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authordebashisdeb2014-06-20 15:42:42 +0530
committerdebashisdeb2014-06-20 15:42:42 +0530
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removing problem statements
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-{
- "metadata": {
- "name": ""
- },
- "nbformat": 3,
- "nbformat_minor": 0,
- "worksheets": [
- {
- "cells": [
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 1,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Chapter 2:First Law of Thermodynamics"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.1 Page No.90"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#What is net work transfer in a cycle\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "h1=60\t\t#The heat transfer in the process in kJ\n",
- "h2=-8\t\t#The heat transfer in the process in kJ\n",
- "h3=-34\t\t#The heat transfer in the process in kJ\n",
- "h4=6\t\t#The heat transfer in the process in kJ\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "Q=h1+h2+h3+h4\t\t#Net work transfer in a cycle in kJ\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'Net work transfer in a cycle is',round(Q,2),\"KJ\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Net work transfer in a cycle is 24.0 KJ\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 1
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.2 Page No. 90"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#FinThe work done on the system\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "Q=-300\t\t#Heat transfer in the system consisting of the gas in kJ\n",
- "u=0\t\t#Internal energy is constant\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "W=Q-u\t\t#Work done of the system in kJ\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'The work done of the system W = %3.0f kJ ',round(W,1),\"KJ\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The work done of the system W = %3.0f kJ -300.0 KJ\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 2
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.3 Page No. 90"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Input data\n",
- "v1=1.5\t\t#Initial volume of the process in m**3\n",
- "v2=4.5\t\t#Final volume of the process in m**3\n",
- "Q=2000\t\t#Amount of heat added in kJ\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "W=100*((3.5*math.log(v2/v1))+(3*(v2-v1)))\t#Amount of work done in kJ\n",
- "U=Q-W\t\t\t\t\t#The change in internal energy in kJ\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'The change in internal energy is',round(U,2),\"KJ\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The change in internal energy is 715.49 KJ\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 4
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.4 Page No.91"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#What is the heat transfer per kg of steam\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "h1=35\t\t#Enthalpy of water entering the boiler in kJ/kg\n",
- "h2=705\t\t#Enthalpy of steam leaving the boiler in kJ/kg\n",
- "C=0\t\t#Change in kinetic energy is neglected\n",
- "Z=0\t\t#Change in potential energy is neglected\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "q=h2-h1\t\t#The heat transfer per kg of steam in kJ/kg\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'The heat transfer per kg of steam is',round(q,1),\"kJ/kg\"\t\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The heat transfer per kg of steam is 670.0 kJ/kg\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 6
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.5 Page No. 92"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Determine (a)Change in energy in a-b,b-c,c-d,d-a process \n",
- "#Heat developed in the process d-a \n",
- "#Work done in the d-a process \n",
- "#Net rate of work output\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "Q=-170\t\t#Sum of all heat transfers per cycle in kJ\n",
- "N=100\t\t#Total number of cycles per min in cycles/min\n",
- "Q1=0\t\t#Heat developed in a-b process in kJ/min\n",
- "Q2=21000\t\t#Heat developed in b-c process in kJ/min\n",
- "Q3=-2100\t\t#Heat developed in c-d process in kJ/min\n",
- "W1=2170\t\t#Work done in the process a-b in kJ/min\n",
- "W2=0\t\t#Work done in the b-c process in kJ/min\n",
- "E3=-36600\t#Change in energy in the process in kJ/min\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "E1=Q1-W1\t\t#Change in energy in process a-b in kJ/min\n",
- "E2=Q2-W2\t\t#Change in energy in b-c process in kJ/min\n",
- "W3=Q3-E3\t\t#Work done in the c-d process in kJ/min\n",
- "Qt=Q*N\t\t\t#Total heat transfer per min in kJ/min \n",
- "Q4=Qt-Q1-Q2-Q3\t\t#Heat developed in the process d-a in kJ/min\n",
- "Et=0\t\t\t#Total change in energy of the cycle\n",
- "E4=Et-E1-E2-E3\t\t#Energy in the process d-a in kJ/min\n",
- "W4=Q4-E4\t\t#Work done in the d-a process in kJ/min \n",
- "Wn=Qt/60.0\t\t#Net rate of work output in kW\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'(a)Change in energy in a-b process is',round(E1,2),\"kJ/min\"\n",
- "print'(b)Change in energy in b-c process is',round(E2,2),\"kJ/min\"\n",
- "print'(c)Work done in the c-d process is',round(W3,2),\"kJ/min\"\n",
- "print'(d)Heat developed in the process d-a is',round(Q4,2),\"kJ/min\"\n",
- "print'(e)Energy in the process d-a is',round(E4,2),\"kJ/min\"\n",
- "print'(f)Work done in the d-a process is',round(W4,2),\"kJ/min\"\n",
- "print'(g)Net rate of work output is',round(Wn,2),\"kW\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "(a)Change in energy in a-b process is -2170.0 kJ/min\n",
- "(b)Change in energy in b-c process is 21000.0 kJ/min\n",
- "(c)Work done in the c-d process is 34500.0 kJ/min\n",
- "(d)Heat developed in the process d-a is -35900.0 kJ/min\n",
- "(e)Energy in the process d-a is 17770.0 kJ/min\n",
- "(f)Work done in the d-a process is -53670.0 kJ/min\n",
- "(g)Net rate of work output is -283.33 kW\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 8
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.6 Page No. 93"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Determine (a)Change in work done in 1-2,2-3,3-1 process \n",
- "#change in energy in the process 2-3 \n",
- "#mass flow rate and rate of power and heat developed\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "Q1=50\t\t#Heat developed in the 1-2 process in kJ/kg\n",
- "U1=20\t\t#Change in energy in the 1-2 process in kJ/kg\n",
- "Q2=-30\t\t#Heat developed in the 2-3 process in kJ/kg\n",
- "W2=-40\t\t#Work done in the 2-3 process in kj/kg\n",
- "U3=-30\t\t#Change in energy in the 3-1 process in kJ/kg\n",
- "Wt=30\t\t#Net work done per kg of fluid in kJ/kg\n",
- "m=0.1\t\t#Mass of fluid in the cycle in kg\n",
- "N=10\t\t#Number of cycles per sec in cycles/sec\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "W1=Q1-U1\t#Work done in the 1-2 process in kJ/kg\n",
- "U2=Q2-W2\t#Change in energy in the 2-3 process in kJ/kg\n",
- "W3=Wt-W1-W2\t#Work done in the 3-1 process in kJ/kg\n",
- "Q3=W3+U3\t#Heat developed in the process in kJ/kg\n",
- "m1=m*N\t\t#mass flow rate per sec in kg/sec\n",
- "P=Wt*m1\t\t#Rate of power in kW\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'(a)Work done in the 1-2 process is',round(W1,1),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
- "print'(b)Change in energy in the 2-3 process is',round(U2,1),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
- "print'(c)Work done in the 3-1 process is',round(W3,1),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
- "print'(d)Heat developed in the processis',round(Q3,1),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
- "print'(e)mass flow rate per sec ',round(m1,1), \"kg/sec \"\n",
- "print'(f)Rate of power is',round(P,2),\"kW\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "(a)Work done in the 1-2 process is 30.0 kJ/kg\n",
- "(b)Change in energy in the 2-3 process is 10.0 kJ/kg\n",
- "(c)Work done in the 3-1 process is 40.0 kJ/kg\n",
- "(d)Heat developed in the processis 10.0 kJ/kg\n",
- "(e)mass flow rate per sec 1.0 kg/sec \n",
- "(f)Rate of power is 30.0 kW\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 9
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.7 Page No. 94"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Determine (a)Change in work done in 1-2 process \n",
- "#total change in energy \n",
- "#work done and heat developed\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "m=3.0\t\t#Mass of substance in the system in kg\n",
- "P1=500.0\t\t#Initial pressure of the system in kPa\n",
- "P2=100.0\t\t#Final pressure of the system in kPa\n",
- "V1=0.22\t\t#Initial volume of the system in m**3\n",
- "n=1.2\t\t#Polytropic index \n",
- "Q1=30.0\t\t#Heat transfer for the another process\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "V2=V1*(P1/P2)**(1/1.2)\t#Final volume of the system in m**3\n",
- "U=3.56*(P2*V2-P1*V1)\t#Total change in internal energy in kJ\n",
- "W1=(P2*V2-P1*V1)/(1-n)\t#Work done for the 1-2 process in kJ\n",
- "Q=U+W1\t\t\t#Heat developed in the process in kJ\n",
- "W2=Q1-U\t\t#Work done for the another process in kJ\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'(a)Total change in internal energy is',round(U,0), \"kJ\" \n",
- "print'(b)Work done for the 1-2 process is',round(W1,2), \"kJ\" \n",
- "print'(c)Heat developed in the process is',round(Q,0), \"kJ\" \n",
- "print'(d)Work done for the another process is',round(W2,0), \"kJ\" \n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "(a)Total change in internal energy is -92.0 kJ\n",
- "(b)Work done for the 1-2 process is 129.4 kJ\n",
- "(c)Heat developed in the process is 37.0 kJ\n",
- "(d)Work done for the another process is 122.0 kJ\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 3
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.8 Page No. 96"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Find heat transfer and total change in internal energy\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "m=5\t\t#Mass of the substance in the system in kg\n",
- "P1=500\t\t#Initial pressure of the system in kPa\n",
- "P2=100\t\t#Final pressure of the system in kPa\n",
- "V1=0.22\t\t#Initial volume of the system in m**3\n",
- "n=1.2\t\t#Polytropic index\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations \n",
- "V2=V1*(P1/P2)**(1/1.2)\t#Final volume of the system in m**3\n",
- "U=3.5*(P2*V2-P1*V1)\t#Change in the internal energy of the system in kJ\n",
- "W=(P1*V1-P2*V2)/(n-1)\t#Work developed in the process in kJ\n",
- "Q=U+W\t\t\t#Heat transfer in the process in kJ\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'Total change in Internal Energy is',round(U,0),\"KJ\" \n",
- "print'Non flow work in the process is',round(W,2),\"KJ\" \n",
- "print'Heat transfer of the process is',round(Q,0),\"KJ\" \n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Total change in Internal Energy is -91.0 KJ\n",
- "Non flow work in the process is 129.4 KJ\n",
- "Heat transfer of the process is 39.0 KJ\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 7
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.9 Page No. 97"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Find the direction and magnitude of work and heat transfer\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "p1=170\t\t#Initial pressure of the fluid in kPa\n",
- "p2=400\t\t#Final pressure of the fluid in kPa\n",
- "v1=0.03\t\t#Initial volume in m**3\n",
- "v2=0.06\t\t#Final volume in m**3\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "dU=3.15*((p2*v2)-(p1*v1))\t#The change in internal energy of the fluid in kJ\n",
- "#P=a+b*V #Given relation \n",
- "A = array([[1,v1], \n",
- " [1,v2]])\n",
- "b = array([p1,p2])\n",
- "X = solve(A, b)\n",
- "W=(X[0]*(v2-v1))+(X[1]*((v2**2-v1**2)/2.0))\t#The work done during the process in kJ\n",
- "Q=U+W\t\t#The heat transfer in kJ\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'(a)The direction and magnitude of work is',round(W,2),\"KJ\"\n",
- "print'(b)The direction and magnitude of heat transfer is',round(Q,2),\"KJ\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "(a)The direction and magnitude of work is 8.55 KJ\n",
- "(b)The direction and magnitude of heat transfer is 68.08 KJ\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 30
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.11 Page No. 99"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#What is power capacity of the system\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "E1=4000\t\t#Enthalpy at entrance in kJ/Kg\n",
- "E2=4100\t\t#Enthalpy at exit in kJ/kg\n",
- "V1=50\t\t#Velocity at entrance in m/s\n",
- "V2=20\t\t#Velocity at exit in m/s\n",
- "h1=50\t\t#Height at the entrance \n",
- "h2=10\t\t#Height at the exit\n",
- "m=1\t\t#mass flow rate to the system in kJ/s\n",
- "Q=200\t\t#Heat transfer rate to the system in kJ/s\n",
- "g=9.8\t\t#Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "P=m*(((V1**2-V2**2)/(2000.0))+(g*(h2-h1)/1000.0)+(E1-E2))+Q\n",
- "print'Power capacity of the system ',round(P,0),\"KW\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Power capacity of the system 101.0 KW\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 8
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.12 Page No. 101"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#What is specific internal energy\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "W=135\t\t#Work done by the system in kJ/kg\n",
- "V1=0.37\t\t#Specific volume of fluid at inlet in m**3/kg\n",
- "V2=0.62\t\t#Specific volume of fluid at outlet in m**3/kg\n",
- "P1=600\t\t#Pressure at the inlet in kPa\n",
- "P2=100\t\t#Pressure at the outlet in kPa\n",
- "C1=16\t\t#Velocity at the inlet in m/s\n",
- "C2=270\t\t#Velocity at the outlet in m/s\n",
- "Z1=32\t\t#Inlet height from floor level in m\n",
- "Z2=0\t\t#Outlet height from floor level in m\n",
- "q=-9\t\t#Heat loss between inlet and discharge in kJ/kg\n",
- "g=9.81\t\t#Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "U=((C2**2-C1**2)/2000.0)+(g*(Z2-Z1))/1000.0+(P2*V2-P1*V1)+W-q\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'Specific Internal Energy decreases by ',round(U,2),\"kJ/kg\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "Specific Internal Energy decreases by 20.01 kJ/kg\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 9
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.13 Page No. 102"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#What is Total work done in the system and Power capacity of the system\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "m=5\t\t#Rate of fluid flow in the system in kg/s\n",
- "P1=620\t\t#Pressure at the entrance in kPa\n",
- "P2=130\t\t#Pressure at the exit in kPa\n",
- "C1=300\t\t#Velocity at the entrance in m/s\n",
- "C2=150\t\t#Velocity at the exit in m/s\n",
- "U1=2100\t\t#Internal energy at the entrance in kJ/kg\n",
- "U2=1500\t\t#Internal energy at the exit in kJ/kg\n",
- "V1=0.37\t\t#Specific volume at entrance in m**3/kg\n",
- "V2=1.2\t\t#Specific volume at exit in m**3/kg\n",
- "Q=-30\t\t#Heat loss in the system during flow in kJ/kg\n",
- "Z=0\t\t#Change in potential energy is neglected in m\n",
- "g=9.81\t\t#Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "W=((C1**2-C2**2)/(2*1000))+(g*Z)+(U1-U2)+(P1*V1-P2*V2)+Q\n",
- "P=W*m#Power capacity of the system in kW\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'(a)Total work done in the system ',round(W,1),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
- "print'(b)Power capacity of the system',round(P,1),\"KW\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- " (a)Total work done in the system 676.4 kJ/kg\n",
- "(b)Power capacity of the system 3382.0 KW\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 16
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.14 Page No. 103"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Find The power required to drive the compressor\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input Data\n",
- "P1=100\t\t#Pressure at Inlet in kPa\n",
- "P2=500\t\t#Pressure at Exit in kPa\n",
- "V1=0.6\t\t#Specific volume at Inlet in m**3/kg\n",
- "V2=0.15\t\t#Specific volume at Exit in m**3/kg\n",
- "U1=50\t\t#Specific internal energy at inlet in kJ/kg\n",
- "U2=125\t\t#Specific internal energy at Exit in kJ/kg\n",
- "C1=8\t\t#Velocity of air at Inlet in m/s\n",
- "C2=4\t\t#Velocity of air at Exit in m/s\n",
- "m=5\t\t#Mass flow rate of air in kg/s\n",
- "Q=-45\t\t#Heat rejected to cooling water in kW\n",
- "Z=0\t\t#Change in potential energy is neglected in m\n",
- "g=9.81\t\t#Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "P=m*(((C1**2-C2**2)/(2*1000.0))+(g*Z)+(U1-U2)+(P1*V1-P2*V2))+Q\n",
- "P1=-P\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'The power required to drive the compressor',round(-P1,2),\"kW\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The power required to drive the compressor -494.88 kW\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 11
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.15 Page No. 104"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Input data\n",
- "m1=5000\t\t#Steam flow rate in kg/hr\n",
- "Q1=-250\t\t#Heat loss from the turbine insulation to surroundings in kj/min\n",
- "C1=40\t \t#Velocity of steam at entrance in m/s\n",
- "h1=2500\t\t#Enthalpy of the steam at entrance in kJ/kg\n",
- "C2=90\t\t #Velocity of the steam at the Exit in m/s\n",
- "h2=2030\t\t#Enthalpy of the steam at exit in kj/kg\n",
- "Z=0\t\t #Change in potential energy is neglected in m\n",
- "g=9.81\t\t#Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "m=m1/3600.0\t #Steam flow rate in kg/s\n",
- "Q=Q1/60.0\t\t#Heat loss from the turbine to the surroundings\n",
- "P=m*(((C1**2-C2**2)/(2*1000))+(g*Z)+(h1-h2))+Q\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'The power developed by the turbine is',round(P,1),\"KW\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The power developed by the turbine is 643.1 KW\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 19
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.16 Page No. 105"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Find The work output from the turbine \n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data \n",
- "c1=16\t\t#Velocity of steam at entrance in m/s\n",
- "c2=37\t\t#Velocity of steam at exit in m/s\n",
- "h1=2990\t\t#Specific enthalpy of steam at entrance in kJ/kg\n",
- "h2=2530\t\t#Specific enthalpy of steam at exit in kJ/kg\n",
- "Q=-25\t\t#Heat lost to the surroundings in kJ/kg\n",
- "m1=360000\t#The steam flow rate in kg/hr\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "m=m1/3600.0 #The steam flow rate in kg/s\n",
- "W=(c1**2-c2**2)/2000.0+(h1-h2)+Q\t#Total work done in the system in kJ/kg\n",
- "P=m*W\t\t\t\t\t #Power developed by the turbine in kW\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'The work output from the turbine is',round(P,1),\"kW \"\n",
- "print'NOTE: In the book there is Calculation mistake'\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The work output from the turbine is 43444.3 kW \n",
- "NOTE: In the book there is Calculation mistake\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 11
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.17 Page No.106"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Find The external work output of the turbine\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "p1=720\t\t#Pressure at the entrance in kPa\n",
- "t1=850\t\t#Temperature at the entrance in degree centigrade \n",
- "c1=160\t\t#Velocity of the gas at entrance in m/s\n",
- "Q=0\t\t#Insulation (adiabatic turbine)\n",
- "P2=115\t\t#Pressure at the exit in kPa\n",
- "t2=450\t\t#Temperature at the exit in degree centigrade\n",
- "c2=250\t\t#Velocity of the gas at exit in m/s\n",
- "cp=1.04\t\t#Specific heat of gas at constant pressure in kJ/kg-K\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "H=cp*(t1-t2)\t\t\t#Change in Enthalpy of the gas at entrance and exit in kJ/kg\n",
- "W=((c1**2-c2**2)/(2*1000))+(H)\t#External work output of the turbine in kJ/kg\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'The external work output of the turbine is',round(W,0),\"kJ/kg\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The external work output of the turbine is 397.0 kJ/kg\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 16
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.18 Page No. 107"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Find The work done per unit mass of the steam and mass flow rate\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "p=5000\t\t#Power output of an adiabatic steam turbine in kW\n",
- "p1=2000\t\t#Pressure at the inlet in kPa\n",
- "p2=0.15\t\t#Pressure at the exit in bar\n",
- "t1=400\t\t#temperature at the inlet in degree centigrade\n",
- "x=0.9\t\t#Dryness at the exit\n",
- "c1=50\t\t#Velocity at the inlet in m/s\n",
- "c2=180\t\t#Velocity at the exit in m/s\n",
- "z1=10\t\t#Elevation at inlet in m\n",
- "z2=6\t\t#Elevation at exit in m\n",
- "h1=3248.7\t\t#Enthalpy at the inlet from the steam table corresponding to and 20 bar in kJ/kg\n",
- "hf=226\t\t#Enthalpy at exit at 0.15 bar from steam tables in kJ/kg\n",
- "hfg=2373.2\t#Enthalpy at exit at 0.15 bar from steam tables in kJ/kg\n",
- "g=9.81\t\t#Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "h2=hf+(x*hfg) #Enthalpy at the exit in kJ/kg\n",
- "W=(h1-h2)+((c1**2-c2**2)/(2*1000))+((g*(z1-z2))/1000.0)\n",
- "m=p/W\t\t\t\t\t\t \n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'(a)The work done per unit mass of the steam flowing through turbine is',round(W,1),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
- "print'(b)The mass flow rate of the steam is',round(m,1),\"kg/s\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "(a)The work done per unit mass of the steam flowing through turbine is 871.9 kJ/kg\n",
- "(b)The mass flow rate of the steam is 5.7 kg/s\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 23
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.19 Page No. 108"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Find Temperature of air at exit and power output\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input Data\n",
- "p1=1000.0\t\t#Pressure at the inlet in kPa\n",
- "t1=750.0\t\t#Temperature at the inlet in K\n",
- "c1=200.0\t\t#Velocity at the inlet in m/s\n",
- "p2=125.0\t\t#Pressure at the exit in kPa\n",
- "c2=40.0\t\t #Velocity at the exit in m/s\n",
- "m1=1000.0\t\t#Mass flow rate of air in kg/hr\n",
- "cp=1.053\t\t#Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kgK\n",
- "k=1.375\t\t #Adiabatic index\n",
- "Q=0\t\t #The turbine is adiabatic\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "m=m1/3600.0\t#The mass flow rate of air in kg/s\n",
- "P=p2/p1\t\t#Ratio of the pressure\n",
- "t2=t1*((p2/p1)**((k-1)/k))\t#Temperature of air at exit in K\n",
- "h=cp*(t2-t1)\t\t#Change in enthalpy of the system in kJ\n",
- "p=m*(((c2**2-c1**2)/(2*1000))+h)\t#Power output of the turbine in kW\n",
- "p1=-p\t\t\t#Power output of the turbine in kW\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'(a)Temperature of air at exit is',round(t2,2),\" K \"\n",
- "print'(b)The power output of the turbine is',round(p1,1),\"kW\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "(a)Temperature of air at exit is 425.37 K \n",
- "(b)The power output of the turbine is 100.3 kW\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 24
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.20 Page No. 110"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Find The rate of work input to the air and\n",
- "#The ratio of inlet pipe diameter to the outlet pipe diameter\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "c1=7\t\t #Velocity of air at entrance in m/s\n",
- "c2=5\t\t #Velocity of air at exit in m/s\n",
- "p1=100\t\t #Pressure at the entrance in kPa\n",
- "p2=700\t\t #Pressure at the exit in kPa\n",
- "v1=0.95\t\t#Specific volume at entrance in m**3/kg\n",
- "v2=0.19\t\t#Specific volume at exit in m**3/kg\n",
- "u=90\t\t # Change in internal energy of the air entering and leaving in kJ/kg\n",
- "z=0\t\t #Potential energy is neglected \n",
- "Q=-58\t\t #Heat rejected to the surroundings in kW\n",
- "m=0.5\t\t #The rate at which air flow in kg/s\n",
- "g=9.81\t\t #Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "P=m*(((c1**2-c2**2)/(2000.0))+(p1*v1-p2*v2)-u)+(Q)\n",
- "A=(v1*c2)/(v2*c1)\t#From continuity equation the ratio of areas\n",
- "D=A**(1/2.0)\t #The ratio of inlet pipe diameter to the outlet pipe diameter\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'(a)The rate of work input to the air is ',round(P,2),\"kW\"\n",
- "print'(b)The ratio of inlet pipe diameter to the outlet pipe diameter is ',round(D,2)\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "(a)The rate of work input to the air is -121.99 kW\n",
- "(b)The ratio of inlet pipe diameter to the outlet pipe diameter is 1.89\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 20
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.21 Page No. 112"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Find The velocity at exit, mass flow rate area at exit\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "h1=3000\t\t#Enthalpy of the fluid passing at inlet in kJ/kg\n",
- "h2=2757\t\t#Enthalpy of the fluid at the discharge in kJ/kg\n",
- "c1=60\t\t#Velocity of the fluid at inlet in m/s\n",
- "A1=0.1\t\t#Inlet area of the nozzle in m**2\n",
- "v1=0.187\t\t#Specific volume at inlet in m**3/kg\n",
- "v2=0.498\t\t#Specific volume at the outlet in m**3/kg\n",
- "q=0\t\t#Heat loss during the flow is negligable\n",
- "z=0\t\t#The nozzle is horizontal so change in PE is constant\n",
- "w=0\t\t#The work done is also negligable\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "c2=(2*1000*((h1-h2)+(c1**2/2000.0)))**(1/2.0)\t#Velocity at the exit in m/s\n",
- "m=(A1*c1)/v1\t\t\t\t#The mass flow rate in kg/s\n",
- "A2=(m*v2)/c2\t\t\t\t#Area at the exit of the nozzle in m**3\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'(a)The velocity at the exit is',round(c2,1),\"m/s\"\n",
- "print'(b)The mass flow rateis',round(m,1),\"kg/s\" \n",
- "print'(c)Area at the exit is',round(A2,3),\"m**2\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "(a)The velocity at the exit is 699.7 m/s\n",
- "(b)The mass flow rateis 32.1 kg/s\n",
- "(c)Area at the exit is 0.023 m**2\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 21
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.22 Page No. 113"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Velocity of the steam at the outlet, mass flow rate and area at nozzle exit\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "h1=3000\t\t#Specific enthalpy of steam at inlet in kJ/kg\n",
- "h2=2762\t\t#Specific enthalpy of steam at the outlet in kJ/kg\n",
- "v1=0.187\t\t#Specific volume of steam at inlet in m**3/kg\n",
- "v2=0.498\t\t#Specific volume of steam at the outlet in m**3/kg\n",
- "A1=0.1\t\t#Area at the inlet in m**2\n",
- "q=0\t\t#There is no heat loss\n",
- "z=0\t\t#The nozzle is horizontal ,so no change in PE\n",
- "c1=60\t\t#Velocity of the steam at the inlet in m/s\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "c2=((2*1000)*((h1-h2)+(c1**2/2000.0)))**(1/2.0)\t#Velocity of the steam at the outlet in m/s\n",
- "m=(A1*c1)/v1\t\t\t\t#Mass flow rate of steam in kg/s\n",
- "A2=(m*v2)/c2\t\t\t\t#Area at the nozzle exit in m**2\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'(a)Velocity of the steam at the outlet is ',round(c2,2), \"m/s \"\n",
- "print'(b)Mass flow rate of steam is ',round(m,2),\"kg/s \"\n",
- "print'(c)Area at the nozzle exit is',round(A2,3),\"m**2\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "(a)Velocity of the steam at the outlet is 692.53 m/s \n",
- "(b)Mass flow rate of steam is 32.09 kg/s \n",
- "(c)Area at the nozzle exit is 0.023 m**2\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 25
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.23 Page No. 114"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Find the exit velocity\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "c1=40\t\t#Velocity of air at the inlet of nozzle in m/s\n",
- "h=180\t\t#The decrease in enthalpy in the nozzle in kJ/kg\n",
- "w=0\t\t#Since adiabatic\n",
- "q=0\t\t#Since adiabatic\n",
- "z=0\t\t#Since adiabatic\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "c2=((2*1000)*((h)+(c1**2/(2*1000))))**(1/2.0)\t#The exit velocity of air in m/s\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'The exit velocity of the air is',round(c2,1),\"m/s\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The exit velocity of the air is 600.0 m/s\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 32
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.24 Page No. 115"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Input data\n",
- "p1=100\t\t#Pressure at the inlet of the compressor in kPa\n",
- "p2=500\t\t#Pressure at the outlet of the compressor in kPa\n",
- "v1=3\t\t#Volume of the air at the inlet of the compressor in m**3/kg\n",
- "v2=0.8\t\t#Volume of the air at the outlet of the compressor in m**3/kg\n",
- "c1=25\t\t#The velocity of air at the inlet of the compressor in m/s\n",
- "c2=130\t\t#The velocity of air at the outlet of the compressor in m/s\n",
- "z=12\t\t#The height of delivery connection above the inlet in m\n",
- "g=9.81\t\t#Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
- "n=1.3\t\t#Polytropic index\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "W=((n)*(p1*v1-p2*v2))/(n-1)\t#Workdone for open system polytropic process in kJ/kg\n",
- "K=((c2**2-c1**2)/2000.0)\t#Change in kinetic energy of the system in kJ/kg\n",
- "P=g*(z)/1000.0 \t\t#Change in potential energy of the system in kJ/kg\n",
- "w=W-K-P\t\t\t #The shaft work of the compressor in kJ/kg\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'The Shaft work of the compressor ',round(w,1),\"kj/kgIt is the power absorbing system\"\n",
- "if w<0:\n",
- " print'It is the power absorbing system'\n",
- "else:\n",
- " print'It is not power absorbing system'\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The Shaft work of the compressor -441.6 kj/kgIt is the power absorbing system\n",
- "It is the power absorbing system\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 38
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.25 Page No. 117"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Determine the power required\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "m=10\t\t#The rate of fluid compressed adiabatically in kg/s\n",
- "p1=500\t\t#Initial pressure of the process in kPa\n",
- "p2=5000\t\t#Final pressure of the process in kPa\n",
- "v=0.001\t\t#The specific volume of the fluid in m**3/kg\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "P=m*v*(p2-p1)\t#The power required in kW\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'The power required is',round(P,2),\"kW\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The power required is 45.0 kW\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 40
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.26 Page No. 117"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Determine the exit temprature\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "m=2.0\t\t#Mass flow rate of air in kg/s\n",
- "t1=20\t\t#Initial temperature of the air in degree centigrade\n",
- "P=-30\t\t#The amount of power consumed in kW\n",
- "c1=100\t\t#The inlet velocity of air in m/s\n",
- "c2=150\t\t#The outlet velocity of air in m/s\n",
- "R=0.287\t\t#The gas constant for air in kJ/kg-K\n",
- "g=1.4\t\t#It is the adiabatic index\n",
- "cp=1.005\t\t#Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg-K\n",
- "q=0\t\t#Heat developed as it is adiabatic condition\n",
- "z=0\t\t#The change in potential energy is neglected\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "h=(P/m)+((c2**2-c1**2)/(2*1000))\t\t#The change in enthalpy of the system in kJ/kg\n",
- "t=h/cp\t\t#The change in temperature of the system in degree centigrade\n",
- "t2=t1-t\t\t#The exit air temperature in degree centigrade\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'The exit air temperature is is',round(t2,2),\"C\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The exit air temperature is is 28.96 C\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 26
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.27 Page No. 119"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Find The exit air temperature\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "m=0.6\t\t#Mass flow rate of air in kg/s\n",
- "W=40\t\t#Power required to run the compressor in kW\n",
- "p1=100\t\t#Initial pressure at the inlet of the compressor in kPa\n",
- "t1=30\t\t#Initial temperature at the inlet of the compressor in degree centigrade\n",
- "z=0\t\t#Change in potential energy is neglected\n",
- "c=0\t\t#Change in kinetic energy is neglected\n",
- "q=0.4\t\t#Heat lost to the cooling water ,bearings and frictional effects is 40% of input\n",
- "cp=1.005\t\t#Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg-K\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "Q=q*W\t\t#Net heat losses from the system in kW\n",
- "H=W-Q\t\t#Change in total enthalpy of the system in kW\n",
- "t2=(H/(m*cp))+t1\t#The exit air temperature in degree centigrade\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'The exit air temperature is',round(t2,0),\"C\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The exit air temperature is 70.0 C\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 46
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.28 Page No. 120"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Find The rate at which the heat is to be removed by cooler X\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "m1=100\t\t#Air flow rate in kg/hr\n",
- "q1=600\t\t#The heat generated by each person in kJ/hr\n",
- "h1=85\t\t#The enthalpy of air entering the room in kJ/kg\n",
- "h2=60\t\t#The enthalpy of air leaving the room in kJ/kg\n",
- "Q1=0.2\t\t#The heat added by each lamp in the room in kW\n",
- "P1=0.2\t\t#The power consumed by each fan in kW\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "q=(5*q1)/3600.0\t#The heat generated by 5 persons in the room in kW\n",
- "Q=3*Q1\t\t #The heat added by three lamps in the room in kW\n",
- "P=2*P1\t\t #The power consumed by two fans in the room in kW\n",
- "m=m1/3600.0\t\t #Mass flow rate of air in kg/s\n",
- "H=(q+Q+P)+(m*(h1-h2))\t#Heat to be removed by the cooler in kW\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'The rate at which the heat is to be removed by cooler X is',round(H,1),\"kJ/sec\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The rate at which the heat is to be removed by cooler X is 2.5 kJ/sec\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 34
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.29 Page No. 121"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Find The Heat loss by the system\n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "p1=1000\t\t#Pressure at the inlet of the system in kPa\n",
- "p2=15\t\t#Pressure at the outlet of the system in kPa\n",
- "v1=0.206\t\t#Specific volume at the inlet of the system in m**3/kg\n",
- "v2=8.93\t\t#Specific volume at the outlet of the system in m**3/kg\n",
- "h1=2827\t\t#Specific enthalpy at the inlet of the system in kJ/kg\n",
- "h2=2341\t\t#Specific enthalpy at the outlet of the system in kJ/kg\n",
- "c1=20\t\t#Velocity at the inlet of the system in m/s\n",
- "c2=120\t\t#Velocity at the outlet of the system in m/s\n",
- "z1=3.2\t\t#Elevation at the inlet of the system in m\n",
- "z2=0.5\t\t#Elevation at the outlet of the system in m\n",
- "m=2.1\t\t#The fluid flow rate in kg/s\n",
- "W=750\t\t#The work output of the device in kW\n",
- "g=9.81\t\t#Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "Q=m*(((c2**2-c1**2)/(2*1000))+((g*(z2-z1)/(1000.0)))+(h2-h1))+W #The heat loss/gain by the system in kW\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'The Heat loss by the system is',round(Q,1),\"kW\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "The Heat loss by the system is -256.0 kW\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 50
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.30 Page No. 122"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Find Rate of heat transfer to the air \n",
- "\n",
- "#Input data\n",
- "t1=15\t\t#The inlet temperature of the air passing through the heat exchanger in degree centigrade\n",
- "c1=30\t\t#The inlet velocity of air in m/s\n",
- "t2=800\t\t#The outlet temperature of the air from heat exchanger in degree centigrade \n",
- "c2=30\t\t#The inlet velocity of air to the turbine in m/s\n",
- "t3=650\t\t#The outlet temperature of the air from the turbine in degree centigrade\n",
- "c3=60\t\t#The outlet velocity of the air from turbine in m/s\n",
- "t4=500\t\t#The temperature at the outlet of the nozzle in degree centigrade\n",
- "m=2\t\t #Air flow rate in kg/s\n",
- "cp=1.005\t\t#Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kgK\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "Qh=m*cp*(t2-t1)\t#Rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger in kJ/s\n",
- "P=m*((cp*(t2-t3))+((c2**2-c3**2)/2000.0))\t\t#Power output from the turbine in kW\n",
- "c4=((2*1000)*(cp*(t3-t4))+c3**2)**(1/2.0)\t\t#Velocity of air at exit from nozzle in m/s\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output \n",
- "print'(a)Rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger is',round(Qh,1),\"kJ/s\"\n",
- "print'(b)Power output from the turbine is',round(P,1),\"kW\"\n",
- "print'(c)Velocity of air at exit from nozzle is',round(c4),\"m/s\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "(a)Rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger is 1577.8 kJ/s\n",
- "(b)Power output from the turbine is 298.8 kW\n",
- "(c)Velocity of air at exit from nozzle is 552.0 m/s\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 40
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "heading",
- "level": 2,
- "metadata": {},
- "source": [
- "Example 2.31 Page No. 123"
- ]
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [
- "#Input data\n",
- "p1=400.0\t\t#Initial pressure of the gas in a turbine in kPa\n",
- "t1=573.0\t\t#Initial temperature of the gas in a turbine in K\n",
- "p2=100.0\t\t#Final pressure of the gas in a turbine in kPa\n",
- "V=2.5\t\t #It is the ratio of final volume to the inlet volume \n",
- "c2=50.0\t\t#Velocity of the gas at exit in m/s\n",
- "P=1000.0\t\t#Power developed by the turbine in kW\n",
- "cp=5.193\t\t#Specific heat of the helium at constant pressure in kJ/kg K\n",
- "G=8.314\t\t#Gas constant in kNm/kgK\n",
- "M=4.0\t\t #Molecular weight of the helium\n",
- "\n",
- "#Calculations\n",
- "import math\n",
- "R=G/M\t\t #Characteristic gas constant in kNm/kgK\n",
- "v1=(R*t1)/p1\t#Specific volume at the inlet in m**3/kg\n",
- "v2=V*v1\t \t#Specific volume at the outlet in m**3/kg\n",
- "n=math.log(p2/p1)/math.log(v1/v2)\t#Polytropic index \n",
- "t2=((t1)*((p2/p1)**((n-1)/n)))\t\t#Final temperature of the gas in a turbine in K\n",
- "w=(n/(n-1))*(R*(t1))*(1-((p2*v2)/(p1*v1)))\t#Specific work in kJ/kg\n",
- "K=c2**2/(2*1000)\t\t\t#Change in kinetic energy in kJ/kg\n",
- "Ws=w-K\t\t\t#Work done by the shaft in kJ/kg\n",
- "q=Ws+(cp*(t2-t1))+K\t#The heat transfer during the process in kJ/kg\n",
- "m=P/Ws\t\t\t#Mass flow rate of gas required in kg/s\n",
- "A2=(m*v2)/c2\t\t#Exit area of the turbine in m**2\n",
- "\n",
- "#Output\n",
- "print'(a)The mass flow rate of the gas required is',round(m,3),\"kg/s\" \n",
- "print'(b)The heat transfer during the process is',round(q,1), \"kJ/kg\" \n",
- "print'(c)Exit area of the turbine is ',round(A2,3),\"m**2\"\n"
- ],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": [
- {
- "output_type": "stream",
- "stream": "stdout",
- "text": [
- "(a)The mass flow rate of the gas required is 0.76 kg/s\n",
- "(b)The heat transfer during the process is 201.5 kJ/kg\n",
- "(c)Exit area of the turbine is 0.113 m**2\n"
- ]
- }
- ],
- "prompt_number": 31
- },
- {
- "cell_type": "code",
- "collapsed": false,
- "input": [],
- "language": "python",
- "metadata": {},
- "outputs": []
- }
- ],
- "metadata": {}
- }
- ]
+{
+ "metadata": {
+ "name": "",
+ "signature": "sha256:eb480946d569a90f950fa22c2b37d79f68cd522d201043a9e36d8370900550dc"
+ },
+ "nbformat": 3,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0,
+ "worksheets": [
+ {
+ "cells": [
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 1,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Chapter 2:First Law of Thermodynamics"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.1 Page No.90"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "h1=60\t\t#The heat transfer in the process in kJ\n",
+ "h2=-8\t\t#The heat transfer in the process in kJ\n",
+ "h3=-34\t\t#The heat transfer in the process in kJ\n",
+ "h4=6\t\t#The heat transfer in the process in kJ\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Q=h1+h2+h3+h4\t\t#Net work transfer in a cycle in kJ\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'Net work transfer in a cycle is',round(Q,2),\"KJ\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Net work transfer in a cycle is 24.0 KJ\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 1
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.2 Page No. 90"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "Q=-300\t\t#Heat transfer in the system consisting of the gas in kJ\n",
+ "u=0\t\t#Internal energy is constant\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "W=Q-u\t\t#Work done of the system in kJ\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'The work done of the system W = %3.0f kJ ',round(W,1),\"KJ\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The work done of the system W = %3.0f kJ -300.0 KJ\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 2
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.3 Page No. 90"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "v1=1.5\t\t#Initial volume of the process in m**3\n",
+ "v2=4.5\t\t#Final volume of the process in m**3\n",
+ "Q=2000\t\t#Amount of heat added in kJ\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "W=100*((3.5*math.log(v2/v1))+(3*(v2-v1)))\t#Amount of work done in kJ\n",
+ "U=Q-W\t\t\t\t\t#The change in internal energy in kJ\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'The change in internal energy is',round(U,2),\"KJ\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The change in internal energy is 715.49 KJ\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 4
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.4 Page No.91"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "h1=35\t\t#Enthalpy of water entering the boiler in kJ/kg\n",
+ "h2=705\t\t#Enthalpy of steam leaving the boiler in kJ/kg\n",
+ "C=0\t\t#Change in kinetic energy is neglected\n",
+ "Z=0\t\t#Change in potential energy is neglected\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "q=h2-h1\t\t#The heat transfer per kg of steam in kJ/kg\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'The heat transfer per kg of steam is',round(q,1),\"kJ/kg\"\t\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The heat transfer per kg of steam is 670.0 kJ/kg\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 6
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.5 Page No. 92"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "Q=-170\t\t#Sum of all heat transfers per cycle in kJ\n",
+ "N=100\t\t#Total number of cycles per min in cycles/min\n",
+ "Q1=0\t\t#Heat developed in a-b process in kJ/min\n",
+ "Q2=21000\t\t#Heat developed in b-c process in kJ/min\n",
+ "Q3=-2100\t\t#Heat developed in c-d process in kJ/min\n",
+ "W1=2170\t\t#Work done in the process a-b in kJ/min\n",
+ "W2=0\t\t#Work done in the b-c process in kJ/min\n",
+ "E3=-36600\t#Change in energy in the process in kJ/min\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "E1=Q1-W1\t\t#Change in energy in process a-b in kJ/min\n",
+ "E2=Q2-W2\t\t#Change in energy in b-c process in kJ/min\n",
+ "W3=Q3-E3\t\t#Work done in the c-d process in kJ/min\n",
+ "Qt=Q*N\t\t\t#Total heat transfer per min in kJ/min \n",
+ "Q4=Qt-Q1-Q2-Q3\t\t#Heat developed in the process d-a in kJ/min\n",
+ "Et=0\t\t\t#Total change in energy of the cycle\n",
+ "E4=Et-E1-E2-E3\t\t#Energy in the process d-a in kJ/min\n",
+ "W4=Q4-E4\t\t#Work done in the d-a process in kJ/min \n",
+ "Wn=Qt/60.0\t\t#Net rate of work output in kW\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'(a)Change in energy in a-b process is',round(E1,2),\"kJ/min\"\n",
+ "print'(b)Change in energy in b-c process is',round(E2,2),\"kJ/min\"\n",
+ "print'(c)Work done in the c-d process is',round(W3,2),\"kJ/min\"\n",
+ "print'(d)Heat developed in the process d-a is',round(Q4,2),\"kJ/min\"\n",
+ "print'(e)Energy in the process d-a is',round(E4,2),\"kJ/min\"\n",
+ "print'(f)Work done in the d-a process is',round(W4,2),\"kJ/min\"\n",
+ "print'(g)Net rate of work output is',round(Wn,2),\"kW\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(a)Change in energy in a-b process is -2170.0 kJ/min\n",
+ "(b)Change in energy in b-c process is 21000.0 kJ/min\n",
+ "(c)Work done in the c-d process is 34500.0 kJ/min\n",
+ "(d)Heat developed in the process d-a is -35900.0 kJ/min\n",
+ "(e)Energy in the process d-a is 17770.0 kJ/min\n",
+ "(f)Work done in the d-a process is -53670.0 kJ/min\n",
+ "(g)Net rate of work output is -283.33 kW\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.6 Page No. 93"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "Q1=50\t\t#Heat developed in the 1-2 process in kJ/kg\n",
+ "U1=20\t\t#Change in energy in the 1-2 process in kJ/kg\n",
+ "Q2=-30\t\t#Heat developed in the 2-3 process in kJ/kg\n",
+ "W2=-40\t\t#Work done in the 2-3 process in kj/kg\n",
+ "U3=-30\t\t#Change in energy in the 3-1 process in kJ/kg\n",
+ "Wt=30\t\t#Net work done per kg of fluid in kJ/kg\n",
+ "m=0.1\t\t#Mass of fluid in the cycle in kg\n",
+ "N=10\t\t#Number of cycles per sec in cycles/sec\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "W1=Q1-U1\t#Work done in the 1-2 process in kJ/kg\n",
+ "U2=Q2-W2\t#Change in energy in the 2-3 process in kJ/kg\n",
+ "W3=Wt-W1-W2\t#Work done in the 3-1 process in kJ/kg\n",
+ "Q3=W3+U3\t#Heat developed in the process in kJ/kg\n",
+ "m1=m*N\t\t#mass flow rate per sec in kg/sec\n",
+ "P=Wt*m1\t\t#Rate of power in kW\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'(a)Work done in the 1-2 process is',round(W1,1),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
+ "print'(b)Change in energy in the 2-3 process is',round(U2,1),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
+ "print'(c)Work done in the 3-1 process is',round(W3,1),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
+ "print'(d)Heat developed in the processis',round(Q3,1),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
+ "print'(e)mass flow rate per sec ',round(m1,1), \"kg/sec \"\n",
+ "print'(f)Rate of power is',round(P,2),\"kW\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(a)Work done in the 1-2 process is 30.0 kJ/kg\n",
+ "(b)Change in energy in the 2-3 process is 10.0 kJ/kg\n",
+ "(c)Work done in the 3-1 process is 40.0 kJ/kg\n",
+ "(d)Heat developed in the processis 10.0 kJ/kg\n",
+ "(e)mass flow rate per sec 1.0 kg/sec \n",
+ "(f)Rate of power is 30.0 kW\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.7 Page No. 94"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "m=3.0\t\t#Mass of substance in the system in kg\n",
+ "P1=500.0\t\t#Initial pressure of the system in kPa\n",
+ "P2=100.0\t\t#Final pressure of the system in kPa\n",
+ "V1=0.22\t\t#Initial volume of the system in m**3\n",
+ "n=1.2\t\t#Polytropic index \n",
+ "Q1=30.0\t\t#Heat transfer for the another process\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "V2=V1*(P1/P2)**(1/1.2)\t#Final volume of the system in m**3\n",
+ "U=3.56*(P2*V2-P1*V1)\t#Total change in internal energy in kJ\n",
+ "W1=(P2*V2-P1*V1)/(1-n)\t#Work done for the 1-2 process in kJ\n",
+ "Q=U+W1\t\t\t#Heat developed in the process in kJ\n",
+ "W2=Q1-U\t\t#Work done for the another process in kJ\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'(a)Total change in internal energy is',round(U,0), \"kJ\" \n",
+ "print'(b)Work done for the 1-2 process is',round(W1,2), \"kJ\" \n",
+ "print'(c)Heat developed in the process is',round(Q,0), \"kJ\" \n",
+ "print'(d)Work done for the another process is',round(W2,0), \"kJ\" \n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(a)Total change in internal energy is -92.0 kJ\n",
+ "(b)Work done for the 1-2 process is 129.4 kJ\n",
+ "(c)Heat developed in the process is 37.0 kJ\n",
+ "(d)Work done for the another process is 122.0 kJ\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 3
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.8 Page No. 96"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "m=5\t\t#Mass of the substance in the system in kg\n",
+ "P1=500\t\t#Initial pressure of the system in kPa\n",
+ "P2=100\t\t#Final pressure of the system in kPa\n",
+ "V1=0.22\t\t#Initial volume of the system in m**3\n",
+ "n=1.2\t\t#Polytropic index\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations \n",
+ "V2=V1*(P1/P2)**(1/1.2)\t#Final volume of the system in m**3\n",
+ "U=3.5*(P2*V2-P1*V1)\t#Change in the internal energy of the system in kJ\n",
+ "W=(P1*V1-P2*V2)/(n-1)\t#Work developed in the process in kJ\n",
+ "Q=U+W\t\t\t#Heat transfer in the process in kJ\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'Total change in Internal Energy is',round(U,0),\"KJ\" \n",
+ "print'Non flow work in the process is',round(W,2),\"KJ\" \n",
+ "print'Heat transfer of the process is',round(Q,0),\"KJ\" \n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Total change in Internal Energy is -91.0 KJ\n",
+ "Non flow work in the process is 129.4 KJ\n",
+ "Heat transfer of the process is 39.0 KJ\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 7
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.9 Page No. 97"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "p1=170\t\t#Initial pressure of the fluid in kPa\n",
+ "p2=400\t\t#Final pressure of the fluid in kPa\n",
+ "v1=0.03\t\t#Initial volume in m**3\n",
+ "v2=0.06\t\t#Final volume in m**3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "dU=3.15*((p2*v2)-(p1*v1))\t#The change in internal energy of the fluid in kJ\n",
+ "#P=a+b*V #Given relation \n",
+ "A = array([[1,v1], \n",
+ " [1,v2]])\n",
+ "b = array([p1,p2])\n",
+ "X = solve(A, b)\n",
+ "W=(X[0]*(v2-v1))+(X[1]*((v2**2-v1**2)/2.0))\t#The work done during the process in kJ\n",
+ "Q=U+W\t\t#The heat transfer in kJ\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'(a)The direction and magnitude of work is',round(W,2),\"KJ\"\n",
+ "print'(b)The direction and magnitude of heat transfer is',round(Q,2),\"KJ\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(a)The direction and magnitude of work is 8.55 KJ\n",
+ "(b)The direction and magnitude of heat transfer is 68.08 KJ\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 30
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.11 Page No. 99"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "E1=4000\t\t#Enthalpy at entrance in kJ/Kg\n",
+ "E2=4100\t\t#Enthalpy at exit in kJ/kg\n",
+ "V1=50\t\t#Velocity at entrance in m/s\n",
+ "V2=20\t\t#Velocity at exit in m/s\n",
+ "h1=50\t\t#Height at the entrance \n",
+ "h2=10\t\t#Height at the exit\n",
+ "m=1\t\t#mass flow rate to the system in kJ/s\n",
+ "Q=200\t\t#Heat transfer rate to the system in kJ/s\n",
+ "g=9.8\t\t#Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "P=m*(((V1**2-V2**2)/(2000.0))+(g*(h2-h1)/1000.0)+(E1-E2))+Q\n",
+ "print'Power capacity of the system ',round(P,0),\"KW\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Power capacity of the system 101.0 KW\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 8
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.12 Page No. 101"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "W=135\t\t#Work done by the system in kJ/kg\n",
+ "V1=0.37\t\t#Specific volume of fluid at inlet in m**3/kg\n",
+ "V2=0.62\t\t#Specific volume of fluid at outlet in m**3/kg\n",
+ "P1=600\t\t#Pressure at the inlet in kPa\n",
+ "P2=100\t\t#Pressure at the outlet in kPa\n",
+ "C1=16\t\t#Velocity at the inlet in m/s\n",
+ "C2=270\t\t#Velocity at the outlet in m/s\n",
+ "Z1=32\t\t#Inlet height from floor level in m\n",
+ "Z2=0\t\t#Outlet height from floor level in m\n",
+ "q=-9\t\t#Heat loss between inlet and discharge in kJ/kg\n",
+ "g=9.81\t\t#Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "U=((C2**2-C1**2)/2000.0)+(g*(Z2-Z1))/1000.0+(P2*V2-P1*V1)+W-q\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'Specific Internal Energy decreases by ',round(U,2),\"kJ/kg\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "Specific Internal Energy decreases by 20.01 kJ/kg\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 9
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.13 Page No. 102"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "m=5\t\t#Rate of fluid flow in the system in kg/s\n",
+ "P1=620\t\t#Pressure at the entrance in kPa\n",
+ "P2=130\t\t#Pressure at the exit in kPa\n",
+ "C1=300\t\t#Velocity at the entrance in m/s\n",
+ "C2=150\t\t#Velocity at the exit in m/s\n",
+ "U1=2100\t\t#Internal energy at the entrance in kJ/kg\n",
+ "U2=1500\t\t#Internal energy at the exit in kJ/kg\n",
+ "V1=0.37\t\t#Specific volume at entrance in m**3/kg\n",
+ "V2=1.2\t\t#Specific volume at exit in m**3/kg\n",
+ "Q=-30\t\t#Heat loss in the system during flow in kJ/kg\n",
+ "Z=0\t\t#Change in potential energy is neglected in m\n",
+ "g=9.81\t\t#Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "W=((C1**2-C2**2)/(2*1000))+(g*Z)+(U1-U2)+(P1*V1-P2*V2)+Q\n",
+ "P=W*m#Power capacity of the system in kW\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'(a)Total work done in the system ',round(W,1),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
+ "print'(b)Power capacity of the system',round(P,1),\"KW\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ " (a)Total work done in the system 676.4 kJ/kg\n",
+ "(b)Power capacity of the system 3382.0 KW\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 16
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.14 Page No. 103"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input Data\n",
+ "P1=100\t\t#Pressure at Inlet in kPa\n",
+ "P2=500\t\t#Pressure at Exit in kPa\n",
+ "V1=0.6\t\t#Specific volume at Inlet in m**3/kg\n",
+ "V2=0.15\t\t#Specific volume at Exit in m**3/kg\n",
+ "U1=50\t\t#Specific internal energy at inlet in kJ/kg\n",
+ "U2=125\t\t#Specific internal energy at Exit in kJ/kg\n",
+ "C1=8\t\t#Velocity of air at Inlet in m/s\n",
+ "C2=4\t\t#Velocity of air at Exit in m/s\n",
+ "m=5\t\t#Mass flow rate of air in kg/s\n",
+ "Q=-45\t\t#Heat rejected to cooling water in kW\n",
+ "Z=0\t\t#Change in potential energy is neglected in m\n",
+ "g=9.81\t\t#Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "P=m*(((C1**2-C2**2)/(2*1000.0))+(g*Z)+(U1-U2)+(P1*V1-P2*V2))+Q\n",
+ "P1=-P\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'The power required to drive the compressor',round(-P1,2),\"kW\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The power required to drive the compressor -494.88 kW\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.15 Page No. 104"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "m1=5000\t\t#Steam flow rate in kg/hr\n",
+ "Q1=-250\t\t#Heat loss from the turbine insulation to surroundings in kj/min\n",
+ "C1=40\t \t#Velocity of steam at entrance in m/s\n",
+ "h1=2500\t\t#Enthalpy of the steam at entrance in kJ/kg\n",
+ "C2=90\t\t #Velocity of the steam at the Exit in m/s\n",
+ "h2=2030\t\t#Enthalpy of the steam at exit in kj/kg\n",
+ "Z=0\t\t #Change in potential energy is neglected in m\n",
+ "g=9.81\t\t#Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "m=m1/3600.0\t #Steam flow rate in kg/s\n",
+ "Q=Q1/60.0\t\t#Heat loss from the turbine to the surroundings\n",
+ "P=m*(((C1**2-C2**2)/(2*1000))+(g*Z)+(h1-h2))+Q\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'The power developed by the turbine is',round(P,1),\"KW\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The power developed by the turbine is 643.1 KW\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 19
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.16 Page No. 105"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ " \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data \n",
+ "c1=16\t\t#Velocity of steam at entrance in m/s\n",
+ "c2=37\t\t#Velocity of steam at exit in m/s\n",
+ "h1=2990\t\t#Specific enthalpy of steam at entrance in kJ/kg\n",
+ "h2=2530\t\t#Specific enthalpy of steam at exit in kJ/kg\n",
+ "Q=-25\t\t#Heat lost to the surroundings in kJ/kg\n",
+ "m1=360000\t#The steam flow rate in kg/hr\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "m=m1/3600.0 #The steam flow rate in kg/s\n",
+ "W=(c1**2-c2**2)/2000.0+(h1-h2)+Q\t#Total work done in the system in kJ/kg\n",
+ "P=m*W\t\t\t\t\t #Power developed by the turbine in kW\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'The work output from the turbine is',round(P,1),\"kW \"\n",
+ "print'NOTE: In the book there is Calculation mistake'\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The work output from the turbine is 43444.3 kW \n",
+ "NOTE: In the book there is Calculation mistake\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 11
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.17 Page No.106"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "p1=720\t\t#Pressure at the entrance in kPa\n",
+ "t1=850\t\t#Temperature at the entrance in degree centigrade \n",
+ "c1=160\t\t#Velocity of the gas at entrance in m/s\n",
+ "Q=0\t\t#Insulation (adiabatic turbine)\n",
+ "P2=115\t\t#Pressure at the exit in kPa\n",
+ "t2=450\t\t#Temperature at the exit in degree centigrade\n",
+ "c2=250\t\t#Velocity of the gas at exit in m/s\n",
+ "cp=1.04\t\t#Specific heat of gas at constant pressure in kJ/kg-K\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "H=cp*(t1-t2)\t\t\t#Change in Enthalpy of the gas at entrance and exit in kJ/kg\n",
+ "W=((c1**2-c2**2)/(2*1000))+(H)\t#External work output of the turbine in kJ/kg\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'The external work output of the turbine is',round(W,0),\"kJ/kg\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The external work output of the turbine is 397.0 kJ/kg\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 16
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.18 Page No. 107"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "p=5000\t\t#Power output of an adiabatic steam turbine in kW\n",
+ "p1=2000\t\t#Pressure at the inlet in kPa\n",
+ "p2=0.15\t\t#Pressure at the exit in bar\n",
+ "t1=400\t\t#temperature at the inlet in degree centigrade\n",
+ "x=0.9\t\t#Dryness at the exit\n",
+ "c1=50\t\t#Velocity at the inlet in m/s\n",
+ "c2=180\t\t#Velocity at the exit in m/s\n",
+ "z1=10\t\t#Elevation at inlet in m\n",
+ "z2=6\t\t#Elevation at exit in m\n",
+ "h1=3248.7\t\t#Enthalpy at the inlet from the steam table corresponding to and 20 bar in kJ/kg\n",
+ "hf=226\t\t#Enthalpy at exit at 0.15 bar from steam tables in kJ/kg\n",
+ "hfg=2373.2\t#Enthalpy at exit at 0.15 bar from steam tables in kJ/kg\n",
+ "g=9.81\t\t#Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "h2=hf+(x*hfg) #Enthalpy at the exit in kJ/kg\n",
+ "W=(h1-h2)+((c1**2-c2**2)/(2*1000))+((g*(z1-z2))/1000.0)\n",
+ "m=p/W\t\t\t\t\t\t \n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'(a)The work done per unit mass of the steam flowing through turbine is',round(W,1),\"kJ/kg\"\n",
+ "print'(b)The mass flow rate of the steam is',round(m,1),\"kg/s\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(a)The work done per unit mass of the steam flowing through turbine is 871.9 kJ/kg\n",
+ "(b)The mass flow rate of the steam is 5.7 kg/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 23
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.19 Page No. 108"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input Data\n",
+ "p1=1000.0\t\t#Pressure at the inlet in kPa\n",
+ "t1=750.0\t\t#Temperature at the inlet in K\n",
+ "c1=200.0\t\t#Velocity at the inlet in m/s\n",
+ "p2=125.0\t\t#Pressure at the exit in kPa\n",
+ "c2=40.0\t\t #Velocity at the exit in m/s\n",
+ "m1=1000.0\t\t#Mass flow rate of air in kg/hr\n",
+ "cp=1.053\t\t#Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kgK\n",
+ "k=1.375\t\t #Adiabatic index\n",
+ "Q=0\t\t #The turbine is adiabatic\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "m=m1/3600.0\t#The mass flow rate of air in kg/s\n",
+ "P=p2/p1\t\t#Ratio of the pressure\n",
+ "t2=t1*((p2/p1)**((k-1)/k))\t#Temperature of air at exit in K\n",
+ "h=cp*(t2-t1)\t\t#Change in enthalpy of the system in kJ\n",
+ "p=m*(((c2**2-c1**2)/(2*1000))+h)\t#Power output of the turbine in kW\n",
+ "p1=-p\t\t\t#Power output of the turbine in kW\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'(a)Temperature of air at exit is',round(t2,2),\" K \"\n",
+ "print'(b)The power output of the turbine is',round(p1,1),\"kW\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(a)Temperature of air at exit is 425.37 K \n",
+ "(b)The power output of the turbine is 100.3 kW\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 24
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.20 Page No. 110"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "c1=7\t\t #Velocity of air at entrance in m/s\n",
+ "c2=5\t\t #Velocity of air at exit in m/s\n",
+ "p1=100\t\t #Pressure at the entrance in kPa\n",
+ "p2=700\t\t #Pressure at the exit in kPa\n",
+ "v1=0.95\t\t#Specific volume at entrance in m**3/kg\n",
+ "v2=0.19\t\t#Specific volume at exit in m**3/kg\n",
+ "u=90\t\t # Change in internal energy of the air entering and leaving in kJ/kg\n",
+ "z=0\t\t #Potential energy is neglected \n",
+ "Q=-58\t\t #Heat rejected to the surroundings in kW\n",
+ "m=0.5\t\t #The rate at which air flow in kg/s\n",
+ "g=9.81\t\t #Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "P=m*(((c1**2-c2**2)/(2000.0))+(p1*v1-p2*v2)-u)+(Q)\n",
+ "A=(v1*c2)/(v2*c1)\t#From continuity equation the ratio of areas\n",
+ "D=A**(1/2.0)\t #The ratio of inlet pipe diameter to the outlet pipe diameter\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'(a)The rate of work input to the air is ',round(P,2),\"kW\"\n",
+ "print'(b)The ratio of inlet pipe diameter to the outlet pipe diameter is ',round(D,2)\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(a)The rate of work input to the air is -121.99 kW\n",
+ "(b)The ratio of inlet pipe diameter to the outlet pipe diameter is 1.89\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 20
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.21 Page No. 112"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "h1=3000\t\t#Enthalpy of the fluid passing at inlet in kJ/kg\n",
+ "h2=2757\t\t#Enthalpy of the fluid at the discharge in kJ/kg\n",
+ "c1=60\t\t#Velocity of the fluid at inlet in m/s\n",
+ "A1=0.1\t\t#Inlet area of the nozzle in m**2\n",
+ "v1=0.187\t\t#Specific volume at inlet in m**3/kg\n",
+ "v2=0.498\t\t#Specific volume at the outlet in m**3/kg\n",
+ "q=0\t\t#Heat loss during the flow is negligable\n",
+ "z=0\t\t#The nozzle is horizontal so change in PE is constant\n",
+ "w=0\t\t#The work done is also negligable\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "c2=(2*1000*((h1-h2)+(c1**2/2000.0)))**(1/2.0)\t#Velocity at the exit in m/s\n",
+ "m=(A1*c1)/v1\t\t\t\t#The mass flow rate in kg/s\n",
+ "A2=(m*v2)/c2\t\t\t\t#Area at the exit of the nozzle in m**3\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'(a)The velocity at the exit is',round(c2,1),\"m/s\"\n",
+ "print'(b)The mass flow rateis',round(m,1),\"kg/s\" \n",
+ "print'(c)Area at the exit is',round(A2,3),\"m**2\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(a)The velocity at the exit is 699.7 m/s\n",
+ "(b)The mass flow rateis 32.1 kg/s\n",
+ "(c)Area at the exit is 0.023 m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 21
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.22 Page No. 113"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "h1=3000\t\t#Specific enthalpy of steam at inlet in kJ/kg\n",
+ "h2=2762\t\t#Specific enthalpy of steam at the outlet in kJ/kg\n",
+ "v1=0.187\t\t#Specific volume of steam at inlet in m**3/kg\n",
+ "v2=0.498\t\t#Specific volume of steam at the outlet in m**3/kg\n",
+ "A1=0.1\t\t#Area at the inlet in m**2\n",
+ "q=0\t\t#There is no heat loss\n",
+ "z=0\t\t#The nozzle is horizontal ,so no change in PE\n",
+ "c1=60\t\t#Velocity of the steam at the inlet in m/s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "c2=((2*1000)*((h1-h2)+(c1**2/2000.0)))**(1/2.0)\t#Velocity of the steam at the outlet in m/s\n",
+ "m=(A1*c1)/v1\t\t\t\t#Mass flow rate of steam in kg/s\n",
+ "A2=(m*v2)/c2\t\t\t\t#Area at the nozzle exit in m**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'(a)Velocity of the steam at the outlet is ',round(c2,2), \"m/s \"\n",
+ "print'(b)Mass flow rate of steam is ',round(m,2),\"kg/s \"\n",
+ "print'(c)Area at the nozzle exit is',round(A2,3),\"m**2\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(a)Velocity of the steam at the outlet is 692.53 m/s \n",
+ "(b)Mass flow rate of steam is 32.09 kg/s \n",
+ "(c)Area at the nozzle exit is 0.023 m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 25
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.23 Page No. 114"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "c1=40\t\t#Velocity of air at the inlet of nozzle in m/s\n",
+ "h=180\t\t#The decrease in enthalpy in the nozzle in kJ/kg\n",
+ "w=0\t\t#Since adiabatic\n",
+ "q=0\t\t#Since adiabatic\n",
+ "z=0\t\t#Since adiabatic\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "c2=((2*1000)*((h)+(c1**2/(2*1000))))**(1/2.0)\t#The exit velocity of air in m/s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'The exit velocity of the air is',round(c2,1),\"m/s\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The exit velocity of the air is 600.0 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 32
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.24 Page No. 115"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "p1=100\t\t#Pressure at the inlet of the compressor in kPa\n",
+ "p2=500\t\t#Pressure at the outlet of the compressor in kPa\n",
+ "v1=3\t\t#Volume of the air at the inlet of the compressor in m**3/kg\n",
+ "v2=0.8\t\t#Volume of the air at the outlet of the compressor in m**3/kg\n",
+ "c1=25\t\t#The velocity of air at the inlet of the compressor in m/s\n",
+ "c2=130\t\t#The velocity of air at the outlet of the compressor in m/s\n",
+ "z=12\t\t#The height of delivery connection above the inlet in m\n",
+ "g=9.81\t\t#Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
+ "n=1.3\t\t#Polytropic index\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "W=((n)*(p1*v1-p2*v2))/(n-1)\t#Workdone for open system polytropic process in kJ/kg\n",
+ "K=((c2**2-c1**2)/2000.0)\t#Change in kinetic energy of the system in kJ/kg\n",
+ "P=g*(z)/1000.0 \t\t#Change in potential energy of the system in kJ/kg\n",
+ "w=W-K-P\t\t\t #The shaft work of the compressor in kJ/kg\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'The Shaft work of the compressor ',round(w,1),\"kj/kgIt is the power absorbing system\"\n",
+ "if w<0:\n",
+ " print'It is the power absorbing system'\n",
+ "else:\n",
+ " print'It is not power absorbing system'\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The Shaft work of the compressor -441.6 kj/kgIt is the power absorbing system\n",
+ "It is the power absorbing system\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 38
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.25 Page No. 117"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "m=10\t\t#The rate of fluid compressed adiabatically in kg/s\n",
+ "p1=500\t\t#Initial pressure of the process in kPa\n",
+ "p2=5000\t\t#Final pressure of the process in kPa\n",
+ "v=0.001\t\t#The specific volume of the fluid in m**3/kg\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "P=m*v*(p2-p1)\t#The power required in kW\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'The power required is',round(P,2),\"kW\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The power required is 45.0 kW\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 40
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.26 Page No. 117"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "m=2.0\t\t#Mass flow rate of air in kg/s\n",
+ "t1=20\t\t#Initial temperature of the air in degree centigrade\n",
+ "P=-30\t\t#The amount of power consumed in kW\n",
+ "c1=100\t\t#The inlet velocity of air in m/s\n",
+ "c2=150\t\t#The outlet velocity of air in m/s\n",
+ "R=0.287\t\t#The gas constant for air in kJ/kg-K\n",
+ "g=1.4\t\t#It is the adiabatic index\n",
+ "cp=1.005\t\t#Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg-K\n",
+ "q=0\t\t#Heat developed as it is adiabatic condition\n",
+ "z=0\t\t#The change in potential energy is neglected\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "h=(P/m)+((c2**2-c1**2)/(2*1000))\t\t#The change in enthalpy of the system in kJ/kg\n",
+ "t=h/cp\t\t#The change in temperature of the system in degree centigrade\n",
+ "t2=t1-t\t\t#The exit air temperature in degree centigrade\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'The exit air temperature is is',round(t2,2),\"C\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The exit air temperature is is 28.96 C\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 26
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.27 Page No. 119"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "m=0.6\t\t#Mass flow rate of air in kg/s\n",
+ "W=40\t\t#Power required to run the compressor in kW\n",
+ "p1=100\t\t#Initial pressure at the inlet of the compressor in kPa\n",
+ "t1=30\t\t#Initial temperature at the inlet of the compressor in degree centigrade\n",
+ "z=0\t\t#Change in potential energy is neglected\n",
+ "c=0\t\t#Change in kinetic energy is neglected\n",
+ "q=0.4\t\t#Heat lost to the cooling water ,bearings and frictional effects is 40% of input\n",
+ "cp=1.005\t\t#Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kg-K\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Q=q*W\t\t#Net heat losses from the system in kW\n",
+ "H=W-Q\t\t#Change in total enthalpy of the system in kW\n",
+ "t2=(H/(m*cp))+t1\t#The exit air temperature in degree centigrade\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'The exit air temperature is',round(t2,0),\"C\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The exit air temperature is 70.0 C\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 46
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.28 Page No. 120"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "m1=100\t\t#Air flow rate in kg/hr\n",
+ "q1=600\t\t#The heat generated by each person in kJ/hr\n",
+ "h1=85\t\t#The enthalpy of air entering the room in kJ/kg\n",
+ "h2=60\t\t#The enthalpy of air leaving the room in kJ/kg\n",
+ "Q1=0.2\t\t#The heat added by each lamp in the room in kW\n",
+ "P1=0.2\t\t#The power consumed by each fan in kW\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "q=(5*q1)/3600.0\t#The heat generated by 5 persons in the room in kW\n",
+ "Q=3*Q1\t\t #The heat added by three lamps in the room in kW\n",
+ "P=2*P1\t\t #The power consumed by two fans in the room in kW\n",
+ "m=m1/3600.0\t\t #Mass flow rate of air in kg/s\n",
+ "H=(q+Q+P)+(m*(h1-h2))\t#Heat to be removed by the cooler in kW\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'The rate at which the heat is to be removed by cooler X is',round(H,1),\"kJ/sec\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The rate at which the heat is to be removed by cooler X is 2.5 kJ/sec\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 34
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.29 Page No. 121"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "p1=1000\t\t#Pressure at the inlet of the system in kPa\n",
+ "p2=15\t\t#Pressure at the outlet of the system in kPa\n",
+ "v1=0.206\t\t#Specific volume at the inlet of the system in m**3/kg\n",
+ "v2=8.93\t\t#Specific volume at the outlet of the system in m**3/kg\n",
+ "h1=2827\t\t#Specific enthalpy at the inlet of the system in kJ/kg\n",
+ "h2=2341\t\t#Specific enthalpy at the outlet of the system in kJ/kg\n",
+ "c1=20\t\t#Velocity at the inlet of the system in m/s\n",
+ "c2=120\t\t#Velocity at the outlet of the system in m/s\n",
+ "z1=3.2\t\t#Elevation at the inlet of the system in m\n",
+ "z2=0.5\t\t#Elevation at the outlet of the system in m\n",
+ "m=2.1\t\t#The fluid flow rate in kg/s\n",
+ "W=750\t\t#The work output of the device in kW\n",
+ "g=9.81\t\t#Gravitational constant in m/s**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Q=m*(((c2**2-c1**2)/(2*1000))+((g*(z2-z1)/(1000.0)))+(h2-h1))+W #The heat loss/gain by the system in kW\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'The Heat loss by the system is',round(Q,1),\"kW\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "The Heat loss by the system is -256.0 kW\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 50
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.30 Page No. 122"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "\n",
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "t1=15\t\t#The inlet temperature of the air passing through the heat exchanger in degree centigrade\n",
+ "c1=30\t\t#The inlet velocity of air in m/s\n",
+ "t2=800\t\t#The outlet temperature of the air from heat exchanger in degree centigrade \n",
+ "c2=30\t\t#The inlet velocity of air to the turbine in m/s\n",
+ "t3=650\t\t#The outlet temperature of the air from the turbine in degree centigrade\n",
+ "c3=60\t\t#The outlet velocity of the air from turbine in m/s\n",
+ "t4=500\t\t#The temperature at the outlet of the nozzle in degree centigrade\n",
+ "m=2\t\t #Air flow rate in kg/s\n",
+ "cp=1.005\t\t#Specific heat at constant pressure in kJ/kgK\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "Qh=m*cp*(t2-t1)\t#Rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger in kJ/s\n",
+ "P=m*((cp*(t2-t3))+((c2**2-c3**2)/2000.0))\t\t#Power output from the turbine in kW\n",
+ "c4=((2*1000)*(cp*(t3-t4))+c3**2)**(1/2.0)\t\t#Velocity of air at exit from nozzle in m/s\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output \n",
+ "print'(a)Rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger is',round(Qh,1),\"kJ/s\"\n",
+ "print'(b)Power output from the turbine is',round(P,1),\"kW\"\n",
+ "print'(c)Velocity of air at exit from nozzle is',round(c4),\"m/s\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(a)Rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger is 1577.8 kJ/s\n",
+ "(b)Power output from the turbine is 298.8 kW\n",
+ "(c)Velocity of air at exit from nozzle is 552.0 m/s\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 40
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "heading",
+ "level": 2,
+ "metadata": {},
+ "source": [
+ "Example 2.31 Page No. 123"
+ ]
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [
+ "#Input data\n",
+ "p1=400.0\t\t#Initial pressure of the gas in a turbine in kPa\n",
+ "t1=573.0\t\t#Initial temperature of the gas in a turbine in K\n",
+ "p2=100.0\t\t#Final pressure of the gas in a turbine in kPa\n",
+ "V=2.5\t\t #It is the ratio of final volume to the inlet volume \n",
+ "c2=50.0\t\t#Velocity of the gas at exit in m/s\n",
+ "P=1000.0\t\t#Power developed by the turbine in kW\n",
+ "cp=5.193\t\t#Specific heat of the helium at constant pressure in kJ/kg K\n",
+ "G=8.314\t\t#Gas constant in kNm/kgK\n",
+ "M=4.0\t\t #Molecular weight of the helium\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Calculations\n",
+ "import math\n",
+ "R=G/M\t\t #Characteristic gas constant in kNm/kgK\n",
+ "v1=(R*t1)/p1\t#Specific volume at the inlet in m**3/kg\n",
+ "v2=V*v1\t \t#Specific volume at the outlet in m**3/kg\n",
+ "n=math.log(p2/p1)/math.log(v1/v2)\t#Polytropic index \n",
+ "t2=((t1)*((p2/p1)**((n-1)/n)))\t\t#Final temperature of the gas in a turbine in K\n",
+ "w=(n/(n-1))*(R*(t1))*(1-((p2*v2)/(p1*v1)))\t#Specific work in kJ/kg\n",
+ "K=c2**2/(2*1000)\t\t\t#Change in kinetic energy in kJ/kg\n",
+ "Ws=w-K\t\t\t#Work done by the shaft in kJ/kg\n",
+ "q=Ws+(cp*(t2-t1))+K\t#The heat transfer during the process in kJ/kg\n",
+ "m=P/Ws\t\t\t#Mass flow rate of gas required in kg/s\n",
+ "A2=(m*v2)/c2\t\t#Exit area of the turbine in m**2\n",
+ "\n",
+ "#Output\n",
+ "print'(a)The mass flow rate of the gas required is',round(m,3),\"kg/s\" \n",
+ "print'(b)The heat transfer during the process is',round(q,1), \"kJ/kg\" \n",
+ "print'(c)Exit area of the turbine is ',round(A2,3),\"m**2\"\n"
+ ],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": [
+ {
+ "output_type": "stream",
+ "stream": "stdout",
+ "text": [
+ "(a)The mass flow rate of the gas required is 0.76 kg/s\n",
+ "(b)The heat transfer during the process is 201.5 kJ/kg\n",
+ "(c)Exit area of the turbine is 0.113 m**2\n"
+ ]
+ }
+ ],
+ "prompt_number": 31
+ },
+ {
+ "cell_type": "code",
+ "collapsed": false,
+ "input": [],
+ "language": "python",
+ "metadata": {},
+ "outputs": []
+ }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {}
+ }
+ ]
} \ No newline at end of file
generated by cgit (git 2.34.1) at 2024-12-19 19:27:46 +0000