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+"""A collection of string operations (most are no longer used).
+
+Warning: most of the code you see here isn't normally used nowadays.
+Beginning with Python 1.6, many of these functions are implemented as
+methods on the standard string object. They used to be implemented by
+a built-in module called strop, but strop is now obsolete itself.
+
+Public module variables:
+
+whitespace -- a string containing all characters considered whitespace
+lowercase -- a string containing all characters considered lowercase letters
+uppercase -- a string containing all characters considered uppercase letters
+letters -- a string containing all characters considered letters
+digits -- a string containing all characters considered decimal digits
+hexdigits -- a string containing all characters considered hexadecimal digits
+octdigits -- a string containing all characters considered octal digits
+punctuation -- a string containing all characters considered punctuation
+printable -- a string containing all characters considered printable
+
+"""
+
+# Some strings for ctype-style character classification
+whitespace = ' \t\n\r\v\f'
+lowercase = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
+uppercase = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
+letters = lowercase + uppercase
+ascii_lowercase = lowercase
+ascii_uppercase = uppercase
+ascii_letters = ascii_lowercase + ascii_uppercase
+digits = '0123456789'
+hexdigits = digits + 'abcdef' + 'ABCDEF'
+octdigits = '01234567'
+punctuation = """!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~"""
+printable = digits + letters + punctuation + whitespace
+
+# Case conversion helpers
+# Use str to convert Unicode literal in case of -U
+l = map(chr, xrange(256))
+_idmap = str('').join(l)
+del l
+
+# Functions which aren't available as string methods.
+
+# Capitalize the words in a string, e.g. " aBc  dEf " -> "Abc Def".
+def capwords(s, sep=None):
+    """capwords(s [,sep]) -> string
+
+    Split the argument into words using split, capitalize each
+    word using capitalize, and join the capitalized words using
+    join.  If the optional second argument sep is absent or None,
+    runs of whitespace characters are replaced by a single space
+    and leading and trailing whitespace are removed, otherwise
+    sep is used to split and join the words.
+
+    """
+    return (sep or ' ').join(x.capitalize() for x in s.split(sep))
+
+
+# Construct a translation string
+_idmapL = None
+def maketrans(fromstr, tostr):
+    """maketrans(frm, to) -> string
+
+    Return a translation table (a string of 256 bytes long)
+    suitable for use in string.translate.  The strings frm and to
+    must be of the same length.
+
+    """
+    if len(fromstr) != len(tostr):
+        raise ValueError, "maketrans arguments must have same length"
+    global _idmapL
+    if not _idmapL:
+        _idmapL = list(_idmap)
+    L = _idmapL[:]
+    fromstr = map(ord, fromstr)
+    for i in range(len(fromstr)):
+        L[fromstr[i]] = tostr[i]
+    return ''.join(L)
+
+
+
+####################################################################
+import re as _re
+
+class _multimap:
+    """Helper class for combining multiple mappings.
+
+    Used by .{safe_,}substitute() to combine the mapping and keyword
+    arguments.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, primary, secondary):
+        self._primary = primary
+        self._secondary = secondary
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        try:
+            return self._primary[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return self._secondary[key]
+
+
+class _TemplateMetaclass(type):
+    pattern = r"""
+    %(delim)s(?:
+      (?P<escaped>%(delim)s) |   # Escape sequence of two delimiters
+      (?P<named>%(id)s)      |   # delimiter and a Python identifier
+      {(?P<braced>%(id)s)}   |   # delimiter and a braced identifier
+      (?P<invalid>)              # Other ill-formed delimiter exprs
+    )
+    """
+
+    def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct):
+        super(_TemplateMetaclass, cls).__init__(name, bases, dct)
+        if 'pattern' in dct:
+            pattern = cls.pattern
+        else:
+            pattern = _TemplateMetaclass.pattern % {
+                'delim' : _re.escape(cls.delimiter),
+                'id'    : cls.idpattern,
+                }
+        cls.pattern = _re.compile(pattern, _re.IGNORECASE | _re.VERBOSE)
+
+
+class Template:
+    """A string class for supporting $-substitutions."""
+    __metaclass__ = _TemplateMetaclass
+
+    delimiter = '$'
+    idpattern = r'[_a-z][_a-z0-9]*'
+
+    def __init__(self, template):
+        self.template = template
+
+    # Search for $$, $identifier, ${identifier}, and any bare $'s
+
+    def _invalid(self, mo):
+        i = mo.start('invalid')
+        lines = self.template[:i].splitlines(True)
+        if not lines:
+            colno = 1
+            lineno = 1
+        else:
+            colno = i - len(''.join(lines[:-1]))
+            lineno = len(lines)
+        raise ValueError('Invalid placeholder in string: line %d, col %d' %
+                         (lineno, colno))
+
+    def substitute(*args, **kws):
+        if not args:
+            raise TypeError("descriptor 'substitute' of 'Template' object "
+                            "needs an argument")
+        self, args = args[0], args[1:]  # allow the "self" keyword be passed
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise TypeError('Too many positional arguments')
+        if not args:
+            mapping = kws
+        elif kws:
+            mapping = _multimap(kws, args[0])
+        else:
+            mapping = args[0]
+        # Helper function for .sub()
+        def convert(mo):
+            # Check the most common path first.
+            named = mo.group('named') or mo.group('braced')
+            if named is not None:
+                val = mapping[named]
+                # We use this idiom instead of str() because the latter will
+                # fail if val is a Unicode containing non-ASCII characters.
+                return '%s' % (val,)
+            if mo.group('escaped') is not None:
+                return self.delimiter
+            if mo.group('invalid') is not None:
+                self._invalid(mo)
+            raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',
+                             self.pattern)
+        return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)
+
+    def safe_substitute(*args, **kws):
+        if not args:
+            raise TypeError("descriptor 'safe_substitute' of 'Template' object "
+                            "needs an argument")
+        self, args = args[0], args[1:]  # allow the "self" keyword be passed
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise TypeError('Too many positional arguments')
+        if not args:
+            mapping = kws
+        elif kws:
+            mapping = _multimap(kws, args[0])
+        else:
+            mapping = args[0]
+        # Helper function for .sub()
+        def convert(mo):
+            named = mo.group('named') or mo.group('braced')
+            if named is not None:
+                try:
+                    # We use this idiom instead of str() because the latter
+                    # will fail if val is a Unicode containing non-ASCII
+                    return '%s' % (mapping[named],)
+                except KeyError:
+                    return mo.group()
+            if mo.group('escaped') is not None:
+                return self.delimiter
+            if mo.group('invalid') is not None:
+                return mo.group()
+            raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',
+                             self.pattern)
+        return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)
+
+
+
+####################################################################
+# NOTE: Everything below here is deprecated.  Use string methods instead.
+# This stuff will go away in Python 3.0.
+
+# Backward compatible names for exceptions
+index_error = ValueError
+atoi_error = ValueError
+atof_error = ValueError
+atol_error = ValueError
+
+# convert UPPER CASE letters to lower case
+def lower(s):
+    """lower(s) -> string
+
+    Return a copy of the string s converted to lowercase.
+
+    """
+    return s.lower()
+
+# Convert lower case letters to UPPER CASE
+def upper(s):
+    """upper(s) -> string
+
+    Return a copy of the string s converted to uppercase.
+
+    """
+    return s.upper()
+
+# Swap lower case letters and UPPER CASE
+def swapcase(s):
+    """swapcase(s) -> string
+
+    Return a copy of the string s with upper case characters
+    converted to lowercase and vice versa.
+
+    """
+    return s.swapcase()
+
+# Strip leading and trailing tabs and spaces
+def strip(s, chars=None):
+    """strip(s [,chars]) -> string
+
+    Return a copy of the string s with leading and trailing
+    whitespace removed.
+    If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
+    If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping.
+
+    """
+    return s.strip(chars)
+
+# Strip leading tabs and spaces
+def lstrip(s, chars=None):
+    """lstrip(s [,chars]) -> string
+
+    Return a copy of the string s with leading whitespace removed.
+    If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
+
+    """
+    return s.lstrip(chars)
+
+# Strip trailing tabs and spaces
+def rstrip(s, chars=None):
+    """rstrip(s [,chars]) -> string
+
+    Return a copy of the string s with trailing whitespace removed.
+    If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.
+
+    """
+    return s.rstrip(chars)
+
+
+# Split a string into a list of space/tab-separated words
+def split(s, sep=None, maxsplit=-1):
+    """split(s [,sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
+
+    Return a list of the words in the string s, using sep as the
+    delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, splits at no more than
+    maxsplit places (resulting in at most maxsplit+1 words).  If sep
+    is not specified or is None, any whitespace string is a separator.
+
+    (split and splitfields are synonymous)
+
+    """
+    return s.split(sep, maxsplit)
+splitfields = split
+
+# Split a string into a list of space/tab-separated words
+def rsplit(s, sep=None, maxsplit=-1):
+    """rsplit(s [,sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings
+
+    Return a list of the words in the string s, using sep as the
+    delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working
+    to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are
+    done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string
+    is a separator.
+    """
+    return s.rsplit(sep, maxsplit)
+
+# Join fields with optional separator
+def join(words, sep = ' '):
+    """join(list [,sep]) -> string
+
+    Return a string composed of the words in list, with
+    intervening occurrences of sep.  The default separator is a
+    single space.
+
+    (joinfields and join are synonymous)
+
+    """
+    return sep.join(words)
+joinfields = join
+
+# Find substring, raise exception if not found
+def index(s, *args):
+    """index(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
+
+    Like find but raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
+
+    """
+    return s.index(*args)
+
+# Find last substring, raise exception if not found
+def rindex(s, *args):
+    """rindex(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
+
+    Like rfind but raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
+
+    """
+    return s.rindex(*args)
+
+# Count non-overlapping occurrences of substring
+def count(s, *args):
+    """count(s, sub[, start[,end]]) -> int
+
+    Return the number of occurrences of substring sub in string
+    s[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are
+    interpreted as in slice notation.
+
+    """
+    return s.count(*args)
+
+# Find substring, return -1 if not found
+def find(s, *args):
+    """find(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> in
+
+    Return the lowest index in s where substring sub is found,
+    such that sub is contained within s[start,end].  Optional
+    arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
+
+    Return -1 on failure.
+
+    """
+    return s.find(*args)
+
+# Find last substring, return -1 if not found
+def rfind(s, *args):
+    """rfind(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> int
+
+    Return the highest index in s where substring sub is found,
+    such that sub is contained within s[start,end].  Optional
+    arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.
+
+    Return -1 on failure.
+
+    """
+    return s.rfind(*args)
+
+# for a bit of speed
+_float = float
+_int = int
+_long = long
+
+# Convert string to float
+def atof(s):
+    """atof(s) -> float
+
+    Return the floating point number represented by the string s.
+
+    """
+    return _float(s)
+
+
+# Convert string to integer
+def atoi(s , base=10):
+    """atoi(s [,base]) -> int
+
+    Return the integer represented by the string s in the given
+    base, which defaults to 10.  The string s must consist of one
+    or more digits, possibly preceded by a sign.  If base is 0, it
+    is chosen from the leading characters of s, 0 for octal, 0x or
+    0X for hexadecimal.  If base is 16, a preceding 0x or 0X is
+    accepted.
+
+    """
+    return _int(s, base)
+
+
+# Convert string to long integer
+def atol(s, base=10):
+    """atol(s [,base]) -> long
+
+    Return the long integer represented by the string s in the
+    given base, which defaults to 10.  The string s must consist
+    of one or more digits, possibly preceded by a sign.  If base
+    is 0, it is chosen from the leading characters of s, 0 for
+    octal, 0x or 0X for hexadecimal.  If base is 16, a preceding
+    0x or 0X is accepted.  A trailing L or l is not accepted,
+    unless base is 0.
+
+    """
+    return _long(s, base)
+
+
+# Left-justify a string
+def ljust(s, width, *args):
+    """ljust(s, width[, fillchar]) -> string
+
+    Return a left-justified version of s, in a field of the
+    specified width, padded with spaces as needed.  The string is
+    never truncated.  If specified the fillchar is used instead of spaces.
+
+    """
+    return s.ljust(width, *args)
+
+# Right-justify a string
+def rjust(s, width, *args):
+    """rjust(s, width[, fillchar]) -> string
+
+    Return a right-justified version of s, in a field of the
+    specified width, padded with spaces as needed.  The string is
+    never truncated.  If specified the fillchar is used instead of spaces.
+
+    """
+    return s.rjust(width, *args)
+
+# Center a string
+def center(s, width, *args):
+    """center(s, width[, fillchar]) -> string
+
+    Return a center version of s, in a field of the specified
+    width. padded with spaces as needed.  The string is never
+    truncated.  If specified the fillchar is used instead of spaces.
+
+    """
+    return s.center(width, *args)
+
+# Zero-fill a number, e.g., (12, 3) --> '012' and (-3, 3) --> '-03'
+# Decadent feature: the argument may be a string or a number
+# (Use of this is deprecated; it should be a string as with ljust c.s.)
+def zfill(x, width):
+    """zfill(x, width) -> string
+
+    Pad a numeric string x with zeros on the left, to fill a field
+    of the specified width.  The string x is never truncated.
+
+    """
+    if not isinstance(x, basestring):
+        x = repr(x)
+    return x.zfill(width)
+
+# Expand tabs in a string.
+# Doesn't take non-printing chars into account, but does understand \n.
+def expandtabs(s, tabsize=8):
+    """expandtabs(s [,tabsize]) -> string
+
+    Return a copy of the string s with all tab characters replaced
+    by the appropriate number of spaces, depending on the current
+    column, and the tabsize (default 8).
+
+    """
+    return s.expandtabs(tabsize)
+
+# Character translation through look-up table.
+def translate(s, table, deletions=""):
+    """translate(s,table [,deletions]) -> string
+
+    Return a copy of the string s, where all characters occurring
+    in the optional argument deletions are removed, and the
+    remaining characters have been mapped through the given
+    translation table, which must be a string of length 256.  The
+    deletions argument is not allowed for Unicode strings.
+
+    """
+    if deletions or table is None:
+        return s.translate(table, deletions)
+    else:
+        # Add s[:0] so that if s is Unicode and table is an 8-bit string,
+        # table is converted to Unicode.  This means that table *cannot*
+        # be a dictionary -- for that feature, use u.translate() directly.
+        return s.translate(table + s[:0])
+
+# Capitalize a string, e.g. "aBc  dEf" -> "Abc  def".
+def capitalize(s):
+    """capitalize(s) -> string
+
+    Return a copy of the string s with only its first character
+    capitalized.
+
+    """
+    return s.capitalize()
+
+# Substring replacement (global)
+def replace(s, old, new, maxreplace=-1):
+    """replace (str, old, new[, maxreplace]) -> string
+
+    Return a copy of string str with all occurrences of substring
+    old replaced by new. If the optional argument maxreplace is
+    given, only the first maxreplace occurrences are replaced.
+
+    """
+    return s.replace(old, new, maxreplace)
+
+
+# Try importing optional built-in module "strop" -- if it exists,
+# it redefines some string operations that are 100-1000 times faster.
+# It also defines values for whitespace, lowercase and uppercase
+# that match <ctype.h>'s definitions.
+
+try:
+    from strop import maketrans, lowercase, uppercase, whitespace
+    letters = lowercase + uppercase
+except ImportError:
+    pass                                          # Use the original versions
+
+########################################################################
+# the Formatter class
+# see PEP 3101 for details and purpose of this class
+
+# The hard parts are reused from the C implementation.  They're exposed as "_"
+# prefixed methods of str and unicode.
+
+# The overall parser is implemented in str._formatter_parser.
+# The field name parser is implemented in str._formatter_field_name_split
+
+class Formatter(object):
+    def format(*args, **kwargs):
+        if not args:
+            raise TypeError("descriptor 'format' of 'Formatter' object "
+                            "needs an argument")
+        self, args = args[0], args[1:]  # allow the "self" keyword be passed
+        try:
+            format_string, args = args[0], args[1:] # allow the "format_string" keyword be passed
+        except IndexError:
+            if 'format_string' in kwargs:
+                format_string = kwargs.pop('format_string')
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("format() missing 1 required positional "
+                                "argument: 'format_string'")
+        return self.vformat(format_string, args, kwargs)
+
+    def vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs):
+        used_args = set()
+        result = self._vformat(format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, 2)
+        self.check_unused_args(used_args, args, kwargs)
+        return result
+
+    def _vformat(self, format_string, args, kwargs, used_args, recursion_depth):
+        if recursion_depth < 0:
+            raise ValueError('Max string recursion exceeded')
+        result = []
+        for literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion in \
+                self.parse(format_string):
+
+            # output the literal text
+            if literal_text:
+                result.append(literal_text)
+
+            # if there's a field, output it
+            if field_name is not None:
+                # this is some markup, find the object and do
+                #  the formatting
+
+                # given the field_name, find the object it references
+                #  and the argument it came from
+                obj, arg_used = self.get_field(field_name, args, kwargs)
+                used_args.add(arg_used)
+
+                # do any conversion on the resulting object
+                obj = self.convert_field(obj, conversion)
+
+                # expand the format spec, if needed
+                format_spec = self._vformat(format_spec, args, kwargs,
+                                            used_args, recursion_depth-1)
+
+                # format the object and append to the result
+                result.append(self.format_field(obj, format_spec))
+
+        return ''.join(result)
+
+
+    def get_value(self, key, args, kwargs):
+        if isinstance(key, (int, long)):
+            return args[key]
+        else:
+            return kwargs[key]
+
+
+    def check_unused_args(self, used_args, args, kwargs):
+        pass
+
+
+    def format_field(self, value, format_spec):
+        return format(value, format_spec)
+
+
+    def convert_field(self, value, conversion):
+        # do any conversion on the resulting object
+        if conversion is None:
+            return value
+        elif conversion == 's':
+            return str(value)
+        elif conversion == 'r':
+            return repr(value)
+        raise ValueError("Unknown conversion specifier {0!s}".format(conversion))
+
+
+    # returns an iterable that contains tuples of the form:
+    # (literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion)
+    # literal_text can be zero length
+    # field_name can be None, in which case there's no
+    #  object to format and output
+    # if field_name is not None, it is looked up, formatted
+    #  with format_spec and conversion and then used
+    def parse(self, format_string):
+        return format_string._formatter_parser()
+
+
+    # given a field_name, find the object it references.
+    #  field_name:   the field being looked up, e.g. "0.name"
+    #                 or "lookup[3]"
+    #  used_args:    a set of which args have been used
+    #  args, kwargs: as passed in to vformat
+    def get_field(self, field_name, args, kwargs):
+        first, rest = field_name._formatter_field_name_split()
+
+        obj = self.get_value(first, args, kwargs)
+
+        # loop through the rest of the field_name, doing
+        #  getattr or getitem as needed
+        for is_attr, i in rest:
+            if is_attr:
+                obj = getattr(obj, i)
+            else:
+                obj = obj[i]
+
+        return obj, first