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+r"""UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122.
+
+This module provides immutable UUID objects (class UUID) and the functions
+uuid1(), uuid3(), uuid4(), uuid5() for generating version 1, 3, 4, and 5
+UUIDs as specified in RFC 4122.
+
+If all you want is a unique ID, you should probably call uuid1() or uuid4().
+Note that uuid1() may compromise privacy since it creates a UUID containing
+the computer's network address.  uuid4() creates a random UUID.
+
+Typical usage:
+
+    >>> import uuid
+
+    # make a UUID based on the host ID and current time
+    >>> uuid.uuid1()
+    UUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e')
+
+    # make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
+    >>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
+    UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e')
+
+    # make a random UUID
+    >>> uuid.uuid4()
+    UUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da')
+
+    # make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
+    >>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
+    UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d')
+
+    # make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored)
+    >>> x = uuid.UUID('{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}')
+
+    # convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form
+    >>> str(x)
+    '00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f'
+
+    # get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID
+    >>> x.bytes
+    '\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f'
+
+    # make a UUID from a 16-byte string
+    >>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes)
+    UUID('00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f')
+"""
+
+import os
+
+__author__ = 'Ka-Ping Yee <ping@zesty.ca>'
+
+RESERVED_NCS, RFC_4122, RESERVED_MICROSOFT, RESERVED_FUTURE = [
+    'reserved for NCS compatibility', 'specified in RFC 4122',
+    'reserved for Microsoft compatibility', 'reserved for future definition']
+
+class UUID(object):
+    """Instances of the UUID class represent UUIDs as specified in RFC 4122.
+    UUID objects are immutable, hashable, and usable as dictionary keys.
+    Converting a UUID to a string with str() yields something in the form
+    '12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc'.  The UUID constructor accepts
+    five possible forms: a similar string of hexadecimal digits, or a tuple
+    of six integer fields (with 32-bit, 16-bit, 16-bit, 8-bit, 8-bit, and
+    48-bit values respectively) as an argument named 'fields', or a string
+    of 16 bytes (with all the integer fields in big-endian order) as an
+    argument named 'bytes', or a string of 16 bytes (with the first three
+    fields in little-endian order) as an argument named 'bytes_le', or a
+    single 128-bit integer as an argument named 'int'.
+
+    UUIDs have these read-only attributes:
+
+        bytes       the UUID as a 16-byte string (containing the six
+                    integer fields in big-endian byte order)
+
+        bytes_le    the UUID as a 16-byte string (with time_low, time_mid,
+                    and time_hi_version in little-endian byte order)
+
+        fields      a tuple of the six integer fields of the UUID,
+                    which are also available as six individual attributes
+                    and two derived attributes:
+
+            time_low                the first 32 bits of the UUID
+            time_mid                the next 16 bits of the UUID
+            time_hi_version         the next 16 bits of the UUID
+            clock_seq_hi_variant    the next 8 bits of the UUID
+            clock_seq_low           the next 8 bits of the UUID
+            node                    the last 48 bits of the UUID
+
+            time                    the 60-bit timestamp
+            clock_seq               the 14-bit sequence number
+
+        hex         the UUID as a 32-character hexadecimal string
+
+        int         the UUID as a 128-bit integer
+
+        urn         the UUID as a URN as specified in RFC 4122
+
+        variant     the UUID variant (one of the constants RESERVED_NCS,
+                    RFC_4122, RESERVED_MICROSOFT, or RESERVED_FUTURE)
+
+        version     the UUID version number (1 through 5, meaningful only
+                    when the variant is RFC_4122)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, hex=None, bytes=None, bytes_le=None, fields=None,
+                       int=None, version=None):
+        r"""Create a UUID from either a string of 32 hexadecimal digits,
+        a string of 16 bytes as the 'bytes' argument, a string of 16 bytes
+        in little-endian order as the 'bytes_le' argument, a tuple of six
+        integers (32-bit time_low, 16-bit time_mid, 16-bit time_hi_version,
+        8-bit clock_seq_hi_variant, 8-bit clock_seq_low, 48-bit node) as
+        the 'fields' argument, or a single 128-bit integer as the 'int'
+        argument.  When a string of hex digits is given, curly braces,
+        hyphens, and a URN prefix are all optional.  For example, these
+        expressions all yield the same UUID:
+
+        UUID('{12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678}')
+        UUID('12345678123456781234567812345678')
+        UUID('urn:uuid:12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678')
+        UUID(bytes='\x12\x34\x56\x78'*4)
+        UUID(bytes_le='\x78\x56\x34\x12\x34\x12\x78\x56' +
+                      '\x12\x34\x56\x78\x12\x34\x56\x78')
+        UUID(fields=(0x12345678, 0x1234, 0x5678, 0x12, 0x34, 0x567812345678))
+        UUID(int=0x12345678123456781234567812345678)
+
+        Exactly one of 'hex', 'bytes', 'bytes_le', 'fields', or 'int' must
+        be given.  The 'version' argument is optional; if given, the resulting
+        UUID will have its variant and version set according to RFC 4122,
+        overriding the given 'hex', 'bytes', 'bytes_le', 'fields', or 'int'.
+        """
+
+        if [hex, bytes, bytes_le, fields, int].count(None) != 4:
+            raise TypeError('need one of hex, bytes, bytes_le, fields, or int')
+        if hex is not None:
+            hex = hex.replace('urn:', '').replace('uuid:', '')
+            hex = hex.strip('{}').replace('-', '')
+            if len(hex) != 32:
+                raise ValueError('badly formed hexadecimal UUID string')
+            int = long(hex, 16)
+        if bytes_le is not None:
+            if len(bytes_le) != 16:
+                raise ValueError('bytes_le is not a 16-char string')
+            bytes = (bytes_le[3] + bytes_le[2] + bytes_le[1] + bytes_le[0] +
+                     bytes_le[5] + bytes_le[4] + bytes_le[7] + bytes_le[6] +
+                     bytes_le[8:])
+        if bytes is not None:
+            if len(bytes) != 16:
+                raise ValueError('bytes is not a 16-char string')
+            int = long(('%02x'*16) % tuple(map(ord, bytes)), 16)
+        if fields is not None:
+            if len(fields) != 6:
+                raise ValueError('fields is not a 6-tuple')
+            (time_low, time_mid, time_hi_version,
+             clock_seq_hi_variant, clock_seq_low, node) = fields
+            if not 0 <= time_low < 1<<32L:
+                raise ValueError('field 1 out of range (need a 32-bit value)')
+            if not 0 <= time_mid < 1<<16L:
+                raise ValueError('field 2 out of range (need a 16-bit value)')
+            if not 0 <= time_hi_version < 1<<16L:
+                raise ValueError('field 3 out of range (need a 16-bit value)')
+            if not 0 <= clock_seq_hi_variant < 1<<8L:
+                raise ValueError('field 4 out of range (need an 8-bit value)')
+            if not 0 <= clock_seq_low < 1<<8L:
+                raise ValueError('field 5 out of range (need an 8-bit value)')
+            if not 0 <= node < 1<<48L:
+                raise ValueError('field 6 out of range (need a 48-bit value)')
+            clock_seq = (clock_seq_hi_variant << 8L) | clock_seq_low
+            int = ((time_low << 96L) | (time_mid << 80L) |
+                   (time_hi_version << 64L) | (clock_seq << 48L) | node)
+        if int is not None:
+            if not 0 <= int < 1<<128L:
+                raise ValueError('int is out of range (need a 128-bit value)')
+        if version is not None:
+            if not 1 <= version <= 5:
+                raise ValueError('illegal version number')
+            # Set the variant to RFC 4122.
+            int &= ~(0xc000 << 48L)
+            int |= 0x8000 << 48L
+            # Set the version number.
+            int &= ~(0xf000 << 64L)
+            int |= version << 76L
+        self.__dict__['int'] = int
+
+    def __cmp__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, UUID):
+            return cmp(self.int, other.int)
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.int)
+
+    def __int__(self):
+        return self.int
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'UUID(%r)' % str(self)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+        raise TypeError('UUID objects are immutable')
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        hex = '%032x' % self.int
+        return '%s-%s-%s-%s-%s' % (
+            hex[:8], hex[8:12], hex[12:16], hex[16:20], hex[20:])
+
+    def get_bytes(self):
+        bytes = ''
+        for shift in range(0, 128, 8):
+            bytes = chr((self.int >> shift) & 0xff) + bytes
+        return bytes
+
+    bytes = property(get_bytes)
+
+    def get_bytes_le(self):
+        bytes = self.bytes
+        return (bytes[3] + bytes[2] + bytes[1] + bytes[0] +
+                bytes[5] + bytes[4] + bytes[7] + bytes[6] + bytes[8:])
+
+    bytes_le = property(get_bytes_le)
+
+    def get_fields(self):
+        return (self.time_low, self.time_mid, self.time_hi_version,
+                self.clock_seq_hi_variant, self.clock_seq_low, self.node)
+
+    fields = property(get_fields)
+
+    def get_time_low(self):
+        return self.int >> 96L
+
+    time_low = property(get_time_low)
+
+    def get_time_mid(self):
+        return (self.int >> 80L) & 0xffff
+
+    time_mid = property(get_time_mid)
+
+    def get_time_hi_version(self):
+        return (self.int >> 64L) & 0xffff
+
+    time_hi_version = property(get_time_hi_version)
+
+    def get_clock_seq_hi_variant(self):
+        return (self.int >> 56L) & 0xff
+
+    clock_seq_hi_variant = property(get_clock_seq_hi_variant)
+
+    def get_clock_seq_low(self):
+        return (self.int >> 48L) & 0xff
+
+    clock_seq_low = property(get_clock_seq_low)
+
+    def get_time(self):
+        return (((self.time_hi_version & 0x0fffL) << 48L) |
+                (self.time_mid << 32L) | self.time_low)
+
+    time = property(get_time)
+
+    def get_clock_seq(self):
+        return (((self.clock_seq_hi_variant & 0x3fL) << 8L) |
+                self.clock_seq_low)
+
+    clock_seq = property(get_clock_seq)
+
+    def get_node(self):
+        return self.int & 0xffffffffffff
+
+    node = property(get_node)
+
+    def get_hex(self):
+        return '%032x' % self.int
+
+    hex = property(get_hex)
+
+    def get_urn(self):
+        return 'urn:uuid:' + str(self)
+
+    urn = property(get_urn)
+
+    def get_variant(self):
+        if not self.int & (0x8000 << 48L):
+            return RESERVED_NCS
+        elif not self.int & (0x4000 << 48L):
+            return RFC_4122
+        elif not self.int & (0x2000 << 48L):
+            return RESERVED_MICROSOFT
+        else:
+            return RESERVED_FUTURE
+
+    variant = property(get_variant)
+
+    def get_version(self):
+        # The version bits are only meaningful for RFC 4122 UUIDs.
+        if self.variant == RFC_4122:
+            return int((self.int >> 76L) & 0xf)
+
+    version = property(get_version)
+
+def _popen(command, args):
+    import os
+    path = os.environ.get("PATH", os.defpath).split(os.pathsep)
+    path.extend(('/sbin', '/usr/sbin'))
+    for dir in path:
+        executable = os.path.join(dir, command)
+        if (os.path.exists(executable) and
+            os.access(executable, os.F_OK | os.X_OK) and
+            not os.path.isdir(executable)):
+            break
+    else:
+        return None
+    # LC_ALL to ensure English output, 2>/dev/null to prevent output on
+    # stderr (Note: we don't have an example where the words we search for
+    # are actually localized, but in theory some system could do so.)
+    cmd = 'LC_ALL=C %s %s 2>/dev/null' % (executable, args)
+    return os.popen(cmd)
+
+def _find_mac(command, args, hw_identifiers, get_index):
+    try:
+        pipe = _popen(command, args)
+        if not pipe:
+            return
+        with pipe:
+            for line in pipe:
+                words = line.lower().rstrip().split()
+                for i in range(len(words)):
+                    if words[i] in hw_identifiers:
+                        try:
+                            word = words[get_index(i)]
+                            mac = int(word.replace(':', ''), 16)
+                            if mac:
+                                return mac
+                        except (ValueError, IndexError):
+                            # Virtual interfaces, such as those provided by
+                            # VPNs, do not have a colon-delimited MAC address
+                            # as expected, but a 16-byte HWAddr separated by
+                            # dashes. These should be ignored in favor of a
+                            # real MAC address
+                            pass
+    except IOError:
+        pass
+
+def _ifconfig_getnode():
+    """Get the hardware address on Unix by running ifconfig."""
+    # This works on Linux ('' or '-a'), Tru64 ('-av'), but not all Unixes.
+    for args in ('', '-a', '-av'):
+        mac = _find_mac('ifconfig', args, ['hwaddr', 'ether'], lambda i: i+1)
+        if mac:
+            return mac
+
+def _arp_getnode():
+    """Get the hardware address on Unix by running arp."""
+    import os, socket
+    try:
+        ip_addr = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())
+    except EnvironmentError:
+        return None
+
+    # Try getting the MAC addr from arp based on our IP address (Solaris).
+    return _find_mac('arp', '-an', [ip_addr], lambda i: -1)
+
+def _lanscan_getnode():
+    """Get the hardware address on Unix by running lanscan."""
+    # This might work on HP-UX.
+    return _find_mac('lanscan', '-ai', ['lan0'], lambda i: 0)
+
+def _netstat_getnode():
+    """Get the hardware address on Unix by running netstat."""
+    # This might work on AIX, Tru64 UNIX and presumably on IRIX.
+    try:
+        pipe = _popen('netstat', '-ia')
+        if not pipe:
+            return
+        with pipe:
+            words = pipe.readline().rstrip().split()
+            try:
+                i = words.index('Address')
+            except ValueError:
+                return
+            for line in pipe:
+                try:
+                    words = line.rstrip().split()
+                    word = words[i]
+                    if len(word) == 17 and word.count(':') == 5:
+                        mac = int(word.replace(':', ''), 16)
+                        if mac:
+                            return mac
+                except (ValueError, IndexError):
+                    pass
+    except OSError:
+        pass
+
+def _ipconfig_getnode():
+    """Get the hardware address on Windows by running ipconfig.exe."""
+    import os, re
+    dirs = ['', r'c:\windows\system32', r'c:\winnt\system32']
+    try:
+        import ctypes
+        buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(300)
+        ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetSystemDirectoryA(buffer, 300)
+        dirs.insert(0, buffer.value.decode('mbcs'))
+    except:
+        pass
+    for dir in dirs:
+        try:
+            pipe = os.popen(os.path.join(dir, 'ipconfig') + ' /all')
+        except IOError:
+            continue
+        with pipe:
+            for line in pipe:
+                value = line.split(':')[-1].strip().lower()
+                if re.match('([0-9a-f][0-9a-f]-){5}[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]', value):
+                    return int(value.replace('-', ''), 16)
+
+def _netbios_getnode():
+    """Get the hardware address on Windows using NetBIOS calls.
+    See http://support.microsoft.com/kb/118623 for details."""
+    import win32wnet, netbios
+    ncb = netbios.NCB()
+    ncb.Command = netbios.NCBENUM
+    ncb.Buffer = adapters = netbios.LANA_ENUM()
+    adapters._pack()
+    if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0:
+        return
+    adapters._unpack()
+    for i in range(adapters.length):
+        ncb.Reset()
+        ncb.Command = netbios.NCBRESET
+        ncb.Lana_num = ord(adapters.lana[i])
+        if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0:
+            continue
+        ncb.Reset()
+        ncb.Command = netbios.NCBASTAT
+        ncb.Lana_num = ord(adapters.lana[i])
+        ncb.Callname = '*'.ljust(16)
+        ncb.Buffer = status = netbios.ADAPTER_STATUS()
+        if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0:
+            continue
+        status._unpack()
+        bytes = map(ord, status.adapter_address)
+        return ((bytes[0]<<40L) + (bytes[1]<<32L) + (bytes[2]<<24L) +
+                (bytes[3]<<16L) + (bytes[4]<<8L) + bytes[5])
+
+# Thanks to Thomas Heller for ctypes and for his help with its use here.
+
+# If ctypes is available, use it to find system routines for UUID generation.
+_uuid_generate_time = _UuidCreate = None
+try:
+    import ctypes, ctypes.util
+    import sys
+
+    # The uuid_generate_* routines are provided by libuuid on at least
+    # Linux and FreeBSD, and provided by libc on Mac OS X.
+    _libnames = ['uuid']
+    if not sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+        _libnames.append('c')
+    for libname in _libnames:
+        try:
+            lib = ctypes.CDLL(ctypes.util.find_library(libname))
+        except:
+            continue
+        if hasattr(lib, 'uuid_generate_time'):
+            _uuid_generate_time = lib.uuid_generate_time
+            break
+    del _libnames
+
+    # The uuid_generate_* functions are broken on MacOS X 10.5, as noted
+    # in issue #8621 the function generates the same sequence of values
+    # in the parent process and all children created using fork (unless
+    # those children use exec as well).
+    #
+    # Assume that the uuid_generate functions are broken from 10.5 onward,
+    # the test can be adjusted when a later version is fixed.
+    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        import os
+        if int(os.uname()[2].split('.')[0]) >= 9:
+            _uuid_generate_time = None
+
+    # On Windows prior to 2000, UuidCreate gives a UUID containing the
+    # hardware address.  On Windows 2000 and later, UuidCreate makes a
+    # random UUID and UuidCreateSequential gives a UUID containing the
+    # hardware address.  These routines are provided by the RPC runtime.
+    # NOTE:  at least on Tim's WinXP Pro SP2 desktop box, while the last
+    # 6 bytes returned by UuidCreateSequential are fixed, they don't appear
+    # to bear any relationship to the MAC address of any network device
+    # on the box.
+    try:
+        lib = ctypes.windll.rpcrt4
+    except:
+        lib = None
+    _UuidCreate = getattr(lib, 'UuidCreateSequential',
+                          getattr(lib, 'UuidCreate', None))
+except:
+    pass
+
+def _unixdll_getnode():
+    """Get the hardware address on Unix using ctypes."""
+    _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16)
+    _uuid_generate_time(_buffer)
+    return UUID(bytes=_buffer.raw).node
+
+def _windll_getnode():
+    """Get the hardware address on Windows using ctypes."""
+    _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16)
+    if _UuidCreate(_buffer) == 0:
+        return UUID(bytes=_buffer.raw).node
+
+def _random_getnode():
+    """Get a random node ID, with eighth bit set as suggested by RFC 4122."""
+    import random
+    return random.randrange(0, 1<<48L) | 0x010000000000L
+
+_node = None
+
+def getnode():
+    """Get the hardware address as a 48-bit positive integer.
+
+    The first time this runs, it may launch a separate program, which could
+    be quite slow.  If all attempts to obtain the hardware address fail, we
+    choose a random 48-bit number with its eighth bit set to 1 as recommended
+    in RFC 4122.
+    """
+
+    global _node
+    if _node is not None:
+        return _node
+
+    import sys
+    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        getters = [_windll_getnode, _netbios_getnode, _ipconfig_getnode]
+    else:
+        getters = [_unixdll_getnode, _ifconfig_getnode, _arp_getnode,
+                   _lanscan_getnode, _netstat_getnode]
+
+    for getter in getters + [_random_getnode]:
+        try:
+            _node = getter()
+        except:
+            continue
+        if _node is not None:
+            return _node
+
+_last_timestamp = None
+
+def uuid1(node=None, clock_seq=None):
+    """Generate a UUID from a host ID, sequence number, and the current time.
+    If 'node' is not given, getnode() is used to obtain the hardware
+    address.  If 'clock_seq' is given, it is used as the sequence number;
+    otherwise a random 14-bit sequence number is chosen."""
+
+    # When the system provides a version-1 UUID generator, use it (but don't
+    # use UuidCreate here because its UUIDs don't conform to RFC 4122).
+    if _uuid_generate_time and node is clock_seq is None:
+        _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16)
+        _uuid_generate_time(_buffer)
+        return UUID(bytes=_buffer.raw)
+
+    global _last_timestamp
+    import time
+    nanoseconds = int(time.time() * 1e9)
+    # 0x01b21dd213814000 is the number of 100-ns intervals between the
+    # UUID epoch 1582-10-15 00:00:00 and the Unix epoch 1970-01-01 00:00:00.
+    timestamp = int(nanoseconds//100) + 0x01b21dd213814000L
+    if _last_timestamp is not None and timestamp <= _last_timestamp:
+        timestamp = _last_timestamp + 1
+    _last_timestamp = timestamp
+    if clock_seq is None:
+        import random
+        clock_seq = random.randrange(1<<14L) # instead of stable storage
+    time_low = timestamp & 0xffffffffL
+    time_mid = (timestamp >> 32L) & 0xffffL
+    time_hi_version = (timestamp >> 48L) & 0x0fffL
+    clock_seq_low = clock_seq & 0xffL
+    clock_seq_hi_variant = (clock_seq >> 8L) & 0x3fL
+    if node is None:
+        node = getnode()
+    return UUID(fields=(time_low, time_mid, time_hi_version,
+                        clock_seq_hi_variant, clock_seq_low, node), version=1)
+
+def uuid3(namespace, name):
+    """Generate a UUID from the MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name."""
+    from hashlib import md5
+    hash = md5(namespace.bytes + name).digest()
+    return UUID(bytes=hash[:16], version=3)
+
+def uuid4():
+    """Generate a random UUID."""
+    return UUID(bytes=os.urandom(16), version=4)
+
+def uuid5(namespace, name):
+    """Generate a UUID from the SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name."""
+    from hashlib import sha1
+    hash = sha1(namespace.bytes + name).digest()
+    return UUID(bytes=hash[:16], version=5)
+
+# The following standard UUIDs are for use with uuid3() or uuid5().
+
+NAMESPACE_DNS = UUID('6ba7b810-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
+NAMESPACE_URL = UUID('6ba7b811-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
+NAMESPACE_OID = UUID('6ba7b812-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
+NAMESPACE_X500 = UUID('6ba7b814-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')