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diff --git a/ult/ult_4/script.rst b/ult/ult_4/script.rst index 09de00e..4b1bef0 100644 --- a/ult/ult_4/script.rst +++ b/ult/ult_4/script.rst @@ -3,15 +3,17 @@ .. At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to: - .. 1. Understand what is Redirection and Piping. - .. 2. Learn various features of shell. + .. 1. Display the contents of files. + .. 2. Read only parts of a file. + .. 3. Look at the statistical information of a file. .. Prerequisites .. ------------- -.. 1. Using Linux tools - Part 1 -.. 2. Using Linux tools - Part 2 -.. 3. Using Linux tools - Part 3 +.. 1. Getting started with Linux +.. 2. Basic File Handling +.. 3. File permissions and ownership + Script ------ @@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ team along with the logo of MHRD }}} .. R1 Hello friends and Welcome to the tutorial on -'Using linux tools - Part 4'. +'Advanced File Handling'. .. L2 @@ -34,8 +36,9 @@ Hello friends and Welcome to the tutorial on At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to, - 1. Understand what is Redirection and Piping. - #. Learn various features of the shell. + 1. Display the contents of files. + #. Read only parts of a file. + #. Look at the statistical information of a file. .. L3 @@ -43,367 +46,389 @@ At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to, .. R3 -Before beginning this tutorial, we would suggest you to complete the -tutorial on "Using Linux tools from Part 1 to Part 3". +Before beginning this tutorial,we would suggest you to complete the +former tutorials as being displayed currently. .. R4 -Let us begin with the concept of 'Redirection and Piping' which -performs the same operations as the ``cut`` and ``paste`` commands. - -Consider the files ``marks.txt`` and ``students.txt``.The contents of -the files are as following: +Let us begin with how to read a file as a whole. +The ``cat`` command is the most commonly used command for this purpose. +To view the contents of a file, say, ``foo.txt``, we +simply say, .. L4 -{{{ Open the terminal }}} +{{{ Switch to terminal }}} :: - cat marks1.txt - cat students.txt + cat foo.txt .. R5 -Now, let us view the contents of both these files side-by-side. +You can see the contents of the file on the terminal. + +The cat command could also be used to concatenate the text of multiple +files. Say, we have two files,``foo.txt`` and ``bar.txt``, .. L5 :: - cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt - + cat foo.txt bar.txt .. R6 -Now, in order to view the same output in a new file at an other -location, we say, +It shows the output of both the files concatenated on the standard output. +But if we had a long file,the output of ``cat`` command is not convenient +to read. +Let's look at the ``less`` command which turns out to be more useful in +such a case. + +``less `` allows you to view the contents of a text file one screen at a +time. .. L6 :: - cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt > /tmp/m_tmp.txt - paste -d " " students.txt m_tmp.txt + less wonderland.txt + +<Press enter few times and show the contents of the file, then press Ctrl-z> .. R7 -First, let us try to understand the second solution,which is a two -step approach. -Later, we shall look at the first solution. +This shows us the file, one screen at a time. .. L7 .. L8 -{{{ Show slide, with Redirection }}} +{{{ Show slide with, less }}} .. R8 -The standard output, in general, goes to the display. -Hence, the output of the commands that we type, come out to the display. -This may not be what we always require. +``less`` has a list of commands that it allows you to use, once you have +started viewing a file. A few of the common ones have been listed below. -For instance, in the solution above, we use the cut command and get only -the required columns of the file and write the output to a new temporary -file. The ``>`` character is used to state that we wish to redirect the -output, and it is followed by the location to which we wish to redirect. -For example, + * q: to Quit. - command > file1 + * [Arrows]/[Page Up]/[Page Down]/[Home]/[End]:to Navigate through + the content. -.. L9 + * ng: to jump to a given line number (n).Default, is the first line of + a file. -{{{ Show slide, with Redirection... }}} + * /pattern: Search for pattern. Regular expressions can be used. -.. R9 - -Similarly, the standard input (stdin) can be redirected as, - - command < file1 + * h: for Help. -The input and the output redirection could be combined in a single command, -as, - - command < infile > outfile +.. R9 -There is actually a third kind of standard stream, called the Standard -error (stderr). Any error messages that you get, are coming through this -stream. Like ``stdout``, ``stderr`` also streams to the display by default, -but it could be redirected to a file, as well. +Let us move ahead with the topic. Often, we would like to get only some +statistical information about a file, rather than it's full contents. +The ``wc`` command prints these details for a file. -.. R10 +.. L9 +:: -For instance, let's reproduce an error using the ``cut`` command used -before. We shall change the ``-f`` option to ``-c`` + wc wonderland.txt .. L10 -{{{ Switch to terminal }}} -:: +{{{ Highlight the required portions accordingly while narrating }}} - cut -d " " -c 2- marks1.txt > /tmp/m_tmp.txt +.. R10 + +As you can see, we get some information about the file. +The first number is the number of lines, the second is the number of words +and the third is the number of characters in the file. .. R11 -This displays an error saying that the delimiter option should be used -with the fields option only. You may verify this by looking at the -``m_tmp.txt`` file, which is now empty.We can now, redirect the -``stderr`` also to a file, instead of showing it on the display. +Let us now look at a couple of commands that let's you see parts of files, +instead of the whole file. The ``head`` and ``tail`` commands allow you to see +parts of files. As their names suggest, they display the start and end of a +file, respectively. .. L11 :: - cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt 1> /tmp/m_tmp.txt 2> /tmp/m_err.txt + head wonderland.txt .. R12 -The above command redirects all the errors to the ``m_err.txt`` file -and the output to the ``m_tmp.txt`` file. When redirecting, 1 stands -for ``stdout`` and 2 stands for ``stderr``. - -Let us complete the solution by using the ``paste`` command. +It prints only the first 10 lines of the file. Similarly tail will print the +last 10 lines of the file. If we wish to change the number of lines that we +wish to view, we use the option ``-n``. .. L12 :: - paste -d " " students.txt m_tmp.txt + head -n 1 wonderland.txt .. R13 -So, in two steps we solved the problem of getting rid of the roll numbers -from the marks file and displaying the marks along with the names of the -students. Now, that we know how to redirect output, we could choose to -write the output to a file, instead of showing on the display. +It prints only the first line of the file. Similarly, we could print only +the last line of the file. -Let us now look at the first solution. +The most common use of the tail command is to monitor a continuously +changing file, for instance, a log file. Say, you have a process running, +which is continuously logging it's information to a file, for instance, the +logs of the system messages. .. L13 :: - cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt | paste -d " " students.txt - - -.. L14 - -{{{ Show slide, with Piping }}} + tail -f /var/log/dmesg .. R14 -First of all, the hyphen at the end is to ask the paste command to -read the standard input, instead of looking for a FILE. The ``man`` -page of ``paste`` command gives us this information. - -The character ``|`` is called a pipe. -Now, let us observe the ``cut`` command. If we look at the command only -upto the ``|`` character, it appears as a normal ``cut`` command . -So, the ``|`` character here, seems -to be joining the two commands in some way. -Essentially, what we are doing is, to redirect the output of the first -command to ``stdin`` and the second command takes the input from the ``stdin``. - -More generally, - - command1 | command2 +This will show the last 10 lines of the file as expected, but along with +that, it starts monitoring the file. Any new lines added at the end of the +file, will be shown. To interrupt tail, while it is monitoring, hit +``Ctrl-C``. -executes ``command1`` and sends it's output to the ``stdin``, which is then -used as the input for ``command2``. This activity is commonly called piping. +We looked at a couple of functions that allowed us to view a part of a file, +line-wise. We shall now look at a couple of commands that will allow us to look +at, only certain sections of each line of a file and merge those parts. +Let's take the ``/etc/passwd`` file as our example file. It contains +information about each user of the system. -.. L15 +.. L14 +:: -{{{ Show slide, with Piping... }}} + cat /etc/passwd .. R15 -This is roughly equivalent to using two redirects and a temporary file. - - command1 > tempfile - command2 < tempfile - rm tempfile +In the output, let us look at only the first, fifth, sixth and the last +columns.The first column is the ``user name``, the fifth column is the +``user info``, the sixth column is the ``home folder`` and the last column +is the ``path of the shell program`` that the user uses. +Let's say, we wish to look at only the user names in the file, how do we do it? -Also, given that a pipe is just a way to send the output of a command to -the ``stdin``, it should be obvious to you that we can use a chain of -pipes. Any number of commands can be piped together and therefore it should - be noted that it is not restricted to only two commands. +.. L15 +:: + + cut -d : -f 1 /etc/passwd -The Bash shell has some nice features, that make our job of using the shell -easier and much more pleasant. Let us have a look at few of them here. +.. R16 -Bash provides the feature of 'tab completion'. What does tab completion mean? -When you are typing a word, bash helps you to complete the word. -This can be done by entering some portion of the word and thereafter, -pressing the tab key. +It gives us the required output. Let us understand this operation in detail. +The first option ``-d`` specifies the delimiter between the various fields in +the file, in this case it is the ``semicolon``. If no delimiter is specified, +the TAB character is assumed to be the delimiter. The ``-f`` option specifies, +the field number that we wish to choose. +You can print multiple fields, by separating the field numbers with a +comma. -If you do not get the desired word on pressing the tab key, it implies that -either the word doesn't exist or the word cannot be decided unambiguously. -In the latter case, pressing the tab key for a second time,will list out -all the possibilities. +Pause the video here, try out the following exercise and resume the video. .. L16 -{{{ Show slide, with Tab-completion }}} - -.. R16 - -Bash provides tab completion for the following. +.. L17 - 1. File Names - 2. Directory Names - 3. Executable Names - 4. User Names (when they are prefixed with a ~) - 5. Host Names (when they are prefixed with a @) - 6. Variable Names (when they are prefixed with a $) +{{{ Show slide with exercise }}} .. R17 -For example, - -.. L17 - -{{{ Switch to terminal }}} -:: - - pas<TAB><TAB> - ~/<TAB><TAB> +Print only the first, fifth and the seventh fields of the file ``/etc/passwd``. .. R18 -Bash also saves the history of the commands you have typed earlier. -This feature enables you to goto the previously typed commands and -use them as and when necessary. The up and down arrow keys will help -you to navigate -through these commands in the bash history. +Switch to the terminal for solution .. L18 -:: - <UP-ARROW> +{{{ continue from paused state }}} +{{{ Switch to the terminal }}} + +:: + + cut -d : -f 1,5,7 /etc/passwd .. R19 -You may also search incrementally, for commands in your bash history. -``Ctrl-r`` searches for the commands that you have typed earlier. However, -it should be noted that the number of commands saved in the history is -limited, generally upto a 1000 commands. +We get the correct output. +Instead of choosing by fields, ``cut`` also allows us to choose on the +basis of characters or bytes. For instance, we could get the first 4 +characters of all the entries of the file, ``/etc/passwd`` by saying, .. L19 :: - <Ctrl-r> pas + cut -c 1-4 /etc/passwd .. R20 -Unix recognizes certain special characters, called "meta characters", as -command directives. The shell meta characters are recognized anywhere they -appear in the command line, even if they are not surrounded by a blank space. -For this reason, it is always recommended to use only the characters A-Z, -a-z, 0-9, period, dash and underscore, when naming files and -directories on Unix. If your file or directory has a shell meta character -in the name, you may find it difficult to use this name in a shell command. +The end limits of the ranges can take sensible default values, if they are +left out. For example, .. L20 +:: -.. L21 - -{{{ Show slide, with Shell Meta Characters }}} + cut -c -4 /etc/passwd .. R21 -The characters that you see on the slide are the shell meta characters +It gives the same output as before. If the start position has not been +specified, it is assumed to be the start of the line. Similarly if the end +position is not specified, it is assumed to be the end of the line. + +.. L21 +:: + + cut -c 10- /etc/passwd .. R22 -Lets take an example, +It prints all the characters from the 10th character up to the end of the +line. +Let us now solve an inverse problem. Let's say we have two columns of data +in two different files, and we wish to view them side by side. .. L22 -{{{ Switch to terminal }}} -:: +.. L23 - ls file.? +{{{ Show slide with, paste }}} .. R23 -It means, run on a directory containing the files file, file.c, file.lst, -and myfile would list the files file.c and file.lst. However, - -.. L23 -:: - - ls file.? +For instance, consider a file 'students.txt' containing the names of students +and another file 'marks.txt' containing their respective marks. .. R24 -Run on the same directory would only list file.c because the ? only matches -one character, no more, no less. This helps you save time, while typing. - -For example, if there is a file called -california_cornish_hens_with_wild_rice and no other files whose names begin -with 'c', you could view the file without typing the whole name by typing -this +we wish to view the contents, side by side. The ``paste`` command allows +us to do that. .. L24 :: - more c* + paste students.txt marks.txt + paste -s students.txt marks.txt .. R25 -Here, the c* matches that long file name. -File-names containing meta characters can pose many problems and should -never be intentionally created. +The first command gives us the output of the two files, next to each other +and the second command gives us the output one below the other. + +Now, this problem is a bit unrealistic because, we wouldn't have the marks +of students in a file, without any information about the student to which +they belong. Let's say our marks file had the first column as the roll +number of the student, followed by the marks of the students. What would we +do then, to get the same output that we got before? + +Essentially we need to use both the ``cut`` and ``paste`` commands, but +how do we do that? That brings us to the concept of Redirection and Piping +which is covered in the next spoken tutorial. .. L25 .. L26 -{{{ Switch to Summary slide }}} +{{{ Switch to summary slide }}} .. R26 -This brings us to the end of the end of this tutorial. -In this tutorial, we have learnt to, +This brings us to the end of this tutorial. +In this tutorial, we have learnt to, - 1. Use the ``cut`` and ``paste`` commands in redirection. - 2. Use the pipe ( | ) character. - 3. Implement features of shell, like tab-completion and history. + 1. Display the contents of files using the ``cat`` command. + #. View the contents of a file one screen at a time using the + ``less`` command. .. L27 - -{{{ Show self assessment questions slide }}} - -.. R27 -Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve: +{{{ Switch to slide Summary... }}} - 1. Bash does not provide tab completion for Host Names. - True of False? +.. R27 - 2. In a file /home/test.txt ,first line is "data:myscripts:20:30". How do we - view only the minutes (last field, 30). - - - cut -d : -f 4 /home/test.txt - - cut -f 3 /home/test.txt - - cut -d : -f 3 /home/test.txt - - None of these + 1. Display only specific contents of file using the ``head`` and + ``tail`` commands. + #. Use the ``cut``, ``paste`` and ``wc`` commands. + .. L28 -{{{ Solutions for the self assessment questions on slide }}} +{{{ Show self assessment questions slide }}} .. R28 -And the answers: +Here are some self assessment questions for you to solve - 1. False. Bash provides tab completion for Host Names when they are prefixed - with a @ sign. +1. How to view lines from 1 to 15 in ``wonderland.txt``? - 2. The correct option would be -:: - - cut -d : -f 4 /home/test.txt +2. In ``cut`` command, how to specify space as the delimiter? .. L29 -{{{ Show the Thank you slide }}} +{{{ Solution of self assessment questions on slide }}} .. R29 +And the answers, + +1. We can use the head command as, +:: + + head -15 wonderland.txt + +2. We use the -d option with the command as, +:: + + cut -d " " <filename> + +.. L30 + +{{{ Show the SDES & FOSSEE slide }}} + +.. R30 + +Software Development techniques for Engineers and Scientists - SDES, is an +initiative by FOSSEE. For more information, please visit the given link. + +Free and Open-source Software for Science and Engineering Education - FOSSEE, is +based at IIT Bombay which is funded by MHRD as part of National Mission on +Education through ICT. + +.. L31 + +{{{ Show the ``About the Spoken Tutorial Project'' slide }}} + +.. R31 + +Watch the video available at the following link. It summarises the Spoken +Tutorial project.If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and +watch it. + +.. L32 + +{{{ Show the `` Spoken Tutorial Workshops'' slide }}} + +.. R32 + +The Spoken Tutorial Project Team conducts workshops using spoken tutorials, +gives certificates to those who pass an online test. + +For more details, contact contact@spoken-tutorial.org + +.. L33 + +{{{ Show the ``Acknowledgements'' slide }}} + +.. R33 + +Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the "Talk to a Teacher" project. +It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, +Government of India. More information on this mission is available at the +given link. + +.. L34 + +{{{ Show the Thank you slide }}} + +.. R34 + Hope you have enjoyed this tutorial and found it useful. Thank you! diff --git a/ult/ult_4/ult4.tex b/ult/ult_4/ult4.tex index 7181db5..396dceb 100644 --- a/ult/ult_4/ult4.tex +++ b/ult/ult_4/ult4.tex @@ -5,178 +5,132 @@ % Copyright (c) 2009, FOSSEE, IIT Bombay %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\documentclass[12pt,compress]{beamer} +\documentclass[17pt,compress]{beamer} +\usepackage{beamerthemesplit} \mode<presentation> { \usetheme{Warsaw} \useoutertheme{infolines} \setbeamercovered{transparent} + \setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} } +% Taken from Fernando's slides. +\usepackage{ae,aecompl} +\usepackage[scaled=.95]{helvet} \usepackage[english]{babel} \usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} -%\usepackage{times} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} -% Taken from Fernando's slides. -\usepackage{ae,aecompl} -\usepackage{mathpazo,courier,euler} -\usepackage[scaled=.95]{helvet} - -\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.5,0} +% change the alerted colour to LimeGreen +\definecolor{LimeGreen}{RGB}{50,205,50} +\setbeamercolor{structure}{fg=LimeGreen} +\author[FOSSEE]{} +\institute[IIT Bombay]{} +\date[]{} +% \setbeamercovered{transparent} + +% theme split +\usepackage{verbatim} +\newenvironment{colorverbatim}[1][]% +{% +\color{blue} +\verbatim +}% +{% +\endverbatim +}% +\usepackage{mathpazo,courier,euler} \usepackage{listings} \lstset{language=sh, basicstyle=\ttfamily\bfseries, - commentstyle=\color{red}\itshape, - stringstyle=\color{darkgreen}, showstringspaces=false, - keywordstyle=\color{blue}\bfseries} + keywordstyle=\color{black}\bfseries} + +% logo +\logo{\includegraphics[height=1.30 cm]{3t-logo.pdf}} +\logo{\includegraphics[height=1.30 cm]{fossee-logo.pdf} + +\hspace{7.5cm} +\includegraphics[scale=0.99]{fossee-logo.pdf}\\ +\hspace{281pt} +\includegraphics[scale=0.80]{3t-logo.pdf}} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % DOCUMENT STARTS \begin{document} -\begin{frame} +\sffamily \bfseries +\title +[Advanced File Handling] +{Advanced File Handling} +\author +[FOSSEE] +{\small Talk to a Teacher\\{\color{blue}\url{http://spoken-tutorial.org}}\\\vspace{0.25cm}National Mission on Education + through ICT\\{\color{blue}\url{ http://sakshat.ac.in}} \\ [1.65cm] + Contributed by FOSSEE Team \\IIT Bombay \\[0.3cm] +} -\begin{center} -\vspace{12pt} -\textcolor{blue}{\huge Using Linux Tools\\Part IV} -\end{center} -\vspace{18pt} -\begin{center} -\vspace{10pt} -\includegraphics[scale=0.95]{../images/fossee-logo.png}\\ -\vspace{5pt} -\scriptsize Developed by FOSSEE Team, IIT-Bombay. \\ -\scriptsize Funded by National Mission on Education through ICT\\ -\scriptsize MHRD,Govt. of India\\ -\includegraphics[scale=0.30]{../images/iitb-logo.png}\\ -\end{center} +% slide 1 +\begin{frame} + \titlepage \end{frame} + \begin{frame} \frametitle{Objectives} \label{sec-2} At the end of this tutorial, you will be able to, \begin{itemize} -\item Understand what is Redirection and Piping. -\item Learn various features of the shell. +\item Display the contents of files +\item Read only parts of a file +\item Look at the statistical information of a file \end{itemize} \end{frame} \begin{frame} -\frametitle{Pre-requisite} +\frametitle{Pre-requisites} \label{sec-3} -Spoken tutorial on - +Spoken tutorial on, \begin{itemize} -\item Using Linux tools -- Part I -\item Using Linux tools -- Part II -\item Using Linux tools -- Part III +\item Getting started with Linux +\item Basic File Handling \end{itemize} \end{frame} \begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{Redirection} - - \begin{itemize} - \item The standard output (stdout) stream goes to the display - \item Not always, what we need - \item First solution, redirects output to a file - \item \texttt{>} states that output is redirected; It is - followed by location to redirect - \end{itemize} - \begin{lstlisting} - $ command > file1 - \end{lstlisting} % $ - \begin{itemize} - \item \texttt{>} creates a new file at specified location - \item \texttt{>>} appends to a file at specified location - \end{itemize} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{Redirection \ldots} - \begin{itemize} - \item Similarly, the standard input (stdin) can be redirected - \end{itemize} - \begin{lstlisting} - $ command < file1 - \end{lstlisting} % $ - \begin{itemize} - \item input and the output redirection could be combined - \end{itemize} - \begin{lstlisting} - $ command < infile > outfile - \end{lstlisting} % $ - \begin{itemize} - \item Standard error (stderr) is the third standard stream - \item All error messages come through this stream - \item \texttt{stderr} can also be redirected - \end{itemize} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{Piping} - \begin{lstlisting} - $ cut -d " " -f 2- marks1.txt \ - | paste -d " " students.txt - - \end{lstlisting} % $ - \begin{itemize} - \item \texttt{-} instead of FILE asks \texttt{paste} to read from - \texttt{stdin} - \item \texttt{cut} command is a normal command - \item the \texttt{|} seems to be joining the two commands - \item Redirects output of first command to \texttt{stdin}, which - becomes input to the second command - \item This is called piping; \texttt{|} is called a pipe - \end{itemize} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{Piping \ldots} - \begin{itemize} - \item Roughly same as -- 2 redirects and a temporary file - \end{itemize} - \begin{lstlisting} - $ command1 > tempfile - $ command2 < tempfile - $ rm tempfile - \end{lstlisting} % $ - \begin{itemize} - \item Any number of commands can be piped together + \frametitle{\texttt{less}} + \begin{itemize} + \item q: Quit + \item Arrows/Page Up/Page Down/Home/End: Navigation + \item ng: Jump to line number n + \item /pattern: Search. Regular expressions can be used + \item h: Help \end{itemize} \end{frame} -\subsection{Features of the Shell} - -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{Tab-completion} +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{Exercise 1} \begin{itemize} - \item Bash provides tab completion for the following. - \begin{enumerate} - \item File Names - \item Directory Names - \item Executable Names - \item User Names (when they are prefixed with a \~{}) - \item Host Names (when they are prefixed with a @) - \item Variable Names (when they are prefixed with a \$) - \end{enumerate} + \item Print only the first, fifth and the seventh fields of the file \verb~/etc/passwd~ \end{itemize} \end{frame} \begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{Shell Meta Characters} - \begin{itemize} - \item ``meta characters'' are special command directives - \item File-names shouldn't have meta-characters - \item The following are the shell meta characters -- - \begin{itemize} - \item \verb+/<>!$%^&*|{}[]"'`~;+ - \end{itemize} - \end{itemize} + \frametitle{\texttt{paste}} + \begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{l|l} + \verb~students.txt~ & \verb~marks.txt~ \\ + Hussain & 89 92 85 \\ + Dilbert & 98 47 67 \\ + Anne & 67 82 76 \\ + Raul & 78 97 60 \\ + Sven & 67 68 69 \\ + \end{tabular} + \end{center} \end{frame} \begin{frame} @@ -185,31 +139,31 @@ Spoken tutorial on - In this tutorial, we have learnt to, +\begin{itemize} +\item Display the contents of files using the ``cat'' command. +\item View the contents of a file one screen at a time using the + ``less'' command. +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} +\begin{frame} +\frametitle{Summary...} \begin{itemize} -\item Use the ``cut'' and ``paste'' commands in redirection. -\item Use the pipe ( | ) character. -\item Implement features of shell like tab-completion and history. +\item Display specific contents of file using the ``head'' and + ``tail'' commands. +\item Use the ``cut'', ``paste'' and ``wc'' commands. \end{itemize} \end{frame} + \begin{frame}[fragile] \frametitle{Evaluation} \label{sec-9} \begin{enumerate} -\item Bash does not provide tab completion for Host Names. \\ - True or False? -\vspace{12pt} -\item In a file /home/test.txt ,first line is "data:myscripts:20:30".How to - view only minutes(last field, 30). -\vspace{5pt} -\begin{itemize} -\item cut -d : -f 4 /home/test.txt -\item cut -f 3 /home/test.txt -\item cut -d : -f 3 /home/test.txt -\item None of these -\end{itemize} +\item How to view lines from 1 to 15 in \verb~wonderland.txt~ ? +\vspace{15pt} +\item In ``cut'' command, how to specify space as the delimiter ? \end{enumerate} \end{frame} \begin{frame} @@ -218,22 +172,69 @@ Spoken tutorial on - \begin{enumerate} -\item False +\item \$ head -15 \verb~wonderland.txt~ \vspace{15pt} -\item cut -d : -f 4 /home/test.txt +\item \$ cut -d " " <filename> \end{enumerate} \end{frame} + +\begin{frame} +\frametitle{SDES \& FOSSEE} +\begin{center} +\begin{itemize} +\item \small{SDES}\\ +\small{\color{LimeGreen}Software Development techniques for Engineers and Scientists} \\ +\scriptsize An initiative by FOSSEE. \\ +\vspace{3pt} +\scriptsize For more information on SDES, please visit {\color{blue}\url{http://fossee.in/sdes}}\\ +\vspace{10pt} +\item \small{FOSSEE}\\ +\small {\color{LimeGreen}Free and Open-source Software for \\Science and Engineering Education} \\ +\scriptsize Based at IIT Bombay, Funded by MHRD.\\ +\vspace{3pt} +\scriptsize Part of National Mission on Education through ICT \\(NME-ICT) \\ +\end{itemize} +\end{center} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} +\frametitle{About the Spoken Tutorial Project} +\begin{itemize} +\item Watch the video available at {\color{blue}\url{http://spoken-tutorial.org /What\_is\_a\_Spoken\_Tutorial}} +\item It summarises the Spoken Tutorial project +\item If you do not have good bandwidth, you can download and watch it +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} +\frametitle{Spoken Tutorial Workshops}The Spoken Tutorial Project Team +\begin{itemize} +\item Conducts workshops using spoken tutorials +\item Gives certificates to those who pass an online test +\item For more details, please write to \\ \hspace {0.5cm}{\color{blue}contact@spoken-tutorial.org} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame} +\frametitle{Acknowledgements} +\begin{itemize} +\item Spoken Tutorial Project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project +\item It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India +\item More information on this Mission is available at: \\{\color{blue}\url{http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro}} +\end{itemize} +\end{frame} + \begin{frame} \begin{block}{} \begin{center} - \textcolor{blue}{\Large THANK YOU!} + {\Large THANK YOU!} \end{center} \end{block} \begin{block}{} \begin{center} For more Information, visit our website\\ - \url{http://fossee.in/} + {\color{blue}\url{http://fossee.in/}} \end{center} \end{block} \end{frame} |