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| author | Trupti Kini | 2016-09-24 23:30:26 +0600 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Trupti Kini | 2016-09-24 23:30:26 +0600 |
| commit | a54f67e8de857b73ac3af2ada963f8349b03de5d (patch) | |
| tree | 528499b6bb01b04790e649f92e5758bce6128d49 | |
| parent | 75799451fd9bd83e4d9ba0981c5c55052d7cdff4 (diff) | |
| download | Python-Textbook-Companions-a54f67e8de857b73ac3af2ada963f8349b03de5d.tar.gz Python-Textbook-Companions-a54f67e8de857b73ac3af2ada963f8349b03de5d.tar.bz2 Python-Textbook-Companions-a54f67e8de857b73ac3af2ada963f8349b03de5d.zip | |
Added(A)/Deleted(D) following books
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter10_1.ipynb
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter11_1.ipynb
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter12_1.ipynb
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter13_1.ipynb
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter14_1.ipynb
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter15_1.ipynb
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter16_1.ipynb
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter2_1.ipynb
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter3_1.ipynb
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter4_1.ipynb
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter5_1.ipynb
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter6_1.ipynb
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter7_1.ipynb
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter8_1.ipynb
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/screenshots/2correlationCoeff_1.png
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/screenshots/2expansionofSignal_1.png
A Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/screenshots/2timeInvertedsignal_1.png
A Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter10_1.ipynb
A Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter11_1.ipynb
A Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter15_1.ipynb
A Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter1_1.ipynb
A Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter2_1.ipynb
A Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter3_1.ipynb
A Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter5_1.ipynb
A Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter6_1.ipynb
A Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter7_1.ipynb
A Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter8_1.ipynb
A Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter9_1.ipynb
A Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/screenshots/ctftch1.png
A Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/screenshots/fourierTransch1.png
A Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/screenshots/modulatedWaveChap3_1.png
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/Ch18.ipynb
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/Ch8.ipynb
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch1.ipynb
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch10.ipynb
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch11.ipynb
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch12.ipynb
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch13.ipynb
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch14.ipynb
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch15.ipynb
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch16.ipynb
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch17.ipynb
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch2.ipynb
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch3.ipynb
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch5.ipynb
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch7.ipynb
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch9.ipynb
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/screenshots/changeInMoisture14.png
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/screenshots/degreeOfSaturation14.png
A Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/screenshots/humidityratio14.png
50 files changed, 13806 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter10_1.ipynb b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter10_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..50dcaed0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter10_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,386 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 10 : Introduction to theory of probability" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 437 Ex 10.1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "probability of each outcome=0.12\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "# referred to fig 10.1 on the page no. 435\n", + "# the occurance of each outcome is essumed to be equal.\n", + "n=8 # number of outcomes\n", + "p=1/n#\n", + "print \"probability of each outcome=%0.2f\"%p" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 438 Ex no 10.3" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "probability = 0.1667\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "m=6 # enter the number of faces \n", + "n=2# enter the number of dice \n", + "l=m**n ## total number of outcomes = 36\n", + "a=7 #\"enter the number which is to be obtained as the sum of dice\n", + "c=0 # # counter value for favorable outcome\n", + "for i in range(1,7):\n", + " for j in range(1,7):\n", + " if (i+j==a):\n", + " c=c+1#\n", + " else :\n", + " continue\n", + " \n", + " \n", + "\n", + "p=c/l#\n", + "print \"probability = %0.4f\"%p\n", + " " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 438 Ex no 10.4" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "probability = 0.4075\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy.random import gamma\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "m=2# the number of faces \n", + "n=4 #the number of tosses\n", + "l=m**n ## l is total number of outcomes = 16\n", + "a=2 #exact no of heads\n", + "p=gamma (n+1)/(gamma(n+1-a) * gamma (a+1))## to find combination\n", + "print \"probability = %0.4f\"%(p/l)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 440 Ex no 10.5" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "total probability = 0.0023\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "a=52# # total no of cards in a deck\n", + "b=6# the no of cards to be drawn\n", + "pA1= b/a## probability of getting first red ace =pA1\n", + "#the cards are drawn in succession without replacement, therefore the probability that the 2nd card will be the red ace = pA2\n", + "pA2=1/(a-1)#\n", + "p= pA1*pA2\n", + "print \"total probability = %0.4f\"%p" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 441 Ex no 10.6" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "probability = 1.04e-10\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy.random import gamma\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "# This problem is based on Bernoulli Trials formula which is P( k successes in n trials ) = n!*p**k *(1-p)**(n-k)/k!*(n-k)!22\n", + "# hence the probability of finding 2 digits wrong in a sequence of 8 digits is\n", + "\n", + "k=2 # no. of successes\n", + "p= 1e-5# probability of success\n", + "n=8 #\"no. of trials\n", + "A=gamma (n+1)* (p**k)*((1-p)**(n-k))/(gamma(k)*gamma(n+1-k))#\n", + "print \"probability = %0.2e\"%A" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 446 Ex no 10.9" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "probability = 0.0231\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "m=6 # enter the number of faces\n", + "n=3 # enter the number of dice\n", + "l=m**n ## l is total number of outcomes \n", + "a=8# the number which is to be obtained as the sum of dice\n", + "c=0 # # counter value for favorable outcome\n", + "for i in range(1,7):\n", + " for j in range(1,7):\n", + " if(i+j==a):\n", + " c=c+1\n", + " else :\n", + " continue\n", + " \n", + "p=c/l#\n", + "print \"probability = %.4f\"%p\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 447 Ex no 10.10" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Py(1) = 0.5924\n", + "Py0=0.4076\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "Pe=0.6898 # error probability\n", + "Q= 0.2567 # the probability of transmitting 1 #Hence probability of transmitting zero is 1-Q = P\n", + "P=1-Q#\n", + "Px_1=Q#\n", + "Px0=P#\n", + "# If x and y are transmitted digit and received digit then for BSC P(y=0/x=1) = P(y=1/x=0) = Pe , P(y=0/x=10) = P(y=1/x=1) = 1-Pe\n", + "# to find the probability of receiving 1 is Py(1) = Px(0)*P(y=1/x=0) + Px(1)*P(y=1/x=1)\n", + "Py_1= ((1-Q)* Pe) + (Q *(1-Pe))#\n", + "print \"Py(1) = %0.4f\"%Py_1\n", + "Py0=((1-Q)*(1-Pe)) + (Q*Pe)\n", + "print \"Py0=%.4f\"%Py0" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 448 Ex 10.11" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "probability of error = 6.04e-05\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "Px0=.4\n", + "Px1=.6 \n", + "PE0=10**-6 \n", + "PE1=10**-4 ## given\n", + "PE=(Px0*PE0) + (Px1*PE1)# formula for probability of error\n", + "print \"probability of error = %.2e\"%PE" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 472 Ex no 10.20" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "width or spread of Gaussian PDF = 0.986\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import pi,sqrt,exp\n", + "#Gaussian PDF: Q(x)= %e**((-x**2)/2)/ (x*sqrt(2*pi))\n", + "x=2.5 # input for the function Q \n", + "Q_x = (exp(-(x**2)/2))/ (x*sqrt(2*pi))\n", + "P=1-(2*Q_x)#\n", + "print \"width or spread of Gaussian PDF = %.3f\"%P\n", + "## P gives the width or spread of Gaussian PDF" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 479 Ex no 10.21" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "SNR improvement = 12.90 dB\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import log\n", + "# formula for estimate error E is E = mk** - mk = a1* mk-1 +a2* mk-2 -mk\n", + "#given: various values of correlation (mk*mk)'= (m**2)',(mk*mk-1)'= .825* (m**2)',(mk*mk-2)'= .562*(m**2)',(mk*mk-3)'= .825*(m**2)' , R02=.562(m**2)', a1=1.1314, a2= -0.3714\n", + "# mean square error is given by I=(E**2)'=[1-((.825*a1)+(.562*a2))]*(m**2)'= .2753*(m**2)'\n", + "\n", + "m=1#\n", + "I=.2753*(m**2)#\n", + "S=10*log ((m**2)/I)#\n", + "print \"SNR improvement = %0.2f dB\"%S" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter11_1.ipynb b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter11_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..397d0367 --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter11_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,202 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 11 : Random Processes" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 500 Example 11.2" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "enter the value of T : 0.245\n", + "mean square value of the signal is 0.9995 Watt\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi,sin\n", + "#given signal is Sx=(N/2)*rect(w/4(pi)B)\n", + "N=1#\n", + "B=1#\n", + "T=input(\"enter the value of T : \")\n", + "Rx=(N*B)*(sin(2*(pi)*B*T))#\n", + "print \"mean square value of the signal is %0.4f\"%Rx,\"Watt\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 501 Example 11.3" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "enter the value of wct : .165\n", + "mean square value of the process is 1.9728 Watt\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import cos\n", + "# autocorrelation function of given signal is A**2/2 * cos(wct)\n", + "A=2#\n", + "wct=input(\"enter the value of wct : \")\n", + "Rx=((A**2)/2)* cos(wct)#\n", + "print \"mean square value of the process is %.4f\"%Rx,\"Watt\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 506 Example 11.7" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "enter prob of symbol 1 : .75\n", + "enter prob of symbol -1 : .21\n", + "mean is 0.54\n", + "mean square is 0.96\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "P1=input(\"enter prob of symbol 1 : \")\n", + "P2=input(\"enter prob of symbol -1 : \")\n", + "ak=(1)*P1+(-1)*P2#\n", + "print \"mean is\",ak\n", + "Ro=(1**2)*P1+((-1)**2)*P2#\n", + "print \"mean square is\",Ro" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 507 Example 11.8a " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "enter prob of symbol 1 : 0.215\n", + "enter prob of symbol 0 : .314\n", + "mean is 0.215\n", + "mean square is 0.215\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "P1=input(\"enter prob of symbol 1 : \")\n", + "P0=input(\"enter prob of symbol 0 : \")\n", + "ak=(1)*P1+(0)*P2#\n", + "print \"mean is\",ak\n", + "Ro=(1**2)*P1+((0)**2)*P2#\n", + "print \"mean square is\",Ro" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 508 Example 11.8b" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "enter prob of symbol 0 : .25\n", + "enter prob of symbol 1 : .35\n", + "enter prob of symbol -1 : .45\n", + "mean is -0.1\n", + "mean square is 0.8\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# bipolar signalling\n", + "P0=input(\"enter prob of symbol 0 : \")\n", + "P1=input(\"enter prob of symbol 1 : \")\n", + "P2=input(\"enter prob of symbol -1 : \")\n", + "ak=(0)*P0+(1)*P1+(-1)*P2#\n", + "print \"mean is\",ak\n", + "Ro=(0**2)*P0+(1**2)*P1+((-1)**2)*P2#\n", + "print \"mean square is\",Ro" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter12_1.ipynb b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter12_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c965c427 --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter12_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,407 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 12 : Behaviour of analog systems in the presence of noise " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 536 Example 12.1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "output SNR = 78.36 dB\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi,log\n", + "#from mpmath import quad\n", + "from mpmath import quad\n", + "# Let the received signal be km(t)cos(wct) , demodulator input is [km(t)+nc(t)]cos(wct)+[ns(t)sin(wct)]. When this is multiplied by 2coswct and low pass filtered the output is s0(t)+n0(t)=km(t)+nc(t).\n", + "# Hence So=k**2*m**2' , No=nc**2'. But the power of the received signal km(t)cos(wct)= 1uW. Hence k**2*m**2'/2=10**-6\n", + "So=2*10**-6#\n", + "# to compute nc: (nc**2)'=(n**2)'=x\n", + "t0=496000.#\n", + "t1=504000. #\n", + "a=10**6 * pi#\n", + "y=quad (lambda t:1/((t**2)+(a**2)),[t0,t1])\n", + "# to compute output SNR\n", + "SNR=So/y#\n", + "val=(10.*(log (SNR)))#\n", + "print \"output SNR = %0.2f dB\"%val" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 540 Problem 12.2" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "gamma threshold : 13.8155\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log,exp\n", + "#as En=sqrt(nc**2+ns**2),where both nc and ns are gaussian with variance 6n**2,according to the following eqn P(En>=A)=integrate(En/6n**2)*e**(-En**2/2*6n**2)dEn#\n", + "# the value of this integral is the probability of which is 0.01\n", + "#hence e**(-A**2/2*6n**2)=0.01\n", + "#let g=A**2/(2*6n**2)#\n", + "g=-(log(0.01)/log(exp(1)))#\n", + "# the variance 6n**2 of the bandpass noise of PSD N/2 and the bandwidth 2B is 2NB.Hence at the onset of the threshold\n", + "# therefore A**2/(2*6n**2)=A**2/(4NB)=g\n", + "#for tone modulation\n", + "#Si=A**2+m'**2/2#\n", + "#Si=3*A**2/4#\n", + "gma_th=3*(g)## gma_th=Si/NB=3*A**2/(4NB)#\n", + "print 'gamma threshold : %0.4f'%gma_th" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 547 Problem 12.3" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO : 0.0053\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# for a gaussian m(t),mp will be assumed as 36m\n", + "Sg=3##assumed\n", + "Mbar=(Sg**2)#\n", + "MP=((3.*Sg)**2)#\n", + "B=0.2##ASSUMED\n", + "gma=0.4##assumed\n", + "SNR=3.*B**2*(Mbar/MP)*gma#\n", + "print 'SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO : %0.4f'%SNR" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 550 Problem 12.4" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "value of Bm : 8.3333\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from mpmath import quad\n", + "t0=-5#\n", + "t1=5#\n", + "y=quad(lambda t:t**2,[t0,t1])#\n", + "f=quad(lambda t:1,[t0,t1])\n", + "Bm=y/f#\n", + "print 'value of Bm : %0.4f'%Bm" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 550 Problem 12.5" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Bm2 : 3.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from mpmath import quad\n", + "from math import exp\n", + "# Sm(w)=k*e**(-w2/26**2) this is given\n", + "# let us the assume the value of constant 6**2/4(pi**2) =3\n", + "# thus the variance can be calculated as\n", + "f0=0#\n", + "f1=15#\n", + "y=quad(lambda f:(f**2)*(exp(-(f**2)/6)),[f0,f1])\n", + "g=quad(lambda f:exp(-(f**2)/6),[f0,f1])#\n", + "v=y/g#\n", + "print 'Bm2 : ',v" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 552 Prob 12.6" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "factor of superiority of PM over FM : 3.0\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from mpmath import quad\n", + "from math import exp,pi\n", + "#for the same transmission bandwidth variance of PM and FM systems is same\n", + "#hence the ratio of SNR of PM to FM is B**2/(3Bm'**2)\n", + "#assuming 6=1\n", + "B=3/(2*pi)##because W=2*pi*B\n", + "#variance is Bm2\n", + "f0=0#\n", + "f1=15.#\n", + "y=quad(lambda f:(f**2)*(exp(-(f**2)*2*(pi**2))),[f0,f1])\n", + "g=quad(lambda f:exp(-(f**2)*2*(pi**2)),[f0,f1])\n", + "Bm2=y/g#\n", + "l=(B**2)/(3*(Bm2))#\n", + "print 'factor of superiority of PM over FM : ',l" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 555 Example 12.7" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "threshold SNR = 300.00 \n", + "Threshold SNR = -104.68 dB \n", + "system is not in threshold\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log\n", + "B=4# SNR=20.5# # given\n", + "r=20*(B+1)##as B=4\n", + "#output SNR is given as So/No=3*B**2*r*(m**2'/mp**2)\n", + "m=4.# m=mp/6m is given\n", + "SNRt=3*(B**2)*r*(1/m)**2#\n", + "print \"threshold SNR = %0.2f \"%SNRt\n", + "# to calculate output SNR in dB\n", + "SNRdB=20*log(SNR)#\n", + "print \"Threshold SNR = %0.2f dB \"%SNRdB\n", + "if 20.5<SNRdB:\n", + " print \"system is in threshold\"\n", + "else: \n", + " print 'system is not in threshold'" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 561 Prob 12.8" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "SNR is equal : 21845.33\n", + "SNR = 43.394 dB\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log10\n", + "#for a gausssian signal,mp=infinity(00),but we may assume 36 loading,thus mp=3*6,\n", + "Sgm=3.#\n", + "m2=(Sgm**2)#\n", + "mp2=((3*Sgm)**2)#\n", + "y=(m2)/(mp2)#\n", + "# to calculate SNR,we have SNR=3(2**n)*((m**2)/(mp**2)) \n", + "n=8##given\n", + "l=3*(2**(2*n))*y##by formula\n", + "print 'SNR is equal : %0.2f'%l\n", + "print 'SNR = %0.3f dB'%(10*(log10(l)))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 567 Prob 12.10" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "value of |m| : 0.80\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi,sqrt,exp\n", + "from mpmath import quad\n", + "# to calculate |m|\n", + "m0=0#\n", + "m1=50.#\n", + "m=quad(lambda m:(m*(exp(-(m**2)/2.))),[m0,m1])##assuming 6m=1\n", + "print 'value of |m| : %0.2f'%(sqrt(2/pi)*m)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 569 Prob 12.11" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "transmitted power : 1.01e-04\n", + "SNR without pre-emphasis and de-emphasis : 2.53e-08\n", + "S is 2.44e+00\n", + "SNR at the output : 3.31e-08\n", + "Improvement factor in SNR with pre-emphasis and de-emphasis : 1.31\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi,sqrt\n", + "from mpmath import quad\n", + "a=1400.*pi##given\n", + "c=1.##assumed\n", + "w0=0\n", + "w1=8000.*pi#\n", + "S=quad(lambda w:1/((w**2)+(a**2)),[w0,w1])\n", + "So=S/pi#\n", + "print 'transmitted power : %0.2e'%So##assuming G=1,hence St=So\n", + "#assuming N=1\n", + "No=4000.##because No=N*B\n", + "SNR=So/No#\n", + "print 'SNR without pre-emphasis and de-emphasis : %0.2e'%SNR\n", + "S=quad(lambda w:1/(sqrt((w**2)+(a**2))),[w0,w1])#\n", + "print 'S is %0.2e'%S\n", + "SNRo=(10**-8)*4*(pi**2)/(2*(S**2))#\n", + "print 'SNR at the output : %0.2e'%SNRo\n", + "print 'Improvement factor in SNR with pre-emphasis and de-emphasis : %0.2f'%(SNRo/SNR)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter13_1.ipynb b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter13_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..35729415 --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter13_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 13 : Behaviour of digital communication systems in the presence of noise " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 620 prob no 13.1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "signal power required at the receiver = 0.47 Watts\n", + "Bandwidth is = 2080000.00 Hertz\n", + "signal power required at the receiver= 10.38 Watts\n", + "Bandwidth is = 520000.00 Hertz\n", + "signal power required at the receiver = 2.87 Watts\n", + "Bandwidth is = 1040000.00 Hertz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log\n", + "\n", + "def log2(x):\n", + " y=log(x,2)\n", + " return y\n", + "\n", + "#Determinaion of the transmission bandwidth and the signal power required at the receiver input for i)Binary ii)16-ary ASK iii)16-ary PSK\n", + "#given Rb=2.08*10**6,Pb<=10**-6\n", + "\n", + "#i)for BINARY we have to consider Pb=Pe=10**-6=Q(sqrt(2Eb/N)). This yields Eb/N=11.35. \n", + "#SIgnal power is given by Si=Eb*Rb=11.35*N*Rb\n", + "N=2*10**-8##for binary. Channel noise PSD=10**-8\n", + "Rb=2.08*10**6#\n", + "Si1=11.35*N*Rb#\n", + "print \"signal power required at the receiver = %0.2f Watts\"%Si1\n", + "Bt1=Rb## Bandwidth for baseband pulses\n", + "print \"Bandwidth is = %0.2f Hertz\"%Bt1\n", + "\n", + "#ii)for 16-ary ASK we have to consider Pb=10**-6=Pem/log2(16)\n", + "# therefore Pem is given as Pem=Pb*log2(16)\n", + "Pb=10**-6#\n", + "Pem=Pb*log2(16)#\n", + "#'Pem' is also given as Pem=2(M-1/M)*Q*sqrt(6Eb*log2(16)/(N(M**2-1)))\n", + "M=16## for 16-array ASk\n", + "# By using above formula for 'Pem' , we can calculate the value of Eb,which is come out to be equal to 0.499*10**-5#\n", + "Eb=0.499*10**-5## if the M-ary pulse rate is RM =Rb/4 then\n", + "RM =Rb/4# \n", + "Si2=Eb*(log2(M))*RM#\n", + "print \"signal power required at the receiver= %0.2f Watts\"%Si2\n", + "Bt2=RM##transmission bandwith\n", + "print \"Bandwidth is = %0.2f Hertz\"%Bt2\n", + "\n", + "#iii) for 16-array PSK we have to consider Pem=4*Pb. This is approximately equal to 2*Q(sqrt(2*pi**2*Eb*log2(16))/256*N). This yields \n", + "Eb= 137.8*10**-8#\n", + "Si3=Eb*log2(16)*RM#\n", + "print \"signal power required at the receiver = %0.2f Watts\"%Si3\n", + "Bt3=RM##normally \n", + "#But for PSK, as it is a modulated signal the required bandwidth is 2Bt3.\n", + "Bpsk=2*(Bt3)#\n", + "print \"Bandwidth is = %0.2f Hertz\"%Bpsk" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter14_1.ipynb b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter14_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..897627d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter14_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,158 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 14 : Optimum signal detection" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 631 Prob 14.1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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INyw9vPLgcwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n", + "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f06e3c30650>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import arange\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,show,title,xlabel,ylabel\n", + "\n", + "# the co-ordinates of the vectors are \n", + "# s1(1,-0.5),s2=(-0.5,1),s3=(0,-1),s4=(0.5,1)\n", + "x4=arange(0,0.6,0.1)\n", + "y4=[]\n", + "for x in x4:y4.append(2*x)\n", + "\n", + "plot(x4,y4) # blue line\n", + "x1=arange(0,1.1,0.1)\n", + "y1=[]\n", + "for x in x1:y1.append(-0.5*x)\n", + "plot(x1,y1) #green line\n", + "title(\"x4 Vs y4 & x1 Vs y1\")\n", + "xlabel(\"x --->\")\n", + "ylabel(\"y --->\")\n", + "show()" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no. 650 problem no. 14.2" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "probability of symbol m1 is 0.168\n", + "probability of symbol m2 is0.245\n", + "the threshold is= 0.08 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sqrt,log\n", + "\n", + "# the two symbols to be transmitted are m1 and m2,the probabilities of which are not equal\n", + "# To design the optimum receiver we need to decide the threshold say d\n", + "# N be the given noise PSD,E the energy of the signal, assume N =1, E=1.5\n", + "Pm1=input(\"probability of symbol m1 is \")\n", + "Pm2=input(\"probability of symbol m2 is\")\n", + "#d is calculated as follows\n", + "N=1#\n", + "E=1.5#\n", + "d=(N/(4*sqrt(E)))*log(Pm2/Pm1)#\n", + "print \"the threshold is= %0.2f \"%d" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 665 Problem 14.7" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "probability of symbol m1 is0.25\n", + "probability of symbol m2 is0.35\n", + "mean energy of the first signal is 0.125000 units\n", + "mean energy of the second signal is 0.087500 units\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# we know k1P(m1)=k2P(m2), where k1 and k2 are the distances of the signals s1 and s2 resp.,hence k1+k2=d\n", + "Pm1=input(\"probability of symbol m1 is\")\n", + "Pm2=input(\"probability of symbol m2 is\")\n", + "#assume d=1\n", + "d=1#\n", + "E1=(((Pm1)*((d**2)/2.))+((Pm2)*((d**2)/2)))#\n", + "print \"mean energy of the first signal is %f units\"%E1\n", + "E2=Pm1*Pm2*(d**2)#\n", + "print \"mean energy of the second signal is %f units\"%E2\n", + "if(E1==E2):\n", + " print \"signals are equiprobable\"#\n", + " " + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter15_1.ipynb b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter15_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..cdc0af66 --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter15_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,231 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 15 : Introduction to information theory" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 687 prob no 15.1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Length = 1.14 4-ary digits\n", + "Entropy of source is, H = 0.90 4-ary units\n", + "Efficiency of code, N = 0.79 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log\n", + "# Here we have given six messages. For 4-ary Huffman code, we need to add one dummy variable to satisfy the required condition of r+k(r-1) messages.Probabilities are given as p(1)=0.3# p(2)=0.25# p(3)=0.15# p(4)=0.12# p(5)=0.1# p(6)=0.08# p(7)=0.\n", + "\n", + "#The length L of this code is calculated as\n", + " \n", + "n=5# the length of probability vector p\n", + "p=[.3, .25, .15, .12, .1, .08, 0]## enter probabilities in descending order\n", + "l=[1, 1, 1 ,2 ,2 ,2, 2]## code length of individual message according to order\n", + "L=0#\n", + "for i in range(0,n):\n", + " L=L+(p[(i)]*l[(i)])\n", + "\n", + "print \"Length = %0.2f \"%L,'4-ary digits'\n", + "\n", + "# Entropy of source is calculated as\n", + "H=0#\n", + "for i in range(0,n-1):#since the value of log(1/0) for the last entry is infinite which when multiply by 0 gives result as 0\n", + " H=H+(p[(i)]*log(1.0/p[(i)]))#\n", + "\n", + "H1=H/log(4)\n", + "print \"Entropy of source is, H = %0.2f \"%H1,'4-ary units'\n", + "\n", + "# Efficiency of code is given as \n", + "N=H1/L#\n", + "print \"Efficiency of code, N = %0.2f \"%N" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 688 Example no. 15.2" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Length = 1.00 \n", + "Entropy of source is, H = 0.72 bit\n", + "Efficiency of code, N = 0.72 \n", + "Length = 0.78 \n", + "Efficiency of code, N = 0.93 \n", + "Length = 0.73 \n", + "Efficiency of code, N = 0.99 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "# N=1\n", + "#Here we have given two messages with probabilities m1=0.8 and m2=0.2 . Therefore, Huffman code for the source is simply 0 and 1.\n", + "\n", + "#The length L of this code is calculated as\n", + "N=1#\n", + "p=[.8, .2]##enter probabilities in descending order\n", + "n=len(p)\n", + "l=[1, 1]##code length of individual message according to order\n", + "L=0#\n", + "for i in range(0,n):\n", + " L=L+(p[(i)]*l[(i)])#\n", + "\n", + "print \"Length = %0.2f \"%L\n", + "\n", + "# Entropy of source is calculated as\n", + "H=0#\n", + "for i in range(0,n):\n", + " H=H+(p[(i)]*log(1/p[(i)],2))\n", + "\n", + "print \"Entropy of source is, H = %0.2f bit\"%H\n", + "\n", + "# Efficiency of code is given as \n", + "N1=H/L#\n", + "print \"Efficiency of code, N = %0.2f \"%N1\n", + "\n", + "#for N=2\n", + "#There are four (2**N) combinations and their probabilities obtained by multiplying individuals probability.\n", + "#The length L of this code is calculated as\n", + "N=2#\n", + "p=[0.64, 0.16, 0.16, 0.04]##enter probabilities in descending order\n", + "n=len(p)#\n", + "l=[1 ,2 ,3 ,3]##code length of individual message according to order\n", + "L1=0#\n", + "for i in range(0,n):\n", + " L1=L1+(p[(i)]*l[(i)])#\n", + "\n", + "L=L1/N## word length per message\n", + "print \"Length = %0.2f \"%L\n", + "\n", + "# Efficiency of code is given as \n", + "N2=H/L#\n", + "print \"Efficiency of code, N = %0.2f \"%N2\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#for N=3\n", + "#There are eight (2**N)combinations and their probabilities obtained by multiplying individuals probability\n", + "#The length L of this code is calculated as\n", + "N=3#\n", + "p=[.512, .128, .128, .128, .032, .032, .032, .008]##enter probabilities in descending order\n", + "n=len(p)#\n", + "l=[1, 3 ,3 ,3, 5, 5 ,5 ,5]##code length of individual message according to order\n", + "L1=0\n", + "for i in range(0,n):\n", + " L1=L1+(p[(i)]*l[(i)])#\n", + "\n", + "L=L1/N## word length per message\n", + "print \"Length = %0.2f \"%L\n", + "\n", + "# Efficiency of code is given as \n", + "N3=H/L#\n", + "print \"Efficiency of code, N = %0.2f \"%N3" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 702 prob no 15.4" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "entropy = 1.00 bits\n", + "entropy = 2.00 bits\n", + " if x and y have equal absolute entropies,their relative (differential) entropies must differ by 1 bit \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import log\n", + "from mpmath import quad\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "x0=(-1)#\n", + "x1=1##given\n", + "y0=(-2)#\n", + "y1=2##given\n", + "G=2##gain of amplifier\n", + "#the probbilities are given as P(x)=1/2 for |x|<1 & P(y)=1/4 for |y<2| otherwise P(x)=P(y)=0.\n", + "#P(x<1 & -x<1)=1/2#\n", + "#P(y<2 & -y<2)=1/4#\n", + "# hence entropies are given as\n", + "g1=(1./2)*log(2,2)#\n", + "g2=(1./4)*log(4,2)# \n", + "X=quad(lambda x:g1*1,[x0,x1])\n", + "Y=quad(lambda y:g2*1,[y0,y1])\n", + "print \"entropy = %0.2f bits\"%X\n", + "print \"entropy = %0.2f bits\"%Y\n", + "#Here the entropy of random variable 'y' is twice that of the 'x'.This results may come as a surprise,since a knowledge of 'x' uniquely determines 'y' and vice versa , since y=2x.Hence , the average uncertainty of x and y should be identical.\n", + "# The reference entropy R1 for x is -log dx ,and The reference entropy R2 for y is -log dy (in the limit as dx,dy->0 ).\n", + "# R1= lim (dx->0) -log dx\n", + "#R2= lim (dy->0) -log dy\n", + "#and R1-R2 = lim(dx,dy->0) log(dx/dy) = log (dy/dx) = log2 2 =1 bit\n", + "#Therefore,the reference entropy of x is higher than the reference entropy for y. Hence we conclude that \n", + "print \" if x and y have equal absolute entropies,their relative (differential) entropies must differ by 1 bit \"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter16_1.ipynb b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter16_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..572bf36e --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter16_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter16 : Error correcting codes" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 732 Example no 16.1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 35, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "code words are given as\n", + "[[1 1 1 0 0 0]]\n", + "[[1 1 0 1 1 0]]\n", + "[[1 0 1 0 1 1]]\n", + "[[1 0 0 1 0 1]]\n", + "[[0 1 1 1 0 1]]\n", + "[[0 1 0 0 1 1]]\n", + "[[0 0 1 1 1 0]]\n", + "[[0 0 0 0 0 0]]\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import mat,shape\n", + "\n", + "#here generator matrix is given\n", + "G=mat([[1, 0, 0, 1 ,0 ,1],[0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1],[0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0]])\n", + "d1=mat([[1, 1, 1]])\n", + "d2=mat([[1, 1, 0]])\n", + "d3=mat([[1, 0, 1]])\n", + "d4=mat([[1, 0, 0]])\n", + "d5=mat([[0, 1, 1]])\n", + "d6=mat([[0, 1, 0]])\n", + "d7=mat([[0, 0, 1]])\n", + "d8=mat([[0, 0 ,0]])\n", + "c1=d1*G\n", + "\n", + "for i in range(0,6):\n", + " if c1[0,i]==2:\n", + " c1[0,i]=0\n", + " \n", + "\n", + "c2=d2*G#\n", + "for i in range(0,6):\n", + " if c2[0,i]==2:\n", + " c2[0,i]=0\n", + " \n", + "\n", + "c3=d3*G#\n", + "for i in range(0,6):\n", + " if c3[0,i]==2:\n", + " c3[0,i]=0\n", + " \n", + " \n", + "c4=d4*G#\n", + "for i in range(0,6):\n", + " if c4[0,i]==2:\n", + " c4[0,i]=0\n", + " \n", + "\n", + "c5=d5*G#\n", + "for i in range(0,6):\n", + " if c5[0,i]==2:\n", + " c5[0,i]=0#\n", + " \n", + "\n", + "c6=d6*G#\n", + "for i in range(0,6):\n", + " if c6[0,i]==2:\n", + " c6[0,i]=0#\n", + " \n", + "\n", + "c7=d7*G#\n", + "for i in range(0,6):\n", + " if c7[0,i]==2:\n", + " c7[0,i]=0#\n", + " \n", + "\n", + "c8=d8*G#\n", + "for i in range(0,6):\n", + " if c8[0,i]==2:\n", + " c8[0,i]=0#\n", + " \n", + "\n", + "print \"code words are given as\"\n", + "print c1\n", + "print c2\n", + "\n", + "print c3\n", + "print c4\n", + "print c5\n", + "print c6\n", + "print c7\n", + "print c8" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter2_1.ipynb b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter2_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c46040cd --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter2_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,498 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter2 : Introduction to signals" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 17 Prob 2.1 b" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "power of signal: 0.333 Watt\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from mpmath import quad\n", + "\n", + "t0=-1\n", + "t1=1\n", + "y=quad(lambda t:t**2,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'power of signal: %0.3f'%(y/2),\"Watt\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no.26 Exa no.2.3b" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f70110a6f90>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,subplot,show,title\n", + "\n", + "from numpy import arange\n", + "\n", + "t=arange(-3,1.0082,.0082)\n", + "m1=(0-1)/(-3-(-1))##slope for -3<t<-1\n", + "c1=(0-m1*(-3))##intercept for pt(-3,0)\n", + "u=[]\n", + "for tt in t:\n", + " if tt<=-1:\n", + " u.append(((m1*tt)+c1))\n", + " else:\n", + " break\n", + "m2=(1-0)/(-1-1)##slope for -1<t<1\n", + "c2=(0-m2*1)#intercept for pt(1,0)\n", + "\n", + "for tt in t:\n", + " if tt>-1:\n", + " u.append(((m2*tt)+c2))\n", + "subplot(221)\n", + "plot(t,u)\n", + "title('original signal')\n", + "subplot(222)\n", + "plot([2*tt for tt in t],u)\n", + "title('expansion of signal')\n", + "show()\n" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page27 Problem 2.4" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f6ff71a4f10>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import exp\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,subplot,show,title,xlabel,ylabel\n", + "\n", + "t=range(-5,0)#\n", + "y=[]\n", + "for tt in t:y.append(exp(tt/2))\n", + "subplot(221)\n", + "plot(t,y)\n", + "title ( \" Original signal \" )\n", + "xlabel( \" Time \")\n", + "ylabel(\"g(t) \" )\n", + "show()\n", + "t_inv=[]\n", + "for tt in t:t_inv.append(-tt)\n", + "y=[] \n", + "for tt in t_inv:y.append(exp(-tt/2)) \n", + "subplot(222)\n", + "plot(t,y)#\n", + "title ( \" Time inverted signal\")\n", + "xlabel( \" time \")\n", + "ylabel(\"g(-t)\" )\n", + "show()" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 33 Exa 2.5a" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "energy of sine signal= 3.14 Joule\n", + "value of c= 1.27 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import arange,pi\n", + "from mpmath import quad,sin\n", + "\n", + "#Assuming SI units for all quantities\n", + "\n", + "#approximation of square signal to sine signal with minimum energy\n", + "t=arange(0,2*pi+.1,0.1)\n", + "t0=0#\n", + "t1=2*pi#\n", + "y=quad(lambda t:(sin(t))**2,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'energy of sine signal= %.2f Joule'%y\n", + "#to calculate value of c\n", + "t2=0#\n", + "t3=pi#\n", + "g=quad(lambda t:sin(t),[t2,t3])\n", + "t4=pi#\n", + "t5=2*pi#\n", + "h=quad(lambda t:-sin(t),[t4,t5])\n", + "print \"value of c= %0.2f \"%((g+h)/pi)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 33 Exa 2.6a" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "energy of signal x(t)=5.00 J\n", + "energy of signal=5.00 J\n", + "correlation coefficient=1\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from numpy import arange,pi,sqrt\n", + "from mpmath import quad,sin\n", + "#Assuming SI units for all quantities\n", + "#given signal is x(t)=1\n", + "#energy of signal x(t)\n", + "t0=0#\n", + "t1=5\n", + "x=1\n", + "y=quad(lambda t:x**2,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'energy of signal x(t)=%.2f J'%y\n", + "#to find correlation coefficient we have to calculate the energies of different given signals\n", + "#1st signal g1(t)=1\n", + "g1=1\n", + "e1=quad(lambda t:g1**2,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'energy of signal=%.2f J'%e1\n", + "#correltion coefficient \n", + "c1=quad(lambda t:g1*x,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'correlation coefficient=%.f'%(c1/sqrt(y*e1))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 33 Exa 2.6b" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "energy of signal x(t)=5.00 J\n", + "energy of signal=1.25 J\n", + "correlation coefficient=1.00\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from numpy import arange,pi,sqrt\n", + "from mpmath import quad,sin\n", + "\n", + "#Assuming SI units for all quantities\n", + "#given signal is x(t)=1\n", + "#energy of signal x(t)\n", + "t0=0#\n", + "t1=5\n", + "x=1\n", + "y=quad(lambda t:x**2,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'energy of signal x(t)=%.2f J'%y\n", + "#to find correlation coefficient we have to calculate the energies of different given signals\n", + "g2=.5\n", + "e2=quad(lambda t:g2**2,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'energy of signal=%.2f J'%e2\n", + "#correltion coefficient \n", + "c2=quad(lambda t:g2*x,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'correlation coefficient=%.2f'%(c2/sqrt(y*e2))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 33 Exa 2.6c" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "energy of signal x(t)=5.00 J\n", + "energy of signal=5.00 J\n", + "correlation coefficient=-1.00\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from numpy import arange,pi,sqrt\n", + "from mpmath import quad,sin\n", + "\n", + "#Assuming SI units for all quantities\n", + "#given signal is x(t)=1\n", + "#energy of signal x(t)\n", + "t0=0#\n", + "t1=5\n", + "x=1\n", + "y=quad(lambda t:x**2,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'energy of signal x(t)=%.2f J'%y\n", + "#to find correlation coefficient we have to calculate the energies of different given signals\n", + "g3=-1\n", + "e3=quad(lambda t:g3**2,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'energy of signal=%0.2f J'%e3\n", + "#correltion coefficient \n", + "c3=quad(lambda t:g3*x,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'correlation coefficient=%.2f'%(c3/sqrt(y*e3))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 33 Exa 2.6d" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "energy of signal x(t)=5.00 J\n", + "energy of signal=2.16 J\n", + "correlation coefficient=0.96\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from numpy import arange,pi,sqrt\n", + "from mpmath import quad,sin,exp\n", + "\n", + "#Assuming SI units for all quantities\n", + "#given signal is x(t)=1\n", + "#energy of signal x(t)\n", + "t0=0#\n", + "t1=5\n", + "x=1\n", + "y=quad(lambda t:x**2,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'energy of signal x(t)=%.2f J'%y\n", + "#to find correlation coefficient we have to calculate the energies of different given signals\n", + "e4=quad(lambda t:(exp(-t/5))**2,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'energy of signal=%.2f J'%e4\n", + "\n", + "#correltion coefficient \n", + "c4=quad(lambda t:(exp(-t/5))*x,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'correlation coefficient=%.2f'%(c4/sqrt(y*e4))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 33 Exa 2.6e" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "energy of signal x(t)=5.00 J\n", + "energy of signal=0.50 J\n", + "correlation coefficient=0.63\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from numpy import arange,pi,sqrt\n", + "from mpmath import quad,sin,exp\n", + "\n", + "#Assuming SI units for all quantities\n", + "#given signal is x(t)=1\n", + "#energy of signal x(t)\n", + "t0=0#\n", + "t1=5\n", + "x=1\n", + "y=quad(lambda t:x**2,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'energy of signal x(t)=%.2f J'%y\n", + "#to find correlation coefficient we have to calculate the energies of different given signals\n", + "e5=quad(lambda t:(exp(-t))**2,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'energy of signal=%.2f J'%e5\n", + "#correltion coefficient \n", + "c5=quad(lambda t:(exp(-t))*x,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'correlation coefficient=%.2f'%(c5/sqrt(y*e5))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 33 Exa 2.6f" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "energy of signal x(t)=5.00 J\n", + "energy of signal=2.50 J\n", + "correlation coefficient=0.71\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from numpy import arange,pi,sqrt\n", + "from mpmath import quad,sin,exp\n", + "\n", + "#Assuming SI units for all quantities\n", + "#given signal is x(t)=1\n", + "#energy of signal x(t)\n", + "t0=0#\n", + "t1=5\n", + "x=1\n", + "y=quad(lambda t:x**2,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'energy of signal x(t)=%.2f J'%y\n", + "#to find correlation coefficient we have to calculate the energies of different given signals\n", + "e6=quad(lambda t:(sin(2*pi*t))**2,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'energy of signal=%.2f J'%e6\n", + "#correltion coefficient \n", + "c6=quad(lambda t:((sin(2*pi*t))**2)*x,[t0,t1])\n", + "print 'correlation coefficient=%.2f'%(c6/sqrt(y*e6))" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter3_1.ipynb b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter3_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d82be350 --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter3_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,182 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 3 : Analysis and transmission of signals" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 75 Prob 3.1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "fourier transform of x(t)=:\n", + "[ 1.58195029+0.j 1.33722176-0.38516024j 1.02105993-0.4033185j\n", + " 0.84862839-0.29364174j 0.76732853-0.17191927j 0.73478625-0.05628763j\n", + " 0.73478625+0.05628763j 0.76732853+0.17191927j 0.84862839+0.29364174j\n", + " 1.02105993+0.4033185j 1.33722176+0.38516024j]\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from scipy.fftpack import fft\n", + "from math import exp\n", + "# given signal is x(t)= e**(-at) * u(t)\n", + "#unity function u(t)=1 for 0 to infinity \n", + "#therefore\n", + "x=1#\n", + "#here we consider 'infinity' value as 10 and the value of 'a' is 1\n", + "t= range(0,11)\n", + "a=1## a >0\n", + "z=[]\n", + "for tt in t:z.append((exp(-a*tt) * x))\n", + "y=fft(z)#\n", + "print 'fourier transform of x(t)=:\\n',y" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 81 Prob 3.2" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "fourier transform of x(t)=:\n", + "[ 1.+0.j]\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from scipy.fftpack import fft\n", + "\n", + "#given signal is x(t) = rect(t/T)\n", + "#rect(t/T) = 1 for |t| < T/2 and \n", + "# = 0 for |t| > T/2\n", + "# therefore we have to find out fourier transform of x(t)= 1 for |t| < T/2 thus,\n", + "x=[1]#\n", + "T= 200# # consider \n", + "t= range(-T/2,T/2+1)##range for fourer transform\n", + "y=fft(x)#\n", + "print 'fourier transform of x(t)=:\\n',y" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 82 Prob 3.3" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "fourier transform of x(t)=:\n", + "[ 1.+0.j]\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from scipy.fftpack import fft\n", + "\n", + "# given signal is x(t)= unit impulse d(t) \n", + "#it is defined as d(t) = 1 for t=0\n", + "#therefore \n", + "x=1#\n", + "y=fft([x])#\n", + "print 'fourier transform of x(t)=:\\n',y" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 84 problem 3.7" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "fourier transform of signum funcion is : \n", + "[ 0.00000000 +0.j -1.98883083+13.19503037j -0.04442719 +0.14402943j\n", + " -1.90096887 +3.94740253j -0.17376123 +0.25486091j -1.73305187 +1.86778571j\n", + " -0.37651020 +0.30025686j -1.50000000 +0.8660254j -0.63465898 +0.24908529j\n", + " -1.22252093 +0.27903243j -0.92526991 +0.06933939j -0.92526991 -0.06933939j\n", + " -1.22252093 -0.27903243j -0.63465898 -0.24908529j -1.50000000 -0.8660254j\n", + " -0.37651020 -0.30025686j -1.73305187 -1.86778571j -0.17376123 -0.25486091j\n", + " -1.90096887 -3.94740253j -0.04442719 -0.14402943j -1.98883083-13.19503037j]\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import sign\n", + "t=range(-10,11)#\n", + "y=sign(t)#\n", + "g=fft(y)#\n", + "print \"fourier transform of signum funcion is : \\n\",g" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter4_1.ipynb b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter4_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2847c250 --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter4_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 4 : Amplitude(Linear) Modulation" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 166 Problem 4.5" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "efficiency in % is 11.111\n", + "efficiency in % is 4.306\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "# we have given 1)u=.5 and 2)u=.3\n", + "# efficiency n is calculated by using formula n= (u**2) / (2+u**2) *100 %\n", + "#for u=0.5\n", + "u1=0.5#\n", + "n1= (u1**2) / (2+u1**2) *100 #\n", + "print 'efficiency in % is',round(n1,3)\n", + "# Hence only 11.1111% of total power is in sidebands.\n", + "#for u=0.3\n", + "u2=0.3#\n", + "n2= (u2**2) / (2+u2**2) *100#\n", + "print 'efficiency in % is',round(n2,3)\n", + "# Hence only 4.3062% of the total power is the useful power (power in sidebands)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter5_1.ipynb b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter5_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..535073ef --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter5_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,332 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 5 : Angle(exponential) Modulation" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 212 Problem 5.1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Minimum frequency = 99.90 MHz\n", + "Maximum frequency = 100.10 MHz\n", + "Minimum frequency = 99.90 MHz\n", + "Maximum frequency = 100.10 MHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi\n", + "\n", + "# The values of constsnts Kf and Kp are given as Kf= 2*pi*10**5 and Kp=10*pi, and carrier frequency fc=100MHz\n", + "\n", + "# For FM :\n", + "#fi= fc + Kf*m(t)/2*pi\n", + "# Minimum value of m(t) = -1 and Maximum value of m(t)= +1\n", + "Kf= 2*pi*10**5 #\n", + "Kp=10*pi#\n", + "fc=100*10**6 ## in Hz\n", + "Mmin = -1 # \n", + "Mmax=1#\n", + "fimin1= fc + Kf*Mmin/(2*pi)#\n", + "print 'Minimum frequency = %0.2f MHz'%(fimin1/10**6)\n", + "fimax1= fc + Kf*Mmax/(2*pi)#\n", + "print 'Maximum frequency = %0.2f MHz'%(fimax1/10**6)\n", + "\n", + "#For PM :\n", + "#fi= fc + Kp*m(t)'/2*pi\n", + "# Minimum value of m(t)' = -20,000 and Maximum value of m(t)'= +20,000\n", + "Mmin1=-20000 # \n", + "Mmax1=20000#\n", + "fimin2= fc + Kp*Mmin1/(2*pi)#\n", + "print 'Minimum frequency = %.2f MHz'%(fimin2/10**6)\n", + "fimax2= fc + Kp*Mmax1/(2*pi)#\n", + "print 'Maximum frequency = %.2f MHz'%(fimax2/10**6)\n", + "\n", + "# Since m(t) is increases and decreases linearly with time, the instantaneous frequency increases linearly from fimin to fimax" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 213 Problem 5.2" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Minimum frequency = 99.90 MHz\n", + "Maximum frequency = 100.10 MHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi\n", + "\n", + "# The values of constsnts Kf and Kp are given as Kf= 2*pi*10**5 and Kp=pi/2, and carrier frequency fc=100MHz\n", + "# For FM :\n", + "#fi= fc + Kf*m(t)/2*pi\n", + "# Minimum value of m(t) = -1 and Maximum value of m(t)= +1\n", + "Kf= 2*pi*10**5 #\n", + "Kp=pi/2#\n", + "fc=100*10**6 ## in Hz\n", + "Mmin = -1 #\n", + "Mmax=1#\n", + "fimin1= fc + Kf*Mmin/(2*pi)#\n", + "print 'Minimum frequency = %.2f MHz'%(fimin1/10**6)\n", + "fimax1= fc + Kf*Mmax/(2*pi)#\n", + "print 'Maximum frequency = %.2f MHz'%(fimax1/10**6)\n", + "# Since m(t) is increases and decreases linearly with time, the instantaneous frequency increases linearly from fimin to fimax" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 222 Problem 5.3.a" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Bfm = 230.00 kHz\n", + "Bpm = 130.00 kHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi\n", + "\n", + "# refer fig from page no. 212 Fig.5.4a\n", + "# The values of constsnts Kf and Kp are given as Kf= 2*pi*10**5 and Kp=5*pi .\n", + "# Here we are assuming the Bandwidth B of m(t) as the frequency of the third harmonic, i.e. 3(10**4/2)Hz= 15kHz\n", + "B=15## in kHz\n", + "# For FM:\n", + "# Here peak amplitude of m(t) is mp=1\n", + "mp=1#\n", + "# df=kf*mp/2*pi\n", + "Kf= 2*pi*10**5# \n", + "Kp=5*pi#\n", + "df= (Kf*mp)/(2*pi)## in Hz\n", + "df=df/10**3## in KHz\n", + "Bfm=2*(df+B)#\n", + "print 'Bfm = %.2f kHz'%(Bfm)\n", + "# For PM:\n", + "#Here peak amplitude of m(t)' is mp=20000\n", + "mp=20000#\n", + "# df=kp*mp/2*pi\n", + "df= (Kp*mp)/(2*pi)## in Hz\n", + "df=df/10**3## in KHz\n", + "Bpm=2*(df+B)#\n", + "print 'Bpm = %.2f kHz'%Bpm" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 222 Problem 5.3.b" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Bfm = 430.00 kHz\n", + "Bpm = 230.00 kHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi\n", + "# The values of constsnts Kf and Kp are given as Kf= 2*pi*10**5 and Kp=5*pi .\n", + "# Here we are assuming the Bandwidth B of m(t) as the frequency of the third harmonic, i.e. 3(10**4/2)Hz= 15kHz\n", + "B=15## in kHz\n", + "# For FM:\n", + "# Here peak amplitude of m(t) is doubled ,mp=2\n", + "mp=2#\n", + "# df=kf*mp/2*pi\n", + "Kf= 2*pi*10**5#\n", + "Kp=5*pi#\n", + "df= (Kf*mp)/(2*pi)## in Hz\n", + "df=df/10**3## in KHz\n", + "Bfm=2*(df+B)#\n", + "print 'Bfm = %.2f kHz'%Bfm\n", + "# For PM:\n", + "#Here peak amplitude of m(t)' is doubled mp=40000\n", + "mp=40000#\n", + "# df=kp*mp/2*pi\n", + "df= (Kp*mp)/(2*pi)## in Hz\n", + "df=df/10**3## in KHz\n", + "Bpm=2*(df+B)#\n", + "print 'Bpm = %.2f kHz'%Bpm\n", + "# doubling the signal amplitude roughly doubles the bandwidth of both FM and PM waveform" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 224 Problem 5.4" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Bfm = 215.00 kHz\n", + "Bpm = 65.00 kHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi\n", + "\n", + "# Repeat example 5.3 with m(t) expanded by a factor of 2 i.e. if the period of m(t) is 4*10**-4\n", + "# The values of constsnts Kf and Kp are given as Kf= 2*pi*10**5 and Kp=5*pi .\n", + "# we know that time expansion by a factor 2 reduces the signal spectrum width by a factor 2\n", + "# Therefore bandwidth is half the previous bandwidth\n", + "B=7.5# # im KHz\n", + "# For FM:\n", + "# Time expansion does not affect the peak amplitude so that mp=1.\n", + "mp=1#\n", + "# df=kf*mp/2*pi\n", + "Kf= 2*pi*10**5# \n", + "Kp=5*pi#\n", + "df= (Kf*mp)/(2*pi)## in Hz\n", + "df=df/10**3## in KHz\n", + "Bfm=2*(df+B)#\n", + "print 'Bfm = %.2f kHz'%Bfm\n", + "# For PM:\n", + "#mp is halved i.e. mp=10000\n", + "mp=10000#\n", + "# df=kp*mp/2*pi\n", + "df= (Kp*mp)/(2*pi)## in Hz\n", + "df=df/10**3## in KHz\n", + "Bpm=2*(df+B)#\n", + "print 'Bpm = %.2f kHz'%Bpm\n", + "# Time expansion of m(t) has very little effect on the FM bandwidth, but it halves the PM bandwidth" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page 225 Problem 5.5" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "a) The carrier power is : 50.00 Watt\n", + "b) The frequency deviation = 12387.32 Hz\n", + "c) The deviation ratio is: 12.39 \n", + "d)The phase deviation = 15.00 rad\n", + "e)Bandwidth is : 26774.65 Hz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi\n", + "#Assuming SI unit for all quantities\n", + "\n", + "# An angle modulated signal with carrier frequency wc = 2*pi*10**5 is described by the equation Qem= 10cos(@(t)) where @(t)=wct+5sin3000t+10sin2000pi*t\n", + "B=2000*pi/(2*pi)##signal bandwidthis the highest frequency in m(t)\n", + "Ac=10##carrier amplitude\n", + "P=Ac**2/2## carrier power\n", + "print 'a) The carrier power is : %.2f Watt'%P\n", + "# to find frequency derivative df, e find instantaneous freq. w as\n", + "# wi=d/dt(@(t))= wc+15000cos3000t+20000pi*cos2000pi*t#\n", + "# The carrier derivative is 15000cos3000t+20000pi*cos2000pi*t. The two sinusoids will add in phase at some point and the maximum value of the expression is dW=15000+20000pi\n", + "dW=15000+20000*pi#\n", + "df=dW/(2*pi)#\n", + "print 'b) The frequency deviation = %.2f Hz'%df\n", + "# The deviation ratio B1 is given as\n", + "B1=df/B#\n", + "print 'c) The deviation ratio is: %.2f '%B1\n", + "#The phase deviation is the maximum value of the angle @(t) and is given b d@\n", + "d=5+10#\n", + "print 'd)The phase deviation = %.2f rad'%d\n", + "Bem=2*(df+B)#\n", + "print 'e)Bandwidth is : %.2f Hz'%Bem" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter6_1.ipynb b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter6_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..72f6d5c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter6_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 6: Sampling and pulse code modulation" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 271 prob no. 6.2" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Enter the band limited freq in hertz is 1100\n", + "minimum transmission bandwidth = 8800.00 Hertz\n", + "enter the no of signal to be multiplexed 25\n", + "minimum transmission bandwidth = 220000.00 Hertz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log\n", + "fm=input(\"Enter the band limited freq in hertz is \")\n", + "Rn=2*fm# # Nyquist sampling rate\n", + "Ra=Rn*(4/3)## actual Nyquist sampling rate\n", + "# here the maximum quantization error(E) is 0.5% of the peak amplitide mp. Hence, E=mp/L=0.5*mp/100*L\n", + "mp=1##we assume peak amplitude is unity\n", + "L=(mp*100)/(0.5*mp)#\n", + "for i in range(0,11):\n", + " j=2**i\n", + " if(j>=L):\n", + " L1=j#\n", + " break#\n", + " \n", + "n=log(L1,2)## bits per sample\n", + "c=n*Ra## total no of bits transmitted\n", + "# Beause we can transmit up to 2bits/per hertz of bandwidth,we require minimum transmission bandwidth Bt=c/2\n", + "Bt=c/2#\n", + "print \"minimum transmission bandwidth = %.2f Hertz\"%Bt\n", + "s=input(\"enter the no of signal to be multiplexed \")\n", + "Cm=s*c##total no of bits of 's' signal\n", + "c1=Cm/2## minimum transmission bandwidth\n", + "print \"minimum transmission bandwidth = %.2f Hertz\"%c1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 273 prob no 6.3" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "enter the value of L = 12\n", + "enter the bandwidth of signal in hertz350\n", + "SNR ratio is = 13.00 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log,log10\n", + "# from the expresion given on the page no 272# (So/No)=(a+6n) dB where a=10log[3/[ln(1+u)]**2]\n", + "#check the ollowing code for L=64 and L=256\n", + "L=input(\"enter the value of L = \")\n", + "B=input(\"enter the bandwidth of signal in hertz : \")\n", + "n=log(L,2)#\n", + "Bt=n*B#\n", + "u=100##given\n", + "a=10*log10(3/(log(1+u))**2)\n", + "SNR=(a+(6*n))#\n", + "print \"SNR ratio is = %0.2f \"%SNR\n", + "# Here the SNR ratio for the two cases are found out. The difference between the two SNRs is 12dB which is the ratio of 16. Thus the SNR for L=256 is 16 times the SNR for L=64. The former requires just about 33% more bandwidth compared to the later." + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter7_1.ipynb b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter7_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5f7a2321 --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter7_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 7 : Principles of digital data transmission" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 314 prob no 7.1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "transmission rate = 32000\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#The transmission bandwidth is given by the equation Bt=(1+r)Rb/2 and hence transmission rate is given by Rb=2Bt/(1+r)#where r=roll-off factor and 0<=r<=1. Since 'r' can take value in between 0 and 1,bandwidth varies from 2Bt to Bt.\n", + "Bt=32000#\n", + "r=1##assume values of Bt and r\n", + "Rb=(2*Bt)/(1+r)#\n", + "print \"transmission rate = \",Rb##Rb=Bt for r=1" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Page no 326 Prob no 7.3" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "values of C-1,C0,C1 are obtained:\n", + "[[ 0.20939445]\n", + " [ 1.1262026 ]\n", + " [ 0.31692134]]\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import mat\n", + "# problem fig. is ggiven on page no 324. Referring the fig. we are given the values of a0,a1,a-1,a-2\n", + "a=1#\n", + "b=-0.3#\n", + "c=0.1#\n", + "d=-0.2#\n", + "e=0.05#\n", + "#design a three-tap (N=1) equalizer by substituting these values into eq no 7.45 of the page no 325\n", + "A=mat([[0],[1],[0]])#\n", + "B=mat([[a, d, e],[b, a, d],[c, b, a]])\n", + "c=(B**-1)*A## As, A=B*C Hence c is obtained as given\n", + "print 'values of C-1,C0,C1 are obtained:'\n", + "print c" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no 334 Prob NO 7.4" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Value of x : 0.0052\n", + "error probability = 9.96e-08 \n", + "Value of x : 96.1500\n", + "error probability = 1.17e-04 \n", + "error probability = 1.75e-04 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "# a) Find detection error probability\n", + "#Given: Ap=1mV, 6n=192.3uV\n", + "# The formula for polar case is given by Ap/6n\n", + "Ap=1#\n", + "sigma_n=192.3#\n", + "x=Ap/sigma_n##here we have to find the value of P(e)=Q(x) from the table10.2 given on page no. 454\n", + "print \"Value of x : %0.4f\"%x\n", + "Q1=(0.9964)*10**(-7)#\n", + "print \"error probability = %.2e \"%Q1 ##this is nearly equal to zero\n", + "\n", + "#Prob NO 7.4 b) Find detection error probability.\n", + "#In this case, only half the bits are transmitted by no pulse, there are, on the average, only half as many pulses in the on-off case(compared to the polar). \n", + "#To maintain the same power,we need to double the energy of each pulse in the on-off or the bipolar case(compared to the polar).\n", + "#Now, doubling the pulse energy is accomplished by multiplying the pulse by sqrt(2).\n", + "#Thus, for on-off Ap is sqrt(2) times the Ap in the polar case,that is, Ap=sqrt(2)*10**-3\n", + "x=Ap/2*sigma_n##here we have to find the value of P(e)=Q(x) from the table10.2 given on page no. 454\n", + "print \"Value of x : %0.4f\"%x\n", + "Q2=(1.166)*10**-4#\n", + "print \"error probability = %0.2e \"%Q2\n", + "#for a given power , the Ap for both the on-off and the bipolar cases are identical. Hence P(e)=1.5 Q(x)#\n", + "Q3=1.5*Q2#\n", + "print \"error probability = %0.2e \"%Q3" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter8_1.ipynb b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter8_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2f0e3fa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/Chapter8_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 8 : Emerging digital communications technologies" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## page no. 367 Prob no. 8.3" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "No. of hours for resynchronizing : 60 Hr\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#since both the plots can be out of synchronization by as much as 6 parts (bits)in 10**13 , we have \n", + "# timing error bits per second can be calculated as-\n", + "#error in synchronization is given as\n", + "e=6.0/(10**13)##timing eeor bits per transmitted bits\n", + "#bit rate is given as\n", + "r =1544000.0 ## in bits/sec\n", + "#timing error bits per second ,Te is given as\n", + "Te=e*r#\n", + "S=1/Te## seconds per timing error bits\n", + "H=S/3600.0## hours per timing error bits\n", + "#since a synchronization error can occur whenever the network is out of synchronization by 1/5 bits, the time between resynchronizing is given as\n", + "T=H/5.0#\n", + "print \"No. of hours for resynchronizing : %.f Hr\"%T" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/screenshots/2correlationCoeff_1.png b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/screenshots/2correlationCoeff_1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..77e53b40 --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/screenshots/2correlationCoeff_1.png diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/screenshots/2expansionofSignal_1.png b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/screenshots/2expansionofSignal_1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..4d19c746 --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/screenshots/2expansionofSignal_1.png diff --git a/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/screenshots/2timeInvertedsignal_1.png b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/screenshots/2timeInvertedsignal_1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..111501c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Modern_Digital_And_Analog_Communication_System_by_B._P._Lathi/screenshots/2timeInvertedsignal_1.png diff --git a/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter10_1.ipynb b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter10_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0eb7d255 --- /dev/null +++ b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter10_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,165 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter No 10 - Propagation of radio waves" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example10.1 PageNo 412" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Field strength will reduce by 5.23 dBs\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import sqrt, log10\n", + "#Given\n", + "Pt1=100#Radiated power\n", + "Pt2=30# Reduced Power \n", + "r=1#assume distance to be unity for easeof calculation\n", + "E1=300*sqrt(100)/r\n", + "E2=300*sqrt(30)/r\n", + "E=20*log10((E2/E1))# Reduction in field strength in dBs\n", + "print 'Field strength will reduce by %0.2f dBs'%(-E)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example10.2 PageNo 413" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The field strength at distance 20km is 190.53 uV/m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "P=3#Transmitter power\n", + "ht=100# Antenna height\n", + "G=5#Antenna gain\n", + "d=20e3#distance\n", + "lamda=1\n", + "hr=1#assumed\n", + "E=((88*G*ht*hr*P**0.5)/(lamda*d**2))#field strength\n", + "print 'The field strength at distance 20km is %0.2f uV/m'%(E*1e6)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example10.3 PageNo 413" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Direct ray coverage is possible over 63.03 km\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sqrt\n", + "#Given\n", + "ht=152.5\n", + "hr=9.15 # Antenna height\n", + "d=4100*(sqrt(ht)+sqrt(hr)) #distance\n", + "print 'Direct ray coverage is possible over %0.2f km'%(d*1e-3)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example10.4 PageNo 414" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Max possible distance for efective point to point\n", + " communication is 514.48 km\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sqrt\n", + "#Given\n", + "#b\n", + "ht=3e3\n", + "hr=5e3 # Antenna height\n", + "d=4100*(sqrt(ht)+sqrt(hr))#distance\n", + "print 'Max possible distance for efective point to point\\n communication is %0.2f km'%(d*1e-3)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter11_1.ipynb b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter11_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..b8b0be75 --- /dev/null +++ b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter11_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter No 11 - Broadband Communication" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example11.1, page no 435" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The total no of samples per second is:\n", + "160000 samples/second\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "c=20# no of signal channels\n", + "s=8e3# Channel sampling rate\n", + "t=1/s# time interval over which ll channels are sampled once\n", + "#b\n", + "g=5e-6# guaed time for each channel sample\n", + "s_duration=t-g# duration of each sample\n", + "#c\n", + "samples_sec=c*s#\n", + "print 'The total no of samples per second is:\\n%d samples/second'%samples_sec" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter15_1.ipynb b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter15_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d45717f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter15_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,153 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter No 15 - Basic Information theory" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example15.1, page no 533" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The source entropy is: 1.50 bits/symbol\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log\n", + "#Given\n", + "P_A=0.5# probability of producing symbol 'A'\n", + "P_B=0.25# probability of producing symbol 'B'\n", + "P_C=0.25# probability of producing symbol 'C'\n", + "def log2(x):\n", + " return log(x,2)\n", + "H=P_A*log2(1/P_A)+P_B*log2(1/P_B)+P_C*log2(1/P_C)# the source entropy\n", + "print 'The source entropy is: %0.2f bits/symbol'%(H)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example15.2, page no 535" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The source entropy is: 1.94 bits/symbol\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import log\n", + "def log2(x):\n", + " return log(x,2)\n", + "\n", + "#Given\n", + "P_A=0.5\n", + "P_B=0.25\n", + "P_C=1/32\n", + "P_D=1/8\n", + "P_E=1/16\n", + "P_F=1/32# probabilities of producing respective symbol\n", + "H=(P_A*log2(1/P_A))+(P_B*log2(1/P_B))+(P_C*log2(1/P_C))+(P_D*log2(1/P_D))+(P_E*log2(1/P_E))+(P_F*log2(1/P_F))# Source Entropy\n", + "n=6\n", + "T=1\n", + "print 'The source entropy is: %0.2f bits/symbol'%(round(1000*H)/1000)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example15.3, page no 536" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "a)\n", + " Channel capacity is: 20 Kbits/sec\n", + " Bandwidth: 5 KHz\n", + "b)\n", + " SNR for 3KHz bandwidth: 100.59\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log\n", + "def log2(x):\n", + " return log(x,2)\n", + "\n", + "#Given\n", + "#a\n", + "B1=4e3#Channel Bandwidth\n", + "SNR1=31#Channel SNR\n", + "C1=B1*log2(1+SNR1)#Channel Capacity\n", + "SNR2=14#Reduced SNR\n", + "B2=round(C1/log2(1+SNR2))#Bandwidth for reduced SNR with same Channel capacity\n", + "\n", + "#b\n", + "B3=3e3#Reduced Bandwidth\n", + "SNR3=(2**(C1/B3))-1#Signal Power for reduced bandwidth\n", + "print 'a)\\n Channel capacity is: %d Kbits/sec\\n Bandwidth: %d KHz\\nb)\\n SNR for 3KHz bandwidth: %0.2f'%(C1*1e-3,B2*1e-3,SNR3)\n", + "# the Answer in the book is wrong.It is printed as 90.4 for SNR3 but it should be 100.59" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter1_1.ipynb b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter1_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d317e792 --- /dev/null +++ b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter1_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1411 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 1 : Signals" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example1,page no12" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 22, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The value of the above integral is:C=0\n", + " Since C=0, the two functions: \n", + " f(t)=sin(n*wo*t)\n", + " g(t)=cos(n*wo*t) are Orthogonal\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy.random import randint\n", + "from numpy import pi, arange\n", + "from sympy.mpmath import quad, sin, cos\n", + "#Given:\n", + "n=round(randint(1000))#any integers\n", + "m=round(randint(1000))#any integers\n", + "wo=2*(n+m)*pi#Angular Freq\n", + "t=arange(0,2*pi/wo,0.01)\n", + "to=0;t1=2*pi/wo\n", + "C= quad(lambda t:sin(n*wo*t)*cos(m*wo*t),[to,t1])# integrating sin(n*wo*t)*cos(m*wo*t) function\n", + "print \"The value of the above integral is:C=%d\\n Since C=%d, the two functions: \\n f(t)=sin(n*wo*t)\\n g(t)=cos(n*wo*t) are Orthogonal\"%(C,C)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example2,page no 12" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 23, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The optimum value of C to minimise the mean square error is:\n", + " C= 1.273240\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import arange,pi\n", + "from sympy.mpmath import quad, sin, cos\n", + "#Given:\n", + "# Curve on page no 9....fig 1.6\n", + "t=arange(0,2*pi,0.1)\n", + "t0=0\n", + "t1=2*pi\n", + "C=((quad(lambda t: sin(t),[t0,t1/2])-quad(lambda t: sin(t),[t1/2,t1]))/quad(lambda t :(sin(t))**2,[t0,t1]))\n", + "\n", + "print \"The optimum value of C to minimise the mean square error is:\\n C= %f\"%(C)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3,page no12" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "a) The value of constants Cn are:\n", + "1.273237 for n= 1\n", + "\n", + "0.000000 for n= 2\n", + "\n", + "0.424406 for n= 3\n", + "\n", + "0.000000 for n= 4\n", + "\n", + "0.254636 for n= 5\n", + "\n", + "0.000000 for n= 6\n", + "\n", + "0.181874 for n= 7\n", + "\n", + "b) Mean Square error is\n", + "epsi(1) = 0.190000\n", + "\n", + "epsi(3) = 0.100000\n", + "\n", + "epsi(5) = 0.070000\n", + "\n", + "epsi(7) = 0.050000\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import arange\n", + "from sympy.mpmath import quad\n", + "from math import pi,sin\n", + "#Given:\n", + "#a # Referance Figure on page no 9.. (1.6d)\n", + "\n", + "t=range(0,int(2*3.14+1))\n", + "t0=0\n", + "t1=2*3.14\n", + "print 'a) The value of constants Cn are:'\n", + "C=[] \n", + "for i in range(1,8):\n", + " C.append((quad(lambda t:sin(i*t),[t0,t1/2])-quad(lambda t:sin(i*t),[t1/2,t1]))/quad(lambda t:(sin(i*t))**2,[t0,t1]))\n", + " if C[i-1] <= 0.01:\n", + " C[i-1]=0\n", + " \n", + " print '%f for n= %d\\n'%(C[i-1],i)\n", + "\n", + "#b Mean Square error\n", + "\n", + "int1=quad(lambda t:(1)**2,[t0,t1])\n", + "for n in range(1,8):\n", + " if (n%2) == 0:\n", + " C[n-1] = 0\n", + " else:\n", + " C[n-1]=4.0/(n*pi)\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "K=[]\n", + "for n in range(1,8):\n", + " \n", + " K.append(quad(lambda t:(sin(n*t))**2,[t0,t1]))\n", + " \n", + "K[n-1]=pi\n", + "S=[0]\n", + "for n in range(1,8):\n", + " S.append(S[n-1]+(((C[n-1])**2)*K[n-1]))\n", + "#Mean Square error\n", + "epsi=[]\n", + "for n in range(1,8):\n", + " epsi.append((1.0/(t1-t0)*(int1-S[n])))\n", + "\n", + "print 'b) Mean Square error is'\n", + "for n in arange(1,2+7,2):\n", + " print 'epsi(%d) = %f\\n'%(n,round(100*epsi[n-1])/100)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example4,page no12" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "P0 = 1\n", + "P1 = t\n", + "P2 = 1.5*t**2 - 0.5\n", + "P3 = 2.5*t**2 - 1.5\n", + "\n", + "The Constant coeff (Cn) values are :\n", + "C0 = 0.0\n", + "C1 = -1.5\n", + "C2 = 0.0\n", + "C3 = 0.875\n", + "\n", + "f(t)= 0*P0 + -1.500000*P1 + 0*P2 + 0.875000*P3\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from sympy import symbols,solve\n", + "from sympy.mpmath import quad\n", + "from numpy import arange\n", + "#Given:\n", + "t=arange(-1,1.01,0.01)\n", + "t0=-1\n", + "t1=1\n", + "# Legendre Polynomial\n", + "t=symbols(\"t\")\n", + "P0=1\n", + "P1=t\n", + "P2=-0.5+1.5*t**2\n", + "P3=-1.5+2.5*t**2\n", + "print \"P0 =\",P0\n", + "print \"P1 =\",P1\n", + "print \"P2 =\",P2\n", + "print \"P3 =\",P3\n", + "#The Constant coeff (Cn)\n", + "C0=0.5*(quad(lambda t:1,[-1,0])+quad(lambda t:-1,[0,1]))\n", + "C1=1.5*(quad(lambda t:t,[-1,0])+quad(lambda t:-t,[0,1]))\n", + "C2=2.5*(quad(lambda t:(1.5*t**2)-0.5,[-1,0])+quad(lambda t:-(1.5*t**2)+0.5,[0,1]))\n", + "C3=3.5*(quad(lambda t:(2.5*t**3)-(1.5*t),[-1,0])+quad(lambda t:-(2.5*t**3)+(1.5*t),[0,1]))\n", + "print \"\\nThe Constant coeff (Cn) values are :\"\n", + "print \"C0 =\",C0\n", + "print \"C1 =\",C1\n", + "print \"C2 =\",C2\n", + "print \"C3 =\",C3\n", + "print \"\\nf(t)= %d*%s + %f*%s + %d*%s + %f*%s\"%(C0,\"P0\",C1,\"P1\",C2,\"P2\",C3,\"P3\")" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5, page no 19" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The value of a0 is: 0.500000\n", + "\n", + "The values of a(n): (upto n=10)\n", + "0\n", + "0\n", + "0\n", + "0\n", + "0\n", + "0\n", + "0\n", + "0\n", + "0\n", + "0\n", + "The values of b(n): (upto n=10)\n", + "-0.318308838986\n", + "-0.159152848691\n", + "-0.106100153783\n", + "-0.0795732827116\n", + "-0.0636567411629\n", + "-0.0530453643632\n", + "-0.0454655102642\n", + "-0.0397803578398\n", + "-0.0353583398512\n", + "-0.0318205159538\n", + "The trigonometric Fourier series for given function\n", + " can be written as:\n", + "\n", + "f(t)=-0.318309-0.159153sin(2*pi*t)-0.106100sin(4*pi*t)\n", + "-0.079573sin(6*pi*t)-0.063657sin(8*pi*t)-0.053045sin(10*pi*t)\n", + "-0.045466sin(12*pi*t)-0.039780sin(14*pi*t).......\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi,cos,sin\n", + "from numpy import arange,trapz\n", + "#given\n", + "T=1\n", + "t0=0\n", + "wo=2*pi\n", + "P=1\n", + "t=arange(0,1.001,0.001)\n", + "f=P*t\n", + "#The trigonometric Fourier series coeff for given function\n", + "a0=(1/T)*trapz(t,f)\n", + "a=[]\n", + "a.append(0)\n", + "for n in range(1,11):\n", + " f1=[]\n", + " for tt in t:\n", + " f1.append((P*tt)*cos(wo*n*tt))\n", + " a.append((2/T)*trapz(t,f1))\n", + " \n", + " if a[(n)]<2.01:\n", + " a[(n)]=0\n", + " \n", + "b=[]\n", + "b.append(0)\n", + "for n in range(1,11):\n", + " f2=[]\n", + " for tt in t:\n", + " f2.append((P*tt)*sin(2*pi*(1/T)*n*tt))\n", + " b.append(-(2/T)*trapz(t,f2))\n", + "\n", + "# Displaying trigonometric Fourier series coeff\n", + "print \"The value of a0 is: %f\\n\"%(a0)\n", + "print \"The values of a(n): (upto n=10)\"\n", + "for n in range(1,11):\n", + " print a[(n)]\n", + "\n", + "print \"The values of b(n): (upto n=10)\"\n", + "for n in range(1,11):\n", + " print b[(n)]\n", + "\n", + "print \"The trigonometric Fourier series for given function\\n can be written as:\\n\"\n", + "print \"f(t)=%f%fsin(2*pi*t)%fsin(4*pi*t)\\n%fsin(6*pi*t)%fsin(8*pi*t)%fsin(10*pi*t)\\n%fsin(12*pi*t)%fsin(14*pi*t).......\"%(b[1],b[2],b[3],b[4],b[5],b[6],b[7],b[8])" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6, page no 21" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 22, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The Exponential Fourier coeff(Fn) are:for n=-5 to 5\n", + "-0.05j \n", + "\n", + "(1+0j) \n", + "\n", + "-0.0981305252753j \n", + "\n", + "(1+0j) \n", + "\n", + "-0.315687575734j \n", + "\n", + "(0.5+0j) \n", + "\n", + "0j \n", + "\n", + "(1-0.153884176859j) \n", + "\n", + "0j \n", + "\n", + "(1-0.0688190960236j) \n", + "\n", + "0j \n", + "\n", + "\n", + "The given function in Expo Fourier series can be represented as \n", + "\n", + "f(t)= 0.500000+jP/2*pi* ∑1/n *exp(j2*pi*t)\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from numpy import nditer,trapz\n", + "#given\n", + "\n", + "t0=1\n", + "T=1\n", + "w0=2*3.14/T\n", + "P=1\n", + "t=arange(0,0.1+1,0.1)\n", + "f=[P*tt for tt in t]# function f(t)=P*t, 0<t<1\n", + "a=1\n", + "print 'The Exponential Fourier coeff(Fn) are:for n=-5 to 5'\n", + "Fr=[];Fi=[]\n", + "for n in range(-5,6): # Calculating the fourier coeff\n", + " fr=[ff*cos(pi*n*tt/T) for ff,tt in nditer([f,t])]\n", + " #Fr(a)=inttrap(t,fr)\n", + " Fr.append(trapz(t,fr))\n", + " fi=[ff*sin(pi*n*tt/T) for ff,tt in nditer([f,t])]\n", + " Fi.append(trapz(t,fi))\n", + " if Fr[a-1] < 0.01:\n", + " Fr[a-1]=0\n", + " \n", + " if Fi[a-1] < 0.01:\n", + " Fi[a-1]=0\n", + " \n", + " print Fr[a-1]-1J*Fi[a-1],'\\n'\n", + " a=a+1\n", + "\n", + "print '\\nThe given function in Expo Fourier series can be represented as \\n'\n", + "print 'f(t)= %f+jP/2*pi* ∑1/n *exp(j2*pi*t)'%(P/2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 7, page no 22" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 25, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The Expo fourier series coeff are: for n=-5 to 5\n", + "(2.77555756156e-17-1.37737043993e-15j) \n", + "\n", + "(0.127481160803+3.12250225676e-16j) \n", + "\n", + "(-1.9567680809e-15-1.47624967806e-15j) \n", + "\n", + "(0.636776885598+6.54858112181e-16j) \n", + "\n", + "(-1.69309011255e-15-0.5j) \n", + "\n", + "(-1.90970223489+0j) \n", + "\n", + "(-1.69309011255e-15+0.5j) \n", + "\n", + "(0.636776885598-6.54858112181e-16j) \n", + "\n", + "(-1.9567680809e-15+1.47624967806e-15j) \n", + "\n", + "(0.127481160803-3.12250225676e-16j) \n", + "\n", + "(2.77555756156e-17+1.37737043993e-15j) \n", + "\n", + "The given function in Expo Fourier series can be represented as \n", + "\n", + "f(t)= 2V/pi -2V*exp(j2*pi*t)/3*pi -2V*exp(j2*pi*t)/15*pi\n", + " -2V*exp(j2*pi*t)/35*pi ...\n", + " -2V*exp(-j2*pi*t)/3*pi -2V*exp(-j2*pi*t)/15*pi...\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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jUFNkpKfDxx/DddeFVy4jOEqr2CdNgg4doEqV8MlkBMcxxzhLe9o0b/r3WjEE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\nCRNyP8+58e7Zsyf3s86dO+v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+ "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f3df8629110>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import arange,sin,pi,cos,trapz,nditer,zeros\n", + "%matplotlib inline \n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,subplot,title,legend,xlabel,ylabel,show\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "V=1\n", + "t0=1\n", + "T=1\n", + "w0=2*3.14/T\n", + "P=1\n", + "t=arange(0,0.01+3,0.01)\n", + "f=[V*abs(sin(pi*tt)) for tt in t]\n", + "#The Expo fourier series coeff\n", + "print 'The Expo fourier series coeff are: for n=-5 to 5'\n", + "a=1\n", + "Fr=[];Fi=[];mag=[]\n", + "for n in range(-5,6):\n", + " fr=[ff*cos(pi*n*tt/T) for ff,tt in nditer([f,t])]\n", + " Fr.append(trapz(t,fr))\n", + " fi=[ff*sin(pi*n*tt/T) for ff,tt in nditer([f,t])] \n", + " Fi.append(trapz(t,fi))\n", + " mag.append(abs(Fr[a-1]+1J*Fi[a-1]))\n", + "\n", + " print Fr[a-1]-(1J*Fi[a-1]),'\\n'\n", + " x=zeros(len(t))\n", + " #x=x+((Fr(a))-1J*Fi(a)).*(cos(pi*n*t/T)+1J*sin(pi*n*t/T))\n", + " x=x+((Fr[a-1])-1J*Fi[a-1])*(cos(pi*n*t/T)+1J*sin(pi*n*t/T))\n", + " a=a+1\n", + "\n", + "print 'The given function in Expo Fourier series can be represented as \\n'\n", + "print 'f(t)= 2V/pi -2V*exp(j2*pi*t)/3*pi -2V*exp(j2*pi*t)/15*pi\\n -2V*exp(j2*pi*t)/35*pi ...\\n -2V*exp(-j2*pi*t)/3*pi -2V*exp(-j2*pi*t)/15*pi...'\n", + "n=range(-5,6)\n", + "subplot(2,1,1)\n", + "plot(t,f) # Rectified sine function Plot\n", + "xlabel(\"t\")\n", + "ylabel(\"sin(t)\")\n", + "legend([\"sin(pi*t)\"])\n", + "subplot(2,1,2)\n", + "plot(n,mag) #Plot of the magnitude of the Fourier coeff\n", + "xlabel(\"w\")\n", + "ylabel(\"Fn\")\n", + "legend([\"Expo Fourier Coeff\"])\n", + "show()" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 8, page no 24" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 17, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The fourier series coeff Fn are:\n", + "(-0.185792520964+0j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.121542879381+6.93889390391e-18j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.0695370407613+0j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.0312803786267+0j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.00787673751141+1.73472347598e-18j) \n", + "\n", + "(1+0j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.00787673751141+1.73472347598e-18j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.00787673751141-1.73472347598e-18j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.0312803786267+0j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.0695370407613+0j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.121542879381-6.93889390391e-18j) \n", + "\n", + "(-1.23107341487-2.77555756156e-17j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.86361423984-2.77555756156e-17j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.520835737317-2.77555756156e-17j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.243085758762+2.77555756156e-17j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.0625607572533+0j) \n", + "\n", + "(1+0j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.0625607572533+0j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.0625607572533+0j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.243085758762-2.77555756156e-17j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.520835737317+2.77555756156e-17j) \n", + "\n", + "(-0.86361423984+2.77555756156e-17j) \n", + "\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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3Frl9fj48+qib+9DQfOc7bvb7mjWZHZpbVeVO5tE+s3iBoO52lZX+Pt+TTjo8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\nBaYAr9Tc4r3Px37zgNW4gNQ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+ "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7fbfb25b1a10>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import pi,arange,cos,sin,trapz,zeros\n", + "%matplotlib inline \n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot,subplot,title,legend,xlabel,ylabel,show\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#given\n", + "\n", + "T=500e-3\n", + "w0=2*pi/T\n", + "d=50e-3\n", + "A=10\n", + "t=arange(-d/2,0.01+T-d/2,0.01)\n", + "t1=arange(-d/2,0.01+d/2,0.01)\n", + "f1=A\n", + "t2=arange(d/2,0.01+T-(d/2),0.01)\n", + "f2=0\n", + "a=0\n", + "Fr=[];Fi=[];mag=[]\n", + "print 'The fourier series coeff Fn are:'\n", + "for n in range(-5,6):\n", + " if n==0:\n", + " Fr.append(1);Fi.append(0)\n", + " else: \n", + " fa1=f1*cos(pi*n*t1/T)\n", + " fa2=f2*cos(pi*n*t2/T)\n", + " fb1=f1*sin(pi*n*t1/T)\n", + " fb2=f2*sin(pi*n*t2/T)\n", + " \n", + " Fr.append(1/T*(trapz(t1,fa1)+trapz(t2,fa2)))\n", + " Fi.append(trapz(t1,fb1)+trapz(t2,fb2))\n", + " mag.append(abs(Fr[a]+1J*Fi[a]))\n", + "\n", + " print Fr[a]-1J*Fi[a],'\\n'\n", + " x=zeros(len(t))\n", + " x=x+((Fr[a])-1J*Fi[a])*(cos(pi*n*t/T)+1J*sin(pi*n*t/T))\n", + " a=a+1\n", + "\n", + "n=range(-5,6)\n", + "subplot(3,1,1)\n", + "plot(t,[f1]*len(t))\n", + "xlabel(\"t\")\n", + "ylabel(\"f(t)\")\n", + "subplot(3,1,2)\n", + "plot(n,mag) # expo fourier series coeff\n", + "xlabel(\"n\") \n", + "ylabel(\"Coeff Magnitude\") \n", + "subplot(3,1,3)\n", + "plot(t,x)\n", + "plot(-t,x) # one sided spectrum with T=500ms\n", + "xlabel(\"w\")\n", + "ylabel(\"Fn\")\n", + "\n", + "T1=T/2\n", + "t=arange(-d/2,0.01+T1-d/2,0.01)\n", + "t1=arange(-d/2,0.01+d/2,0.01)\n", + "f1=A\n", + "t2=arange(d/2,0.01+T1-(d/2),0.01)\n", + "f2=0\n", + "#The Expo fourier series coeff\n", + "a=0\n", + "Fr1=[];Fi1=[];mag=[]\n", + "for n in range(-5,6):\n", + " if n==0:\n", + " Fr1.append(1);Fi1.append(0)\n", + " else :\n", + " fr1=f1*cos(pi*n*t1/T1)\n", + " fr2=f2*cos(pi*n*t2/T1)\n", + " fi1=f1*sin(pi*n*t1/T1)\n", + " fi2=f2*sin(pi*n*t2/T1)\n", + " \n", + " Fr1.append(1/T1*(trapz(t1,fr1)+trapz(t2,fr2)))\n", + " Fi1.append(1/T1*(trapz(t1,fi1)+trapz(t2,fi2)))\n", + " mag.append(abs(Fr1[a]+1J*Fi1[a]))\n", + " print Fr1[a]-1J*Fi1[a],'\\n'\n", + " y = zeros(len(t))\n", + " y=y+((Fr1[a])-1J*Fi1[a])*(cos(pi*n*t/T1)+1J*sin(pi*n*t/T1))\n", + " a=a+1\n", + "\n", + "plot(t,y)\n", + "plot(-t,y) # double sided spectrum with T=250ms\n", + "show()" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 9, page no 12" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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fHc1sMIRxXTP7PmWxcvED4aWhVcyr1IpKnpeNQXmcB1wt6UvgSsroLTTBBsBO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\nkyaPRCKRSNTN/wGSCNEUEKO5vgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n", + "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f6066ed1f90>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + }, + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "|F(w)|= 1/sqrt(a**2+w**2) and\n", + " Theta(w)=-atan(w/a)\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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euAif0a1mNj3rO3zXzJ63UF31AGu/U5eQJ4zytxDoKqm277I78GHW/My4bM0+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\nY+pgAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\n", + "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f6066d6d210>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + }, + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "|F(w)|= 2*a/sqrt(a**2+w**2) and\n", + " Theta(w)=0\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from numpy import arange, exp, pi, transpose, mat, fliplr, angle, absolute, shape\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, xlabel, ylabel, show, title, subplot\n", + "\n", + "#Given:\n", + "# Analog Signal\n", + "A =1 # Amplitude\n", + "Dt = 0.005#\n", + "t = arange(0,Dt+10,Dt)\n", + "xt = exp(-A*t)#\n", + "\n", + "# Continuous time Fourier Transform\n", + "Wmax =2*pi*1# # Analog Frequency = 1Hz\n", + "K = 4#\n", + "k = arange(0,(K/1000)+K, (K/1000))\n", + "W = k* Wmax /K#\n", + "XW = mat(xt)*exp(-1J*transpose(mat(t))*mat(W))*Dt\n", + "XW_Mag =abs(XW)#\n", + "W = -1*fliplr(mat(W))+mat(W)# (2:1001)]# # Omega from -Wmax to Wmax\n", + "XW_Mag=fliplr(XW_Mag )+XW_Mag # (2:1001)]#\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "#[XW_Phase ,db] = phasemag (XW)#\n", + "XW_Phase = angle(XW)\n", + "db=abs(XW)\n", + "XW_Phase = -1*fliplr(XW_Phase)+XW_Phase #(2:1001)]#\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# Plotting Continuous Time Signal\n", + "plot(t,xt)#\n", + "xlabel( 't in sec .')#\n", + "ylabel(' x(t) ')\n", + "title(' Continuous Time Signal ' )\n", + "show()\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# Plotting Magnitude Response of CTS\n", + "subplot (3 ,1 ,1)#\n", + "i, j = shape(W)\n", + "W1=[]\n", + "XW_Mag1=[]\n", + "for ii in range(0,i):\n", + " for jj in range(0,j):\n", + " W1.append(W[ii,jj])\n", + " XW_Mag1.append(XW_Mag[ii,jj])\n", + " \n", + "plot(W1, XW_Mag1)\n", + "xlabel ( ' Frequency in Radians / Seconds---> W' )#\n", + "ylabel ( ' abs (X(jW) ) ' )\n", + "title ( 'Magnitude Response (CTFT) ' )\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# Plotting Phase Reponse of CTS\n", + "subplot (3 ,1 ,3)#\n", + "\n", + "i, j = shape(W)\n", + "W1=[]\n", + "XW_Phase1=[]\n", + "for ii in range(0,i):\n", + " for jj in range(0,j):\n", + " W1.append(W[ii,jj])\n", + " XW_Phase1.append(XW_Phase[ii,jj])\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "plot(W1, [xx*pi/180 for xx in XW_Phase1 ])\n", + "xlabel(' Frequency in Radians / Seconds---> W')#\n", + "ylabel('<X(jW) ')\n", + "title(' Phase Response (CTFT)in Radians' )\n", + "show()\n", + "print '|F(w)|= 1/sqrt(a**2+w**2) and\\n Theta(w)=-atan(w/a)'\n", + "\n", + "#Part b \n", + "# Analog Signal\n", + "\n", + "A=1## Amplitude\n", + "Dt=0.005#\n", + "t1=arange(-4.5,Dt+4.5,Dt)\n", + "xt1=exp(-A*abs(t1))\n", + "# Continuous time Fourier Transform\n", + "Wmax1 =2*pi*1## Analog Frequency = 1Hz\n", + "K=4#\n", + "k=arange(0,(K/1000)+K,(K/1000))\n", + "W1=k*Wmax1/K\n", + "XW1=mat(xt1)*exp(-1J*transpose(mat(t1))*mat(W1))*Dt\n", + "XW1=(XW1).real\n", + "W1=-1*fliplr(mat(W1))+mat(W1) # (2:1001) ]# # Omega from -Wmax to Wmax\n", + "XW1=fliplr(mat(XW1))+mat(XW1) #(2:1001) ]#\n", + "subplot(3 ,1 ,1)#\n", + "plot(t,xt)\n", + "xlabel('t in sec.')#\n", + "ylabel('x(t)')\n", + "title(' Continuous Time Signal')\n", + "subplot(3 ,1 ,3)\n", + "i, j = shape(W1)\n", + "W11=[]\n", + "XW11=[]\n", + "for ii in range(0,i):\n", + " for jj in range(0,j):\n", + " W11.append(W[ii,jj])\n", + " XW11.append(XW_Phase[ii,jj])\n", + "\n", + "plot(W11,XW11)\n", + "xlabel('Frequency in Radians / Seconds W')#\n", + "ylabel('X(jW)')\n", + "title('Continuous time Fourier Transform ')\n", + "show()\n", + "print '|F(w)|= 2*a/sqrt(a**2+w**2) and\\n Theta(w)=0'" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example10, page no 38" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "a)\n", + "At wo,n=0: The spectral amplitude is: F0= 0.100000 V\n", + "\n", + "b)\n", + "The Fourier tranform of f(t-delta/2) is given as: \n", + "\n", + "f(t)=A*delta/T*∑Sa(n*delta*pi/T)*exp(jwo(t-delta/2))\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import pi,sin\n", + "\n", + "#Given\n", + "#a\n", + "A=1\n", + "delta=1e-3\n", + "T=10e-3\n", + "w0=2*pi/T\n", + "n=0\n", + "for i in range(0,11):\n", + " if n==0:\n", + " Sa=1 \n", + " else :\n", + " Sa=sin(n*pi*delta/T)/(n*pi*delta/T)\n", + " \n", + "\n", + "F=(A*delta/T)*Sa #spectral Amplitude\n", + "print 'a)\\nAt wo,n=0: The spectral amplitude is: F0= %f V\\n'%F\n", + "#b\n", + "# displaying the fourier Transform of the given function\n", + "print 'b)\\nThe Fourier tranform of f(t-delta/2) is given as: '\n", + "print '\\nf(t)=A*delta/T*∑Sa(n*delta*pi/T)*exp(jwo(t-delta/2))'" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example11(1), page no 39" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f6080c29ad0>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + }, + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "F(w)= A*t*Sa(w*t/2) \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import arange, ones,pi,exp,mat,transpose, shape\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, xlabel, ylabel, show, title, subplot\n", + "\n", + "#Given\n", + "T = 10# #time Tau\n", + "Tg = arange(-T/2,0.1+T/2,0.1) # time period for given Gate Function -tau/2 to tau/2\n", + "G_t0 = 1# #Magnitude of Gate Function (A)\n", + "G_t = G_t0*ones (len(Tg))## Gate function G(t)\n", + "f = arange(-pi,pi / len(Tg)+pi,pi / len(Tg))\n", + "Dw = 0.1#\n", + "F_jW =mat(G_t)*exp(1J*transpose(mat(Tg))*mat(f))*Dw## fourier Transform of the gate function\n", + "F_jW = (F_jW).real\n", + "# Plotting the Fourier Transform of G(t)\n", + "subplot (2 ,1 ,1)\n", + "plot(Tg,G_t)\n", + "title( ' Given Function (Gate Function) G(t) ' )\n", + "subplot(2 ,1 ,2)\n", + "i,j =shape(mat(f))\n", + "m,n=shape(F_jW)\n", + "f1=[];F_jW1=[]\n", + "for ii in range(0,i):\n", + " for jj in range(0,j):\n", + " f1.append(mat(f)[ii,jj])\n", + "for ii in range(0,m):\n", + " for jj in range(0,n):\n", + " F_jW1.append(F_jW[ii,jj])\n", + " \n", + "\n", + "plot(f1,F_jW1)\n", + "xlabel('Frequency in Radians/Seconds ')#\n", + "title('Continuous time Fourier Transform X(jW)' )\n", + "title ( 'Fourier Transform of G(t)= F(jW) ' )\n", + "show()\n", + "print 'F(w)= A*t*Sa(w*t/2) '" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example11(2), page no 43" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "|F(w)|= 2*pi*A*delta(w), Hence the Fourier Transform of constant is an Impulse Function\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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KscbuPbzMW2feu+XxMaa98BbMH83s65S+umceADN7xsz2SWnGkSZe4O/mKUXv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\nDtgkYBszm5zCXgQKQ3ptcGd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+ "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f6080c29e50>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from numpy import arange, ones,pi,exp,mat,transpose,pi, fliplr, shape\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, xlabel, ylabel, show, title, subplot\n", + "\n", + "#Given\n", + "# CTS Signal\n", + "A=2## Amplitude\n", + "Dt=0.01#\n", + "T1=49.5# #Time in seconds\n", + "t=arange(-T1/2,Dt+T1 /2, Dt)\n", + "xt=[]\n", + "for i in range(0,len(t)):\n", + " xt.append(A)\n", + "\n", + "# Continuous time Fourier Transform\n", + "Wmax=2*pi*1## Analog Frequency = 1Hz\n", + "K =4#\n", + "k=arange(0,(K/1000)+K,(K/1000))\n", + "W=k*Wmax/K#\n", + "#xt=transpose(mat(xt))\n", + "XW =(mat(xt)*exp(1J*transpose(mat(t))*mat(W)*Dt))-5#\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "XW_Mag =(XW).real\n", + "W = -1*fliplr(mat(W))+W # (2:1001)]# # Omega from -Wmax to Wmax\n", + "XW_Mag = fliplr(mat(XW_Mag))+XW_Mag #(2:1001)\n", + "subplot(2 ,1 ,1)#\n", + "plot(t,xt)#\n", + "xlabel('t in msec .')#\n", + "title(' Contiuous Time Signal x(t) ')\n", + "subplot(2 ,1 ,2)#\n", + "i,j =shape(mat(W))\n", + "m,n=shape(XW_Mag)\n", + "W1=[];XW_Mag1=[]\n", + "for ii in range(0,i):\n", + " for jj in range(0,j):\n", + " W1.append(mat(W)[ii,jj])\n", + "for ii in range(0,m):\n", + " for jj in range(0,n):\n", + " XW_Mag1.append(XW_Mag[ii,jj])\n", + "\n", + "plot(W1,XW_Mag1)\n", + "xlabel('Frequency in Radians/Seconds ')#\n", + "title('Continuous time Fourier Transform X(jW) = an Impulse Function' )\n", + "print '|F(w)|= 2*pi*A*delta(w), Hence the Fourier Transform of constant is an Impulse Function'" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example13, page no 44" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "F(w)= 1/(j*w)+ pi*delta(w)\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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LWBX69euXdRHKEuVsXVHO1tMeygjtp5zNlfnA6JIs6zKEEEJ7IwmrwIXcEEII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\n+CL8978+hGgtqFhq5ZYkXEv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+ "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f6066d01690>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from numpy import arange, ones,pi,exp,mat,transpose,pi, fliplr, shape\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, xlabel, ylabel, show, title, subplot\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "# CTS Signal\n", + "A =1# # Amplitude\n", + "Dt = 0.005#\n", + "T1 =0.5# #Time in seconds\n", + "t=arange(0,Dt+T1, Dt)\n", + "xt=[]\n", + "for i in range(0,len(t)):\n", + " xt.append(A)\n", + "\n", + "# Continuous time Fourier Transform\n", + "Wmax= 2*pi*1# # Analog Frequency = 1Hz\n", + "K =4#\n", + "k=arange(0,(K/1000)+K,(K/1000))\n", + "W =k*Wmax/K#\n", + "#xt=transpose(mat(xt))\n", + "XW =mat(xt)*exp(-1J*transpose(mat(t))*mat(W))*Dt#\n", + "XW_Mag =(XW).real\n", + "W =-1*fliplr(mat(W))+W #(2:1001)]# # Omega from -Wmax to Wmax\n", + "XW_Mag =fliplr(mat(XW_Mag))+XW_Mag #(2:1001)]\n", + "# displaying the given function\n", + "subplot(2 ,1 ,1)#\n", + "plot(t,xt)#\n", + "xlabel('t in msec .')#\n", + "title(' Contiuous Time Signal x(t) ')\n", + "# displaying the fourier Transform of the given function\n", + "subplot(2 ,1 ,2)#\n", + "print 'F(w)= 1/(j*w)+ pi*delta(w)'\n", + "i,j =shape(mat(W))\n", + "m,n=shape(XW_Mag)\n", + "W1=[];XW_Mag1=[]\n", + "for ii in range(0,i):\n", + " for jj in range(0,j):\n", + " W1.append(mat(W)[ii,jj])\n", + "for ii in range(0,m):\n", + " for jj in range(0,n):\n", + " XW_Mag1.append(XW_Mag[ii,jj])\n", + "\n", + "plot(W1,XW_Mag1)\n", + "\n", + "xlabel('Frequency in Radians / Seconds ')#\n", + "title('Continuous time Fourier Transform X(jW)' )\n", + "show()" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example14, page no 44" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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Ylm9WYRdIbSrkCKAjsAOwFLgBaAzg7kOibQYSZtSsBS5w9zcq2Y9G7gVk1aqw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\n", + "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f6066d83990>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import pi,sqrt\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, xlabel, ylabel, show, title, subplot\n", + "\n", + "# CTS Signal\n", + "# Continuous Time Fourier Transforms of\n", + "# Sinusoidal waveforms(a)sin(Wot)(b)cos(Wot)\n", + "\n", + "# CTFT\n", + "T1 = 2#\n", + "T = 4* T1#\n", + "Wo = 2* pi /T#\n", + "W = [-Wo ,0, Wo ]#\n", + "ak = (2* pi *Wo*T1/ pi )/ 1J#\n", + "XW = [-ak ,0, ak ]#\n", + "ak1 = (2* pi*Wo*T1/pi)#\n", + "XW1 =[ ak1 ,0, ak1 ]#\n", + "#displaying the given function\n", + "plot(W,[aa.imag for aa in XW])\n", + "xlabel('W' )#\n", + "title( 'CTFT of sin(Wot ) ')\n", + "show()\n", + "#displaying the fourier Transform of the given function\n", + "plot(W,XW1)\n", + "xlabel('W' )#\n", + "title( 'CTFT of cos (Wot)')\n", + "show()" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example16, page no 47" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Spectral Amplitude of the given function is given by \n", + "Fn= A*delta/2 *[Sa(n*pi*delta/T)]\n", + "Therefore the fourier transform will be :\n", + "F[f(t)]=0.628319 ∑Sa[n*pi/10]8delta(w-4*n*pi)\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import pi\n", + "A=1\n", + "delta=50e-3\n", + "T=500e-3\n", + "print 'Spectral Amplitude of the given function is given by '# Displaying the expression for Spectral Amplitude\n", + "print 'Fn= A*delta/2 *[Sa(n*pi*delta/T)]'\n", + "print 'Therefore the fourier transform will be :'\n", + "print 'F[f(t)]=%f ∑Sa[n*pi/10]8delta(w-4*n*pi)'%(2*pi*A*delta/T)# Displaying the Fourier transform" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example17,page no12" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "F[∂t(t)]= 2*pi/T*∑∂(w-wo)\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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+ "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f6080bf8910>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import ones,pi\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, xlabel, ylabel, show, title, subplot\n", + "\n", + "#Given:\n", + "# CTFT\n", + "T = range(-4,5)##\n", + "T1 = 1# # Sampling Interval\n", + "xt = ones (len(T))#\n", + "ak = 1/ T1#\n", + "XW = 2* pi *ak* ones (len(T))#\n", + "Wo = 2*pi/T1#\n", + "W = [Wo*Tt for Tt in T]#\n", + "# Displaying the given function\n", + "subplot(2 ,1 ,1)\n", + "plot(T,xt)\n", + "xlabel ( 't ' )#\n", + "title('Periodic Impulse Train ')\n", + "# displaying the fourier Transform of the given function\n", + "subplot(2 ,1 ,2)\n", + "plot(W,XW)\n", + "xlabel('t')#\n", + "title ( 'CTFT of Periodic Impulse Train')\n", + "\n", + "print 'F[∂t(t)]= 2*pi/T*∑∂(w-wo)'" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example18,page no12" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Hence Fourier transform of given Gate function is:\n", + " A*delta*Sa[w*delta/2]/ exp(-j*w*delta/2)\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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gKXK2JWbWp4w0TdKbES6xGZjZeNy+eqWknSR1Sh1f20k6LyW7DTg1dWQtktKX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\n+8H/5psZfTtB9VKVQVTMbFk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+ "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f6066c6b150>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from numpy import arange, pi,exp,mat, transpose,fliplr,shape\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, xlabel, ylabel, show, title, subplot\n", + "\n", + "#Given:\n", + "# CTS Signal\n", + "A =1# # Amplitude\n", + "Dt = 0.005#\n", + "T1 = 2# #Time in seconds\n", + "t = arange(0,Dt+T1 /2, Dt)\n", + "xt=[]\n", + "for i in range(0,len(t)):\n", + " xt.append(A)\n", + "\n", + "# Continuous time Fourier Transform\n", + "Wmax= 2*pi*1# # Analog Frequency = 1Hz\n", + "K =4#\n", + "k=arange(0,(K/1000)+K,(K/1000))\n", + "W =k*Wmax/K#\n", + "XW =mat(xt)*exp(-1J*transpose(mat(t))*mat(W))*Dt#\n", + "XW_Mag =(XW).real\n", + "W =-fliplr(mat(W))+W #(2:1001)]# # Omega from Wmax to Wmax\n", + "XW_Mag =fliplr(mat(XW_Mag))+XW_Mag #(2:1001)]#\n", + "# displaying the given function\n", + "subplot(2 ,1 ,1)#\n", + "plot(t,xt)#\n", + "xlabel('t in msec .')#\n", + "title(' Contiuous Time Signal x(t) {Gate Function} ')\n", + "# displaying the fourier Transform of the given function\n", + "subplot(2 ,1 ,2)#\n", + "i,j =shape(mat(W))\n", + "m,n=shape(XW_Mag)\n", + "W1=[];XW_Mag1=[]\n", + "for ii in range(0,i):\n", + " for jj in range(0,j):\n", + " W1.append(mat(W)[ii,jj])\n", + "for ii in range(0,m):\n", + " for jj in range(0,n):\n", + " XW_Mag1.append(XW_Mag[ii,jj])\n", + "\n", + "plot(W1,XW_Mag1)\n", + "\n", + "xlabel('Frequency in Radians / Seconds ')#\n", + "title('Continuous time Fourier Transform X(jW)' )\n", + "print 'Hence Fourier transform of given Gate function is:\\n A*delta*Sa[w*delta/2]/ exp(-j*w*delta/2)'" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter2_1.ipynb b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter2_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..8d9af0c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter2_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,444 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 2 Switched communication systems" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.2, page no 125" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "maximum auxillary current is:10.00 mA\n", + "\n", + "MMF in the auxillary winding is:2.00AT \n", + "\n", + "MMF in main winding is:40.00 AT \n", + "\n", + "net MMF required in main winding is:44.00 AT \n", + "\n", + "operating current needed is:4.40 mA \n", + "\n", + "working voltage is:2.84 volts \n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#given\n", + "Io=4*10**-3 #rqueired operating current\n", + "N1=10000 #no of turns in the main winding\n", + "R1=645 #resistence of the main winding in ohms\n", + "N2=200 #no of turns in auxillary winding\n", + "B=2 #spacing bias\n", + "Iaux=B/N2 #maximum auxillary current\n", + "print \"maximum auxillary current is:%0.2f mA\\n\"%(Iaux*1e3)\n", + "MMFaux=N2*Iaux #MMF in the auxillary winding\n", + "print \"MMF in the auxillary winding is:%0.2fAT \\n\"%(MMFaux)\n", + "MMFop=Io*N1 #operating MFF in main winding\n", + "print \"MMF in main winding is:%0.2f AT \\n\"%(MMFop)\n", + "MMFnet=MMFop+(0.1*MMFop) #net MMF required in main winding\n", + "print \"net MMF required in main winding is:%0.2f AT \\n\"%(MMFnet)\n", + "Iop=MMFnet/N1 #operating current needed\n", + "print \"operating current needed is:%0.2f mA \\n\"%(Iop*1e3)\n", + "V=Iop*R1 #working voltage in volts\n", + "print \"working voltage is:%0.2f volts \\n\"%(V)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.3,page no 125" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Busy hour calling rate is:1.20 \n", + "\n", + "Rate of traffic flow is 250.00 traffic unit \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#given\n", + "C=6000#Tatol no of call in busy hour\n", + "SC=5000#no of subscribers\n", + "CR=C/SC#busy hour calling rate\n", + "print \"Busy hour calling rate is:%0.2f \\n\"%(CR)\n", + "T=2.5/60#avarage duration of calls in hours\n", + "\n", + "A=C*T#rate of traffic flow\n", + "print \"Rate of traffic flow is %0.2f traffic unit \"%(A)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.4,page no 126" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "maxixmum current is 33.33 mamps \n", + "\n", + "operate lag is 1.83 msec \n", + "\n", + "release lag is 2.85 msec \n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import log\n", + "#given\n", + "L=3#relay inductance in henry\n", + "R=1500#relay resistance in ohm\n", + "Io=20e-3#oparating current in amps\n", + "Ir=8e-3#release current in amps\n", + "\n", + "V=50#supply volatage in volts\n", + "Im=V/R#maxixmum current in amps\n", + "print \"maxixmum current is %0.2f mamps \\n\"%(Im*1e3)\n", + "to=(L/R)*log(1/(1-(Io/Im)))#operate lag in sec\n", + "print \"operate lag is %0.2f msec \\n\"%(to*1000)\n", + "tr=(L/R)*log(Im/Ir)#release lag in sec\n", + "print \"release lag is %0.2f msec \\n\"%(tr*1000)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.4.1,page no 126" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "(a)\n", + "periods per character is:150.00 msec\n", + "\n", + "period per element is:20.00 msec\n", + "\n", + "speed is:50.00 bauds\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "(b)\n", + "periods per character is:100.00 msec\n", + "\n", + "period per element is:13.33 msec\n", + "\n", + "speed is 75.00 bauds\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "(c)\n", + "periods per character is:100.00 msec\n", + "\n", + "period per element is:10.00 msec\n", + "\n", + "speed is 100.00 bauds\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#given\n", + "#a\n", + "C_S1=20/3#speed in characters per second\n", + "P_C1=1/C_S1#periods per character\n", + "print \"(a)\\nperiods per character is:%0.2f msec\\n\"%(P_C1*1e3)\n", + "E_C1=7.5#elements per character\n", + "P_E1=P_C1/E_C1#period per element\n", + "print \"period per element is:%0.2f msec\\n\"%(P_E1*1e3)\n", + "Sb1=1/P_E1#speed in bauds\n", + "print \"speed is:%0.2f bauds\\n\\n\"%(Sb1)\n", + "#b\n", + "C_S2=10#speed in characters per second\n", + "P_C2=1/C_S2#periods per character\n", + "print \"(b)\\nperiods per character is:%0.2f msec\\n\"%(P_C2*1e3)\n", + "E_C2=7.5#elements per character\n", + "P_E2=P_C2/E_C2#period per element\n", + "print \"period per element is:%0.2f msec\\n\"%(P_E2*1e3)\n", + "Sb2=1/P_E2#speed in bauds\n", + "print \"speed is %0.2f bauds\\n\\n\"%( Sb2)\n", + "#c\n", + "C_S3=10#speed in characters per second\n", + "P_C3=1/C_S3#periods per character\n", + "print \"(c)\\nperiods per character is:%0.2f msec\\n\"%(P_C3*1e3)\n", + "E_C3=10#elements per character\n", + "P_E3=P_C3/E_C3#period per element\n", + "print \"period per element is:%0.2f msec\\n\"%(P_E3*1e3)\n", + "Sb3=1/P_E3#speed in bauds\n", + "print \"speed is %0.2f bauds\\n\"%(Sb3)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.5,page no 127" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "total inductance is 0.05 H \n", + "\n", + "maximum current is 10.00 mA \n", + "\n", + "operating current is 5.00 mA \n", + "\n", + "operate lag is 0.35 msec \n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#given\n", + "N=1000#no of turns\n", + "L1=5e-8#inductance per turn\n", + "L=N**2*L1#total inductance\n", + "print \"total inductance is %0.2f H \\n\"%(L)\n", + "R=100#resistance of winding in ohm\n", + "MMF=5#operating MMF in amp. turn\n", + "V=1#voltage of received signal in volts\n", + "Im=V/R#maximum current\n", + "print \"maximum current is %0.2f mA \\n\"%(Im*1e3)\n", + "Io=MMF/N#operating current\n", + "print \"operating current is %0.2f mA \\n\"%(Io*1e3)\n", + "to=(L/R)*log(1/(1-(Io/Im)))#operate lag\n", + "print \"operate lag is %0.2f msec \\n\"%(to*1e3)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.6,page no 128" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Busy hour calling rate is:1.60 \n", + "\n", + "Rate of traffic flow is 693.33 traffic unit \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#given\n", + "S=10000#no of subscribers\n", + "C=16000#Tatol no of call in busy hour\n", + "CR=C/S#busy hour calling rate\n", + "print \"Busy hour calling rate is:%0.2f \\n\"%(CR)\n", + "T=2.6#avarage duration of calls in min\n", + "\n", + "A=C*(T/60)#rate of traffic flow\n", + "print \"Rate of traffic flow is %0.2f traffic unit \"%(A)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.7,page no 135" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "duration of each element is:10.00 msec\n", + "\n", + "speed is 100.00 bauds\n", + "\n", + "total possible combinations are:128.00\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#given\n", + "N=7#no of character elements\n", + "E_C=10#elements per character (1+7+1+1)\n", + "To=100e-3#duration of one character\n", + "Te=To/E_C#duration of each element\n", + "print \"duration of each element is:%0.2f msec\\n\"%(Te*1e3)\n", + "Sb=1/Te#speed in bauds\n", + "print \"speed is %0.2f bauds\\n\"%(Sb)\n", + "C=2**N#total possible combinations\n", + "print \"total possible combinations are:%0.2f\"%(C)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.8,page no 129" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Total no of call in busy hour is:1500.00 calls per Hour\n", + "\n", + "Busy hour calling rate is:1.50 \n", + "\n", + "grade of service is: 0.02\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#given\n", + "S=1000#no of subscribers\n", + "T=2.4/60#avarage duration of calls in hours\n", + "A=60#rate of traffic flow\n", + "C=A/T#Tatol no of call in busy hour\n", + "print \"Total no of call in busy hour is:%0.2f calls per Hour\\n\"%(C)\n", + "CR=C/S#busy hour calling rate\n", + "print \"Busy hour calling rate is:%0.2f \\n\"%(CR)\n", + "SCL=30#no of call lost per hour\n", + "\n", + "B=SCL/(C+SCL)#grade of service\n", + "print \"grade of service is: %0.2f\"%(B)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 2.9,page no 129" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 17, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "grade of service is: 2.00e-03\n", + "\n", + "traffic lost is: 1.80e-03\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import factorial\n", + "#given\n", + "N=5#no of switches\n", + "A=0.9#traffic offered \n", + "#grade of service B=(A**N/N!)/(1+A+A**2/2!+A**3/3!+...+A**N/N!)\n", + "#here\n", + "B=(A**N/factorial(N))/(1+A+(A**2/factorial(2))+(A**3/factorial(3))+(A**4/factorial(4))+(A**5/factorial(5)))\n", + "print \"grade of service is: %0.2e\\n\"%(B)\n", + "Tl=A*B#traffic lost\n", + "print \"traffic lost is: %0.2e\"%(Tl)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter3_1.ipynb b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter3_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..49782c9f --- /dev/null +++ b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter3_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,1095 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter No. 3 - Modulation" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.1, page no 135" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 58, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "percentage modulation is:83.14.2f \n", + " Power after modulation is:13.46.2f watts\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import sqrt\n", + "#Given\n", + "Ic=10 #carrier current in Amps\n", + "Imod=11.6# Current after modulation\n", + "Rl=1#Assumed load in ohm\n", + "Pmod=Rl*Imod**2#power before modulation\n", + "Ma= sqrt(2*((Pmod/Ic**2)-1))#percentage modulation\n", + "Pc=10\n", + "Pmod=Pc*(1+(Ma**2/2))#power after modulation\n", + "print 'percentage modulation is:%0.2f.2f \\n Power after modulation is:%0.2f.2f watts'%(Ma*100,Pmod)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.2, page no 135" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Depth of modulation is:0.50.2f\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import sqrt\n", + "#Given\n", + "Pc=9e3# Tx Power without modulation\n", + "Pmod=10.125e3#Tx Power after modulation\n", + "Ma= sqrt(2*((Pmod/Pc)-1))#depth of (percentage) modulation\n", + "print 'Depth of modulation is:%0.2f.2f'%(Ma)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.3, page no 136" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The total power radiated is 1320 watts\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "M1=0.2#depth of modulation for first tone\n", + "M2=0.4#depth of modulation for second tone\n", + "Pc=1200#Tx Power\n", + "Pmod=Pc*(1+M1**2/2+M2**2/2)#total power radiated after modulation by both the tones\n", + "print 'The total power radiated is %d watts'%(Pmod)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.4, page no 138" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "modulating power required from the audio source\n", + " is:37.69 watts\n", + " Modulator Impedance is:29850.75 ohm\n", + " Plate dissipation is:96.69 watts\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "Ebb=2e3#DC plate supply\n", + "Ecc=-500#DC grid bias\n", + "Ib=67e-3#DC plate current\n", + "Ic=30e-3#DC grid current\n", + "Egm=750#RF peak grid voltage\n", + "Pout=75#RF Power output\n", + "Ma=0.75#Depth of modulation\n", + "Paf=(Ma**2*Ebb*Ib)/(2*1)#modulating power required from the audio source\n", + "Pdc=Ebb*Ib#Power supplied by DC source\n", + "Zm=Ebb**2/Pdc#Modulator Impedance\n", + "\n", + "Pd=Pdc+Paf-Pout#Plate dissipation\n", + "print 'modulating power required from the audio source\\n is:%0.2f watts\\n Modulator Impedance is:%0.2f ohm\\n Plate dissipation is:%0.2f watts'%(Paf,Zm,Pd)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.5b, page no 139" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Tx power:1200.00 Watts\n", + " Power dissipation at the modulator is: 3000.00 Watts\n", + " Overall Efficiency at0.6 modulation is:41.16% \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import sqrt\n", + "#Given\n", + "Pd=944#Anode dissipation of the class C amplifier in watts\n", + "Ma=0.6#modulation depth,\n", + "Etta=0.6#efficiency\n", + "Pout=(Etta*Pd/(1-Etta))#power dissipation at 60% modulation\n", + "Pc=Pout/(1+(Ma**2/2))#Tx power\n", + "Psb=Pout-Pc\n", + "Pdc1=Pc/Etta#DC power inputto PA\n", + "Paf=Psb/Etta# modulation power input to PA\n", + "Eff=0.25# efficiency of the modulator\n", + "Pdc2=Paf/Eff#DC power input to modulator\n", + "Pdct=Pdc1+Pdc2#Total DC power to the system\n", + "Effo=Pout/Pdct#Overall Efficiency\n", + "Ma=1# 100% modulation\n", + "Pt=Pc*(1+(Ma**2)/2)\n", + "Psb=(Pc*Ma**2)/2\n", + "Paf=Psb/Etta#modulating input power to PA\n", + "Pdc2=Paf/Eff# DC power input to modulator\n", + "Pd=Pdc2-Paf#Power dissipation at the modulator\n", + "Effo1=Pout/(Pdc1+Pdc2)#Overall Efficiency\n", + "print 'Tx power:%0.2f Watts\\n Power dissipation at the modulator is: %0.2f Watts\\n Overall Efficiency at0.6 modulation is:%0.2f%c '%(Pc,Pd,100*Effo,'%')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.6, page no 141" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Carrier Power is: 1133.33 watts \n", + " DC plate dissipation is: 266.67 watts\n", + " output power of modulator is: 700.00 watts\n", + " Plate dissipation inthe modulator is:466.67 watts\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import sqrt#Given\n", + "Pdc=1400#DC power i/p to PA under 100% modulation\n", + "Ptdc=400#Plate dissipation\n", + "Pd=Ptdc*(2/3)#DC plate dissipation\n", + "\n", + "Pdmod=Ptdc*(1/3)#\n", + "Pc=Pdc-Pd#Carrier Power\n", + "\n", + "Psb=Pc/2#side band power\n", + "Paf=Psb+Pdmod#output power of modulator\n", + "\n", + "Mod_Eff=0.6\n", + "Pdc2=Paf/Mod_Eff#DC i/p power to the modulator\n", + "Pd_AF=Pdc2-Paf#Plate dissipation inthe modulator\n", + "print 'Carrier Power is: %0.2f watts \\n DC plate dissipation is: %0.2f watts\\n output power of modulator is: %0.2f watts\\n Plate dissipation inthe modulator is:%0.2f watts'%(Pc,Pd,Paf,Pd_AF)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.7, page no 141" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Maximum carrier power is: 750 watts\n", + " Total RF power is: 1125 watts\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "Paf=500#Modulator output power\n", + "Eff=0.75#Efficiency of the amplifier\n", + "P_lost=Paf*(1-Eff)#modulating power lost in the amplifier\n", + "Psb=Paf*Eff#side band power\n", + "\n", + "m=1\n", + "Pc=2*Psb\n", + "\n", + "Pt=Pc+Psb#Total RF power\n", + "print 'Maximum carrier power is: %d watts\\n Total RF power is: %d watts'%(Pc,Pt)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.8, page no 143" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Carrier power is: 2100 watts\n", + " Maximum depth of modulation is: 92.58\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import sqrt#Given\n", + "Po=3000# Rating of Power Amplifier\n", + "Pr=750#Push-Pull amplifier rated as\n", + "Paf=2*Pr#Rated power output from Push-Pull modulator\n", + "Eff=0.6\n", + "P_lost=Paf-(Eff*Paf)#Modulation power lost\n", + "Psb=Paf-P_lost#side band power\n", + "\n", + "Pc=Po-Psb#Carrier power\n", + "Ma=sqrt(2*Psb/Pc)*100#Maximum depth of modulation\n", + "print 'Carrier power is: %d watts\\n Maximum depth of modulation is: %0.2f'%(Pc,Ma)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.9, page 143" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Carrier freq is: 10 MHz\n", + "Modulating freq is:500 Hz\n", + "Carrier power is: 208.00 watts\n", + "Mean output power is: 224.64 watts\n", + "Peak output power is: 408.33 watts\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import arange, pi\n", + "#Given\n", + "t=arange(0,10,0.001)\n", + "#e=500*(1+(0.4*sin(3140*t)))*sin(6.28e7*t)\n", + "#a\n", + "wc=6.28e7#Carrier angular frequency\n", + "fc=wc/(2*pi)# Carrier freq\n", + "#b\n", + "wm=3140#Modulating angular freq\n", + "fm=wm/(2*pi)#Modulating freq\n", + "#c\n", + "Ec=500#/peak carrier voltage\n", + "Pc=(Ec**2)/(2*600)#Carrier power\n", + "#d\n", + "Ma=0.4\n", + "Pt=Pc*(1+(Ma**2 / 2))#Mean output power\n", + "#e\n", + "Rl=600#load resistance\n", + "Ecp=Ec+(Ma*Ec)#Peak output voltage\n", + "Ptm=Ecp**2/(2*Rl)#Peak power\n", + "print 'Carrier freq is: %d MHz\\nModulating freq is:%d Hz\\nCarrier power is: %0.2f watts\\nMean output power is: %0.2f watts\\nPeak output power is: %0.2f watts'%(round(fc*1e-6),round(fm),Pc,Pt,Ptm)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.10, page no 143" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Antenna current for full modulation is: 45.64 amp\n", + "Peak base voltage is: 5672.55/_48 volts\n", + "Peak base voltage is: 4254.41/_48 volts\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import atan,sqrt\n", + "from cmath import polar\n", + "#Given\n", + "#b\n", + "Pc=50e3#Carrier power\n", + "Z=36 + 1J*40#base impedance of the antenna\n", + "Ma=1#modulation depth\n", + "Pmod=Pc*(1+((Ma**2)/2))#power delivered to the antenna under 100% modulation\n", + "#i\n", + "R=36#resistance of the antenna \n", + "Irms=sqrt(Pmod/R)#Antenna Current\n", + "\n", + "#ii\n", + "Ic=sqrt(Pc/R)#RMS carrier current \n", + "\n", + "Icm=Ic*sqrt(2)# Peak carrier current \n", + "Imod=2*Icm#Modulated current\n", + "\n", + "Theta=atan(40/36)*180/pi# from real and imaginary components of Z\n", + "Vbm100=Imod*Z#Peak base output voltage for 100% modulation\n", + "[Re_Vb,Im_Vb]=polar(Vbm100)\n", + "\n", + "#iii\n", + "Ma=0.5\n", + "Imod=Icm*(1+0.5)\n", + "\n", + "Vbm50=Imod*Z\n", + "[Re_Vb1,Im_Vb1]=polar(Vbm50)\n", + "print 'Antenna current for full modulation is: %0.2f amp\\nPeak base voltage is: %0.2f/_%d volts\\nPeak base voltage is: %0.2f/_%d volts'%(Irms,Re_Vb,Theta,Re_Vb1,Theta)\n", + "# The Ans is little deviated from that of book as the decimal places considered while calculating at different stages might be different \n", + "\n", + "#Answers from the book are little deviated but the evaluated values in the scilab are correct results" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.11, page no 144" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "USB freq=10005 k5Hz\n", + "USB amplitude=2.50 V\n", + "LSB freq=9995 kHz\n", + "LSB amplitude=2.50 V\n", + "Carrier amplitude=10 V\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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bZhWEcH/PntHopKzt4oIQ77z377+cIHjhGzo0Oq5Hj+gzlOT4w/Mec4z73b27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\n", + "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7fac3ffd5150>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sin\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, subplot, title, xlabel, ylabel, show\n", + "# Given\n", + "def f(x):\n", + " y=[]\n", + " for xx in x:\n", + " y.append(Ec*(1+ma*(sin(wm*xx)))*sin(wc*xx))\n", + " return y\n", + "Ec=10\n", + "ma=0.5\n", + "wm=10000*pi\n", + "wc=2*pi*1e7\n", + "x=arange(0,20*pi/10,.01)\n", + "subplot(2,1,1)\n", + "plot(x,f(x))\n", + "xlabel(\"t\")\n", + "ylabel(\"Modulated Wave\")\n", + "Fc=wc/(2*pi)\n", + "Fm=wm/(2*pi)\n", + "Fusb=(wm+wc)/(2*pi)\n", + "Flsb=(wm-wc)/(2*pi)\n", + "print 'USB freq=%d k5Hz\\nUSB amplitude=%0.2f V\\nLSB freq=%d kHz\\nLSB amplitude=%0.2f V\\nCarrier amplitude=%d V'%(Fusb*1e-3,2.5,Flsb*-1e-3,2.5,10)\n", + "F=[0,2.5,10,2.5,0]\n", + "T=[-2,-1,0,1,2]\n", + "subplot(2,1,2)\n", + "plot(T,F)\n", + "xlabel(\"Freq\")\n", + "ylabel(\"Amplitude\")\n", + "show()" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.12 page no 145" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 69, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The depth of modulation is: 50%\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sqrt\n", + "#Given\n", + "Pc=9e3#unmodulated carrier power\n", + "Pt=10.125e3#Modulated carrier power\n", + "Ma=sqrt(2*((Pt/Pc)-1))#depth of modulation\n", + "print 'The depth of modulation is: %d%c'%(Ma*100,'%')" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.13 page no 148" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The power output is: 34.45 W\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "Pt=5e3#carrier power for 95% modulation\n", + "Ma=0.95\n", + "Pc=Pt/(1+((Ma**2)/2))#carrier power\n", + "Ma=0.2#average modulation by speech signal\n", + "Psb=(Ma**2)*Pc/2#the power n the sideband\n", + "Pout=Psb/2# because one of the side band is suppressed\n", + "print 'The power output is: %0.2f W'%(Pout)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.14 page no 152" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "DeltaPhi1= 10 rad\n", + "DeltaPhi2=500 rad\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "#Phi=(wc*t+Mf*sin(wmt))....instantaneous phase of FM\n", + "fm=5000#modulating freq\n", + "deltaf=50e3#freq deviation\n", + "deltaPhi1=deltaf/fm# Advance or retard in phase\n", + "\n", + "fm=100#modulating freq in second signal\n", + "deltaPhi2=deltaf/fm\n", + "print 'DeltaPhi1= %d rad\\nDeltaPhi2=%d rad\\n'%(deltaPhi1,deltaPhi2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.14 page no 157" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Peak Phase Deviation: 0.76 rad\n", + "Peak Freq Deviation: 761 Hz\n", + "Depth of residual AM: 0.08\n", + "Residual AM freq:2 kHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import sqrt,atan\n", + "#Given\n", + "#e=Ec(1+0.4cos(2pie3*t))*sin(2pie7*t)\n", + "fm=1000#modulating s/g freq\n", + "deltaTheta=2*atan(0.4)#peak phase deviation\n", + "\n", + "deltaF=deltaTheta*fm#Peak freq deviation\n", + "\n", + "Ec=1\n", + "Er=sqrt((Ec**2)*(1+(0.4**2)))\n", + "m=(Er-Ec)/Ec#depth of residual AM \n", + "\n", + "AMFr=2*fm# freq ofresidual AM\n", + "print 'Peak Phase Deviation: %0.2f rad\\nPeak Freq Deviation: %d Hz\\nDepth of residual AM: %0.2f\\nResidual AM freq:%d kHz'%(deltaTheta,deltaF,(round(m*100)/100),AMFr*1e-3)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.16 page no 170" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "a)\n", + "Max phase deviation is:250 rad\n", + "b)\n", + "Max phase deviation is:2.50 rad\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "deltaF=25e3#freq deviation\n", + "#a\n", + "fm=100#modulation signal freq\n", + "mf=deltaF/fm# Max phase deviation\n", + "print 'a)'\n", + "print 'Max phase deviation is:%d rad'%(mf)\n", + "#b\n", + "fm=10e3#modulation signal freq\n", + "mf=deltaF/fm#Max phase deviation\n", + "\n", + "print 'b)'\n", + "print 'Max phase deviation is:%0.2f rad'%(mf)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.17, page no 171" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The maximum freq deviation is: 5 kHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import sqrt\n", + "#Given\n", + "gm=0.1e-3# trans-conductance variation A/V\n", + "C=0.5e-12# capactance between anode and grid\n", + "R=1e3# resistance\n", + "fo=10e6# oscillator freq\n", + "Vrms=1.414#AF RMS voltage \n", + "Vp=sqrt(2)*Vrms#Peak voltage\n", + "Ct=100e-12#tank capacitance\n", + "deltaC=gm*C*R*Vp\n", + "\n", + "deltaF=fo*(deltaC/(2*Ct))# maximum freq deviation\n", + "print 'The maximum freq deviation is: %d kHz'%(round(deltaF/1000))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.18, page no 172" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 75, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The approximate bandwidth is: 2 MHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "deltaF=1e6# max freq deviation\n", + "fm=10e3#modulating freq\n", + "mf=(2*deltaF)/fm# modulation coefficient\n", + "BW=mf*fm# bandwidth\n", + "print 'The approximate bandwidth is: %d MHz'%(BW/1e6)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.19, page no 172" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 76, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The approximate bandwidth is: 150 kHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "deltaF=75e3# max freq deviation\n", + "fm=15e3#modulation freq\n", + "mf=(2*deltaF)/fm# freq modulation depth\n", + "BW=mf*fm# Bandwidth\n", + "print 'The approximate bandwidth is: %d kHz'%(BW/1e3)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.21, page no 173" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 77, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Overall bandwidth including guard band is 200 kHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "deltaF=75e3#freq deviation\n", + "fm=15e3# modulating freq\n", + "mf=deltaF/fm\n", + "BW=2*mf*fm# Bandwidth\n", + "GB=25e3#Guard Band\n", + "BWo=BW+(2*GB)# Overall bandwidth\n", + "print 'Overall bandwidth including guard band is %d kHz'%(BWo/1e3)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.25, pageno 175" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 78, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Average power is: 25.17 watts\n" + ] + }, + { + "data": { + "image/png": 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TExNMTEwM5L0U0f7gXNJNJD2EHwX+jqSH8CcRsTbzmyddgY3A7oj4UMv6T6XrPinpVmBp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\nDgQzM0s5EMzMDHAgmJlZyoFgZmYA/AcgiGzn8R0TcAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n", + "text/plain": [ + "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f9d76e23e90>" + ] + }, + "metadata": {}, + "output_type": "display_data" + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sin\n", + "%matplotlib inline\n", + "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot, subplot, title, xlabel, ylabel, show\n", + "#Given\n", + "#em=3sin(2*pi*1000t)+5cos(2*pi*3000t)\n", + "#ec=50sin(2*pi*500e3*t)\n", + "m1=0.06#(sine wave amplitude/ peak carrier voltage)\n", + "m2=0.1#(cosine wave amplitude/ peak carrier voltage)\n", + "Vc=50#Carrier voltage\n", + "R=50#load resistance\n", + "Pc=(Vc**2)/(2*R)#Peak carrier power\n", + "Pt=Pc*(1+((m1**2+m2**2)/2))#Total power after modulation\n", + "print 'Average power is: %0.2f watts'%(Pt)\n", + "F=[0,2.5,1.5,50,1.5,2.5,0]\n", + "T=[490,497,499,500,501,503,510]\n", + "plot(T,F)\n", + "xlabel(\"Freq\")\n", + "ylabel(\"Amplitude\")\n", + "show()" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.26, page no 176" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 79, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Required Deviation is: 50 kHz\n", + "\n", + "Required Multipication Factor is: 5*5*5*5*2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "mp=0.1#Modulating index\n", + "fm=400#Modulating signal freq\n", + "deltaF=mp*fm#Max freq deviation\n", + "#print deltaF)\n", + "ReqDev=50e3# Required deviation\n", + "MF=ReqDev/deltaF# multiplication factor\n", + "print 'Required Deviation is: %d kHz\\n'%(ReqDev/1e3)\n", + "print 'Required Multipication Factor is: 5*5*5*5*2'" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.27, page no 176" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 80, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The Depth of modulation across the \n", + " circuit is : Ma= 49.07%\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "Q=100 #Q factor\n", + "fc=1000e3# Carrier freq\n", + "fsb1=999e3#lower Side band freq\n", + "fsb2=1001e3#Upper side Band freq\n", + "ma=0.5#Modulation depth of signal current\n", + "Ma=ma/1.019# Expression for Ma after simplification\n", + "print 'The Depth of modulation across the \\n circuit is : Ma= %0.2f%c'%(Ma*100,'%')\n", + "\n", + "# Note : There are some calculation errors in the solution presented in the book" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.28, page no 177" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 81, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Depth of modulation:72.90 %\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "R=1#Antenna Resistance assumed to be 1 ohm for ease of calculation\n", + "Ic=10.8# current with no modulation\n", + "Pc=Ic**2*R#power with no modulation\n", + "It=12.15#modulated current\n", + "Pt=It**2*R# modulated power\n", + "ma=(sqrt(2*(((It/Ic)**2)-1)))#modulation depth)\n", + "\n", + "print 'Depth of modulation:%0.2f %c'%(round(1000*ma)/10,'%')#" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.29, page no 177" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 82, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Total RF power delivered is:Pt= 112.50 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "Pc=100e3#Carrier power\n", + "ma=0.5#Depth of modulation\n", + "Pt=Pc*(1+((ma**2)/2))#total RF power\n", + "print 'Total RF power delivered is:Pt= %0.2f kW'%(Pt/1e3)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.30, page no 178" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 83, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Carrier power:71.17 kW\n", + "The Intelligence power: 28.83 kW\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "Pt=100e3# Total power\n", + "ma=0.9#Depth of modulation\n", + "Pc=Pt/(1+((ma**2)/2))#Carrier power\n", + "Psb=Pt-Pc# Intelligence power i.e sideband power\n", + "print 'Carrier power:%0.2f kW\\nThe Intelligence power: %0.2f kW'%(Pc/1000,Psb/1000)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example3.19, page no 178" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Modulation Index is: 64.81 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sin,sqrt\n", + "#Given\n", + "R=1# load resistance\n", + "Eo=100#RF voltage\n", + "Po=Eo**2/R#Carrier power\n", + "E=110#Modulated RMS voltage\n", + "Pt=E**2/R#Total modulated power\n", + "ma=sqrt(2*((Pt/Po)-1))# Depth of modulation\n", + "print 'Modulation Index is: %0.2f '%(ma*100)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter5_1.ipynb b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter5_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e234ad9f --- /dev/null +++ b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter5_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 5 : Radio Transmission system" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 5.1, page no 230" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + " Freq deviation is 17.453293 Hz\n", + " Multification factor is 1718\n", + " corresponding modified max freq deviation is 30114kHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import pi\n", + "#Given\n", + "#b\n", + "fm=1e2#modulation freq\n", + "Phimax=10*pi/180# Max Phase deviation\n", + "#i\n", + "Freq_dev=Phimax*fm# Freq deviation\n", + "#ii\n", + "Mul_fact=30e3/Freq_dev# Multification factor\n", + "print ' Freq deviation is %f Hz\\n Multification factor is %d\\n corresponding modified max freq deviation is 30114kHz'%(Freq_dev,Mul_fact)\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter6_1.ipynb b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter6_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c82ada44 --- /dev/null +++ b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter6_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 6 : Radio Receivers" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example 6.1, page no 262" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Carrier freq for the BW to be 1% of fc is: 2000 kHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "#Vm(t),Vc(t),Vmod(t)\n", + "fm=10e3#modulating freq\n", + "BW=2*fm# Bandwidth\n", + "fc=100*BW#Carrier freq\n", + "print'Carrier freq for the BW to be 1%% of fc is: %d kHz'%(fc/1000)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example6.2, page no 262" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "a)\n", + "Tuning capacitor range is: 4.579156\n", + "b)\n", + "Tuning capacitor range is: 1051\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "fmax=1600e3\n", + "fmin=500e3\n", + "IF=465e3\n", + "#i\n", + "fo1max=fmax+IF\n", + "fo1min=fmin+IF\n", + "C1max_C1min=(fo1max/fo1min)**2\n", + "#ii\n", + "fo2max=fmax-IF\n", + "fo2min=fmin-IF\n", + "C2max_C2min=(fo2max/fo2min)**2\n", + "print 'a)\\nTuning capacitor range is: %f\\nb)\\nTuning capacitor range is: %d'%(C1max_C1min,C2max_C2min)\n" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter7_1.ipynb b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter7_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ee96e59f --- /dev/null +++ b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter7_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,438 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 7 : Noise" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example7.2, page no 276" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The mean square noise voltage is: 18.363 mV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import sqrt,pi\n", + "from sympy.mpmath import quad\n", + "#Given\n", + "mue=25#\n", + "rp=5e3\n", + "Rl=10e3\n", + "C=1e-9\n", + "gm=mue/rp\n", + "Req=2.5/gm\n", + "\n", + "k=1.381e-23\n", + "T=293\n", + "R1=1e5\n", + "# Power density spectrum for respective res\n", + "d1=2*k*T*R1\n", + "d2=2*k*T*Req\n", + "d3=2*k*T*Rl\n", + "xo=0\n", + "x1=1e14\n", + "#w=0:inf\n", + "#H1(w)=(-gm*rp*Rl)/(rp+Rl+(1J*w*rp*Rl*C))\n", + "Vo=sqrt((20231.65e2/pi)*quad(lambda w:1/(((3e9)**2)+(w**2)),[xo,x1]))\n", + "print 'The mean square noise voltage is: %0.3f mV'%(Vo*1e3)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example7.3, page no 279" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The mean square noise voltage is: 22.414 uV\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import sqrt,pi\n", + "from sympy.mpmath import quad\n", + "\n", + "#Given\n", + "mue=25\n", + "rp=5e3\n", + "Rs=1e3#input resistance\n", + "#Coupling Capacitors are assumed as short circuit\n", + "Rg=1e5\n", + "gm=25/5e3\n", + "Req=2.5/gm\n", + "F=1+((((Req*(Rs+Rg)**2)+(Rg*Rs**2))/(Rs*Rg**2)))\n", + "xo=0\n", + "x1=1e10\n", + "#w=0:inf\n", + "\n", + "vo=sqrt((30145e-8/pi)*quad(lambda w:1/(((3e5)**2)+(w**2)),[xo,x1]))\n", + "print 'The mean square noise voltage is: %.3f uV'%(vo*1e6)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example7.4, page no 283" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "overall noise Figure is: 4.33\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#Given\n", + "Ap1=10\n", + "Ap2=10\n", + "Ap3=10# # Gain of each states\n", + "F_1=6\n", + "F_2=6\n", + "F_3=6# #Noise figure of each state\n", + "F1= round(10**(F_1/10))\n", + "F2= round(10**(F_2/10))\n", + "F3= round(10**(F_3/10))# # approximating the values\n", + "\n", + "F=F1+((F2-1)/Ap1)+((F3-1)/(Ap1*Ap2))\n", + "print 'overall noise Figure is: %.2f'%(F)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example7.5, page no 283" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The overall noise figure is: 7.04\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#Given\n", + "Fif=15# Noise figure of IF amplifier\n", + "Ap1=10# Gain of Preamplifier\n", + "Fpa=6#Noise figure of preamplifier\n", + "F2=10**(Fif/10)\n", + "F1=10**(Fpa/10)\n", + "\n", + "F=F1+((F2-1)/Ap1)#overall noise figure\n", + "print 'The overall noise figure is: %.2f'%(F)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example7.6, page no 284" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Overall Noise figure is: 2.055\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#Given\n", + "mue=25# tube parameters\n", + "rp=10e3# tube parameters\n", + "gm=2.5e-3# transconductance\n", + "Req=2.5/gm# equivalent resistance\n", + "Rs=1000\n", + "Rg=1e5\n", + "F1=1+(((Req*((Rs+Rg)**2))+Rg*Rs**2)/(Rs*(Rg**2)))#noise figure of the first stage\n", + "Rg2=9.1e3\n", + "Rs2=10e3\n", + "Es=1# assuming Es=1 for ease of calculation\n", + "Pi=((Es/2e3)**2)*1e3\n", + "Po=1.532e-2*Es**2\n", + "Ap1=Po/Pi\n", + "F2=1+(((Req*((Rs2+Rg2)**2))+Rg2*Rs2**2)/(Rs2*(Rg2**2)))# noise figure of the second stage\n", + "F=(F1)+((F2-1)/Ap1)\n", + "print 'Overall Noise figure is: %.3f'%(F)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example7.8, page no 285" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The equivalent noise temp is: 4.913 K\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#Given\n", + "g01=30# gain of 1st stage\n", + "g02=20#gain of 2nd stage\n", + "g03=40#gain of 3rd stage\n", + "F2=6# Noise factor of stage 2\n", + "F3=12# Noise factor of stage 3\n", + "Te1=4# Eq noise temp of stage 1\n", + "T=290# Room \n", + "G01=round(10**(g01/10))\n", + "G02=round(10**(g02/10))\n", + "G03=round(10**(g03/10))\n", + "F_2=round(10**(F2/10))\n", + "F_3=round(10**(F3/10))\n", + "Te2=round((F_2-1))*T\n", + "Te3=round((F_3-1))*T\n", + "Te=Te1+(Te2/G01)+(Te3/(G01*G02))# Eq overall noise temp\n", + "print 'The equivalent noise temp is: %.3f K'%(Te)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example7.9, page no 286" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Equivalent noise temperature is 7.028 K\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#Given\n", + "g01=round(10**(25/10))#low noise amplifier gain\n", + "Te1=4#low noise amplifier noise temp\n", + "g02=round(10**(1.7))#preamplifier gain\n", + "F2=round(10**0.6)#preamplifier noise figure\n", + "F3=round(10**1.2)#preamplifier noise figure\n", + "T=290# room temp\n", + "Te2=round((F2-1)*T)\n", + "Te3=round((F3-1)*T)\n", + "Te=Te1+(Te2/g01)+(Te3/(g01*g02))#Overall noise Temperature\n", + "print 'Equivalent noise temperature is %.3f K'%(Te)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example7.10, page no 286" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "S/N ratio for FM is 43.29 dBs\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import log10\n", + "#Given\n", + "SNRam=25# Signal to noise ratio of AM\n", + "PcFM_AM=0.9#\n", + "mf=5\n", + "SNRfm=(10*log10(3*(mf**2)*(PcFM_AM)))+SNRam\n", + "print 'S/N ratio for FM is %.2f dBs'%(SNRfm)\n", + "# Note : There are some calculation errors in the solution presented in the book" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example7.11, page no 287" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "a)\n", + " New SNR for 3dB increase in input s/g is 23 dBs\n", + "b) When Modulation depth is increased to 60%\n", + " SNR becomes 25.676045 dBs\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import log10\n", + "#Given\n", + "ma=0.3\n", + "SNR=20# s/n ratio\n", + "SNR1=10**(0.1*SNR)\n", + "SNR_new=SNR+3\n", + "ma2=0.6# increased new depth of modulation\n", + "Pt_Ni=SNR1*((1+(ma**2))/(ma**2))\n", + "SNR2=10*log10(Pt_Ni*((ma2**2)/(1+((ma2**2)/2))))\n", + "\n", + "print 'a)\\n New SNR for 3dB increase in input s/g is %d dBs\\nb) When Modulation depth is increased to 60%%\\n SNR becomes %f dBs'%(SNR_new,(SNR2))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example7.12, page no 287" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "a) Bit Transmission rate: 60 kbits/s\n", + " Signal to Quantization noise ratio 128 \n", + "b)\n", + " Bit Transmission rate: 5 kbits/sample\n", + " Signal to Quantization noise ratio: 64\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import log\n", + "#Given\n", + "fmax=5e3#max s/g freq\n", + "S_fmin=2*fmax# Min sampling freq\n", + "B_S=6#Binary bits sent per sample\n", + "BTR=B_S*S_fmin#Bit Transmission rate\n", + "Q=2**B_S#No of Quantizable levels\n", + "MQN=0.5/Q#Max Quantization noise\n", + "S_QNR=MQN**-1# Signal to Quantization noise ratio\n", + "#b\n", + "S_QNRreq=0.5*S_QNR# Signal to Quantization noise ratio\n", + "Qreq=0.5*S_QNRreq#No of Quantizable levels\n", + "B_Sreq=log(Qreq,2)#Binary bits sent per sample\n", + "print 'a) Bit Transmission rate: %d kbits/s\\n Signal to Quantization noise ratio %d \\nb)\\n Bit Transmission rate: %d kbits/sample\\n Signal to Quantization noise ratio: %d'%(BTR/1000,S_QNR,B_Sreq,S_QNRreq)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter8_1.ipynb b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter8_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3631a473 --- /dev/null +++ b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter8_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,779 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter No 8 - Transmission Line" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.1, page no 313" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 60, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The characteristic Impedance is Zo= 154.92 ohm\n", + "\n", + "Propagation constant is Gama=0.0+7.75e-06j W\n", + "\n", + " The freq at which the line length is equal to wavelength is: 750 KHz\n", + " The velocity of propagation is: 322.75 km/sec\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import sqrt, pi\n", + "#Given\n", + "#a\n", + "L=1.2*10**-3#distributed inductance\n", + "C=0.05*10**-6#distributed capacitance\n", + "Zo=sqrt(L/C)#Characteristic Impedance\n", + "print 'The characteristic Impedance is Zo= %0.2f ohm'%(Zo)\n", + "Wo=1# Assumedfor ease of calculation \n", + "G=1J*sqrt(L*C)*Wo\n", + "print '\\nPropagation constant is Gama={0:0.1f}+{1:0.2e}j W'.format(G.real,G.imag)\n", + "#b\n", + "#i\n", + "lamda=0.4e3#wavelength=Line length\n", + "c=3e8\n", + "f=c/lamda\n", + "#ii\n", + "L=L*0.4\n", + "C=C*0.4\n", + "v=1/(sqrt(L*C))\n", + "print '\\n The freq at which the line length is equal to wavelength is: %d KHz\\n The velocity of propagation is: %0.2f km/sec'%(f*1e-3,v*1e-3)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.2, page no 314" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 61, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The phase shift is: 144 degrees\n", + "Open Circuited line impedance: -688.19 ohms\n", + "Short Circuited line impedance: -363.27 ohms\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import cos, sin, tan,pi\n", + "#Given\n", + "v=3e8# velocty of light\n", + "f=1.2e6# Operating Freq\n", + "lamda=v/f\n", + "#print lamda)\n", + "l=100# length of the Tx-Line\n", + "phi=2*(pi*l)/(lamda)# Phase shift in degrees\n", + "Zo=500# Characteristic impedance\n", + "#a Open circuited Line\n", + "\n", + "Zin=-1J*Zo*(cos(phi)/sin(phi))\n", + "\n", + "#b Short circuited Line\n", + "Z1in=1J*Zo*tan(phi)\n", + "print 'The phase shift is: %d degrees'%(phi*180/pi)\n", + "print 'Open Circuited line impedance: {0:0.2f}'.format(-Zin.imag),'ohms'\n", + "print 'Short Circuited line impedance: {0:.2f}'.format(Z1in.imag),'ohms'" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.3, page no 315" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 62, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The Characteristic impedance:Zo= \n", + "(185.464726748-135.988363959j)\n", + "The value of Alpha=0.263 nepere/km\n", + "\n", + "The value of Beta= 0.308\n", + "the tx-Line parameters are\n", + "R= 90.72 ohms\n", + "L= 21.46 mH\n", + "G= 128.80 umhos\n", + "C= 1.76 mF\n", + "\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from cmath import exp,sqrt,log,atan\n", + "#Given\n", + "f=1600\n", + "w=1000\n", + "Zoc=2460*exp(1J*-86.5*pi/180)# Open circuited Line impedance\n", + "Zsc=21.5*exp(1J*14*pi/180)# Short circuited Line impedance\n", + "Zo=sqrt(Zoc*Zsc)# Characteristic impedance\n", + "A=(sqrt(Zsc/Zoc)).real# tan(a+ jBeta) = A + jB\n", + "B=(sqrt(Zsc/Zoc)).imag\n", + "l=1/4\n", + "alpha=(1/(4*l))*log(((1+A**2+B)**2)/(((1-A)**2)+B**2)) #Attenuation Constant\n", + "Beta=(1/(2*l))*atan((2*B)/(1-A**2-B)) #phase constant\n", + "\n", + "#the tx-Line parameters\n", + "R=(Zo*complex(alpha,Beta)).real\n", + "L=(Zo*complex(alpha,Beta)).imag\n", + "G=(complex(alpha,Beta)/Zo).real\n", + "C=(complex(alpha,Beta)/Zo).imag\n", + "print 'The Characteristic impedance:Zo= '\n", + "print Zo\n", + "print 'The value of Alpha={0:.3f} '.format(alpha.real),'nepere/km\\n'\n", + "print 'The value of Beta= {0:0.3f}'.format(Beta.real)\n", + "print 'the tx-Line parameters are\\nR= %0.2f ohms\\nL= %0.2f mH\\nG= %0.2f umhos\\nC= %0.2f mF\\n'%(R,L,G*1e6,C*1e3)\n", + "\n", + "# Note : There are some calculation errors in the solution presented in the book" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.4, page no 316" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 63, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The atenuation constant is 0.011 nepers/mile\n", + "The Cut-off Freq is 6 KHz\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import sqrt,pi\n", + "#Given\n", + "d=0.7# distance between two insertions\n", + "Ld_m= (80e-3)*(10/7)#Loading coil inductance\n", + "#print Ld_m)\n", + "Rd_m=100/7#Loading coil resistance\n", + "#print Rd_m)\n", + "R=20+Rd_m#Line resistance \n", + "L=Ld_m# Line inductance\n", + "C=0.05e-6# Line Capacitance\n", + "alfa=0.5*R*sqrt(C/L)#Attenuation Constant\n", + "#\n", + "fc=(pi*d*sqrt(L*C))**-1#cut off freq\n", + "print 'The atenuation constant is %0.3f nepers/mile\\nThe Cut-off Freq is %d KHz'%(alfa,fc*1e-3)\n", + "\n", + "# Note : There are some calculation errors in the solution presented in the book" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.5, page no 317" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 64, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "the voltage at the mid point of the line is \n", + " 6.97+6.97j\n", + " V with Angle = -8.59degrees\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from cmath import exp\n", + "#Given\n", + "a=0.7#attenuation constant\n", + "b=0.3#phase constant\n", + "Gamma=a+(1J*b)#propagation constant\n", + "l=0.5# half length of line( for midpoint)\n", + "Vs=10# Excitation voltage\n", + "V_mod=Vs*(exp(-a*l))#Magnitude of the Vs\n", + "\n", + "phi=b*l*180/pi#phase shift\n", + "V=V_mod*(exp(-1J*(phi*pi/180)))#voltage at the mid point\n", + "print 'the voltage at the mid point of the line is \\n {0:0.2f}+{0:.2f}j\\n V with Angle = -%0.2fdegrees'.format(V.real,V.imag)%phi\n", + "\n", + "# Note : There are some calculation errors in the solution presented in the book" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.6, page no 317" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 65, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The characteristic impedance Zo= 22.20 /_-19.66 ohm\n", + "\n", + " The Phase velocity is: v= 2.88e+07 m/sec\n", + " Percent decrease in the voltage is 14.91%\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from cmath import pi,sqrt,polar,phase\n", + "#Given\n", + "R=0.01\n", + "l=1e3\n", + "L=1e-6\n", + "G=1e-6\n", + "C=0.001e-6\n", + "f=1.59e3# operating freq\n", + "w=2*pi*f# angular freq\n", + "#a\n", + "Zo=sqrt((R+(1J*w*L))*0.35/(G+(1J*w*C)))#characteristic impedance\n", + "Z0=polar(Zo)\n", + "Z0r=Z0[0]\n", + "Z0i=Z0[1]\n", + "#b\n", + "\n", + "Beta=sqrt(0.5*(sqrt((((R**2)+(round(w**2)*(L**2)))*(round(G**2)+(round(w**2)*(C**2)))))-(round(R*G)-((w**2)*L*C))))#Phase constant\n", + "\n", + "v=w/Beta#phase velocity\n", + "\n", + "#c\n", + "Alpha=sqrt(0.5*(sqrt((((R**2)+((w**2)*(L**2)))*((G**2)+((w**2)*(C**2)))))+((R*G)-((w**2)*L*C))))#attenuation constant\n", + "Vs=1#Assumed for easeof calculation\n", + "A=(Vs-(Vs*exp(-Alpha*l)))*100\n", + "print 'The characteristic impedance Zo= %0.2f /_%0.2f ohm\\n'%(Z0r,Z0i*180/pi)\n", + "print ' The Phase velocity is: v= %3.2e m/sec\\n Percent decrease in the voltage is %0.2f%c'%(v.real,A.real,'%')\n", + "\n", + "# Note : There are some calculation errors in the solution presented in the book" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.15, page no 348" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 66, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The input impedance is 526.81 /_-2.18deg\n", + "Reflection Coeff is 0.07 /_-163.77deg\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from cmath import exp,polar,cosh,sinh\n", + "\n", + "#Given\n", + "l=100# Tx-line length\n", + "ZR=200#Terminal resistance\n", + "Zo=600#Characteristic impedance\n", + "a=0.01#attenuation constant\n", + "Beta=0.03#phase constant\n", + "d=0#reflection coeff at load is Zero\n", + "Gamma=a+1J*Beta#propagation constant\n", + "Kd=((ZR-Zo)/(ZR+Zo))*exp(-2*Gamma*d)#reflection coeff at point D d km from load\n", + "Kdd=polar(Kd)\n", + "Kdr=Kdd[0]\n", + "Kdi=Kdd[1]\n", + "d1=100# distance\n", + "Ks=((ZR-Zo)/(ZR+Zo))*exp(-2*Gamma*d1)#reflection coeff at the sending end\n", + "[Ksr,Ksi]=polar(Ks)\n", + "Zin=Zo*(((ZR*cosh(Gamma*l))+(Zo*sinh(Gamma*l)))/((Zo*cosh(Gamma*l))+(ZR*sinh(Gamma*l))))#Input impedance\n", + "Zz=polar(Zin)\n", + "Zinr=Zz[0]\n", + "Zini=Zz[1]\n", + "print 'The input impedance is %0.2f /_%0.2fdeg\\nReflection Coeff is %0.2f /_%0.2fdeg'%(Zinr,Zini*180/pi,Ksr,Ksi*180/pi)\n", + "\n", + "# Note : There are some calculation errors in the solution presented in the book" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.15, page no 334" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 67, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The current received is= 13.64 mA at phase-22.59\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from cmath import cosh,polar\n", + "#GivenR=0.01\n", + "x=10#line length\n", + "Zo=100# characteristic impedance\n", + "a=0.1# attenuation constant\n", + "Beta=0.05# phase constant\n", + "Is=20e-3# source current\n", + "Gamma=a+ 1J*Beta# propagation constant\n", + "\n", + "I=Is/cosh(Gamma*x)# received current\n", + "\n", + "Ii=polar(I)\n", + "I_r=Ii[0]\n", + "I_i=Ii[1]\n", + "\n", + "print 'The current received is= %0.2f mA at phase%0.2f'%(1000*I_r,I_i*180/pi)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.16, page no 349" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 68, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The characteristic impedance is 283.94 /_-41.38deg\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from cmath import sqrt,polar\n", + "#Given\n", + "L=1e-3#inductance\n", + "R=40# Resistance\n", + "C=0.1e-6# capacitance\n", + "G=1e-6#conductance\n", + "w=5000# angular freq\n", + "Zo=sqrt(complex(R,(w*L))/complex(G,(w*C)))#Characteristic impedance\n", + "#Zr=sqrt(sqrt(R**2+(w*L)**2)/sqrt(G**2+(w*C)**2))\n", + "Zz=polar(Zo)\n", + "ZoR=Zz[0]\n", + "ZoI=Zz[1]\n", + "print 'The characteristic impedance is %0.2f /_%0.2fdeg'%(ZoR,ZoI*180/pi)\n", + "\n", + "# Note : There are some calculation errors in the solution presented in the book" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.17, page no 349" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 69, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The voltage at the mid point of the line is 7.05 /_-8.59 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from cmath import polar,exp\n", + "#Given\n", + "l=0.5#half line distance\n", + "Vs=10#Excitation voltage\n", + "Gamma=0.7+1J*0.3#propagation constant\n", + "Vv=polar(Vs*(exp(-Gamma*l)))#vtg at mid point\n", + "Vr=Vv[0]\n", + "Vi=Vv[1]\n", + "print 'The voltage at the mid point of the line is %0.2f /_%0.2f '%(Vr,Vi*180/pi)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.18, page no350" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 70, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The max voltage on line is 5.92 V\n", + " The min voltage on line is 4.23 V\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sqrt\n", + "#Given\n", + "Zo=50# characteristic impedance\n", + "P=500e-3#Supplied power\n", + "S=1.4#VSWR on the line\n", + "Emax=sqrt(Zo*S*P)#Max vtg\n", + "\n", + "Emin=sqrt(Zo*P/S)# Min vtg\n", + "print 'The max voltage on line is %0.2f V\\n The min voltage on line is %0.2f V'%(Emax,Emin)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.19, page no 350" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 71, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + "The voltage reflection coeff is 0.17\n", + "The VSWR is 1.40\n", + "\n", + "\n", + "The Max and min voltage and crresponding crrent is\n", + " Emax= 3.74V Imin= 26.73mA\n", + " Emin= 2.67V Imax= 37.42mA\n", + "\n", + " The Termination resistance should be 28.57 ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sqrt\n", + "#Given\n", + "Zo=100# Characteristic Impedance\n", + "P=100e-3#Load power\n", + "Zr=140#Load Resistance\n", + "f=100e3# Operating freq\n", + "#a\n", + "K=(Zr-Zo)/(Zo+Zr)#Vtg Reflection coeff\n", + "\n", + "#b\n", + "S=(1+K)/(1-K)#VSWR\n", + "\n", + "#c+d\n", + "Emax=sqrt(Zr*P)#Max line vltg\n", + "Imin=Emax/Zr#Min line current\n", + "\n", + "Emin=Emax/S# Min line vltg\n", + "Imax=S*Imin#Max line current\n", + "\n", + "#e\n", + "R=14000/40\n", + "\n", + "Zr=(Zo**2)/R#\n", + "print '\\nThe voltage reflection coeff is %0.2f\\nThe VSWR is %0.2f\\n\\n\\nThe Max and min voltage and crresponding crrent is\\n Emax= %0.2fV Imin= %0.2fmA\\n Emin= %0.2fV Imax= %0.2fmA\\n\\n The Termination resistance should be %0.2f ohm'%(K,S,Emax,Imin*1e3,Emin,Imax*1e3,Zr)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.20, page no 352" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 72, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "the receiving voltage will be 0.25 V\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import exp,log\n", + "#Given\n", + "V=0.5#receiving vtg\n", + "Vs=2#Source vtg\n", + "al=-log(V/Vs)#attenuation\n", + "\n", + "al2=al*1.5\n", + "V=Vs*exp(-al2)#receiving voltage\n", + "print 'the receiving voltage will be %0.2f V'%(V)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.22, page no352" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 73, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The lrngth should be 25 metres\n", + "The Characteristic Impedance should be 48.79 ohms\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from cmath import sqrt\n", + "#Given\n", + "Zin=25+1J*15# Internal Impedance\n", + "Zr=70-1J*42#load\n", + "f=3e6#operating freq\n", + "v=3e8#light velocity\n", + "L=v/(4*f)#length of the line\n", + "\n", + "Zo=sqrt(Zin*Zr)#Characteristic Impedance\n", + "\n", + "print 'The lrngth should be %d metres\\nThe Characteristic Impedance should be %0.2f ohms'%(L,Zo.real)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.23, page no353" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 74, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The cut-off freq is 3.03 KHz \n", + " the voltage being measured is 1 V\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sqrt,pi\n", + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#Given\n", + "#a\n", + "L=1e-3# inductance\n", + "C=61.25e-9#capacitance\n", + "Ld=44e-3#coil inductance\n", + "d=2#distance intervals after which coils are added\n", + "Lt=(L*2)+(Ld*2)#total inductance\n", + "Ct=C*2#total capacitance\n", + "fc=(pi*sqrt(Lt*Ct))**-1#cut off freq\n", + "\n", + "#b\n", + "I=100e-3#milliameter range\n", + "R=1#milliameter resistance\n", + "Zo=100#characteristic impedance\n", + "Zin=(Zo**2)/R#input impedance\n", + "\n", + "Er=I*R#\n", + "Es=Er*sqrt(Zin/Zo)\n", + "print 'The cut-off freq is %0.2f KHz \\n the voltage being measured is %d V'%(fc*1e-3,Es)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.24, page no 354" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 75, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "the Length of the transformer(stub) is 3.75 metres\n", + " The characteristic impedance of this transformer is 224 ohms\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "f=20e6#tuned freq\n", + "ZR=100#Equivalent aerial Resistance\n", + "Zin=500#input impedance\n", + "c=3e8\n", + "lamda=c/f\n", + "l=lamda/4#lamda/4 Transformer\n", + "\n", + "Zo=sqrt(Zin*ZR)#Characteristic impedance\n", + "print 'the Length of the transformer(stub) is %0.2f metres\\n The characteristic impedance of this transformer is %d ohms'%(l,round(Zo))" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example8.25, page no 354" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 76, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The sending end (Source end)impedance (Zl)is: \n", + "330.46+-16.35j\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "lamda=5#wavelength\n", + "Zo=200#Characteristic impedance\n", + "Zo1=100#Zo'\n", + "ZL=50+(1J*50)# load impedance\n", + "l1=0.4*lamda\n", + "l2=0.2*lamda\n", + "Beta=(2*pi/lamda)# phase difference\n", + "Z2=Zo1*(((ZL*cos(Beta*l2))+(1J*Zo1*sin(Beta*l2)))/((Zo1*cos(Beta*l2))+(1J*ZL*sin(Beta*l2))))#I/p Impedance offered by I2toI1\n", + "Z1=Zo*(((Z2*cos(Beta*l1))+(1J*Zo*sin(Beta*l1)))/((Zo*cos(Beta*l1))+(1J*Z2*sin(Beta*l1))))#I/p impedance\n", + "print 'The sending end (Source end)impedance (Zl)is: '\n", + "print '{0:0.2f}+{1:0.2f}j'.format(Z1.real,Z1.imag)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter9_1.ipynb b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter9_1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2d2304df --- /dev/null +++ b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/Chapter9_1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,338 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter No 9 - Aerials" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example9.1, page no 397" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The maximum effective aperture of the\n", + " aerial is 28.65 sq m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import pi\n", + "\n", + "#Given\n", + "D=90# directivity\n", + "lamda=2# wavelength\n", + "Ae=(D*(lamda**2))/(4*pi)#effective aperture\n", + "print 'The maximum effective aperture of the\\n aerial is %0.2f sq m'%(Ae)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example9.2, page no 397" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Angular beam width is 22.92 degrees\n", + "BeamWidth is 0.40 rad\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi,cos\n", + "#Given\n", + "n=10#no of aerial elements\n", + "d=0.5#distance in terms of wavelength\n", + "Beam_Width=2/(n*d)#\n", + "Beam_Width_degrees=Beam_Width*180/pi\n", + "print 'Angular beam width is %0.2f degrees\\nBeamWidth is %0.2f rad'%(Beam_Width_degrees,Beam_Width)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example9.3, pageno 397" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Total power radiated is 888.89 watts\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import arange, pi\n", + "from sympy.mpmath import quad, sin\n", + "#Given\n", + "r=1#assume distance for ease of calculation\n", + "#Pav(theta)=(1000/(3*pi*r**2))*((sin(theta))**2)\n", + "theta=arange(0, pi, 0.1)\n", + "x0=0\n", + "x1=pi\n", + "Pt=(2000/(3*r**2))*quad(lambda theta: (sin(theta))**3,[x0,x1])#Total power radiated \n", + "print 'Total power radiated is %0.2f watts'%(Pt)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example9.4, page no 398" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "electric field intensity is 0.25 mV/m \n", + " magnetic field intensity is 0.67 uA/m\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi,cos\n", + "#Given\n", + "dl=2# length of wire \n", + "I=6#current in the wire\n", + "f=1e6# operating freq\n", + "r=30e3#distance at which field is to be calculated\n", + "theta=90#right angles to the wire axis\n", + "lamda=300# wavelength\n", + "w=2*pi*f#angular freq\n", + "c=3e8\n", + "t=f**-1\n", + "Phi=w*(t-(r/c))#Phase shift\n", + "Erad=25.13e-5*cos(Phi)#Radiation electric field intensity\n", + "H=Erad/(120*pi)#Radiation magnetic field intensity\n", + "print 'electric field intensity is %0.2f mV/m \\n magnetic field intensity is %0.2f uA/m'%(Erad*1e3,H*1e6)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example9.5, page no 399" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The radiated power is 1.03 watts\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sqrt\n", + "#Given\n", + "#c\n", + "Rr=73# radition resistance\n", + "Vrms=10#RMS voltage of the signal\n", + "Zin_mod=sqrt((73**2)+(42**2))#absolute input impedance\n", + "Irms=Vrms/Zin_mod#RMS current\n", + "Pt=(Irms**2)*Rr# Radiated power\n", + "print 'The radiated power is %0.2f watts'%(round(100*Pt)/100)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example9.6 page no 400" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Ideal directive gain is 55840\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "#b\n", + "c=3e8\n", + "f=2e9#operating freq\n", + "Ae=100#aperture area\n", + "lamda=c/f# operating wavwlength\n", + "D=((4*3.141*Ae)/(lamda**2))# Directivity\n", + "print 'Ideal directive gain is %d'%(D)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example9.7, pageno 400" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The angular width is 0.40 degrees\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "#b\n", + "n=10# no of aerial elements\n", + "lambda_d=2#\n", + "BeamWidth=2*lambda_d/n# Beamwidth\n", + "print 'The angular width is %0.2f degrees'%(BeamWidth)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example9.8, page no 400" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 17, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Overall Gain is 3.52 dBs\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log10\n", + "#Given\n", + "D1=1\n", + "D2=1.5*D1 # diameters of the new reflectors D1=1assumed for ease of calculation\n", + "G_dbs=10*log10((D2/D1)**2)#Gain in dBs\n", + "print 'Overall Gain is %0.2f dBs'%(round(1000*G_dbs)/1000)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Example9.9, page no 401" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 19, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Radiation resistance is 2.05 ohm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Given\n", + "#b\n", + "c=3e8\n", + "f=800e3# operating freq\n", + "dl=27#effective height\n", + "lamda=c/f\n", + "\n", + "Rr=40*(3.142**2)*(dl/lamda)**2#Radiation Resistance\n", + "print 'Radiation resistance is %0.2f ohm'%(Rr)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/screenshots/ctftch1.png b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/screenshots/ctftch1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..7c959f08 --- /dev/null +++ b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/screenshots/ctftch1.png diff --git a/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/screenshots/fourierTransch1.png b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/screenshots/fourierTransch1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..c0033679 --- /dev/null +++ b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/screenshots/fourierTransch1.png diff --git a/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/screenshots/modulatedWaveChap3_1.png b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/screenshots/modulatedWaveChap3_1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..3b34f439 --- /dev/null +++ b/Principle_of_Communication_Engineering_by_A._Singh_and_A._K._Chhabra/screenshots/modulatedWaveChap3_1.png diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/Ch18.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/Ch18.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..ef61bd07 --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/Ch18.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,394 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 18 Refrigeration" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:18.1 Pg:784" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From steam tables,\n", + "Coefficient of performance = 12.0 \n", + "\n", + " horsepower required per ton of refrigeration = 0.393 hp/ton refrigeration\n", + "\n", + " Work of compression = -62.8 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " Work of expansion = 1.42 Btu/lbm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "Ta=500 #R\n", + "Tr=540 #R\n", + "#calculations\n", + "cop=Ta/(Tr-Ta)\n", + "hp=4.71/cop\n", + "print \"From steam tables,\"\n", + "ha=48.02\n", + "hb=46.6\n", + "hc=824.1\n", + "hd=886.9\n", + "Wc=-(hd-hc)\n", + "We=-(hb-ha)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Coefficient of performance = %.1f \"%(cop)\n", + "print \"\\n horsepower required per ton of refrigeration = %.3f hp/ton refrigeration\"%(hp)\n", + "print \"\\n Work of compression = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(Wc)\n", + "print \"\\n Work of expansion = %.2f Btu/lbm\"%(We)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:18.2 Pg:785" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Coefficient of performance = 8.96\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "x=0.8\n", + "he=26.28 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hb=26.28 #Btu/lbm\n", + "pe=98.76 #psia\n", + "pc=51.68 #psia\n", + "hc=82.71 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hf=86.80+0.95\n", + "#calculations\n", + "dwisen=-(hf-hc)\n", + "dwact=dwisen/x\n", + "hd=hc-dwact\n", + "cop=(hc-hb)/(hd-hc)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Coefficient of performance = %.2f\"%(cop)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:18.3 Pg:785" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Work done = -100.1 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " horsepower required per ton of refrigeration = 0.994 hp/ton refrigeration\n", + "\n", + " Coefficient of performance actual = 4.74 \n", + "\n", + " Ideal cop = 5.737\n", + "\n", + " relative efficiency = 0.826\n", + "\n", + " Mass flow rate = 0.422 lbm/min ton\n", + "\n", + " Compressor capacity = 3.44 cfm/ton\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "hc=613.3#btu/lbm\n", + "hb=138.9#btu/lbm\n", + "ha=138.9#btu/lbm\n", + "hd=713.4 #btu/lbm\n", + "ta=464.7 #R\n", + "t0=545.7 #R\n", + "v=8.150 #ft**3/lbm\n", + "#calculations\n", + "Qa=hc-hb\n", + "Qr=ha-hd\n", + "Wcd=Qa+Qr\n", + "cop=abs(Qa/Wcd)\n", + "hp=abs(4.71/cop)\n", + "carnot=abs(ta/(t0-ta))\n", + "rel=abs(cop/carnot)\n", + "mass=200/Qa\n", + "C=mass*v\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Work done = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(Wcd)\n", + "print \"\\n horsepower required per ton of refrigeration = %.3f hp/ton refrigeration\"%(hp)\n", + "print \"\\n Coefficient of performance actual = %.2f \"%(cop)\n", + "print \"\\n Ideal cop = %.3f\"%(carnot)\n", + "print \"\\n relative efficiency = %.3f\"%(rel)\n", + "print \"\\n Mass flow rate = %.3f lbm/min ton\"%(mass)\n", + "print \"\\n Compressor capacity = %.2f cfm/ton\"%(C)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:18.4 Pg:786" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Pressure ratio = 5.74\n", + "\n", + " Heat = 25083 Btu/min\n", + "\n", + " Water make up required = 24.24 lbm/min\n", + "\n", + " Volume of vapor entering ejector = 58054 cfm\n", + "The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "pc=0.6982 #psia\n", + "pe=0.1217 #psia\n", + "m=200 #gal/min\n", + "qual=0.98\n", + "h1=23.07 #Btu/lbm\n", + "h2=8.05 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hw=1071.3\n", + "#calculations\n", + "rp=pc/pe\n", + "m2=m/0.01602 *0.1388 #Conversion of units \n", + "m2=1670\n", + "dh=15.02\n", + "Qa=m2*(h1-h2)\n", + "h3=h2 + qual*hw\n", + "m3=Qa/(h3-h1)\n", + "v=0.016+ qual*2444\n", + "C=m3*v\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Pressure ratio = %.2f\"%(rp)\n", + "print \"\\n Heat = %d Btu/min\"%(Qa)\n", + "print \"\\n Water make up required = %.2f lbm/min\"%(m3)\n", + "print \"\\n Volume of vapor entering ejector = %d cfm\"%(C)\n", + "print \"The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:18.5 Pg:787" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From fig B-4,\n", + "Appropraite notation from textbook has been used\n", + "All are enthalpy values at different stages\n", + "part a\n", + "Work done = -18.08 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " Heat = 47.22 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " horsepower required per ton of refrigeration = 1.803 hp/ton refrigeration\n", + "\n", + " Coefficient of performance actual = 2.61 \n", + "case 2\n", + "\n", + " Work done = -53.6 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " Heat = 146.30 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " horsepower required per ton of refrigeration = 1.726 hp/ton refrigeration\n", + "\n", + " Coefficient of performance actual = 2.73 \n", + "part b\n", + "\n", + " Work done = -22.0 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " Heat = 60.95 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " horsepower required per ton of refrigeration = 1.702 hp/ton refrigeration\n", + "\n", + " Coefficient of performance actual = 2.77 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "print \"From fig B-4,\"\n", + "print \"Appropraite notation from textbook has been used\"\n", + "print \"All are enthalpy values at different stages\"\n", + "hc=73.5 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hb=26.28 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hd=91.58 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hc2=190.7 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hd2=244.3 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hb2=44.4 #Btu/lbm\n", + "m1=1 #lbm\n", + "m2=0.461 #lbm\n", + "hc1=73.5 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hd1=83.35 #Btu/lbm \n", + "hc2=190.7 #Btu/lbm \n", + "hd2=244.3 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hb1=12.55 #Btu/lbm \n", + "hc22=197.58 #Btu/lbm \n", + "hd22=224 #Btu/lbm\n", + "#Calculations\n", + "w1=hc-hd\n", + "qa1=hc-hb\n", + "cop1=abs(qa1/(w1))\n", + "hp1=4.71/cop1\n", + "w2=hc2-hd2\n", + "qa2=hc2-hb2\n", + "cop2=abs(qa2/(w2))\n", + "hp2=4.71/cop2\n", + "qa3=m1*(hc1-hb1)\n", + "w3=m1*(hc1-hd1) + m2*(hc22-hd22)\n", + "cop3=abs(qa3/w3)\n", + "hp3=4.71/cop3\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"part a\"\n", + "print \"Work done = %.2f Btu/lbm\"%(w1)\n", + "print \"\\n Heat = %.2f Btu/lbm\"%(qa1)\n", + "print \"\\n horsepower required per ton of refrigeration = %.3f hp/ton refrigeration\"%(hp1)\n", + "print \"\\n Coefficient of performance actual = %.2f \"%(cop1)\n", + "print \"case 2\"\n", + "print \"\\n Work done = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(w2)\n", + "print \"\\n Heat = %.2f Btu/lbm\"%(qa2)\n", + "print \"\\n horsepower required per ton of refrigeration = %.3f hp/ton refrigeration\"%(hp2)\n", + "print \"\\n Coefficient of performance actual = %.2f \"%(cop2)\n", + "print \"part b\"\n", + "print \"\\n Work done = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(w3)\n", + "print \"\\n Heat = %.2f Btu/lbm\"%(qa3)\n", + "print \"\\n horsepower required per ton of refrigeration = %.3f hp/ton refrigeration\"%(hp3)\n", + "print \"\\n Coefficient of performance actual = %.2f \"%(cop3)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:18.6 Pg:788" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From fig B-4,\n", + "Appropraite notation from textbook has been used\n", + "All are enthalpy values at different stages\n", + "\n", + " horsepower required per ton of refrigeration = 1.585 hp/ton refrigeration\n", + "\n", + " Coefficient of performance actual = 2.97 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "print \"From fig B-4,\"\n", + "print \"Appropraite notation from textbook has been used\"\n", + "print \"All are enthalpy values at different stages\"\n", + "ha=44.36 #Btu/lbm \n", + "hc=18.04 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hj=197.58 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hh=213.5 #Btu/lbm \n", + "hd=hc #Btu/lbm\n", + "he=190.66 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hk=241.25 #Btu/lbm\n", + "#calculations\n", + "m=(hc-ha)/(ha-hj)\n", + "hi=(m*hj+hh)/(1+m)\n", + "Qa=he-hd\n", + "W=he-hh + (1+m)*(hi-hk)\n", + "cop=abs(Qa/W)\n", + "hp=4.71/cop\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"\\n horsepower required per ton of refrigeration = %.3f hp/ton refrigeration\"%(hp)\n", + "print \"\\n Coefficient of performance actual = %.2f \"%(cop)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/Ch8.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/Ch8.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..2e3ca609 --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/Ch8.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 8 Second and third law topics" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:8.1 Pg:255" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "dp by ds at constant volume = 275 F/ft**3/lbm\n", + "The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "P=500 #psia\n", + "T=700 #F\n", + "J=778\n", + "#calculations\n", + "dpds=1490 *144/J\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"dp by ds at constant volume = %d F/ft**3/lbm\"%(dpds)\n", + "print \"The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:8.2 Pg:256" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Thermal efficiency = 66.5 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import log\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "cp=0.25 #Btu/lbm R\n", + "T0=520 #R\n", + "T1=3460 #R\n", + "#calculations\n", + "dq=cp*(T0-T1)\n", + "ds=cp*log(T0/T1)\n", + "dE=dq-T0*ds\n", + "eta=dE/dq\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Thermal efficiency = %.1f percent\"%(eta*100)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:8.3 Pg:256" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Loss of available energy = -6774 Btu/lbm\n", + "The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import log\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "cp=0.25 #Btu/lbm R\n", + "T0=520 #R\n", + "T1=3460 #R\n", + "dG=21069 #Btu/lbm\n", + "dH=21502 #Btu/lbm\n", + "#calculations\n", + "dq=cp*(T0-T1)\n", + "ds=cp*log(T0/T1)\n", + "dE=dq-T0*ds\n", + "eta=dE/dq\n", + "dw=eta*dH\n", + "de=-dG+dw\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Loss of available energy = %d Btu/lbm\"%(de)\n", + "print \"The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch1.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch1.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..56ea81cb --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch1.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,227 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 1 Survey Of Units And Dimensions" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:1.1 Pg: 19" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Force to accelerate = 3.108 lbf\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "gc=32.1739 #lbm ft/lbf s**2\n", + "m=10 #lbm\n", + "a=10 #ft/s**2\n", + "#calculations\n", + "F=m*a/gc\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Force to accelerate = %.3f lbf\"%(F)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:1.2 Pg: 19" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Force to accelerate = 10 lbf\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "gc=32.1739 #lbm ft/lbf s**2\n", + "m=10 #lbm\n", + "a=gc #ft/s**2\n", + "#calculations\n", + "F=m*a/gc\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Force to accelerate = %d lbf\"%(F)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:1.3 Pg: 19" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "velocity = 60 mph\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "v=88 #ft/s\n", + "#calculations\n", + "v2=v*3600/5280\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"velocity = %d mph\"%(v2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:1.4 Pg: 20" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "velocity = 0 mph\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "v=88 #ft/s\n", + "#calculations\n", + "v2=v*1/5280*3600\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"velocity = %d mph\"%(v2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:1.5 Pg: 20" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Force without dimensions = 5.79e-04 lbm/ft sec\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "F=5e-9 #lbf/ft**2 hr\n", + "g=32.1739\n", + "#calculations\n", + "F2=F*3600*g\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Force without dimensions = %.2e lbm/ft sec\"%(F2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:1.6 Pg: 21" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Density of water in this system = 1.937 lbf/ft**2\n", + "\n", + " Specific weight = 62.305 lbf/ft**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "rho=62.305 #lbf/ft**2\n", + "g=32.1739 #ft/s**2\n", + "#calculations\n", + "gam=rho/g\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Density of water in this system = %.3f lbf/ft**2\"%(gam)\n", + "print \"\\n Specific weight = %.3f lbf/ft**2\"%(rho)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch10.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch10.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..4ac6845c --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch10.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 10 The pvt relationships" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:10.1 Pg:360" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "For ideal gas case, Table B-6 and for vanderwaals case, Table B-8 have been used\n", + "\n", + " In vanderwaals equation, pressure = 50.0 atm\n", + "\n", + " In ideal gas case, pressure = 57.8 atm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "m=1 #lbm\n", + "T1=212+460 #R\n", + "sv=0.193 #ft**3/lbm\n", + "M=44\n", + "a=924.2 #atm ft**2 /mole**2\n", + "b=0.685 #ft**3/mol\n", + "R=0.73 #atm ft**3/R mol\n", + "#calculations\n", + "v=sv*M\n", + "p=R*T1/v\n", + "p2=R*T1/(v-b) -a/v**2\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"For ideal gas case, Table B-6 and for vanderwaals case, Table B-8 have been used\"\n", + "print \"\\n In vanderwaals equation, pressure = %.1f atm\"%(p2)\n", + "print \"\\n In ideal gas case, pressure = %.1f atm\"%(p)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:10.2 Pg:360" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "volume = 8.481 ft**3/mole\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "m=1 #lbm\n", + "p=50.9 #atm\n", + "t=212+460 #R\n", + "R=0.73\n", + "#calculations\n", + "pc=72.9 #atm\n", + "tc=87.9 +460 #R\n", + "pr=p/pc\n", + "Tr=t/tc\n", + "z=0.88\n", + "v=z*R*t/p\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"volume = %.3f ft**3/mole\"%(v)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:10.3 Pg:361" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Pressure = 50.8 atm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "t=212+460 #R\n", + "v=0.193 #ft**3/lbm\n", + "M=44\n", + "R=0.73\n", + "#calculations\n", + "tc=87.9+460 #F\n", + "zc=0.275\n", + "vc=1.51 #ft**3/mol\n", + "tr=t/tc\n", + "vr=v*M/vc\n", + "vrd=vr*zc\n", + "z=0.88\n", + "p=z*R*t/(M*v)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Pressure = %.1f atm\"%(p)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch11.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch11.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..001bcdc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch11.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,762 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 11 The ideal gas and mixture relationship" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:11.1 Pg:415" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Work done = -58682 ft-lbf/lbm\n", + "The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "n=1.3\n", + "T1=460+60 #R\n", + "P1=14.7 #psia\n", + "P2=125 #psia\n", + "R=1545\n", + "M=29\n", + "#calculations\n", + "T2=T1*(P2/P1)**((n-1)/n)\n", + "wrev=R/M *(T2-T1)/(1-n)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Work done = %d ft-lbf/lbm\"%(wrev)\n", + "print \"The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:11.2 Pg:415" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Change in kinetic energy = 52.3 Btu/lbm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "P2=10 #psia\n", + "P1=100 #psia\n", + "T1=900 #R\n", + "w=50 #Btu/lbm\n", + "k=1.39\n", + "cp=0.2418\n", + "#calculations\n", + "T2=T1*(P2/P1)**((k-1)/k)\n", + "T2=477\n", + "KE=-w-cp*(T2-T1)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Change in kinetic energy = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(KE)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:11.3 Pg:416" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From table B-9\n", + "Final temperature = 468 R \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "T1=900 #R\n", + "P1=100 #psia\n", + "P2=10 #psia\n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"From table B-9\"\n", + "pr1=8.411\n", + "pr2=pr1*P2/P1\n", + "T2=468 #R\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Final temperature = %d R \"%(T2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:11.4 Pg:417" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "from table b-9\n", + "final temperature = 1050 R\n", + "\n", + " final pressure = 177.7 psia\n", + "\n", + " work done = -92.85 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " final enthalpy = 253.4 Btu/lbm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "cr=6\n", + "p1=14.7 #psia\n", + "t1=60.3 #F\n", + "M=29\n", + "R=1.986\n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"from table b-9\"\n", + "vr1=158.58 \n", + "u1=88.62 #Btu/lbm\n", + "pr1=1.2147\n", + "vr2=vr1/cr\n", + "T2=1050 #R\n", + "u2=181.47 #Btu/lbm\n", + "pr2=14.686\n", + "p2=p1*(pr2/pr1)\n", + "dw=u1-u2\n", + "h2=u2+T2*R/M\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"final temperature = %d R\"%(T2)\n", + "print \"\\n final pressure = %.1f psia\"%(p2)\n", + "print \"\\n work done = %.2f Btu/lbm\"%(dw)\n", + "print \"\\n final enthalpy = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(h2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:11.5 Pg:417" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "part a\n", + "Mole fractions of oxygen and nitrogen are 0.369 and 0.631 respectively\n", + "part b\n", + "Average molecular weight = 29.5 \n", + "part c\n", + "specific gas constant = 0.3639 psia ft**3/lbm R\n", + "part d\n", + "volume of mixture = 94.6 ft**3\n", + "density of mixture is 0.00896 mole/ft**3 and 0.26 lbm/ft**3\n", + "part e\n", + "partial pressures of oxygen and nitrogen are 18.43 psia and 31.57 psia respectively\n", + "part a\n", + "Mole fractions of oxygen and nitrogen are 0.369 and 0.631 respectively\n", + "part b\n", + "Average molecular weight = 29.5 \n", + "part c\n", + "specific gas constant = 52.3960 lbf ft/lbm R\n", + "part d\n", + "volume of mixture = 94.6 ft**3\n", + "\n", + " density of mixture is 0.00896 mole/ft**3 and 0.264 lbm/ft**3\n", + "part e\n", + "partial pressures of oxygen and nitrogen are 18.43 psia and 31.57 psia respectively\n", + "\n", + " partial volumes of oxygen and nitrogen are 34.87 ft**3 and 59.74 ft**3 respectively\n", + "\n", + " Net partial pressure in case of oxygen = 50.00 psia\n", + "\n", + " Net partial volume =94.61 ft**3\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "m1=10 #lbm\n", + "m2=15 #lnm\n", + "p=50 #psia\n", + "t=60+460 #R\n", + "M1=32\n", + "M2=28.02\n", + "R0=10.73 \n", + "#calculations\n", + "n1=m1/M1\n", + "n2=m2/M2\n", + "x1=n1/(n1+n2)\n", + "x2=n2/(n1+n2)\n", + "M=x1*M1+x2*M2\n", + "R=R0/M\n", + "V=(n1+n2)*R0*t/p\n", + "rho=p/(R0*t)\n", + "rho2=M*rho\n", + "p1=x1*p\n", + "p2=x2*p\n", + "v1=x1*V\n", + "v2=x2*V\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"part a\"\n", + "print \"Mole fractions of oxygen and nitrogen are %.3f and %.3f respectively\"%(x1,x2)\n", + "print \"part b\"\n", + "print \"Average molecular weight = %.1f \"%(M)\n", + "print \"part c\"\n", + "print \"specific gas constant = %.4f psia ft**3/lbm R\"%(R)\n", + "print \"part d\"\n", + "print \"volume of mixture = %.1f ft**3\"%(V)\n", + "print \"density of mixture is %.5f mole/ft**3 and %.2f lbm/ft**3\"%(rho,rho2)\n", + "print \"part e\"\n", + "print \"partial pressures of oxygen and nitrogen are %.2f psia and %.2f psia respectively\"%(p1,p2)\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "m1=10 #lbm\n", + "m2=15 #lnm\n", + "p=50 #psia\n", + "t=60+460 #R\n", + "M1=32\n", + "M2=28.02\n", + "R0=10.73 \n", + "#calculations\n", + "n1=m1/M1\n", + "n2=m2/M2\n", + "x1=n1/(n1+n2)\n", + "x2=n2/(n1+n2)\n", + "M=x1*M1+x2*M2\n", + "R=1545/M\n", + "V=(n1+n2)*R0*t/p\n", + "rho=p/(R0*t)\n", + "rho2=M*rho\n", + "p1=x1*p\n", + "p2=x2*p\n", + "v1=x1*V\n", + "v2=x2*V\n", + "pt=p1+p2\n", + "vt=v1+v2\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"part a\"\n", + "print \"Mole fractions of oxygen and nitrogen are %.3f and %.3f respectively\"%(x1,x2)\n", + "print \"part b\"\n", + "print \"Average molecular weight = %.1f \"%(M)\n", + "print \"part c\"\n", + "print \"specific gas constant = %.4f lbf ft/lbm R\"%(R)\n", + "print \"part d\"\n", + "print \"volume of mixture = %.1f ft**3\"%(V)\n", + "print \"\\n density of mixture is %.5f mole/ft**3 and %.3f lbm/ft**3\"%(rho,rho2)\n", + "print \"part e\"\n", + "print \"partial pressures of oxygen and nitrogen are %.2f psia and %.2f psia respectively\"%(p1,p2)\n", + "print \"\\n partial volumes of oxygen and nitrogen are %.2f ft**3 and %.2f ft**3 respectively\"%(v1,v2)\n", + "print \"\\n Net partial pressure in case of oxygen = %.2f psia\"%(pt)\n", + "print \"\\n Net partial volume =%.2f ft**3\"%(vt)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:11.6 Pg:418" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From gravimetric analysis, co2 = 17.6 percent , o2 = 4.3 percent and n2 = 78.2 percent\n", + "\n", + " From ultimate analysis, co2 = 0.00 percent , o2 = 4.26 percent and n2 = 78.19 percent\n", + "\n", + " Sum in case 1 = 100.0 percent\n", + "\n", + " Sum in case 2 = 82.4 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "m1=5.28\n", + "m2=1.28\n", + "m3=23.52\n", + "#calculations\n", + "m=m1+m2+m3\n", + "x1=m1/m\n", + "x2=m2/m\n", + "x3=m3/m\n", + "C=12/44 *m1/ m\n", + "O=(32/44 *m1 + m2)/m\n", + "N=m3/m\n", + "sum1=(x1+x2+x3)*100\n", + "sum2=(C+N+O)*100\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"From gravimetric analysis, co2 = %.1f percent , o2 = %.1f percent and n2 = %.1f percent\"%(x1*100,x2*100,x3*100)\n", + "print \"\\n From ultimate analysis, co2 = %.2f percent , o2 = %.2f percent and n2 = %.2f percent\"%(C*100,O*100,N*100)\n", + "print \"\\n Sum in case 1 = %.1f percent\"%(sum1)\n", + "print \"\\n Sum in case 2 = %.1f percent\"%(sum2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:11.7 Pg:419" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Entropy of mixture = 8.27 Btu/R\n", + "\n", + " the answer given in textbook is wrong. please check using a calculator\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from scipy import log\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "x1=1/3\n", + "n1=1\n", + "n2=2\n", + "x2=2/3\n", + "p=12.7 #psia\n", + "cp1=7.01 #Btu/mole R\n", + "cp2=6.94 #Btu/mole R\n", + "R0=1.986\n", + "T2=460+86.6 #R\n", + "T1=460 #R\n", + "p0=14.7 #psia\n", + "#calculations\n", + "p1=x1*p\n", + "p2=x2*p\n", + "ds1= cp1*log(T2/T1) - R0*log(p1/p0)\n", + "ds2= cp2*log(T2/T1) - R0*log(p2/p0)\n", + "S=n1*ds1+n2*ds2\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Entropy of mixture = %.2f Btu/R\"%(S)\n", + "print \"\\n the answer given in textbook is wrong. please check using a calculator\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:11.8 Pg:420" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Change in internal energy = -547 Btu\n", + "\n", + " Change in entropy = -1.037 Btu/R\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from scipy import log\n", + "\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "c1=4.97 #Btu/mol R\n", + "c2=5.02 #Btu/mol R\n", + "n1=2\n", + "n2=1\n", + "T1=86.6+460 #R\n", + "T2=50+460 #R\n", + "#calculations\n", + "du=(n1*c1+n2*c2)*(T2-T1)\n", + "ds=(n1*c1+n2*c2)*log(T2/T1)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Change in internal energy = %d Btu\"%(du)\n", + "print \"\\n Change in entropy = %.3f Btu/R\"%(ds)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:11.9 Pg:420" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Pressure of mixture = 12.7 psia\n", + "\n", + " Mixing temperature = 86.6 F\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "n1=1\n", + "n2=2\n", + "c1=5.02\n", + "c2=4.97\n", + "t1=60 #F\n", + "t2=100 #F\n", + "R0=10.73\n", + "p1=30 #psia\n", + "p2=10 #psia\n", + "#calcualtions\n", + "t=(n1*c1*t1+n2*c2*t2)/(n1*c1+n2*c2)\n", + "V1= n1*R0*(t1+460)/p1\n", + "V2=n2*R0*(t2+460)/p2\n", + "V=V1+V2\n", + "pm=(n1+n2)*R0*(t+460)/V\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Pressure of mixture = %.1f psia\"%(pm)\n", + "print \"\\n Mixing temperature = %.1f F\"%(t)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:11.10 Pg:421" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Change in entropy for gas 1 = 4.242 Btu/R\n", + "\n", + " Change in entropy for gas 1 = 0.331 Btu/R\n", + "\n", + " Net change in entropy = 4.572 Btu/R\n", + "\n", + " In case 2, change in entropy = 4.572 Btu/R\n", + "The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in the textbook\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from scipy import log\n", + "\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "T2=546.6 #R\n", + "T1=520 #R\n", + "T3=560 #R\n", + "v2=1389.2\n", + "v1=186.2\n", + "R0=1.986\n", + "c1=5.02\n", + "c2=4.97\n", + "n1=1\n", + "n2=2\n", + "v3=1203\n", + "#calculations\n", + "ds1=n1*c1*log(T2/T1) + n1*R0*log(v2/v1)\n", + "ds2=n2*c2*log(T2/T3)+n2*R0*log(v2/v3)\n", + "ds=ds1+ds2\n", + "ds3=n1*c1*log(T2/T1)+n2*c2*log(T2/T3)\n", + "ds4=n2*R0*log(v2/v3)+ n1*R0*log(v2/v1)\n", + "dss=ds3+ds4\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Change in entropy for gas 1 = %.3f Btu/R\"%(ds1)\n", + "print \"\\n Change in entropy for gas 1 = %.3f Btu/R\"%(ds2)\n", + "print \"\\n Net change in entropy = %.3f Btu/R\"%(ds)\n", + "print \"\\n In case 2, change in entropy = %.3f Btu/R\"%(dss)\n", + "print \"The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in the textbook\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:11.11 Pg:42" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Final remperature = 851 R\n", + "\n", + " Change in entropy of air = -0.115 btu/mole R and -0.00395 Btu/R\n", + "\n", + " Change in entropy of water = 0.0757 btu/mole R and 0.00395 Btu/R\n", + "The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from scipy import log\n", + "\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "m1=1 #lbm\n", + "m2=0.94 #lbm\n", + "M1=29\n", + "M2=18\n", + "p1=50 #psia\n", + "p2=100 #psia\n", + "t1=250 +460 #R\n", + "R0=1.986\n", + "cpa=6.96\n", + "cpb=8.01\n", + "#calculations\n", + "xa = (m1/M1)/((m1/M1)+ m2/M2)\n", + "xb=1-xa\n", + "t2=t1*(p2/p1)**(R0/(xa*cpa+xb*cpb))\n", + "d=R0/(xa*cpa+xb*cpb)\n", + "k=1/(1-d)\n", + "dsa=cpa*log(t2/t1) -R0*log(p2/p1)\n", + "dSa=(m1/M1)*dsa\n", + "dSw=-dSa\n", + "dsw=dSw*M2/m2\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Final remperature = %d R\"%(t2)\n", + "print \"\\n Change in entropy of air = %.3f btu/mole R and %.5f Btu/R\"%(dsa,dSa)\n", + "print \"\\n Change in entropy of water = %.4f btu/mole R and %.5f Btu/R\"%(dsw,dSw)\n", + "print \"The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:11.12 Pg:423" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "In case 1, volume occupied = 13.02 ft**3\n", + "\n", + " In case 1, mass of steam = 0.94 lbm steam\n", + "\n", + " In case 2, mass of steam = 0.918 lbm steam\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "T=250 + 460 #R\n", + "p=29.825 #psia\n", + "pt=50 #psia\n", + "vg=13.821 #ft**3/lbm\n", + "M=29\n", + "R=10.73\n", + "#calculations\n", + "pa=pt-p\n", + "V=1/M *R*T/pa\n", + "ma=V/vg\n", + "xa=p/pt\n", + "mb=xa/M *18/(1-xa)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"In case 1, volume occupied = %.2f ft**3\"%(V)\n", + "print \"\\n In case 1, mass of steam = %.2f lbm steam\"%(ma)\n", + "print \"\\n In case 2, mass of steam = %.3f lbm steam\"%(mb)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:11.13 Pg:424" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "percentage = 65.0 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "ps=0.64 #psia\n", + "p=14.7 #psia\n", + "M=29\n", + "M2=46\n", + "#calculations\n", + "xa=ps/p\n", + "mb=xa*9/M *M2/(1-xa)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"percentage = %.1f percent\"%(mb*100)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:11.14 Pg:424" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "partial pressure of water vapor = 0.317 psia\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "ps=0.5069 #psia\n", + "p=20 #psia\n", + "m1=0.01\n", + "m2=1\n", + "M1=18\n", + "M2=29\n", + "#calculations\n", + "xw= (m1/M1)/(m1/M1+m2/M2)\n", + "pw=xw*p\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"partial pressure of water vapor = %.3f psia\"%(pw)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch12.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch12.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..c7c68649 --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch12.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,402 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 12 Non steady flow friction and availibility" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:12.1 Pg:482" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Work done in case 1 = 572 Btu\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "p1=100 #psia\n", + "p2=14.7 #psia\n", + "k=1.4\n", + "T1=700 #R\n", + "R=10.73/29\n", + "V=50\n", + "cv=0.171\n", + "cp=0.24\n", + "R2=1.986/29\n", + "#calculations\n", + "T2=T1/ (p1/p2)**((k-1)/k)\n", + "m1=p1*V/(R*T1)\n", + "m2=p2*V/(R*T2)\n", + "Wrev= cv*(m1*T1 - m2*T2) - (m1-m2)*(T2)*cp\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Work done in case 1 = %d Btu\"%(Wrev)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:12.2 Pg:482" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "The friction of the process per pound of air = 18.6 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " Loss of available energy = -16.20 Btu/lbm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from scipy import log\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "p1=100 #psia\n", + "p2=10 #psia\n", + "n=1.3\n", + "T1=800 #R\n", + "cv=0.172\n", + "R=1.986/29\n", + "T0=537 #R\n", + "cp=0.24\n", + "#calculations\n", + "T2=T1*(p2/p1)**((n-1)/n)\n", + "dwir=cv*(T1-T2)\n", + "dwr=R*(T2-T1)/(1-n)\n", + "dq=dwr-dwir\n", + "dI=-T0*(cp*log(T2/T1) - R*log(p2/p1))\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"The friction of the process per pound of air = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(dq)\n", + "print \"\\n Loss of available energy = %.2f Btu/lbm\"%(dI)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:12.3 Pg:483" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Friction = 72.9 ft-lbf/lbm\n", + "\n", + " Available energy loss in case a = -72.9 ft-lbf/lbm\n", + "\n", + " Available energy loss in case b = -145.9 ft-lbf/lbm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "ms=10 #lbm\n", + "den=62.3 #lbm/ft**3\n", + "A1=0.0218 #ft**2\n", + "A2=0.00545 #ft**2\n", + "p2=50 #psia\n", + "p1=100 #psia\n", + "gc=32.2 #ft/s**2\n", + "dz=30 #ft\n", + "T0=537 #R\n", + "T1=620 #R\n", + "T2=420 #R\n", + "#calculations\n", + "V1=ms/(A1*den)\n", + "V2=ms/(A2*den)\n", + "df=-144/den*(p2-p1) - (V2**2 -V1**2)/(2*gc) - dz\n", + "dI=-T0/T1 *df\n", + "dI2= -T0/T2 *df\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Friction = %.1f ft-lbf/lbm\"%(df)\n", + "print \"\\n Available energy loss in case a = %.1f ft-lbf/lbm\"%(dI)\n", + "print \"\\n Available energy loss in case b = %.1f ft-lbf/lbm\"%(dI2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:12.4 Pg:484" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From fig 12.4,\n", + "Pressure drop = 0.00 lbf/ft**2 100 ft\n", + "The answer in the textbook is wrong. Please use a calculator to verify it.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "r=2.5 #in\n", + "mf=160 #cfm\n", + "rho=1/14\n", + "mu=0.0000121\n", + "v=14 #ft**3/lbm\n", + "g=32.2 #ft/s**2\n", + "z=100 #ft\n", + "#calculations\n", + "A=3.14*(r/12)**2\n", + "V=mf/A /60\n", + "Re=(2*r/12)*V*rho/mu\n", + "print \"From fig 12.4,\"\n", + "f=0.0225/4\n", + "dp=4*f*(rho)*(V/v)**2 /(2*g*(2*r/12)) *z\n", + "#dp=2.32\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Pressure drop = %.2f lbf/ft**2 100 ft\"%(dp)\n", + "print \"The answer in the textbook is wrong. Please use a calculator to verify it.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:12.5 Pg:485" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Mass rate of air flow = 161 cfm\n", + "The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi,sqrt\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "D=0.0724 #ft\n", + "gc=32.2 #ft/s**2\n", + "rho=1.0/14\n", + "L=100 #ft\n", + "mu2=1.46*10**(-10)\n", + "dp=2.32\n", + "dia=5.0 #in\n", + "rho2=48500.0\n", + "vol=14.0 #ft**3/lbm\n", + "#calculations\n", + "ref=D**3 *2*dp*gc*rho/(mu2*L)\n", + "mf=rho2*pi/4 *(dia/12) *sqrt(mu2)\n", + "mfr=mf*vol*60\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Mass rate of air flow = %d cfm\"%(mfr)\n", + "print \"The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:12.6 Pg:486" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Loss of available energy = -725 Btu/lbm mixture \n", + "\n", + " Effectiveness of combustion = 0.409 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "cp=0.25\n", + "T=3460 #R\n", + "T0=520 #R\n", + "dG=1228 #Btu/lbm\n", + "#calculations\n", + "hf=cp*(T-T0)-T0*cp*log(T/T0)\n", + "dC=hf-dG\n", + "Ec=hf/dG\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Loss of available energy = %d Btu/lbm mixture \"%(dC)\n", + "print \"\\n Effectiveness of combustion = %.3f \"%(Ec)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:12.7 Pg:487" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Loss of available energy = -219.3 Btu/lbm mixture \n", + "\n", + " Efficiency of cycle = 0.563 \n", + "\n", + " Effectiveness of overall cycle = 0.23\n", + "The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "cp1=0.25\n", + "T=3460 #R\n", + "T0=946.2 #R\n", + "T00=520 #R\n", + "dG=1228 #Btu/lbm\n", + "cp=0.45\n", + "#calculations\n", + "dqa=cp1*(T-T0)\n", + "w=cp*dqa\n", + "hf=cp1*(T-T00)-T00*cp1*log(T/T00)\n", + "heat=w-hf\n", + "eff=w/hf\n", + "epower=w/dG\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Loss of available energy = %.1f Btu/lbm mixture \"%(heat)\n", + "print \"\\n Efficiency of cycle = %.3f \"%(eff)\n", + "print \"\\n Effectiveness of overall cycle = %.2f\"%(epower)\n", + "print \"The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:12.8 Pg:487" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "All the values are obtained from Mollier chart,\n", + "Engine efficiency = 74.3 percent\n", + "\n", + " Effectiveness = 80.8 percent\n", + "\n", + " Loss of available energy = -32.6 Btu/lbm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "p1=400 #psia\n", + "t1=600 #F\n", + "h1=1306.9 #Btu/lbm\n", + "b1=480.9 #Btu/lbm\n", + "p2=50 #psia\n", + "h2=1122 #Btu/lbm\n", + "h3=1169.5 #Btu/lbm\n", + "b3=310.9 #Btu/lbm\n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"All the values are obtained from Mollier chart,\"\n", + "dw13=h1-h3\n", + "dw12=h1-h2\n", + "dasf=b3-b1\n", + "etae=dw13/dw12\n", + "eta=abs(dw13/dasf)\n", + "dq=dw13+dasf\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Engine efficiency = %.1f percent\"%(etae*100)\n", + "print \"\\n Effectiveness = %.1f percent\"%(eta*100)\n", + "print \"\\n Loss of available energy = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(dq)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch13.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch13.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..efe4a78b --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch13.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,798 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 13 Fluid flow" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.1 Pg:583" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "velocity in ft/s are:\n", + "0.000000 \t1118.735268 \t1663.871913 \t1791.374302 \t2179.668416 \t2779.331106 \t\n", + "\n", + "Area in ft**2 are:\n", + "0.000000 \t0.006600 \t0.005534 \t0.005495 \t0.005760 \t0.007656 \t\n", + "\n", + "The initial values of velocity and area are 0 and infinity respectively. Since, Infinity in calculations stops the code to display an error. It has been mentioned separately.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from numpy import nditer\n", + "from math import sqrt\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "h1=1329.1 #Btu/lbm\n", + "v1=6.218 #ft**3/lbm\n", + "J=778\n", + "g=32.174\n", + "m=1\n", + "#calculations\n", + "p=[80, 60 ,54.6, 40, 20]\n", + "h=[ 1304.1, 1273.8, 1265 ,1234.2, 1174.8]\n", + "v=[ 7.384, 9.208, 9.844 ,12.554, 21.279]\n", + "Fc=1\n", + "V2=[Fc*sqrt(2*J*g*(h1-hh)) for hh in h]\n", + "A=[m*v1/V21 for v1,V21 in nditer([v,V2])]\n", + "V2=[0]+V2\n", + "A=[0]+A\n", + "#results\n", + "print 'velocity in ft/s are:'\n", + "for vv in V2:\n", + " print '%.6f'%vv,'\\t', \n", + "print '\\n\\nArea in ft**2 are:'\n", + "for aa in A:\n", + " print '%.6f'%aa,'\\t',\n", + "print '\\n\\nThe initial values of velocity and area are 0 and infinity respectively. Since, Infinity in calculations stops the code to display an error. It has been mentioned separately.'" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.2 Pg:584" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Area required = 0.00464 ft**2\n", + "\n", + " Area in case 2 at the exit= 0.00379 ft**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sqrt\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "n=1.4\n", + "p1=50 #psia\n", + "J=778\n", + "cp=0.24\n", + "T1=520 #R\n", + "k=n\n", + "R=1545/29\n", + "m=1\n", + "p2=10 #psia\n", + "#calculations\n", + "rpt=(2/(n+1))**(n/(n-1))\n", + "pt=p1*rpt\n", + "Vtrev=223.77*sqrt(cp*T1*(1- rpt**((k-1)/k)))\n", + "v1=R*T1/p1/144\n", + "vt=v1*(p1/pt)**(1/k)\n", + "At=m*vt/Vtrev\n", + "V2rev=223.77*sqrt(cp*T1*(1-(p2/p1)**((k-1)/k)))\n", + "v2=v1*(p1/p2)**(1/k)\n", + "A2=m*v2/V2rev\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Area required = %.5f ft**2\"%(At)\n", + "print \"\\n Area in case 2 at the exit= %.5f ft**2\"%(A2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.3 Pg:585" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Throat area= 0.0056 ft**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "J=778\n", + "g=32.2\n", + "pc=54.6 #psia\n", + "h1=1329.1 #Btu/lbm\n", + "h2=1265 #btu/lbm\n", + "V2rev=1790 #ft/s\n", + "cv=0.99\n", + "m=1 #lbm\n", + "cv2=0.96\n", + "#calculations\n", + "V2d=cv*V2rev\n", + "hd=cv**2 *(h1-h2)\n", + "h2d=h1-hd\n", + "v2d=9.946\n", + "A2d=m*v2d/V2d\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Throat area= %.4f ft**2\"%(A2d)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.4 Pg:585" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 16, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "average velocity = 31.3 ft/sec\n", + "\n", + " mass flow rate = 29.0 lbm/sec\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi,sqrt\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "zm=0.216\n", + "pm=62.3 #lbm/ft**2\n", + "p1=0.0736 #lbm/ft**2\n", + "g=32.2\n", + "d=4\n", + "#calculations\n", + "H=zm*(pm-p1)/12/p1\n", + "V=sqrt(2*g*H)\n", + "m=pi/4 *d**2 *V*p1\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"average velocity = %.1f ft/sec\"%(V)\n", + "print \"\\n mass flow rate = %.1f lbm/sec\"%(m)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.5 Pg:586" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From table B-17,\n", + "Area of throat = 0.00596 ft**2\n", + "\n", + " Area of exit = 0.00805 ft**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import sqrt\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "p0=50 #psia\n", + "T0=520 #R\n", + "rho0=0.259 #lbm/ft**3\n", + "p2=10 #psia\n", + "mf=1 #lbm\n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"From table B-17,\"\n", + "pr=0.528\n", + "Tr=0.833\n", + "rhor=0.634\n", + "ps=pr*p0\n", + "Ts=Tr*T0\n", + "rhos=rho0*rhor\n", + "Vs=49.1*sqrt(Ts)\n", + "As=mf/(Vs*rhos)\n", + "p2r=p2/p0\n", + "M2=1.71\n", + "V2=1.487*Vs\n", + "T2=0.632*Ts\n", + "A2=As*1.35\n", + "rho2=rhos*0.317\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Area of throat = %.5f ft**2\"%(As)\n", + "print \"\\n Area of exit = %.5f ft**2\"%(A2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.6 Pg:587" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Length of pipe = 406.3 ft\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "M1=0.2\n", + "M2=0.4\n", + "D=0.5 #ft\n", + "f=0.015\n", + "#calculations\n", + "f1=14.5\n", + "f2=2.31\n", + "dl=(f1-f2)*D/f\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Length of pipe = %.1f ft\"%(dl)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.7 Pg:588" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "from table B-19\n", + "Change in entropy = 0.0224 Btu/lbm R\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "py=20 #psia\n", + "px=3.55 #psia\n", + "R=1.986/29\n", + "#calculations\n", + "pr=py/px\n", + "print \"from table B-19\"\n", + "Mx=2\n", + "My=0.577\n", + "pr2=0.721\n", + "ds=R*log(1/pr2)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Change in entropy = %.4f Btu/lbm R\"%(ds)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.8 Pg:588" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From table B-18 and B-17,\n", + "Mach numbers before and after are 1.64 and 0.658 respectively\n", + "\n", + " Pressure before and after are 11.0 psia and 32.9 psia\n", + "\n", + " Exhaust pressure = 32.3 psia\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi,sqrt\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "pi=50 #psia\n", + "pe=34.6 #psia\n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"From table B-18 and B-17,\"\n", + "pr1=1.35\n", + "p0f=pi/pr1\n", + "pfs=0.528*p0f\n", + "per=pe/pfs\n", + "Me=0.6\n", + "p0e=1.19\n", + "pyx=p0e/pr1\n", + "Mx=1.64\n", + "My=0.658\n", + "px=0.22*pi\n", + "py=32.9 #psia\n", + "p2yx=0.852\n", + "pe2=1.65*pfs\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Mach numbers before and after are %.2f and %.3f respectively\"%(Mx,My)\n", + "print \"\\n Pressure before and after are %.1f psia and %.1f psia\"%(px,py)\n", + "print \"\\n Exhaust pressure = %.1f psia\"%(pe2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.9 Pg:589" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From table B-20\n", + "Heat required = 272 Btu/lbm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "T1=550 #R\n", + "T2=2660 #R\n", + "ts1=0.207\n", + "ts2=0.833\n", + "cp=0.24\n", + "#calculations\n", + "Ts=T1/ts1\n", + "Ts0=T2/ts2\n", + "print \"From table B-20\"\n", + "tr1=0.529\n", + "tr2=0.174\n", + "dq=cp*Ts0*(tr1-tr2)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Heat required = %d Btu/lbm\"%(dq)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.10 Pg:590" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Internal thrust = 3651 lbf\n", + "\n", + " Net thrust = 2593 lbf\n", + "The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "M1=0.5\n", + "M2=1\n", + "A1=0.5 #ft**2\n", + "A2=1 #ft**2\n", + "p1=14.7 #psia\n", + "p2=14.7 #psia\n", + "k=1.4\n", + "#calculations\n", + "thru=p2*144*A2*(1+k*M2**2)-p1*144*A1*(1+k*M1**2)\n", + "net=thru-p1*144*(A2-A1)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Internal thrust = %d lbf\"%(thru)\n", + "print \"\\n Net thrust = %d lbf\"%(net)\n", + "print \"The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.11 Pg:590" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "mass flow rate = 0.572 lbm/sec\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi,sqrt\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "p1=50 #psia\n", + "pr=0.58\n", + "#calculations\n", + "p=p1*pr\n", + "s1=1.6585\n", + "h1=1174.1 #Btu/lbm\n", + "sf=0.3680\n", + "sfg=1.3313\n", + "hfg=945.3\n", + "vg=13.746\n", + "hf=218.82\n", + "x= (s1-sf)/sfg\n", + "v2=vg*x\n", + "h2=hf+x*hfg\n", + "V2rev=223.77*sqrt(h1-h2)\n", + "m=pi/4 *1/144 *V2rev/v2\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"mass flow rate = %.3f lbm/sec\"%(m)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.12 Pg:591" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Mass flow rate = 0.597 lbm/sec\n", + "\n", + " Meta stable under cooling = 52 F\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi,sqrt\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "k=1.31\n", + "p1=7200 #lbf/ft**2\n", + "v1=8.515 #ft**3/lbm\n", + "pr=0.6\n", + "m1=0.574\n", + "T1=741 #R\n", + "#calculations\n", + "V2rev=8.02*sqrt(k/(k-1) *p1*v1*(1- (pr)**((k-1)/k)))\n", + "v2=v1*(1/pr)**(1/k)\n", + "m=pi/4 *1/144 *V2rev/v2\n", + "C=m/m1\n", + "T2=T1*(0.887)\n", + "t=250+460 #R\n", + "dt=t-T2\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Mass flow rate = %.3f lbm/sec\"%(m)\n", + "print \"\\n Meta stable under cooling = %d F\"%(dt)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.13 Pg:592" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Area = 1.344 in**2\n", + "\n", + " diameter = 1.31 in\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi,sqrt\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "C=0.98\n", + "m=1\n", + "v=12.55 #ft**3/lbm\n", + "V=1372 #ft/s\n", + "#calculations\n", + "A=m*v/(C*V) *144\n", + "D=sqrt(A*4/pi)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Area = %.3f in**2\"%(A)\n", + "print \"\\n diameter = %.2f in\"%(D)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.14 Pg:593" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Area = 0.92 in**2\n", + "\n", + " diameter = 1.080 in\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import pi,sqrt\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "nn=0.95\n", + "p1=50 #psia\n", + "p2=30 #psia\n", + "v1=8.515\n", + "m=1 #lbm\n", + "#calculations\n", + "cv=sqrt(nn)\n", + "V2rev=1372\n", + "V2act=cv*V2rev\n", + "n=1.283\n", + "v2=v1*(p1/p2)**(1/n)\n", + "A=m*v2/V2act *144\n", + "D=sqrt(A*4/pi)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Area = %.2f in**2\"%(A)\n", + "print \"\\n diameter = %.3f in\"%(D)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.15 Pg:593" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Coefficient of discharge = 0.991 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "dFf=110.5 #ft-lbf/lbm\n", + "Vd=1028 #ft/s\n", + "gc=32.2 #ft/s**2\n", + "p0=100 #psia\n", + "k=1.4\n", + "v0=2.08\n", + "p1=55 #psia\n", + "p2=99.2 #psia\n", + "#calculations\n", + "dFe=0.01*Vd**2 /(2*gc)\n", + "dF=dFf+dFe\n", + "V2ig=(p0*144)**(1/k) *v0/(1-1/k) *((p1*144)**(1-1/k) -(p2*144)**(1-1/k))\n", + "C2=(V2ig+dF)/V2ig\n", + "C=sqrt(C2)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Coefficient of discharge = %.3f \"%(C)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.16 Pg:594" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Pressure drop in the nozzle = 3.60 lbf/ft**2\n", + "\n", + " Coefficient of discharge = 0.982 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import pi,sqrt\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "dL=1/6 #ft\n", + "mf=0.430 #lbm/sec\n", + "rho=62.4 \n", + "gc=32.2 #ft/s**2\n", + "d=0.81/12 #ft\n", + "#calculations\n", + "V=mf*4/(rho*pi)\n", + "VD=V/dL**2\n", + "Vd=1.92 #ft/s\n", + "dFf=0.031/(2*gc) *2.31\n", + "dFe=0.04*Vd**2 /(2*gc)\n", + "dF=dFf+dFe\n", + "dp=rho*(3.5/(2*gc) +dF)\n", + "vd22=(2*gc)/rho *dp /(1-(d/dL)**4)\n", + "vd2=sqrt(vd22)\n", + "C=Vd/vd2\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Pressure drop in the nozzle = %.2f lbf/ft**2\"%(dp)\n", + "print \"\\n Coefficient of discharge = %.3f \"%(C)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:13.17 Pg:595" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "mass flow rate = 1.176 lbm/sec\n", + "\n", + " Coefficient of discharge = 0.598\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "K=0.6003\n", + "Y1=0.91\n", + "D1=6.065\n", + "D2=1.820\n", + "rho1=0.156\n", + "p1=30\n", + "p2=20.18\n", + "#calculations\n", + "bet=D2/D1\n", + "m=0.525*K*Y1 *D2**2 *sqrt(rho1*(p1-p2))\n", + "C=K*sqrt(1-bet**4)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"mass flow rate = %.3f lbm/sec\"%(m)\n", + "print \"\\n Coefficient of discharge = %.3f\"%(C)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch14.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch14.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..51e36300 --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch14.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,602 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 14 Psychrometrics" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:14.1 Pg:659" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "from steam tables,\n", + "part a\n", + "partial pressure of water = 0.15207 psia\n", + "\n", + " dew temperature = 46 F\n", + "part b\n", + "density of water = 0.000474 lbm/ft**3\n", + "\n", + " in case 2, density of water = 0.000474 lbm/ft**3\n", + "\n", + " density of air = 0.072765 lbm/ft**3\n", + "part c\n", + "specific humidity = 0.0065 lbm steam/lbm air\n", + "part d\n", + "In method 1, Degree of saturation = 0.293\n", + "\n", + " In method 2, Degree of saturation = 0.293\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "t1=80+460 #R\n", + "ps=0.5069 #psia\n", + "print \"from steam tables,\"\n", + "vs=633.1 #ft**3/lbm\n", + "phi=0.3\n", + "R=85.6\n", + "Ra=53.3\n", + "p=14.696\n", + "#calculations\n", + "tdew=46 #F\n", + "pw=phi*ps\n", + "rhos=1/vs\n", + "rhow=phi*rhos\n", + "rhow2= pw*144/(R*t1)\n", + "pa=p-pw\n", + "rhoa= pa*144/(Ra*t1)\n", + "w=rhow/rhoa\n", + "mu=phi*(p-ps)/(p-pw)\n", + "Ws=0.622*(ps/(p-ps))\n", + "mu2=w/Ws\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"part a\"\n", + "print \"partial pressure of water = %.5f psia\"%(pw)\n", + "print \"\\n dew temperature = %d F\"%(tdew)\n", + "print \"part b\"\n", + "print \"density of water = %.6f lbm/ft**3\"%(rhow)\n", + "print \"\\n in case 2, density of water = %.6f lbm/ft**3\"%(rhow2)\n", + "print \"\\n density of air = %.6f lbm/ft**3\"%(rhoa)\n", + "print \"part c\"\n", + "print \"specific humidity = %.4f lbm steam/lbm air\"%(w)\n", + "print \"part d\"\n", + "print \"In method 1, Degree of saturation = %.3f\"%(mu)\n", + "print \"\\n In method 2, Degree of saturation = %.3f\"%(mu2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:14.2 Pg:659" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "change in moisture content = 0.008857 lbm water/lbm dry air\n", + "\n", + " in grains, change = 62.00 grains water/lbm dry air\n", + "The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "p=14.696 #psia\n", + "ps=0.0808 #psia\n", + "ps2=0.5069 #psia\n", + "phi2=0.5\n", + "phi=0.6\n", + "grain=7000\n", + "#calculations\n", + "pw=phi*ps\n", + "w1=0.622*pw/(p-pw)\n", + "pw2=phi2*ps2\n", + "w2=0.622*pw2/(p-pw2)\n", + "dw=w2-w1\n", + "dwg=dw*grain\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"change in moisture content = %.6f lbm water/lbm dry air\"%(dw)\n", + "print \"\\n in grains, change = %.2f grains water/lbm dry air\"%(dwg)\n", + "print \"The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:14.3 Pg:660" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From steam tables,\n", + "\n", + " humidity ratio = 0.0064 lbm/lbm dry air\n", + "\n", + " relative humidity = 29.7 percent\n", + "\n", + " Dew point = 46 F\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "t1=80 #F\n", + "t2=60 #F\n", + "p=14.696 #psia\n", + "ps=0.507 #psia\n", + "pss=0.256 #psia\n", + "cp=0.24\n", + "print \"From steam tables,\"\n", + "#calculations\n", + "ws=0.622*pss/(p-pss)\n", + "w=(cp*(t2-t1) + ws*1060)/(1060+ 0.45*(t1-t2))\n", + "pw=w*p/(0.622+w)\n", + "phi=pw/ps\n", + "td=46 #F\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"\\n humidity ratio = %.4f lbm/lbm dry air\"%(w)\n", + "print \"\\n relative humidity = %.1f percent\"%(phi*100)\n", + "print \"\\n Dew point = %d F\"%(td)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:14.4 Pg:661" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "In case 1, enthalpy = 26.32 Btu/lbm dry air\n", + "\n", + " In case 1, sigma function = 26.14 Btu/lbm dry air\n", + "\n", + " In case 2, enthalpy = 26.47 Btu/lbm dry air\n", + "\n", + " In case 2, sigma function = 26.15 Btu/lbm dry air\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "W=0.0065 #lbm/lbm of dry air\n", + "t=80 #F\n", + "td=60 #F\n", + "#calculations\n", + "H=0.24*t+W*(1060+0.45*t)\n", + "sig=H-W*(td-32)\n", + "Ws=0.0111\n", + "H2=0.24*td+Ws*(1060+0.45*td)\n", + "sig2=H2-Ws*(td-32)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"In case 1, enthalpy = %.2f Btu/lbm dry air\"%(H)\n", + "print \"\\n In case 1, sigma function = %.2f Btu/lbm dry air\"%(sig)\n", + "print \"\\n In case 2, enthalpy = %.2f Btu/lbm dry air\"%(H2)\n", + "print \"\\n In case 2, sigma function = %.2f Btu/lbm dry air\"%(sig2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:14.5 Pg:662" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "In case 1, Enthalpy = 9.41 Btu/lbm dry air\n", + "\n", + " In case 2, Enthalpy = 31.15 Btu/lbm dry air\n", + "\n", + " Heat added = 21.49 Btu/lbm dry air\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "t1=30 #F\n", + "t2=60 #F\n", + "t3=80 #F\n", + "W1=0.00206\n", + "W2=0.01090\n", + "#calculations\n", + "cm1=0.24+0.45*W1\n", + "H1=cm1*t1+W1*1060\n", + "cm2=0.24+0.45*W2\n", + "H2=cm2*t3+W2*1060\n", + "hf=t2-32\n", + "dq=H2-H1-(W2-W1)*hf\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"In case 1, Enthalpy = %.2f Btu/lbm dry air\"%(H1)\n", + "print \"\\n In case 2, Enthalpy = %.2f Btu/lbm dry air\"%(H2)\n", + "print \"\\n Heat added = %.2f Btu/lbm dry air\"%(dq)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:14.6 Pg:663" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "using psychrometric charts,\n", + "part a\n", + "partial pressure of water = 0.15 psia\n", + "\n", + " dew temperature = 46 F\n", + "part b\n", + "density of water = 0.000000 lbm/ft**3\n", + "\n", + " density of air = 0.0728 lbm/ft**3\n", + "part c\n", + "specific humidity = 0.00657 lbm water/lbm air\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "pw=0.15#psia\n", + "print \"using psychrometric charts,\"\n", + "tdew=46 #F\n", + "#calculations\n", + "va=13.74 #ft**3/lbm dry air\n", + "rhoa=1/va\n", + "V=13.74\n", + "mw=46/7000\n", + "rhow=mw/V\n", + "w=0.00657\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"part a\"\n", + "print \"partial pressure of water = %.2f psia\"%(pw)\n", + "print \"\\n dew temperature = %d F\"%(tdew)\n", + "print \"part b\"\n", + "print \"density of water = %.6f lbm/ft**3\"%(rhow)\n", + "print \"\\n density of air = %.4f lbm/ft**3\"%(rhoa)\n", + "print \"part c\"\n", + "print \"specific humidity = %.5f lbm water/lbm air\"%(w)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:14.7 Pg:664" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From humidity charts,\n", + "Enthalpy change = 21.53 Btu/lbm dry air\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "W1=0.00206 #lbm/lbm dry air\n", + "W2=0.01090 #lbm/lbm dry air\n", + "t=60 #F\n", + "print \"From humidity charts,\"\n", + "#calculations\n", + "dw=W1-W2\n", + "hs=144.4\n", + "hs2=66.8-32\n", + "w1=14.4 #Btu/lbm\n", + "ws1=20 #Btu/lbm\n", + "w2=76.3 #Btu/lbm\n", + "ws2=98.5 #Btu/lbm\n", + "dwh1=-(w1-ws1)/7000 *hs\n", + "H1=9.3+dwh1\n", + "dwh2=(w2-ws2)/7000 *hs2\n", + "H2=31.3+dwh2\n", + "dwc=dw*(t-32)\n", + "dq=H2-H1+dwc\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Enthalpy change = %.2f Btu/lbm dry air\"%(dq)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:14.8 Pg:665" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From psychrometric charts at 50 F and 80 F,\n", + "The two initial states have been multiplied by 108/262 and distance 2-3 is located\n", + "humidity = 0.83 \n", + "\n", + " Temperature = 62.5 F\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "print \"From psychrometric charts at 50 F and 80 F,\"\n", + "va1=13 #ft**3/lbm dry air\n", + "va2=13.88 #ft**3/lbm dry air\n", + "flow=2000 #cfm\n", + "#calculations\n", + "ma1= flow/va1\n", + "ma2=flow/va2\n", + "print \"The two initial states have been multiplied by 108/262 and distance 2-3 is located\"\n", + "t=62.5# F\n", + "phi=0.83 #percent\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"humidity = %.2f \"%(phi)\n", + "print \"\\n Temperature = %.1f F\"%(t)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:14.9 Pg:666" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "from psychrometric charts,\n", + "Dry bulb temperature = 71.76 F\n", + "\n", + " percent humidity = 0.80\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "t=90 #F\n", + "ts=67.2 #F\n", + "phi=0.3\n", + "per=0.8\n", + "#calculations\n", + "dep=t-ts\n", + "dt=dep*per\n", + "tf=t-dt\n", + "print \"from psychrometric charts,\"\n", + "phi2=0.8\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Dry bulb temperature = %.2f F\"%(tf)\n", + "print \"\\n percent humidity = %.2f\"%(phi2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:14.10 Pg:667" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From psychrometric charts,\n", + "cooling range = 25 F\n", + "\n", + " Approach = 10 F\n", + "\n", + " amount of water cooled per pound of dry air = 1.216 lbm dry air/lbm dry air\n", + "\n", + " percentage of water lost by evaporation = 2.12 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "m=1 #lbm\n", + "t1=100 #F\n", + "t2=75 #F\n", + "db=65 #F\n", + "print \"From psychrometric charts,\"\n", + "t11=82 #F\n", + "phi1=0.4\n", + "H1=30 #Btu/lbm dry air\n", + "w1=65 #grains/lbm dry air\n", + "w2=250 #grains/lbm dry air\n", + "#calculations\n", + "cr=t1-t2\n", + "appr=t2-db\n", + "dmf3=(w2-w1)*0.0001427\n", + "hf3=68\n", + "hf4=43\n", + "H2=62.2\n", + "H1=30\n", + "mf4= (H1-H2+ dmf3*hf3)/(hf4-hf3)\n", + "per=dmf3/(dmf3+mf4)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"cooling range = %d F\"%(cr)\n", + "print \"\\n Approach = %d F\"%(appr)\n", + "print \"\\n amount of water cooled per pound of dry air = %.3f lbm dry air/lbm dry air\"%(mf4)\n", + "print \"\\n percentage of water lost by evaporation = %.2f percent\"%(per*100)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:14.11 Pg:668" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "flow rate of air = 449820 lbm/hr.It is equal to 99960 cfm\n", + "\n", + " Total heat transferred = 13494600 Btu/hr\n", + "\n", + " Enthalpy = 30.0 Btu/lbm dry air\n", + "\n", + " Using second method, Enthalpy = 30.0 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " Performance factor = 3.309 \n", + "\n", + " logrithamic mean enthalpy difference = 2.48 . Estimated low percentage = 25 low\n", + "The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "mfr=1\n", + "water=900 #gallons\n", + "t2=110 #F\n", + "t1=80 #F\n", + "cp1=1\n", + "#calculations\n", + "mfa=mfr*water*8.33*60\n", + "mfc=mfa/(60*0.075)\n", + "qa=mfa*(t2-t1)\n", + "dH=qa/(mfc*4.5)\n", + "dH2=mfr*cp1*(t2-t1)\n", + "H1=23.73\n", + "H2=5.08\n", + "f=3.309\n", + "lnmean=(H1-H2)/log(H1/H2)\n", + "dtt=(t2-t1)/lnmean\n", + "per=25\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"flow rate of air = %d lbm/hr.It is equal to %d cfm\"%(mfa,mfc)\n", + "print \"\\n Total heat transferred = %d Btu/hr\"%(qa)\n", + "print \"\\n Enthalpy = %.1f Btu/lbm dry air\"%(dH)\n", + "print \"\\n Using second method, Enthalpy = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(dH2)\n", + "print \"\\n Performance factor = %.3f \"%(f)\n", + "print \"\\n logrithamic mean enthalpy difference = %.2f . Estimated low percentage = %d low\"%(dtt,per)\n", + "print \"The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook.\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch15.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch15.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0309850b --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch15.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,349 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 15 Vapor cycle and processes" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:15.1 Pg:697" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "from steam tables,\n", + "Thermal efficiency = 45 percent\n", + "\n", + " Furnace efficiency = 33.8 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "p1=600 #psia\n", + "p2=0.2563 #psia\n", + "t1=486.21 #F\n", + "t2=60 #F\n", + "fur=0.75\n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"from steam tables,\"\n", + "h1=1203.2\n", + "hf1=471.6\n", + "hfg1=731.6\n", + "h2=1088\n", + "hf2=28.06\n", + "hfg2=1059.9\n", + "s1=1.4454\n", + "sf1=0.6720\n", + "sfg1=0.7734\n", + "s2=2.0948\n", + "sf2=0.0555\n", + "sfg2=2.0393\n", + "xd=(s1-sf2)/sfg2\n", + "hd=hf2+xd*hfg2\n", + "xa=0.3023\n", + "ha=hf2+xa*hfg2\n", + "wbc=0\n", + "wda=0\n", + "wcd=h1-hd\n", + "wab=ha-hf1\n", + "W=wab+wcd+wbc+wda\n", + "Wrev=hfg1- (t2+459.7)*sfg1\n", + "etat=(t1-t2)/(t1+459.7)\n", + "eta=fur*etat\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Thermal efficiency = %d percent\"%(etat*100)\n", + "print \"\\n Furnace efficiency = %.1f percent\"%(eta*100)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:15.2 Pg:698" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Thermal efficiency = 22.8 percent\n", + "\n", + " Overall efficiency = 17.1 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "dhab=-123.1\n", + "etac=0.5\n", + "ha=348.5\n", + "etaf=0.75\n", + "eta=0.85\n", + "hf=471.6\n", + "hfg=731.6\n", + "hc=1203.2\n", + "dhcd=452.7\n", + "#calculations\n", + "dwabs=dhab/etac\n", + "hbd=ha-dwabs\n", + "dwcds=dhcd*eta\n", + "dqa=hc-hbd\n", + "etat=(dwcds+dwabs)/dqa\n", + "eta=etat*etaf\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Thermal efficiency = %.1f percent\"%(etat*100)\n", + "print \"\\n Overall efficiency = %.1f percent\"%(eta*100)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:15.3 Pg:699" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From steam tables,\n", + "Thermal efficiency = 38.4 percent\n", + "\n", + " Overall efficiency = 32.7 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "t=60 #F\n", + "J=778.16\n", + "p1=600 #psia\n", + "p2=0.2563 #psia\n", + "etaf=0.85 \n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"From steam tables,\"\n", + "vf=0.01604 #ft**3/lbm\n", + "dw=-vf*(p1-p2)*144/J\n", + "ha=28.06 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hb=29.84 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hd=1203.2 #Btu/lbm\n", + "he=750.5 #Btu/lbm\n", + "dqa=hd-hb\n", + "dqr=ha-he\n", + "dw=dqa+dqr\n", + "dwturb=hd-he\n", + "dwpump=ha-hb\n", + "etat=dw/dqa\n", + "eta=etat*etaf\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Thermal efficiency = %.1f percent\"%(etat*100)\n", + "print \"\\n Overall efficiency = %.1f percent\"%(eta*100)\n", + " " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:15.4 Pg:699" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Thermal efficiency = 32.5 percent\n", + "\n", + " Overall efficiency = 27.7 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "dhab=-1.78\n", + "etac=0.5\n", + "ha=28.06\n", + "eta=0.85\n", + "hf=471.6\n", + "hfg=731.6\n", + "hd=1203.2\n", + "dhcd=452.7\n", + "#calculations\n", + "dwabs=dhab/etac\n", + "hbd=ha-dwabs\n", + "dwcds=dhcd*eta\n", + "dqa=hd-hbd\n", + "etat=(dwcds+dwabs)/dqa\n", + "eta=etat*eta\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Thermal efficiency = %.1f percent\"%(etat*100)\n", + "print \"\\n Overall efficiency = %.1f percent\"%(eta*100)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:15.5 Pg:700" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Thermal efficiency in case 1= 46.5 percent\n", + "\n", + " Thermal efficiency in case 1= 40.9 percent\n", + "\n", + " High pressure work = 187.8 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " Low pressure work = 451.5 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " Net work = 639.3 Btu/lbm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "sh=1.6070\n", + "ph=94.8 #psia\n", + "th=324 #F\n", + "tr=60 #F\n", + "hh=1186.2 \n", + "pi=94.8 #psia\n", + "hi=1399.5\n", + "si=1.8265\n", + "#calculations\n", + "Q=hi-hh\n", + "Hr=-(tr+459.7)*(si-sh)\n", + "work= Q+Hr\n", + "eff=work/Q\n", + "Qa1=1557.5\n", + "W1=637.1 \n", + "etat=W1/Qa1\n", + "he=1374\n", + "hj=948\n", + "Whp=he-hh\n", + "Wlp=hi-hj\n", + "Wnet=Whp+Wlp\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Thermal efficiency in case 1= %.1f percent\"%(eff*100)\n", + "print \"\\n Thermal efficiency in case 1= %.1f percent\"%(etat*100)\n", + "print \"\\n High pressure work = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(Whp)\n", + "print \"\\n Low pressure work = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(Wlp)\n", + "print \"\\n Net work = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(Wnet)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:15.6 Pg:701" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "thermal efficiency = 42.6 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "p2=600 #psia\n", + "p1=44 #psia\n", + "te=486.21 #F\n", + "tb=273.1 #F\n", + "J=778.16\n", + "p3=0.25 #psia\n", + "#calculations\n", + "hc=241.9\n", + "hj=834.6\n", + "y=1-0.805\n", + "v1=0.0172\n", + "v2=0.016\n", + "ha=28.06\n", + "hd=hc+v1*(p2-p1)*144/J\n", + "hb=ha+v2*(p1-p3)*144/J\n", + "hh=1374\n", + "Qa=hh-hd\n", + "Qr=(ha-hj)*(1-y)\n", + "etat=(Qa+Qr)/Qa\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"thermal efficiency = %.1f percent\"%(etat*100)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch16.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch16.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..5fcd8569 --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch16.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,797 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 16 Combustion" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.1 Pg:738" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Molecule is C7 H17\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "per=85\n", + "#calculations\n", + "a=per/12\n", + "b=100-per\n", + "ad=1.13*a\n", + "bd=1.13*b\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Molecule is C%d H%d\"%(ad,bd+1)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.2 Pg:738" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Oxygen = 8.74 and Nitrogen = 32.90\n", + "\n", + "Equation is C7.333 H6 + 8.74 O2 + 32.85 N2 = 7.333 CO2 + 3 H2O + 0.03120 SO2 + 32.90 N2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "per=0.071 #mass fraction of nitrogen\n", + "#calculations\n", + "O2=8.74\n", + "N2=per/2 + 3.76*O2\n", + "Nin=32.85\n", + "CO2=7.333\n", + "H2o=3\n", + "So2=0.0312\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Oxygen = %.2f and Nitrogen = %.2f\"%(O2,N2)\n", + "print \"\\nEquation is C%.3f H%d + %.2f O2 + %.2f N2 = %.3f CO2 + %d H2O + %.5f SO2 + %.2f N2\"%(CO2,2*H2o,O2,Nin,CO2,H2o,So2,N2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.3 Pg:739" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Air fuel ratio = 12.06 lbm air/lbm fuel\n", + "\n", + "In dry air, Air-fuel ratio = 9.9 lbm air/lbm fuel as fired\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "M=29\n", + "m1=8.74\n", + "m2=32.85\n", + "fuel=100 #lbm\n", + "#calculations\n", + "mass=M*(m1+m2)\n", + "AF=mass/fuel\n", + "a2=9.75\n", + "b2=12.19\n", + "AF2=mass/(fuel+a2+b2)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Air fuel ratio = %.2f lbm air/lbm fuel\"%(AF)\n", + "print \"\\nIn dry air, Air-fuel ratio = %.1f lbm air/lbm fuel as fired\"%(AF2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.4 Pg:740" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Mass of dry flue gases = 12.50 lbm dry flue gas/lbm fuel ash and moisture free\n", + "\n", + " Mass of dry flue gases = 10.25 lbm dry flue gas/lbm fuel as fired \n", + "\n", + " Energy carried away = 187079.8 btu/mol coal as fired which is same as = 1534.2 Btu/lbm mol coal \n", + "The answers are a bit different due to rounding off errors in textbook\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "m1=322.3 #Mass of Co2\n", + "m2=2 #Mass of SO2\n", + "m3=926 #Mass of N2\n", + "basis=121.94 #Basis taken\n", + "#calculations\n", + "m=m1+m2+m3\n", + "ratio=m/basis\n", + "dh=5777 #Btu/mol\n", + "h1=dh*7.364\n", + "h2=14037\n", + "h3=130501\n", + "H=h1+h2+h3\n", + "hrat=H/basis\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Mass of dry flue gases = %.2f lbm dry flue gas/lbm fuel ash and moisture free\"%(m/100)\n", + "print \"\\n Mass of dry flue gases = %.2f lbm dry flue gas/lbm fuel as fired \"%(ratio)\n", + "print \"\\n Energy carried away = %.1f btu/mol coal as fired which is same as = %.1f Btu/lbm mol coal \"%(H, hrat)\n", + "print \"The answers are a bit different due to rounding off errors in textbook\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.6 Pg:741" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Final orsat composition is 1 CO2 + 0.22 H20 + 7.52 N2\n", + "\n", + " Percentage of co2 on a wet basis = 11.4 percent\n", + "\n", + " percentage of co2 on a dry basis = 11.74 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "p=14.7 #psia\n", + "ps=0.363 #psia\n", + "n2=7.52 #moles\n", + "n1=1 #moles\n", + "#calculations\n", + "x= (n1+n2)*ps/p /(1-ps/p)\n", + "n=n1+n2+x\n", + "y1=n1/n\n", + "y2=n1/(n1+n2)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Final orsat composition is %d CO2 + %.2f H20 + %.2f N2\"%(n1, x, n2)\n", + "print \"\\n Percentage of co2 on a wet basis = %.1f percent\"%(y1*100)\n", + "print \"\\n percentage of co2 on a dry basis = %.2f percent\"%(y2*100)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.7 Pg:742" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Air fuel ratio = 11.3 lbm air/lbm fuel\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "N2=78.1\n", + "M=29\n", + "co2=8.7\n", + "co=8.9\n", + "x4=0.3\n", + "x5=3.7\n", + "x6=14.7\n", + "#calculations\n", + "O2=N2/3.76\n", + "Z=(co2+co+x4)/8\n", + "AF=(O2+N2)*M/(Z*113)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Air fuel ratio = %.1f lbm air/lbm fuel\"%(AF)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.8 Pg:743" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 11, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Air fuel ratio = 10.2 lbm air/lbm fuel as fired\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "basis=100 #lbm\n", + "x1=0.6\n", + "ash=12 #lbm\n", + "N2=79.7\n", + "M=29\n", + "#calculations\n", + "x=ash/x1\n", + "C=(1-x1)*x\n", + "O2=N2/3.76\n", + "a= (14.6+0.2)/(5.83-0.66)\n", + "AF=(O2+N2)*M/(a*100)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Air fuel ratio = %.1f lbm air/lbm fuel as fired\"%(AF)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.9 Pg:744" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 12, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Air fuel ratio = 11.4 lbm air/lbm fuel\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "N2=78.1 #Moles of Nitrogen\n", + "M=29 #Molar mass of Air\n", + "ba=2.12 #Basis\n", + "x4=0.3 #Moles of Ch4\n", + "x5=3.7 #Moles of H2\n", + "x6=14.7 #moles of H2o\n", + "#calculations\n", + "O2=N2/3.76\n", + "O2=N2/3.76\n", + "Z=(x4*4+x5*2+x6*2)/17\n", + "AF=(O2+N2)*M/(Z*113)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Air fuel ratio = %.1f lbm air/lbm fuel\"%(AF)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.10 Pg:745" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 13, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Air fuel ratio = 11.3 lbm air/lbm fuel\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "N2=78.1 #Moles of Nitrogen\n", + "M=29 #Molar mass of Air\n", + "ba=2.12 #Basis\n", + "x4=0.3 #Moles of Ch4\n", + "x5=3.7 #Moles of H2\n", + "x6=14.7 #moles of H2o\n", + "#calculations\n", + "O2=N2/3.76\n", + "c=14.7\n", + "b= x4*4 + x5*2 + x6*2\n", + "a=b/ba\n", + "AF=(O2+N2)*M/(a*12 + b)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Air fuel ratio = %.1f lbm air/lbm fuel\"%(AF)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.11 Pg:746" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 14, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Air fuel ratio = 11.3 lbm air/lbm fuel\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "co2=8.7 #Moles of CO2\n", + "co=8.9 #Moles of CO\n", + "N2=78.1 #Moles of Nitrogen\n", + "M=29 #Molar mass of Air\n", + "ba=2.12 #Basis\n", + "x4=0.3 #Moles of Ch4\n", + "x5=3.7 #Moles of H2\n", + "x6=14.7 #moles of H2o\n", + "#calculations\n", + "O2=N2/3.76\n", + "c=14.7\n", + "Z=2.238\n", + "X=(Z*17-x4*4-x5*2)/2\n", + "a=co2+co/2+x4+x6/2\n", + "b=3.764*a\n", + "AF=(O2+N2)*M/(Z*113)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Air fuel ratio = %.1f lbm air/lbm fuel\"%(AF)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.12 Pg:747" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 15, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Air fuel ratio = 11.37\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "x1=8.7 #Moles of Co2\n", + "x2=8.9 #Moles of CO\n", + "x3=0.3 #Moles of O2\n", + "N=78.1 #Moles of N2\n", + "z=113 #Af factor\n", + "M=29 #Molar mass of air\n", + "#calculations\n", + "co2=(x1+x2+x3)*100/(N+x1+x2+x3)\n", + "a=2.325\n", + "AF=103*M/(a*z)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Air fuel ratio = %.2f\"%(AF)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.13 Pg:748" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 17, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Nitrogen = 87.1 percent\n", + "\n", + "Equation is a(96 CH4 + 3 H2+ 1 CO) + 87.1/3.76 O2 + 87.1 N2 = 10.8 CO2 + 1.2 CO + 0.6 H2 + 0.3 CH4 + 87.1 N2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "co=1.2 #Moles of CO\n", + "co2=10.8 #Moles of CO2\n", + "#calculations\n", + "H2=co/2\n", + "ch4=0.3\n", + "N2=88-H2-ch4\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Nitrogen = %.1f percent\"%(N2)\n", + "print \"\\nEquation is a(96 CH4 + 3 H2+ 1 CO) + %.1f/3.76 O2 + %.1f N2 = %.1f CO2 + %.1f CO + %.1f H2 + %.1f CH4 + %.1f N2\"%(N2,N2,co2,co,H2,ch4,N2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.14 Pg:748" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 18, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Higher heating value = -2363996 Btu\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "dH=-2369859 #Btu\n", + "r=1.986 #Gas constant\n", + "dn=5.5 #Change in number of moles\n", + "T=536.7 #R\n", + "#calculations\n", + "dQ=dH+dn*r*T\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Higher heating value = %d Btu\"%(dQ)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.15 Pg:749" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 19, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "from steam tables,\n", + "Lower heating value = -2203398 Btu/lbm\n", + "The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "M2=18 #Molar mass of water\n", + "M=170 #Molar mass of octane\n", + "p=0.4593 #Pressure of octane #psia\n", + "print \"from steam tables,\"\n", + "vfg=694.9 \n", + "J=778.2\n", + "m=9*18 #Mass of water\n", + "u1=-2363996 #Btu\n", + "#calculations\n", + "hfg=1050.4 #Btu/lbm\n", + "ufg= hfg- p*vfg*144/J\n", + "dU=ufg*m \n", + "Lhv=u1+dU\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Lower heating value = %d Btu/lbm\"%(Lhv)\n", + "print \"The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.16 Pg:750" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 20, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From Table B-10,\n", + "Heat of reaction = -2202154 Btu\n", + "The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "n1=8 #Moles of CO2\n", + "n2=9 #Moles of H2O\n", + "n3=1 #Moles of Octane\n", + "n4=12.5 #Moles of Oxygen\n", + "print \"From Table B-10,\"\n", + "U11=3852 #Internal energy at 1000 R of CO2\n", + "U12=115 #Internal energy at 537 R of CO2\n", + "U21=3009 #Internal energy at 1000 R of H2O\n", + "U22=101 #Internal energy at 537 R of H2O\n", + "U31=24773 #Internal energy at 1000 R of Octane\n", + "U32=640 #Internal energy at 537 R of Octane\n", + "U41=2539 #Internal energy at 1000 R of Oxygen\n", + "U42=83 #Internal energy at 537 R of Oxygen\n", + "H=-2203389 #heat Btu\n", + "#calculations\n", + "dU1=n1*(U11-U12)+n2*(U21-U22)\n", + "dU2=n3*(U31-U32)+n4*(U41-U42)\n", + "Q=H+dU1-dU2\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Heat of reaction = %d Btu\"%(Q)\n", + "print \"The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook.\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.17 Pg:751" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 21, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "from table B-10,\n", + "Upon interpolating, T2 = 5271 R\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "n1=8 #Moles of CO2\n", + "n2=9 #Moles of H2O\n", + "n3=47 #Moles of N2\n", + "print \"from table B-10,\"\n", + "h1=118 #Enthalpy of CO2\n", + "h2=104 #Enthalpy of H2O\n", + "h3=82.5 #Enthalpy of N2\n", + "Q=2203279 #Btu\n", + "#calculations\n", + "U11=n1*h1+n2*h2+n3*h3\n", + "U12=U11+Q\n", + "T2=5271 #R\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Upon interpolating, T2 = %d R\"%(T2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.18 Pg:752" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 23, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "In case 1, Equilibrium constant = 38.5 \n", + "\n", + "In case 2, Equilibrium constant = 1480.1 \n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "n1=0.95\n", + "n2=0.05\n", + "n3=0.025\n", + "P=147 #psia\n", + "pa=14.7 #psia\n", + "#calculations\n", + "n=n1+n2+n3\n", + "p1=n1/n *P/pa\n", + "p2=n2/n *P/pa\n", + "p3=n3/n *P/pa\n", + "Kp1= p1/(p2*p3**0.5)\n", + "Kp2= p1**2 /(p2**2 *p3)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"In case 1, Equilibrium constant = %.1f \"%(Kp1)\n", + "print \"\\nIn case 2, Equilibrium constant = %.1f \"%(Kp2)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:16.19 Pg:753" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 38, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "percentage of dissociation = 34.3 percent\n", + "\n", + " If pressure =10 . Degree of dissociation = 18 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from sympy.abc import x,y\n", + "from sympy import solve,N\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "kp=5 \n", + "#calculations\n", + "vec=solve(24*x**3 + 3*x-2,x)\n", + "x=N(vec[2],6)\n", + "vec2=solve(249*y**3 +3*y-2,y)\n", + "y=N(vec2[2],6)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"percentage of dissociation = %.1f percent\"%(x*100)\n", + "print \"\\n If pressure =10 . Degree of dissociation = %d percent\"%(y*100)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Ex:16.20 Pg:754" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 41, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Extent of reaction= 78 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from sympy.abc import x,y\n", + "from sympy import solve,N\n", + "\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "vec=solve(24*x**3 +48*x**2 + 7*x -4,x)\n", + "x=N(vec[1],6) *100\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Extent of reaction= %d percent\"%(100-x)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch17.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch17.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9b54ad03 --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch17.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 17 Gas cycles and processes" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:17.1 Pg:768" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "\n", + " Thermal efficiency = 14.9 percent\n", + "\n", + " Moles of fuel burned per mol of air = 0.00177 mol fuel/mol air\n", + "\n", + " Mass ratio in pounds = 0.00866 lbm fuel/lbm air\n", + "\n", + " Air fuel ratio = 115 lbm air/lbm fuel\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "ha=1033 #Btu/mol air\n", + "hbd=2992 #Btu/mol air\n", + "hc=7823 #Btu/mol air\n", + "hdd=5142 #Btu/mol air\n", + "Hv=2733000 #Btu/mol\n", + "M=29\n", + "#calculations\n", + "Wt=hc-hdd\n", + "Wc=ha-hbd\n", + "Net=Wt+Wc\n", + "Heat=hc-hbd\n", + "etat=Net*100/Heat\n", + "molair=Heat/Hv\n", + "mr=molair*142/M\n", + "Af=1/mr\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"\\n Thermal efficiency = %.1f percent\"%(etat)\n", + "print \"\\n Moles of fuel burned per mol of air = %.5f mol fuel/mol air\"%(molair)\n", + "print \"\\n Mass ratio in pounds = %.5f lbm fuel/lbm air\"%(mr)\n", + "print \"\\n Air fuel ratio = %d lbm air/lbm fuel\"%(Af)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch2.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch2.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..30c440b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch2.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 2 Fundamental Concepts" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:2.1 Pg:34" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Potential energy = 3217.39 ft-lbm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "z=100 #ft\n", + "m=32.1739 #lbm\n", + "#calculations\n", + "PE=m*z\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Potential energy = %.2f ft-lbm\"%(PE)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:2.2 Pg:35" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Absolute energy of this mixture = 5.40e+17 ft-lbf\n", + "\n", + " In case b, there is no change in mass\n", + "\n", + " Change in mass = -3.15e-09 lbm\n", + "The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook.\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "m0=18.016 #lbm\n", + "gc=32.1739 #lbm ft/lbf sec**2\n", + "c=186000*5280\n", + "dU=94.4*10**6 #ft-lbf\n", + "#calculations\n", + "U=m0/gc *c**2\n", + "dm= -dU*gc/c**2\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Absolute energy of this mixture = %.2e ft-lbf\"%(U)\n", + "print \"\\n In case b, there is no change in mass\"\n", + "print \"\\n Change in mass = %.2e lbm\"%(dm)\n", + "print \"The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook.\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch3.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch3.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9ac141c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch3.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 3 Temperature and the ideal gas" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:3.2 Pg:59 " + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Volume = 379.5 ft**3/mol\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "p=14.7 #psia\n", + "R0=1545 \n", + "t=460 +60 #R\n", + "#calculations\n", + "v=R0*t/(p*144)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Volume = %.1f ft**3/mol\"%(v)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:3.3 Pg:59" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "density of nitrogen = 0.0932 lbm/ft**3\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "p=20.0 #psia\n", + "R0=1545.0 \n", + "t=460 +100 #R\n", + "M=28\n", + "#calculations\n", + "v=R0*t/(p*144*M)\n", + "rho=1/v\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"density of nitrogen = %.4f lbm/ft**3\"%(rho)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch5.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch5.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..576e9b60 --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch5.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 5 The first law and the dynamic open system" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:5.2 Pg:105" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "work done by the system = -9.7 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " Power = -48.6 Btu/s\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "## Initialization of variables\n", + "rate= 5 #lbm/sec\n", + "Q=50 #Btu/s\n", + "h2=1020 #Btu/lbm\n", + "h1=1000 #Btu/lbm\n", + "V2=50 #ft/s\n", + "V1=100 #ft/s\n", + "J=778\n", + "g=32.2 #ft/s**2\n", + "gc=g\n", + "Z2=0\n", + "Z1=100 #ft\n", + "#calculations\n", + "dw=Q/rate -(h2-h1) -(V2**2- V1**2)/(2*gc*J) -g/gc *(Z2-Z1)/J\n", + "power=dw*rate\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"work done by the system = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(dw)\n", + "print \"\\n Power = %.1f Btu/s\"%(power)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:5.3 Pg:106" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Area of inlet pipe = 0.75 ft**2\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "V=100.0 #ft/s\n", + "v=15 #lbm/ft**3\n", + "m=5 #lbm/s\n", + "#calculations\n", + "A=m*v/V\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Area of inlet pipe = %.2f ft**2\"%(A)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:5.4 Pg:106" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From table B-4\n", + "Final temperature of the steam = 540 F\n", + "\n", + " Change in temperature = 212 F\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "P=100.0 #psia\n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"From table B-4\"\n", + "h=1187.2 #Btu/lbm\n", + "t1=328 #F\n", + "t2=540 #F\n", + "dt=t2-t1\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Final temperature of the steam = %d F\"%(t2)\n", + "print \"\\n Change in temperature = %d F\"%(dt)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch7.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch7.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..54e86231 --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch7.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,172 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 7 The second law" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:7.2 Pg:192" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Entropy in ab part = 0.1213 Btu/lbm R\n", + "\n", + " Entropy in ac part = 0.1688 Btu/lbm R\n", + "\n", + " Efficiency = 9.80 percent\n", + "The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from math import log\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "cv=0.175 #Btu/lbm R\n", + "R0=1.986\n", + "M=29\n", + "T2=1040 #R\n", + "T1=520 #R\n", + "#calculations\n", + "cp=cv+R0/M\n", + "sab=cv*log(T2/T1)\n", + "sac=cp*log(T2/T1)\n", + "dqab=cv*(T2-T1)\n", + "dqca=cp*(T1-T2)\n", + "dqrev=T2*(sac-sab)\n", + "eta=(dqab+dqrev+dqca)/(dqab+dqrev)\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Entropy in ab part = %.4f Btu/lbm R\"%(sab)\n", + "print \"\\n Entropy in ac part = %.4f Btu/lbm R\"%(sac)\n", + "print \"\\n Efficiency = %.2f percent\"%(eta*100)\n", + "print \"The answers are a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:7.3 Pg:193" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Change in entropy of the process = 0.0192 Btu/R\n", + "The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import log\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "tc=32 #F\n", + "th=80 #F\n", + "mw=5 #lbm\n", + "mi=1 #lbm\n", + "P=14.7 #psia\n", + "cp=1\n", + "#calculations\n", + "t= (-144*mi+tc*mi+th*mw)/(mw+mi)\n", + "ds1=144/(tc+460)\n", + "ds2=cp*log((460+t)/(460+tc))\n", + "dsice=ds1+ds2\n", + "dswater=mw*cp*log((t+460)/(460+th))\n", + "ds=dsice+dswater\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Change in entropy of the process = %.4f Btu/R\"%(ds)\n", + "print \"The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:7.4 Pg:194" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "Change in available energy = -3.5 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " The available energy of the isolated system decreased in the amount of -36.5 Btu/lbm\n", + "The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "from __future__ import division\n", + "from math import log\n", + "\n", + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "cp=1\n", + "T2=60 #F\n", + "T1=100 #F\n", + "ta=32 #F\n", + "#calculations\n", + "dq=cp*(T2-T1)\n", + "ds=cp*log((460+T2)/(460+T1))\n", + "dE=dq-ds*(ta+460)\n", + "dec=dq-dE\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Change in available energy = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(dE)\n", + "print \"\\n The available energy of the isolated system decreased in the amount of %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(dec)\n", + "print \"The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\"" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch9.ipynb b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch9.ipynb new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6a516fc0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/ch9.ipynb @@ -0,0 +1,440 @@ +{ + "cells": [ + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "# Chapter 9 Properties of the pure substance" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:9.1 Pg:304" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 1, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From steam tables,\n", + "Internal energy = -0.0002625 Btu/lbm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "T=32 #F\n", + "m=1 #lbm\n", + "J=778.16\n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"From steam tables,\"\n", + "hf=0 \n", + "p=0.08854 #psia\n", + "vf=0.01602 #ft**3/lbm\n", + "u=hf-p*144*vf/J\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Internal energy = %.7f Btu/lbm\"%(u)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:9.2 Pg:305" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 2, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "from steam tables,\n", + "Change in entropy = 0.351 Btu/lbm R\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "P=40 #psia\n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"from steam tables,\"\n", + "hf=200.8 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hg=27 #Btu/lbm\n", + "T=495 #R\n", + "ds=(hf-hg)/T\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Change in entropy = %.3f Btu/lbm R\"%(ds)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:9.3 Pg:305" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 3, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From table B-14,\n", + "specific enthalpy = 36.0 Btu/lbm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "x=0.35\n", + "T=18 #F\n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"From table B-14,\"\n", + "hf=12.12 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hg=80.27 #Btu.lbm\n", + "hfg=-hf+hg\n", + "h=hf+x*hfg\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"specific enthalpy = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(h)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:9.4 Pg:306" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 4, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From table B-14,\n", + "Heat required = 49.71 Btu/lbm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "x=0.35\n", + "T=18 #F\n", + "T2=55.5 #F\n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"From table B-14,\"\n", + "hf=12.12 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hg=80.27 #Btu.lbm\n", + "hfg=-hf+hg\n", + "h=hf+x*hfg\n", + "h2=85.68 #Btu/lbm\n", + "dh=h2-h\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Heat required = %.2f Btu/lbm\"%(dh)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:9.5 Pg:307" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 5, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From mollier chart,\n", + "enthalpy = 120 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " Qulaity = 0.83\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "P=1460 #psia\n", + "T=135 #F\n", + "P2=700 #psia\n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"From mollier chart,\"\n", + "h=120 #Btu/lbm\n", + "x=0.83\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"enthalpy = %d Btu/lbm\"%(h)\n", + "print \"\\n Qulaity = %.2f\"%(x)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:9.6 Pg:307" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 6, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From table 3,\n", + "Heat transferred = 11.4 Btu/lbm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "m=1 #lbm\n", + "P1=144 #psia\n", + "P2=150 #psia\n", + "T1=360 #F\n", + "J=778.16\n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"From table 3,\"\n", + "v1=3.160 #ft**3/lbm\n", + "h1=1196.5 #Btu/lbm\n", + "u1=h1-P1*144*v1/J\n", + "h2=1211.4 #Btu/lbm\n", + "u2=h2-P2*144*v1/J\n", + "dq=u2-u1\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Heat transferred = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(dq)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:9.7 Pg:307" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 7, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From table 3,\n", + "Work done = -3.0 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " In case 2, work required = -5.0 Btu/lbm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "T1=100 #F\n", + "P2=1000 #psia\n", + "x=0.6\n", + "J=778.16\n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"From table 3,\"\n", + "v=0.01613 #ft**3/lbm\n", + "P1=0.9 #psia\n", + "wrev=-v*(P2-P1)*144/J\n", + "dv=0.000051 #ft**3/lbm\n", + "wcomp=(P2+P1)/2 *dv*144/J\n", + "wact=wrev/x\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Work done = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(wrev)\n", + "print \"\\n In case 2, work required = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(wact)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:9.8 Pg:308" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 8, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "from steam table 2,\n", + "Heat transferred = 1120.8 Btu/lbm\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "pa=1000 #atm\n", + "ta=100 #F\n", + "#calculations\n", + "hf=67.97 #Btu/lbm\n", + "w=3 #Btu/lbm\n", + "ha=hf+w\n", + "print \"from steam table 2,\"\n", + "hc=1191.8 #Btu/lbm\n", + "qrev=hc-ha\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Heat transferred = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(qrev)" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:9.9 Pg:309" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 9, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From steam tables,\n", + "Work done = 266 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " work done in case 2 = 186.8 Btu/lbm\n", + "\n", + " Final state pressure = 3 psia\n", + "The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "P1=144 #psia\n", + "T1=400 #F\n", + "y=0.7\n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"From steam tables,\"\n", + "h1=1220.4 #Btu/lbm\n", + "s1=1.6050 #Btu/lbm R\n", + "s2=1.6050 #Btu/lbm R\n", + "P2=3 #psia\n", + "sf=0.2008 #Btu/lbm R\n", + "sfg=1.6855 #Btu/lbm R\n", + "x=(s1-sf)/sfg\n", + "hf=109.37 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hfg=1013.2 #Btu/#bm\n", + "h2=hf+x*hfg\n", + "work=h1-h2\n", + "dw=y*work\n", + "h2d=h1-dw\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Work done = %d Btu/lbm\"%(work)\n", + "print \"\\n work done in case 2 = %.1f Btu/lbm\"%(dw)\n", + "print \"\\n Final state pressure = %d psia\"%(P2)\n", + "print \"The answer is a bit different due to rounding off error in textbook\"" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "markdown", + "metadata": {}, + "source": [ + "## Ex:9.10 Pg:309" + ] + }, + { + "cell_type": "code", + "execution_count": 10, + "metadata": { + "collapsed": false + }, + "outputs": [ + { + "name": "stdout", + "output_type": "stream", + "text": [ + "From steam tables,\n", + "Quality of wet steam = 99.8 percent\n" + ] + } + ], + "source": [ + "#Initialization of variables\n", + "pb=14.696 #psia\n", + "pa=150 #psia\n", + "tb=300 #F\n", + "#calculations\n", + "print \"From steam tables,\"\n", + "hb=1192.8 #Btu/lbm\n", + "ha=hb\n", + "hf=330.51 #Btu/lbm\n", + "hfg=863.6 #Btu/lbm\n", + "x=(ha-hf)/hfg\n", + "#results\n", + "print \"Quality of wet steam = %.1f percent\"%(x*100)" + ] + } + ], + "metadata": { + "kernelspec": { + "display_name": "Python 2", + "language": "python", + "name": "python2" + }, + "language_info": { + "codemirror_mode": { + "name": "ipython", + "version": 2 + }, + "file_extension": ".py", + "mimetype": "text/x-python", + "name": "python", + "nbconvert_exporter": "python", + "pygments_lexer": "ipython2", + "version": "2.7.9" + } + }, + "nbformat": 4, + "nbformat_minor": 0 +} diff --git a/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/screenshots/changeInMoisture14.png b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/screenshots/changeInMoisture14.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 00000000..bc4da4d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Thermodynamics_by_Gaggioli_and_Obert/screenshots/changeInMoisture14.png diff 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