.a(2),     #displays 2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "ob.a(2,25)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print ob.a(2)      #now displays 25"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "2 25\n"
+       "text": [
+        "2 25\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 7
@@ -195,19 +699,52 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 13.10, Page Number: 323<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 13.10, Page Number: 323<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''A safe array example'''\n\nclass atype:\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.__a=[]\n        for i in range(SIZE):\n            self.__a.append(i)\n    def a(self,i,j=None):\n        if (i<0 or i>SIZE-1):\n            print \"Index value of\",\n            print i,\"is out of bounds.\"\n            return\n        if j==None:\n            return self.__a[i]\n        else:\n            self.__a[i]=j\n            \n#Variable declaration\nSIZE=3    \nob=atype()\n\nprint ob.a(2),     #displays 2\n\nob.a(2,25)\n\nprint ob.a(2)      #now displays 25\n\nob.a(44,3)       #generates runtime error, 3 out of bounds",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "class atype:\n",
+      "    def __init__(self):\n",
+      "        self.__a=[]\n",
+      "        for i in range(SIZE):\n",
+      "            self.__a.append(i)\n",
+      "    def a(self,i,j=None):\n",
+      "        if (i<0 or i>SIZE-1):\n",
+      "            print \"Index value of\",\n",
+      "            print i,\"is out of bounds.\"\n",
+      "            return\n",
+      "        if j==None:\n",
+      "            return self.__a[i]\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            self.__a[i]=j\n",
+      "            \n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "SIZE=3    \n",
+      "ob=atype()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print ob.a(2),     #displays 2\n",
+      "\n",
+      "ob.a(2,25)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "print ob.a(2)      #now displays 25\n",
+      "\n",
+      "ob.a(44,3)       #generates runtime error, 3 out of bounds"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "2 25\nIndex value of 44 is out of bounds.\n"
+       "text": [
+        "2 25\n",
+        "Index value of 44 is out of bounds.\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 9
@@ -215,19 +752,56 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 13.11, Page Number: 324<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 13.11, Page Number: 324<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Overload ()'''\n\nclass three_d:\n    def __init__(self,i=None,j=None,k=None):\n        if i==None:\n            self.x=self.y=self.z=0      #3-D coordinates\n        else:\n            self.x=i\n            self.y=j\n            self.z=k\n    #Show X,Y,Z coordinates\n    def show(self):\n        print self.x,\",\",self.y,\",\",self.z\n    #Overload ()\n    def a(self,a,b,c):\n        temp = three_d()\n        temp.x=self.x+a\n        temp.y=self.y+b\n        temp.z=self.z+c\n        return temp\n \n#Variable declaration\nob1=three_d(1,2,3)\n\nob2=ob1.a(10,11,12)    #invoke operator ()\n\n#Result\nprint \"ob1: \",\nob1.show()\nprint \"ob2: \",\nob2.show()",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class three_d:\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,i=None,j=None,k=None):\n",
+      "        if i==None:\n",
+      "            self.x=self.y=self.z=0      #3-D coordinates\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            self.x=i\n",
+      "            self.y=j\n",
+      "            self.z=k\n",
+      "    #Show X,Y,Z coordinates\n",
+      "    def show(self):\n",
+      "        print self.x,\",\",self.y,\",\",self.z\n",
+      "    #Overload ()\n",
+      "    def a(self,a,b,c):\n",
+      "        temp = three_d()\n",
+      "        temp.x=self.x+a\n",
+      "        temp.y=self.y+b\n",
+      "        temp.z=self.z+c\n",
+      "        return temp\n",
+      " \n",
+      "#Variable declaration\n",
+      "ob1=three_d(1,2,3)\n",
+      "\n",
+      "ob2=ob1.a(10,11,12)    #invoke operator ()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "#Result\n",
+      "print \"ob1: \",\n",
+      "ob1.show()\n",
+      "print \"ob2: \",\n",
+      "ob2.show()"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "ob1:  1 , 2 , 3\nob2:  11 , 13 , 15\n"
+       "text": [
+        "ob1:  1 , 2 , 3\n",
+        "ob2:  11 , 13 , 15\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 10
@@ -235,19 +809,61 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {},
-     "source": "<h3>Example 13.12, Page Number: 326<h3>"
+     "source": [
+      "<h3>Example 13.12, Page Number: 326<h3>"
+     ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "'''Expanding the string type'''\n\nclass str_type:\n    def __init__(self,str=\"\"):\n        self.__string=str\n    #String concatenation\n    def __add__(self,str):\n        temp=str_type()\n        if isinstance(str,str_type):\n            temp.__string=self.__string+str.__string\n        else:\n            temp.__string=self.__string+str\n        return temp\n    #String copy\n    def __assign__(self,str):\n        if isinstance(str,str_type):\n            self.__string=str.__string\n        else:\n            self.__string=str\n        return self\n    def show_str(self):\n        print self.__string\n \na=str_type(\"Hello \")\nb=str_type(\"There\")\nc=a+b\nc.show_str()\n\na=str_type(\"to program in because\")\na.show_str()\n\nb=c=str_type(\"C++ is fun\")\n\nc=c+\" \"+a+\" \"+b\nc.show_str()\n\n",
+     "input": [
+      "\n",
+      "class str_type:\n",
+      "    def __init__(self,str=\"\"):\n",
+      "        self.__string=str\n",
+      "    #String concatenation\n",
+      "    def __add__(self,str):\n",
+      "        temp=str_type()\n",
+      "        if isinstance(str,str_type):\n",
+      "            temp.__string=self.__string+str.__string\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            temp.__string=self.__string+str\n",
+      "        return temp\n",
+      "    #String copy\n",
+      "    def __assign__(self,str):\n",
+      "        if isinstance(str,str_type):\n",
+      "            self.__string=str.__string\n",
+      "        else:\n",
+      "            self.__string=str\n",
+      "        return self\n",
+      "    def show_str(self):\n",
+      "        print self.__string\n",
+      " \n",
+      "a=str_type(\"Hello \")\n",
+      "b=str_type(\"There\")\n",
+      "c=a+b\n",
+      "c.show_str()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "a=str_type(\"to program in because\")\n",
+      "a.show_str()\n",
+      "\n",
+      "b=c=str_type(\"C++ is fun\")\n",
+      "\n",
+      "c=c+\" \"+a+\" \"+b\n",
+      "c.show_str()\n",
+      "\n"
+     ],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
-       "text": "Hello There\nto program in because\nC++ is fun to program in because C++ is fun\n"
+       "text": [
+        "Hello There\n",
+        "to program in because\n",
+        "C++ is fun to program in because C++ is fun\n"
+       ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 12
@@ -255,7 +871,7 @@
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
-     "input": "",
+     "input": [],
      "language": "python",
      "metadata": {},
      "outputs": []