Added(A)/Deleted(D) following books

 A  Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter1.ipynb
A  Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter10.ipynb
A  Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter11.ipynb
A  Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter13.ipynb
A  Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter2.ipynb
A  Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter3.ipynb
A  Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter4.ipynb
A  Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter5.ipynb
A  Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter6.ipynb
A  Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter7.ipynb
A  Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8.ipynb
A  Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter9.ipynb
A  Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/11.png
A  Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/22.png
A  Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/screenshots/33.png
A  "sample_notebooks/ravindra m gowda/Chapter_1_Basics_of_thermodynamics_Rudramani.ipynb"

1 files changed, 784 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8.ipynb b/Applied_Physics_by_S._Mani_Naidu/Chapter8.ipynb
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+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# 8: Semiconductors and Physics of Semiconductor Devices"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 1, Page number 8-55"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      " resistivity is 0.41667 ohm m\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19;    #charge(c)\n",
+    "ni=2.5*10**19;    #particle density(per m**3)\n",
+    "mew_n=0.40;       #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "mew_p=0.20;       #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "rhoi=1/(ni*e*(mew_n+mew_p));       #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"resistivity is\",round(rhoi,5),\"ohm m\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 2, Page number 8-56"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "number of donor atoms is 8.333 *10**19 per m**3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19;    #charge(c)\n",
+    "mew_n=0.3;        #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "rho=0.25;         #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "n=1/(rho*e*mew_n);    #number of donor atoms per m**3\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"number of donor atoms is\",round(n/10**19,3),\"*10**19 per m**3\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 3, Page number 8-56"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "diffusion coefficient is 54.34 *10**-4 m**2/s\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19;     #charge(c)\n",
+    "mewn=0.21;         #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "T=300;             #temperature(K)\n",
+    "KB=1.38*10**-23;   #boltzmann constant\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "Dn=mewn*KB*T/e;    #diffusion coefficient(m**2/sec)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"diffusion coefficient is\",round(Dn*10**4,2),\"*10**-4 m**2/s\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 4, Page number 8-56"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "hole concentration is 19.4 *10**21 m-3\n",
+      "hole mobility is 0.03788 m**2/Vs\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19;     #charge(c)\n",
+    "RH=3.22*10**-4;    #hall coefficient(m**3C-1)\n",
+    "rho=8.5*10**-3;    #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "p=1/(RH*e);        #hole concentration(m-3)\n",
+    "mewp=RH/rho;       #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"hole concentration is\",round(p/10**21,1),\"*10**21 m-3\"\n",
+    "print \"hole mobility is\",round(mewp,5),\"m**2/Vs\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 5, Page number 8-57"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "intrinsic concentration is 556.25 *10**16 per m**3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19;    #charge(c)\n",
+    "mew_e=0.36;       #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "mew_h=0.17;       #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "rhoi=2.12;        #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "ni=1/(rhoi*e*(mew_e+mew_h));    #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"intrinsic concentration is\",round(ni/10**16,2),\"*10**16 per m**3\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 6, Page number 8-57"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "resistivity is 0.449 ohm m\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19;    #charge(c)\n",
+    "mew_e=0.39;       #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "mew_h=0.19;       #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "ni=2.4*10**19;    #intrinsic concentration(per m**3)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "rhoi=1/(ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h));    #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"resistivity is\",round(rhoi,3),\"ohm m\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 7, Page number 8-57"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "hole concentration is 2.25 *10**9 per m**3\n",
+      "conductivity is 2.16 *10**3 per ohm m\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "ni=1.5*10**16;     #charge carriers(per m**3)\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19;     #charge(c)\n",
+    "mew_e=0.135;       #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "mew_h=0.048;       #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "N=10**23;          #number of atoms(per m**3)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "sigma=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h);      \n",
+    "p=ni**2/N;         #hole concentration(per m**3)    \n",
+    "sigman=N*e*mew_e;  #conductivity(per ohm m)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"hole concentration is\",p/10**9,\"*10**9 per m**3\"\n",
+    "print \"conductivity is\",sigman/10**3,\"*10**3 per ohm m\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 8, Page number 8-58"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 21,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "hole concentration is 1.7 *10**22 m-3\n",
+      "hole mobility is 4.099 *10**-2 m**2/Vs\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19;     #charge(c)\n",
+    "RH=3.66*10**-4;    #hall coefficient(m**3C-1)\n",
+    "rho=8.93*10**-3;   #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "p=1/(RH*e);        #hole concentration(m-3)\n",
+    "mew=RH/rho;       #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"hole concentration is\",round(p/10**22,1),\"*10**22 m-3\"\n",
+    "print \"hole mobility is\",round(mew*10**2,3),\"*10**-2 m**2/Vs\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 9, Page number 8-58"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "conductivity is 4.32 *10**-4 per ohm m\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19;    #charge(c)\n",
+    "ni=1.5*10**16;    #particle density(per m**3)\n",
+    "mew_e=0.13;       #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "mew_h=0.05;       #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "sigma=ni*e*(mew_e+mew_h);       #conductivity(per ohm m)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"conductivity is\",sigma*10**4,\"*10**-4 per ohm m\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 10, Page number 8-58"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 26,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "conductivity is 11.2 per ohm m\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19;    #charge(c)\n",
+    "ni=1.5*10**16;    #particle density(per m**3)\n",
+    "mew_e=0.14;       #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "mew_h=0.05;       #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "D=2.33*10**3;     #density(kg/m**3)\n",
+    "A=28.09;          #atomic weight(kg)\n",
+    "NA=6.025*10**26;  #avagadro number \n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "N=NA*D/A;         #number of atoms\n",
+    "n=N/10**8;        #electron concentration(per m**3)\n",
+    "p=ni**2/n;        #hole concentration(per m**3)\n",
+    "sigma=e*((n*mew_e)+(p*mew_h));          #conductivity(per ohm m)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"conductivity is\",round(sigma,1),\"per ohm m\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 11, Page number 8-59"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "resistivity is 4.13 *10**-4 per ohm m\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19;    #charge(c)\n",
+    "ni=2.5*10**19;    #particle density(per m**3)\n",
+    "mew_e=0.36;       #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "mew_h=0.18;       #hole mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "N=4.2*10**28;     #number of atoms\n",
+    "A=28.09;          #atomic weight(kg)\n",
+    "NA=6.025*10**26;  #avagadro number \n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "n=N/10**6;        #electron concentration(per m**3)\n",
+    "p=ni**2/n;        #hole concentration(per m**3)\n",
+    "rhoi=1/(e*((n*mew_e)+(p*mew_h)));          #resistivity(per ohm m)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"resistivity is\",round(rhoi*10**4,2),\"*10**-4 per ohm m\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 12, Page number 8-60"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "hole concentration is 1.2 *10**9 m-3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "np=2.4*10**9;     #carrier concentration(m-3)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "p=np/2;            #hole concentration(m-3)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"hole concentration is\",p/10**9,\"*10**9 m-3\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 13, Page number 8-60"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "density of donor atoms is 8.92 *10**19 electron/m**3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "rho=0.2;    #resistivity(ohm m)\n",
+    "e=1.602*10**-19;     #charge(c)\n",
+    "mewn=0.35;     #mobility of charge carriers(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "n=1/(rho*mewn*e);     #density of donor atoms(electrons/m**3)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"density of donor atoms is\",round(n/10**19,2),\"*10**19 electron/m**3\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 14, Page number 8-60"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 36,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "energy gap is 0.573 eV\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "KB=1.38*10**-23;      #boltzmann constant\n",
+    "e=1.602*10**-19;      #charge(c)\n",
+    "rho1=5;\n",
+    "rho2=2.5;\n",
+    "T1=300;        #temperature(K)\n",
+    "T2=320;        #temperature(K)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "Eg=2*KB*math.log(rho1/rho2)/((1/T1)-(1/T2));        #energy gap(J)\n",
+    "Eg=Eg/e;                                            #energy gap(eV)  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"energy gap is\",round(Eg,3),\"eV\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 15, Page number 8-61"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 37,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "diffusion coefficient is 4.92 *10**-3 m**2/sec\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "e=1.6*10**-19;     #charge(c)\n",
+    "mew_e=0.19;        #electron mobility(m**2/Vs)\n",
+    "T=300;         #temperature(K)\n",
+    "KB=1.38*10**-23;   #boltzmann constant\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "Dn=mew_e*KB*T/e;    #diffusion coefficient(m**2/sec)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"diffusion coefficient is\",round(Dn*10**3,2),\"*10**-3 m**2/sec\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 16, Page number 8-61"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 39,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "energy gap is 1.04 eV\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "KB=1.38*10**-23;      #boltzmann constant\n",
+    "e=1.602*10**-19;      #charge(c)\n",
+    "rho1=4.5;\n",
+    "rho2=2.0;\n",
+    "T1=293;        #temperature(K)\n",
+    "T2=305;        #temperature(K)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "Eg=2*KB*math.log(rho1/rho2)/((1/T1)-(1/T2));        #energy gap(J)\n",
+    "Eg=Eg/e;                                            #energy gap(eV)  \n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"energy gap is\",round(Eg,2),\"eV\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 17, Page number 8-62"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "peak current is 37.8 mA\n",
+      "peak output voltage is 18.9 V\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "Vm=20;        #voltage(V)\n",
+    "RL=500;       #load resistance(ohm)\n",
+    "rf=10;        #forward resistance(ohm)\n",
+    "VB=0.7;       #bias voltage(V) \n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "Im=(Vm-VB)*10**3/(rf+RL);     #peak current(mA)\n",
+    "Vo=Im*RL/10**3;               #peak output voltage(V)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"peak current is\",round(Im,1),\"mA\"\n",
+    "print \"peak output voltage is\",round(Vo,1),\"V\""
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Example number 18, Page number 8-62"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 48,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "peak current is 0.2828 A\n",
+      "average DC current is 0.18 A\n",
+      "dc voltage is 180 V\n",
+      "ripple factor is 87.178 V\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#importing modules\n",
+    "import math\n",
+    "from __future__ import division\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Variable declaration\n",
+    "Vrms=200;      #voltage(V)\n",
+    "RL=1000;       #load resistance(ohm)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Calculation\n",
+    "Im=Vrms*math.sqrt(2)/RL;      #peak current(A)\n",
+    "Idc=2*Im/math.pi;             #average DC current(A)\n",
+    "Vdc=int(Idc*RL);                   #dc voltage(V)\n",
+    "x=(Vrms/Vdc)**2;\n",
+    "gama=math.sqrt(x-1)*Vdc;      #ripple factor(V)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "#Result\n",
+    "print \"peak current is\",round(Im,4),\"A\"\n",
+    "print \"average DC current is\",round(Idc,2),\"A\"\n",
+    "print \"dc voltage is\",Vdc,\"V\"\n",
+    "print \"ripple factor is\",round(gama,3),\"V\""
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python2"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 2
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.11"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}