Moved, renamed, and deleted files

The original directory structure was scattered and unorganized.
Changes are basically to make it look like kernel structure.

1 files changed, 1076 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/tools/vm/page-types.c b/tools/vm/page-types.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f77c96be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/vm/page-types.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1076 @@
+/*
+ * page-types: Tool for querying page flags
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+ * Software Foundation; version 2.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for
+ * more details.
+ *
+ * You should find a copy of v2 of the GNU General Public License somewhere on
+ * your Linux system; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59
+ * Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA.
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2009 Intel corporation
+ *
+ * Authors: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
+ */
+
+#define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/errno.h>
+#include <sys/fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/statfs.h>
+#include "../../include/linux/magic.h"
+#include "../../include/linux/kernel-page-flags.h"
+
+
+#ifndef MAX_PATH
+# define MAX_PATH 256
+#endif
+
+#ifndef STR
+# define _STR(x) #x
+# define STR(x) _STR(x)
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * pagemap kernel ABI bits
+ */
+
+#define PM_ENTRY_BYTES      sizeof(uint64_t)
+#define PM_STATUS_BITS      3
+#define PM_STATUS_OFFSET    (64 - PM_STATUS_BITS)
+#define PM_STATUS_MASK      (((1LL << PM_STATUS_BITS) - 1) << PM_STATUS_OFFSET)
+#define PM_STATUS(nr)       (((nr) << PM_STATUS_OFFSET) & PM_STATUS_MASK)
+#define PM_PSHIFT_BITS      6
+#define PM_PSHIFT_OFFSET    (PM_STATUS_OFFSET - PM_PSHIFT_BITS)
+#define PM_PSHIFT_MASK      (((1LL << PM_PSHIFT_BITS) - 1) << PM_PSHIFT_OFFSET)
+#define PM_PSHIFT(x)        (((u64) (x) << PM_PSHIFT_OFFSET) & PM_PSHIFT_MASK)
+#define PM_PFRAME_MASK      ((1LL << PM_PSHIFT_OFFSET) - 1)
+#define PM_PFRAME(x)        ((x) & PM_PFRAME_MASK)
+
+#define PM_PRESENT          PM_STATUS(4LL)
+#define PM_SWAP             PM_STATUS(2LL)
+
+
+/*
+ * kernel page flags
+ */
+
+#define KPF_BYTES		8
+#define PROC_KPAGEFLAGS		"/proc/kpageflags"
+
+/* [32-] kernel hacking assistances */
+#define KPF_RESERVED		32
+#define KPF_MLOCKED		33
+#define KPF_MAPPEDTODISK	34
+#define KPF_PRIVATE		35
+#define KPF_PRIVATE_2		36
+#define KPF_OWNER_PRIVATE	37
+#define KPF_ARCH		38
+#define KPF_UNCACHED		39
+
+/* [48-] take some arbitrary free slots for expanding overloaded flags
+ * not part of kernel API
+ */
+#define KPF_READAHEAD		48
+#define KPF_SLOB_FREE		49
+#define KPF_SLUB_FROZEN		50
+#define KPF_SLUB_DEBUG		51
+
+#define KPF_ALL_BITS		((uint64_t)~0ULL)
+#define KPF_HACKERS_BITS	(0xffffULL << 32)
+#define KPF_OVERLOADED_BITS	(0xffffULL << 48)
+#define BIT(name)		(1ULL << KPF_##name)
+#define BITS_COMPOUND		(BIT(COMPOUND_HEAD) | BIT(COMPOUND_TAIL))
+
+static const char * const page_flag_names[] = {
+	[KPF_LOCKED]		= "L:locked",
+	[KPF_ERROR]		= "E:error",
+	[KPF_REFERENCED]	= "R:referenced",
+	[KPF_UPTODATE]		= "U:uptodate",
+	[KPF_DIRTY]		= "D:dirty",
+	[KPF_LRU]		= "l:lru",
+	[KPF_ACTIVE]		= "A:active",
+	[KPF_SLAB]		= "S:slab",
+	[KPF_WRITEBACK]		= "W:writeback",
+	[KPF_RECLAIM]		= "I:reclaim",
+	[KPF_BUDDY]		= "B:buddy",
+
+	[KPF_MMAP]		= "M:mmap",
+	[KPF_ANON]		= "a:anonymous",
+	[KPF_SWAPCACHE]		= "s:swapcache",
+	[KPF_SWAPBACKED]	= "b:swapbacked",
+	[KPF_COMPOUND_HEAD]	= "H:compound_head",
+	[KPF_COMPOUND_TAIL]	= "T:compound_tail",
+	[KPF_HUGE]		= "G:huge",
+	[KPF_UNEVICTABLE]	= "u:unevictable",
+	[KPF_HWPOISON]		= "X:hwpoison",
+	[KPF_NOPAGE]		= "n:nopage",
+	[KPF_KSM]		= "x:ksm",
+	[KPF_THP]		= "t:thp",
+
+	[KPF_RESERVED]		= "r:reserved",
+	[KPF_MLOCKED]		= "m:mlocked",
+	[KPF_MAPPEDTODISK]	= "d:mappedtodisk",
+	[KPF_PRIVATE]		= "P:private",
+	[KPF_PRIVATE_2]		= "p:private_2",
+	[KPF_OWNER_PRIVATE]	= "O:owner_private",
+	[KPF_ARCH]		= "h:arch",
+	[KPF_UNCACHED]		= "c:uncached",
+
+	[KPF_READAHEAD]		= "I:readahead",
+	[KPF_SLOB_FREE]		= "P:slob_free",
+	[KPF_SLUB_FROZEN]	= "A:slub_frozen",
+	[KPF_SLUB_DEBUG]	= "E:slub_debug",
+};
+
+
+static const char * const debugfs_known_mountpoints[] = {
+	"/sys/kernel/debug",
+	"/debug",
+	0,
+};
+
+/*
+ * data structures
+ */
+
+static int		opt_raw;	/* for kernel developers */
+static int		opt_list;	/* list pages (in ranges) */
+static int		opt_no_summary;	/* don't show summary */
+static pid_t		opt_pid;	/* process to walk */
+
+#define MAX_ADDR_RANGES	1024
+static int		nr_addr_ranges;
+static unsigned long	opt_offset[MAX_ADDR_RANGES];
+static unsigned long	opt_size[MAX_ADDR_RANGES];
+
+#define MAX_VMAS	10240
+static int		nr_vmas;
+static unsigned long	pg_start[MAX_VMAS];
+static unsigned long	pg_end[MAX_VMAS];
+
+#define MAX_BIT_FILTERS	64
+static int		nr_bit_filters;
+static uint64_t		opt_mask[MAX_BIT_FILTERS];
+static uint64_t		opt_bits[MAX_BIT_FILTERS];
+
+static int		page_size;
+
+static int		pagemap_fd;
+static int		kpageflags_fd;
+
+static int		opt_hwpoison;
+static int		opt_unpoison;
+
+static char		hwpoison_debug_fs[MAX_PATH+1];
+static int		hwpoison_inject_fd;
+static int		hwpoison_forget_fd;
+
+#define HASH_SHIFT	13
+#define HASH_SIZE	(1 << HASH_SHIFT)
+#define HASH_MASK	(HASH_SIZE - 1)
+#define HASH_KEY(flags)	(flags & HASH_MASK)
+
+static unsigned long	total_pages;
+static unsigned long	nr_pages[HASH_SIZE];
+static uint64_t		page_flags[HASH_SIZE];
+
+
+/*
+ * helper functions
+ */
+
+#define ARRAY_SIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof((x)[0]))
+
+#define min_t(type, x, y) ({			\
+	type __min1 = (x);			\
+	type __min2 = (y);			\
+	__min1 < __min2 ? __min1 : __min2; })
+
+#define max_t(type, x, y) ({			\
+	type __max1 = (x);			\
+	type __max2 = (y);			\
+	__max1 > __max2 ? __max1 : __max2; })
+
+static unsigned long pages2mb(unsigned long pages)
+{
+	return (pages * page_size) >> 20;
+}
+
+static void fatal(const char *x, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+
+	va_start(ap, x);
+	vfprintf(stderr, x, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+static int checked_open(const char *pathname, int flags)
+{
+	int fd = open(pathname, flags);
+
+	if (fd < 0) {
+		perror(pathname);
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+
+	return fd;
+}
+
+/*
+ * pagemap/kpageflags routines
+ */
+
+static unsigned long do_u64_read(int fd, char *name,
+				 uint64_t *buf,
+				 unsigned long index,
+				 unsigned long count)
+{
+	long bytes;
+
+	if (index > ULONG_MAX / 8)
+		fatal("index overflow: %lu\n", index);
+
+	if (lseek(fd, index * 8, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
+		perror(name);
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+
+	bytes = read(fd, buf, count * 8);
+	if (bytes < 0) {
+		perror(name);
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+	if (bytes % 8)
+		fatal("partial read: %lu bytes\n", bytes);
+
+	return bytes / 8;
+}
+
+static unsigned long kpageflags_read(uint64_t *buf,
+				     unsigned long index,
+				     unsigned long pages)
+{
+	return do_u64_read(kpageflags_fd, PROC_KPAGEFLAGS, buf, index, pages);
+}
+
+static unsigned long pagemap_read(uint64_t *buf,
+				  unsigned long index,
+				  unsigned long pages)
+{
+	return do_u64_read(pagemap_fd, "/proc/pid/pagemap", buf, index, pages);
+}
+
+static unsigned long pagemap_pfn(uint64_t val)
+{
+	unsigned long pfn;
+
+	if (val & PM_PRESENT)
+		pfn = PM_PFRAME(val);
+	else
+		pfn = 0;
+
+	return pfn;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * page flag names
+ */
+
+static char *page_flag_name(uint64_t flags)
+{
+	static char buf[65];
+	int present;
+	int i, j;
+
+	for (i = 0, j = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(page_flag_names); i++) {
+		present = (flags >> i) & 1;
+		if (!page_flag_names[i]) {
+			if (present)
+				fatal("unknown flag bit %d\n", i);
+			continue;
+		}
+		buf[j++] = present ? page_flag_names[i][0] : '_';
+	}
+
+	return buf;
+}
+
+static char *page_flag_longname(uint64_t flags)
+{
+	static char buf[1024];
+	int i, n;
+
+	for (i = 0, n = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(page_flag_names); i++) {
+		if (!page_flag_names[i])
+			continue;
+		if ((flags >> i) & 1)
+			n += snprintf(buf + n, sizeof(buf) - n, "%s,",
+					page_flag_names[i] + 2);
+	}
+	if (n)
+		n--;
+	buf[n] = '\0';
+
+	return buf;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * page list and summary
+ */
+
+static void show_page_range(unsigned long voffset,
+			    unsigned long offset, uint64_t flags)
+{
+	static uint64_t      flags0;
+	static unsigned long voff;
+	static unsigned long index;
+	static unsigned long count;
+
+	if (flags == flags0 && offset == index + count &&
+	    (!opt_pid || voffset == voff + count)) {
+		count++;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (count) {
+		if (opt_pid)
+			printf("%lx\t", voff);
+		printf("%lx\t%lx\t%s\n",
+				index, count, page_flag_name(flags0));
+	}
+
+	flags0 = flags;
+	index  = offset;
+	voff   = voffset;
+	count  = 1;
+}
+
+static void show_page(unsigned long voffset,
+		      unsigned long offset, uint64_t flags)
+{
+	if (opt_pid)
+		printf("%lx\t", voffset);
+	printf("%lx\t%s\n", offset, page_flag_name(flags));
+}
+
+static void show_summary(void)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	printf("             flags\tpage-count       MB"
+		"  symbolic-flags\t\t\tlong-symbolic-flags\n");
+
+	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(nr_pages); i++) {
+		if (nr_pages[i])
+			printf("0x%016llx\t%10lu %8lu  %s\t%s\n",
+				(unsigned long long)page_flags[i],
+				nr_pages[i],
+				pages2mb(nr_pages[i]),
+				page_flag_name(page_flags[i]),
+				page_flag_longname(page_flags[i]));
+	}
+
+	printf("             total\t%10lu %8lu\n",
+			total_pages, pages2mb(total_pages));
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * page flag filters
+ */
+
+static int bit_mask_ok(uint64_t flags)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < nr_bit_filters; i++) {
+		if (opt_bits[i] == KPF_ALL_BITS) {
+			if ((flags & opt_mask[i]) == 0)
+				return 0;
+		} else {
+			if ((flags & opt_mask[i]) != opt_bits[i])
+				return 0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static uint64_t expand_overloaded_flags(uint64_t flags)
+{
+	/* SLOB/SLUB overload several page flags */
+	if (flags & BIT(SLAB)) {
+		if (flags & BIT(PRIVATE))
+			flags ^= BIT(PRIVATE) | BIT(SLOB_FREE);
+		if (flags & BIT(ACTIVE))
+			flags ^= BIT(ACTIVE) | BIT(SLUB_FROZEN);
+		if (flags & BIT(ERROR))
+			flags ^= BIT(ERROR) | BIT(SLUB_DEBUG);
+	}
+
+	/* PG_reclaim is overloaded as PG_readahead in the read path */
+	if ((flags & (BIT(RECLAIM) | BIT(WRITEBACK))) == BIT(RECLAIM))
+		flags ^= BIT(RECLAIM) | BIT(READAHEAD);
+
+	return flags;
+}
+
+static uint64_t well_known_flags(uint64_t flags)
+{
+	/* hide flags intended only for kernel hacker */
+	flags &= ~KPF_HACKERS_BITS;
+
+	/* hide non-hugeTLB compound pages */
+	if ((flags & BITS_COMPOUND) && !(flags & BIT(HUGE)))
+		flags &= ~BITS_COMPOUND;
+
+	return flags;
+}
+
+static uint64_t kpageflags_flags(uint64_t flags)
+{
+	flags = expand_overloaded_flags(flags);
+
+	if (!opt_raw)
+		flags = well_known_flags(flags);
+
+	return flags;
+}
+
+/* verify that a mountpoint is actually a debugfs instance */
+static int debugfs_valid_mountpoint(const char *debugfs)
+{
+	struct statfs st_fs;
+
+	if (statfs(debugfs, &st_fs) < 0)
+		return -ENOENT;
+	else if (st_fs.f_type != (long) DEBUGFS_MAGIC)
+		return -ENOENT;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* find the path to the mounted debugfs */
+static const char *debugfs_find_mountpoint(void)
+{
+	const char **ptr;
+	char type[100];
+	FILE *fp;
+
+	ptr = debugfs_known_mountpoints;
+	while (*ptr) {
+		if (debugfs_valid_mountpoint(*ptr) == 0) {
+			strcpy(hwpoison_debug_fs, *ptr);
+			return hwpoison_debug_fs;
+		}
+		ptr++;
+	}
+
+	/* give up and parse /proc/mounts */
+	fp = fopen("/proc/mounts", "r");
+	if (fp == NULL)
+		perror("Can't open /proc/mounts for read");
+
+	while (fscanf(fp, "%*s %"
+		      STR(MAX_PATH)
+		      "s %99s %*s %*d %*d\n",
+		      hwpoison_debug_fs, type) == 2) {
+		if (strcmp(type, "debugfs") == 0)
+			break;
+	}
+	fclose(fp);
+
+	if (strcmp(type, "debugfs") != 0)
+		return NULL;
+
+	return hwpoison_debug_fs;
+}
+
+/* mount the debugfs somewhere if it's not mounted */
+
+static void debugfs_mount(void)
+{
+	const char **ptr;
+
+	/* see if it's already mounted */
+	if (debugfs_find_mountpoint())
+		return;
+
+	ptr = debugfs_known_mountpoints;
+	while (*ptr) {
+		if (mount(NULL, *ptr, "debugfs", 0, NULL) == 0) {
+			/* save the mountpoint */
+			strcpy(hwpoison_debug_fs, *ptr);
+			break;
+		}
+		ptr++;
+	}
+
+	if (*ptr == NULL) {
+		perror("mount debugfs");
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * page actions
+ */
+
+static void prepare_hwpoison_fd(void)
+{
+	char buf[MAX_PATH + 1];
+
+	debugfs_mount();
+
+	if (opt_hwpoison && !hwpoison_inject_fd) {
+		snprintf(buf, MAX_PATH, "%s/hwpoison/corrupt-pfn",
+			hwpoison_debug_fs);
+		hwpoison_inject_fd = checked_open(buf, O_WRONLY);
+	}
+
+	if (opt_unpoison && !hwpoison_forget_fd) {
+		snprintf(buf, MAX_PATH, "%s/hwpoison/unpoison-pfn",
+			hwpoison_debug_fs);
+		hwpoison_forget_fd = checked_open(buf, O_WRONLY);
+	}
+}
+
+static int hwpoison_page(unsigned long offset)
+{
+	char buf[100];
+	int len;
+
+	len = sprintf(buf, "0x%lx\n", offset);
+	len = write(hwpoison_inject_fd, buf, len);
+	if (len < 0) {
+		perror("hwpoison inject");
+		return len;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int unpoison_page(unsigned long offset)
+{
+	char buf[100];
+	int len;
+
+	len = sprintf(buf, "0x%lx\n", offset);
+	len = write(hwpoison_forget_fd, buf, len);
+	if (len < 0) {
+		perror("hwpoison forget");
+		return len;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * page frame walker
+ */
+
+static int hash_slot(uint64_t flags)
+{
+	int k = HASH_KEY(flags);
+	int i;
+
+	/* Explicitly reserve slot 0 for flags 0: the following logic
+	 * cannot distinguish an unoccupied slot from slot (flags==0).
+	 */
+	if (flags == 0)
+		return 0;
+
+	/* search through the remaining (HASH_SIZE-1) slots */
+	for (i = 1; i < ARRAY_SIZE(page_flags); i++, k++) {
+		if (!k || k >= ARRAY_SIZE(page_flags))
+			k = 1;
+		if (page_flags[k] == 0) {
+			page_flags[k] = flags;
+			return k;
+		}
+		if (page_flags[k] == flags)
+			return k;
+	}
+
+	fatal("hash table full: bump up HASH_SHIFT?\n");
+	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+static void add_page(unsigned long voffset,
+		     unsigned long offset, uint64_t flags)
+{
+	flags = kpageflags_flags(flags);
+
+	if (!bit_mask_ok(flags))
+		return;
+
+	if (opt_hwpoison)
+		hwpoison_page(offset);
+	if (opt_unpoison)
+		unpoison_page(offset);
+
+	if (opt_list == 1)
+		show_page_range(voffset, offset, flags);
+	else if (opt_list == 2)
+		show_page(voffset, offset, flags);
+
+	nr_pages[hash_slot(flags)]++;
+	total_pages++;
+}
+
+#define KPAGEFLAGS_BATCH	(64 << 10)	/* 64k pages */
+static void walk_pfn(unsigned long voffset,
+		     unsigned long index,
+		     unsigned long count)
+{
+	uint64_t buf[KPAGEFLAGS_BATCH];
+	unsigned long batch;
+	long pages;
+	unsigned long i;
+
+	while (count) {
+		batch = min_t(unsigned long, count, KPAGEFLAGS_BATCH);
+		pages = kpageflags_read(buf, index, batch);
+		if (pages == 0)
+			break;
+
+		for (i = 0; i < pages; i++)
+			add_page(voffset + i, index + i, buf[i]);
+
+		index += pages;
+		count -= pages;
+	}
+}
+
+#define PAGEMAP_BATCH	(64 << 10)
+static void walk_vma(unsigned long index, unsigned long count)
+{
+	uint64_t buf[PAGEMAP_BATCH];
+	unsigned long batch;
+	unsigned long pages;
+	unsigned long pfn;
+	unsigned long i;
+
+	while (count) {
+		batch = min_t(unsigned long, count, PAGEMAP_BATCH);
+		pages = pagemap_read(buf, index, batch);
+		if (pages == 0)
+			break;
+
+		for (i = 0; i < pages; i++) {
+			pfn = pagemap_pfn(buf[i]);
+			if (pfn)
+				walk_pfn(index + i, pfn, 1);
+		}
+
+		index += pages;
+		count -= pages;
+	}
+}
+
+static void walk_task(unsigned long index, unsigned long count)
+{
+	const unsigned long end = index + count;
+	unsigned long start;
+	int i = 0;
+
+	while (index < end) {
+
+		while (pg_end[i] <= index)
+			if (++i >= nr_vmas)
+				return;
+		if (pg_start[i] >= end)
+			return;
+
+		start = max_t(unsigned long, pg_start[i], index);
+		index = min_t(unsigned long, pg_end[i], end);
+
+		assert(start < index);
+		walk_vma(start, index - start);
+	}
+}
+
+static void add_addr_range(unsigned long offset, unsigned long size)
+{
+	if (nr_addr_ranges >= MAX_ADDR_RANGES)
+		fatal("too many addr ranges\n");
+
+	opt_offset[nr_addr_ranges] = offset;
+	opt_size[nr_addr_ranges] = min_t(unsigned long, size, ULONG_MAX-offset);
+	nr_addr_ranges++;
+}
+
+static void walk_addr_ranges(void)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	kpageflags_fd = checked_open(PROC_KPAGEFLAGS, O_RDONLY);
+
+	if (!nr_addr_ranges)
+		add_addr_range(0, ULONG_MAX);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < nr_addr_ranges; i++)
+		if (!opt_pid)
+			walk_pfn(0, opt_offset[i], opt_size[i]);
+		else
+			walk_task(opt_offset[i], opt_size[i]);
+
+	close(kpageflags_fd);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * user interface
+ */
+
+static const char *page_flag_type(uint64_t flag)
+{
+	if (flag & KPF_HACKERS_BITS)
+		return "(r)";
+	if (flag & KPF_OVERLOADED_BITS)
+		return "(o)";
+	return "   ";
+}
+
+static void usage(void)
+{
+	int i, j;
+
+	printf(
+"page-types [options]\n"
+"            -r|--raw                   Raw mode, for kernel developers\n"
+"            -d|--describe flags        Describe flags\n"
+"            -a|--addr    addr-spec     Walk a range of pages\n"
+"            -b|--bits    bits-spec     Walk pages with specified bits\n"
+"            -p|--pid     pid           Walk process address space\n"
+#if 0 /* planned features */
+"            -f|--file    filename      Walk file address space\n"
+#endif
+"            -l|--list                  Show page details in ranges\n"
+"            -L|--list-each             Show page details one by one\n"
+"            -N|--no-summary            Don't show summary info\n"
+"            -X|--hwpoison              hwpoison pages\n"
+"            -x|--unpoison              unpoison pages\n"
+"            -h|--help                  Show this usage message\n"
+"flags:\n"
+"            0x10                       bitfield format, e.g.\n"
+"            anon                       bit-name, e.g.\n"
+"            0x10,anon                  comma-separated list, e.g.\n"
+"addr-spec:\n"
+"            N                          one page at offset N (unit: pages)\n"
+"            N+M                        pages range from N to N+M-1\n"
+"            N,M                        pages range from N to M-1\n"
+"            N,                         pages range from N to end\n"
+"            ,M                         pages range from 0 to M-1\n"
+"bits-spec:\n"
+"            bit1,bit2                  (flags & (bit1|bit2)) != 0\n"
+"            bit1,bit2=bit1             (flags & (bit1|bit2)) == bit1\n"
+"            bit1,~bit2                 (flags & (bit1|bit2)) == bit1\n"
+"            =bit1,bit2                 flags == (bit1|bit2)\n"
+"bit-names:\n"
+	);
+
+	for (i = 0, j = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(page_flag_names); i++) {
+		if (!page_flag_names[i])
+			continue;
+		printf("%16s%s", page_flag_names[i] + 2,
+				 page_flag_type(1ULL << i));
+		if (++j > 3) {
+			j = 0;
+			putchar('\n');
+		}
+	}
+	printf("\n                                   "
+		"(r) raw mode bits  (o) overloaded bits\n");
+}
+
+static unsigned long long parse_number(const char *str)
+{
+	unsigned long long n;
+
+	n = strtoll(str, NULL, 0);
+
+	if (n == 0 && str[0] != '0')
+		fatal("invalid name or number: %s\n", str);
+
+	return n;
+}
+
+static void parse_pid(const char *str)
+{
+	FILE *file;
+	char buf[5000];
+
+	opt_pid = parse_number(str);
+
+	sprintf(buf, "/proc/%d/pagemap", opt_pid);
+	pagemap_fd = checked_open(buf, O_RDONLY);
+
+	sprintf(buf, "/proc/%d/maps", opt_pid);
+	file = fopen(buf, "r");
+	if (!file) {
+		perror(buf);
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+
+	while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), file) != NULL) {
+		unsigned long vm_start;
+		unsigned long vm_end;
+		unsigned long long pgoff;
+		int major, minor;
+		char r, w, x, s;
+		unsigned long ino;
+		int n;
+
+		n = sscanf(buf, "%lx-%lx %c%c%c%c %llx %x:%x %lu",
+			   &vm_start,
+			   &vm_end,
+			   &r, &w, &x, &s,
+			   &pgoff,
+			   &major, &minor,
+			   &ino);
+		if (n < 10) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "unexpected line: %s\n", buf);
+			continue;
+		}
+		pg_start[nr_vmas] = vm_start / page_size;
+		pg_end[nr_vmas] = vm_end / page_size;
+		if (++nr_vmas >= MAX_VMAS) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "too many VMAs\n");
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	fclose(file);
+}
+
+static void parse_file(const char *name)
+{
+}
+
+static void parse_addr_range(const char *optarg)
+{
+	unsigned long offset;
+	unsigned long size;
+	char *p;
+
+	p = strchr(optarg, ',');
+	if (!p)
+		p = strchr(optarg, '+');
+
+	if (p == optarg) {
+		offset = 0;
+		size   = parse_number(p + 1);
+	} else if (p) {
+		offset = parse_number(optarg);
+		if (p[1] == '\0')
+			size = ULONG_MAX;
+		else {
+			size = parse_number(p + 1);
+			if (*p == ',') {
+				if (size < offset)
+					fatal("invalid range: %lu,%lu\n",
+							offset, size);
+				size -= offset;
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		offset = parse_number(optarg);
+		size   = 1;
+	}
+
+	add_addr_range(offset, size);
+}
+
+static void add_bits_filter(uint64_t mask, uint64_t bits)
+{
+	if (nr_bit_filters >= MAX_BIT_FILTERS)
+		fatal("too much bit filters\n");
+
+	opt_mask[nr_bit_filters] = mask;
+	opt_bits[nr_bit_filters] = bits;
+	nr_bit_filters++;
+}
+
+static uint64_t parse_flag_name(const char *str, int len)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	if (!*str || !len)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (len <= 8 && !strncmp(str, "compound", len))
+		return BITS_COMPOUND;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(page_flag_names); i++) {
+		if (!page_flag_names[i])
+			continue;
+		if (!strncmp(str, page_flag_names[i] + 2, len))
+			return 1ULL << i;
+	}
+
+	return parse_number(str);
+}
+
+static uint64_t parse_flag_names(const char *str, int all)
+{
+	const char *p    = str;
+	uint64_t   flags = 0;
+
+	while (1) {
+		if (*p == ',' || *p == '=' || *p == '\0') {
+			if ((*str != '~') || (*str == '~' && all && *++str))
+				flags |= parse_flag_name(str, p - str);
+			if (*p != ',')
+				break;
+			str = p + 1;
+		}
+		p++;
+	}
+
+	return flags;
+}
+
+static void parse_bits_mask(const char *optarg)
+{
+	uint64_t mask;
+	uint64_t bits;
+	const char *p;
+
+	p = strchr(optarg, '=');
+	if (p == optarg) {
+		mask = KPF_ALL_BITS;
+		bits = parse_flag_names(p + 1, 0);
+	} else if (p) {
+		mask = parse_flag_names(optarg, 0);
+		bits = parse_flag_names(p + 1, 0);
+	} else if (strchr(optarg, '~')) {
+		mask = parse_flag_names(optarg, 1);
+		bits = parse_flag_names(optarg, 0);
+	} else {
+		mask = parse_flag_names(optarg, 0);
+		bits = KPF_ALL_BITS;
+	}
+
+	add_bits_filter(mask, bits);
+}
+
+static void describe_flags(const char *optarg)
+{
+	uint64_t flags = parse_flag_names(optarg, 0);
+
+	printf("0x%016llx\t%s\t%s\n",
+		(unsigned long long)flags,
+		page_flag_name(flags),
+		page_flag_longname(flags));
+}
+
+static const struct option opts[] = {
+	{ "raw"       , 0, NULL, 'r' },
+	{ "pid"       , 1, NULL, 'p' },
+	{ "file"      , 1, NULL, 'f' },
+	{ "addr"      , 1, NULL, 'a' },
+	{ "bits"      , 1, NULL, 'b' },
+	{ "describe"  , 1, NULL, 'd' },
+	{ "list"      , 0, NULL, 'l' },
+	{ "list-each" , 0, NULL, 'L' },
+	{ "no-summary", 0, NULL, 'N' },
+	{ "hwpoison"  , 0, NULL, 'X' },
+	{ "unpoison"  , 0, NULL, 'x' },
+	{ "help"      , 0, NULL, 'h' },
+	{ NULL        , 0, NULL, 0 }
+};
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	int c;
+
+	page_size = getpagesize();
+
+	while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv,
+				"rp:f:a:b:d:lLNXxh", opts, NULL)) != -1) {
+		switch (c) {
+		case 'r':
+			opt_raw = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'p':
+			parse_pid(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 'f':
+			parse_file(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 'a':
+			parse_addr_range(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 'b':
+			parse_bits_mask(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 'd':
+			describe_flags(optarg);
+			exit(0);
+		case 'l':
+			opt_list = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'L':
+			opt_list = 2;
+			break;
+		case 'N':
+			opt_no_summary = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'X':
+			opt_hwpoison = 1;
+			prepare_hwpoison_fd();
+			break;
+		case 'x':
+			opt_unpoison = 1;
+			prepare_hwpoison_fd();
+			break;
+		case 'h':
+			usage();
+			exit(0);
+		default:
+			usage();
+			exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (opt_list && opt_pid)
+		printf("voffset\t");
+	if (opt_list == 1)
+		printf("offset\tlen\tflags\n");
+	if (opt_list == 2)
+		printf("offset\tflags\n");
+
+	walk_addr_ranges();
+
+	if (opt_list == 1)
+		show_page_range(0, 0, 0);  /* drain the buffer */
+
+	if (opt_no_summary)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (opt_list)
+		printf("\n\n");
+
+	show_summary();
+
+	return 0;
+}