.. Objectives .. ---------- .. At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to: .. 1. .. 2. .. Prerequisites .. ------------- .. 1. Using Linux tools - Part 1 .. 2. Using Linux tools - Part 2 .. 3. Using Linux tools - Part 3 .. 4. Using Linux tools - Part 4 Script ------ .. L1 {{{ Show the first slide containing title, name of the production team along with the logo of MHRD }}} .. R1 Hello friends and Welcome to the tutorial on 'Using linux tools - Part 5'. .. L2 {{{ Show slide with objectives }}} .. R2 At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to, 1. Sort lines of text files #. Print lines matching a pattern #. Translate or delete characters #. Omit repeated lines. .. L3 {{{ Switch to the pre-requisite slide }}} .. R3 Before beginning this tutorial,we would suggest you to complete the tutorial on "Using Linux tools from Part 1 to Part 4". .. R4 In this tutorial, we shall learn about text processing. TO begin with, consider data kept in two files, namely marks1.txt and students.txt Let us see what data they contain. Open a terminal and type, .. L4 {{{ Open the terminal }}} :: cat marks1.txt cat students.txt .. R5 Let's say we wish to sort the output in the alphabetical order of the names of the files. We can use the ``sort`` command for this purpose. We just pipe the previous output to the ``sort`` command as, .. L5 :: cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt -| sort .. R6 Let's say we wish to sort the names, based on the marks in the first subject i.e. the first column after the name. ``sort`` command also allows us to specify the delimiter between the fields and sort the data on a particular field. ``-t`` option is used to specify the delimiter and ``-k`` option is used to specify the field. .. L6 :: cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt -| sort -t " " -k 2 .. L7 {{{ Show slide with, Sort... }}} .. R7 This command give us a sorted output as required. But, what if we would like the output to appear in the reverse order. ``-r`` option allows the output to be sorted in the reverse order and the ``-n`` option is used to choose a numerical sorting. .. R8 Let us do it on the terminal and see for ourselves, .. L8 {{{ Switch to the terminal }}} :: cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt -| sort -t " " -k 2 -rn .. R9 Suppose, While you are compiling the student marklist, Anne walks up to you and wants to know her marks. You, being a kind person that you are, oblige. But you do not wish to her to see the marks that others have scored. What do you do? Here, the ``grep`` command comes to your rescue. ``grep`` is a command line text search utility. You can use it to search for Anne and show her, what she scored. ``grep`` allows us to search for a search string in files. But we could, like any other command, pipe the output of other commands to it. So, we shall use the previous combination of cut and paste that we had, to get the marks of students along with their names and search for Anne in that. .. L9 :: cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt - | grep Anne .. R10 This will give us only the line containing the word Anne as the output. The grep command is by default case-sensitive. So, we wouldn't have got the result if we had searched for anne, with a small a, instead of Anne, with a capital a. But, what if we didn't know, whether the name was capitalized or not? ``grep`` allows you to do case-insensitive searches by using the ``-i`` option. .. L10 :: cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt - | grep -i Anne .. R11 Now, in another scenario, if we wished to print all the lines, which do not contain the word Anne, we could use the ``-v`` option. .. L11 :: cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt - | grep -iv Anne .. R12 grep allows us to do more complex searches, for instance, searching for sentences starting or ending with a particular pattern and regular expression based searches. {{{ Show slide with, tr }}} ``tr`` is a command that takes two sets of characters as parameters, and replaces occurrences of the characters in the first set with the corresponding elements from the other set. It reads from the standard output and writes to the standard output. For instance, if we wish to replace all the lower case letters in the students file with upper case, we can do it as, .. L12 {{{ Switch to the terminal }}} :: cat students.txt | tr a-z A-Z .. R13 A common task is to remove empty newlines from a file. The ``-s`` flag causes ``tr`` to compress sequences of identical adjacent characters in its output to a single token. For example, .. L13 :: tr -s '\n' '\n' .. R14 Hit enter 2-3 times and see that every time we hit enter we get a newline. .. L14 :: <Enter> <Enter> .. R15 It replaces sequences of one or more newline characters with a single newline. The ``-d`` flag causes ``tr`` to delete all tokens of the specified set of characters from its input. In this case, only a single character set argument is used. The following command removes carriage return characters, thereby converting a file in DOS/Windows format to the Unix format. .. L15 :: cat foo.txt | tr -d '\r' > bar.txt .. R16 The ``-c`` flag complements the first set of characters. .. L16 :: tr -cd '[:alnum:]' .. R17 It therefore removes all non-alphanumeric characters. Let us consider one more scenario.Suppose we have a list of items, say books, and we wish to obtain a list which names of all the books only once, without any duplicates. To achieve this, we use the ``uniq`` command. Let us first have a look at our file .. L17 :: cat items.txt .. R18 Now, let us try and get rid of the duplicate lines from this file using the ``uniq`` command. .. L18 :: uniq items.txt .. R19 Nothing happens! Why? The ``uniq`` command removes duplicate lines only when they are next to each other. So, henceforth, we get a sorted file from the original file and work with that file. .. L19 :: sort items.txt | uniq .. R20 ``uniq -u`` command gives the lines which are unique and do not have any duplicates in the file. ``uniq -d`` outputs only those lines which have duplicates. .. L20 :: uniq -u items-sorted.txt .. R21 The ``-c`` option displays the number of times each line occurs in the file. .. L21 :: uniq -dc items-sorted.txt .. L22 {{{ Show summary slide }}} .. R22 This brings us to the end of the end of this tutorial. In this tutorial, we have learnt to, 1. Use the ``sort`` command to sort lines of text files. #. Use the ``grep`` command to search text pattern. #. Use the ``tr`` command to translate and/or delete characters. #. Use the ``uniq`` command to omit repeated lines in a text. .. L23 {{{ Show self assessment questions slide }}} .. R23 Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve 1. To obtain patterns; one per line, which of the following command is used ? - grep -f - grep -i - grep -v - grep -e 2. Translate the word 'linux' to upper-case. 3. Sort the output of the ``ls -al`` command. .. L24 {{{ Solution of self assessment questions on slide }}} .. R24 And the answers, 1. In order to obtain patterns one per line, we use the ``grep`` command alongwith the -f option. 2. We use the tr command to change the word into uppercase :: echo 'linux' | tr a-z A-Z 3. We use the sort command as, :: ls -al | sort -n -k5 The -n means "sort numerically", and the -k5 option means to key off of column five. .. L25 {{{ Show the Thank you slide }}} .. R25 Hope you have enjoyed this tutorial and found it useful. Thank you!