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+# coding: utf-8
+"""
+39. Testing using the Test Client
+
+The test client is a class that can act like a simple
+browser for testing purposes.
+
+It allows the user to compose GET and POST requests, and
+obtain the response that the server gave to those requests.
+The server Response objects are annotated with the details
+of the contexts and templates that were rendered during the
+process of serving the request.
+
+``Client`` objects are stateful - they will retain cookie (and
+thus session) details for the lifetime of the ``Client`` instance.
+
+This is not intended as a replacement for Twill, Selenium, or
+other browser automation frameworks - it is here to allow
+testing against the contexts and templates produced by a view,
+rather than the HTML rendered to the end-user.
+
+"""
+from django.test import Client, TestCase
+from django.conf import settings
+from django.core import mail
+
+class ClientTest(TestCase):
+    fixtures = ['testdata.json']
+
+    def test_get_view(self):
+        "GET a view"
+        # The data is ignored, but let's check it doesn't crash the system
+        # anyway.
+        data = {'var': u'\xf2'}
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/get_view/', data)
+
+        # Check some response details
+        self.assertContains(response, 'This is a test')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context['var'], u'\xf2')
+        self.assertEqual(response.template.name, 'GET Template')
+
+    def test_get_post_view(self):
+        "GET a view that normally expects POSTs"
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/post_view/', {})
+
+        # Check some response details
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(response.template.name, 'Empty GET Template')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'Empty GET Template')
+        self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, 'Empty POST Template')
+
+    def test_empty_post(self):
+        "POST an empty dictionary to a view"
+        response = self.client.post('/test_client/post_view/', {})
+
+        # Check some response details
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(response.template.name, 'Empty POST Template')
+        self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, 'Empty GET Template')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'Empty POST Template')
+
+    def test_post(self):
+        "POST some data to a view"
+        post_data = {
+            'value': 37
+        }
+        response = self.client.post('/test_client/post_view/', post_data)
+
+        # Check some response details
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(response.context['data'], '37')
+        self.assertEqual(response.template.name, 'POST Template')
+        self.assertTrue('Data received' in response.content)
+
+    def test_response_headers(self):
+        "Check the value of HTTP headers returned in a response"
+        response = self.client.get("/test_client/header_view/")
+
+        self.assertEquals(response['X-DJANGO-TEST'], 'Slartibartfast')
+
+    def test_raw_post(self):
+        "POST raw data (with a content type) to a view"
+        test_doc = """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><library><book><title>Blink</title><author>Malcolm Gladwell</author></book></library>"""
+        response = self.client.post("/test_client/raw_post_view/", test_doc,
+                                    content_type="text/xml")
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(response.template.name, "Book template")
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, "Blink - Malcolm Gladwell")
+
+    def test_redirect(self):
+        "GET a URL that redirects elsewhere"
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/redirect_view/')
+        # Check that the response was a 302 (redirect) and that
+        # assertRedirect() understands to put an implicit http://testserver/ in
+        # front of non-absolute URLs.
+        self.assertRedirects(response, '/test_client/get_view/')
+
+        host = 'django.testserver'
+        client_providing_host = Client(HTTP_HOST=host)
+        response = client_providing_host.get('/test_client/redirect_view/')
+        # Check that the response was a 302 (redirect) with absolute URI
+        self.assertRedirects(response, '/test_client/get_view/', host=host)
+
+    def test_redirect_with_query(self):
+        "GET a URL that redirects with given GET parameters"
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/redirect_view/', {'var': 'value'})
+
+        # Check if parameters are intact
+        self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/test_client/get_view/?var=value')
+
+    def test_permanent_redirect(self):
+        "GET a URL that redirects permanently elsewhere"
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/permanent_redirect_view/')
+        # Check that the response was a 301 (permanent redirect)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/test_client/get_view/', status_code=301)
+
+        client_providing_host = Client(HTTP_HOST='django.testserver')
+        response = client_providing_host.get('/test_client/permanent_redirect_view/')
+        # Check that the response was a 301 (permanent redirect) with absolute URI
+        self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://django.testserver/test_client/get_view/', status_code=301)
+
+    def test_temporary_redirect(self):
+        "GET a URL that does a non-permanent redirect"
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/temporary_redirect_view/')
+        # Check that the response was a 302 (non-permanent redirect)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/test_client/get_view/', status_code=302)
+
+    def test_redirect_to_strange_location(self):
+        "GET a URL that redirects to a non-200 page"
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/double_redirect_view/')
+
+        # Check that the response was a 302, and that
+        # the attempt to get the redirection location returned 301 when retrieved
+        self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/test_client/permanent_redirect_view/', target_status_code=301)
+
+    def test_follow_redirect(self):
+        "A URL that redirects can be followed to termination."
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/double_redirect_view/', follow=True)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/test_client/get_view/', status_code=302, target_status_code=200)
+        self.assertEquals(len(response.redirect_chain), 2)
+
+    def test_redirect_http(self):
+        "GET a URL that redirects to an http URI"
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/http_redirect_view/',follow=True)
+        self.assertFalse(response.test_was_secure_request)
+
+    def test_redirect_https(self):
+        "GET a URL that redirects to an https URI"
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/https_redirect_view/',follow=True)
+        self.assertTrue(response.test_was_secure_request)
+
+    def test_notfound_response(self):
+        "GET a URL that responds as '404:Not Found'"
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/bad_view/')
+
+        # Check that the response was a 404, and that the content contains MAGIC
+        self.assertContains(response, 'MAGIC', status_code=404)
+
+    def test_valid_form(self):
+        "POST valid data to a form"
+        post_data = {
+            'text': 'Hello World',
+            'email': 'foo@example.com',
+            'value': 37,
+            'single': 'b',
+            'multi': ('b','c','e')
+        }
+        response = self.client.post('/test_client/form_view/', post_data)
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Valid POST Template")
+
+    def test_valid_form_with_hints(self):
+        "GET a form, providing hints in the GET data"
+        hints = {
+            'text': 'Hello World',
+            'multi': ('b','c','e')
+        }
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/form_view/', data=hints)
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Form GET Template")
+        # Check that the multi-value data has been rolled out ok
+        self.assertContains(response, 'Select a valid choice.', 0)
+
+    def test_incomplete_data_form(self):
+        "POST incomplete data to a form"
+        post_data = {
+            'text': 'Hello World',
+            'value': 37
+        }
+        response = self.client.post('/test_client/form_view/', post_data)
+        self.assertContains(response, 'This field is required.', 3)
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Invalid POST Template")
+
+        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'email', 'This field is required.')
+        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'single', 'This field is required.')
+        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'multi', 'This field is required.')
+
+    def test_form_error(self):
+        "POST erroneous data to a form"
+        post_data = {
+            'text': 'Hello World',
+            'email': 'not an email address',
+            'value': 37,
+            'single': 'b',
+            'multi': ('b','c','e')
+        }
+        response = self.client.post('/test_client/form_view/', post_data)
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "Invalid POST Template")
+
+        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'email', 'Enter a valid e-mail address.')
+
+    def test_valid_form_with_template(self):
+        "POST valid data to a form using multiple templates"
+        post_data = {
+            'text': 'Hello World',
+            'email': 'foo@example.com',
+            'value': 37,
+            'single': 'b',
+            'multi': ('b','c','e')
+        }
+        response = self.client.post('/test_client/form_view_with_template/', post_data)
+        self.assertContains(response, 'POST data OK')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "form_view.html")
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'base.html')
+        self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, "Valid POST Template")
+
+    def test_incomplete_data_form_with_template(self):
+        "POST incomplete data to a form using multiple templates"
+        post_data = {
+            'text': 'Hello World',
+            'value': 37
+        }
+        response = self.client.post('/test_client/form_view_with_template/', post_data)
+        self.assertContains(response, 'POST data has errors')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'form_view.html')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'base.html')
+        self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, "Invalid POST Template")
+
+        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'email', 'This field is required.')
+        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'single', 'This field is required.')
+        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'multi', 'This field is required.')
+
+    def test_form_error_with_template(self):
+        "POST erroneous data to a form using multiple templates"
+        post_data = {
+            'text': 'Hello World',
+            'email': 'not an email address',
+            'value': 37,
+            'single': 'b',
+            'multi': ('b','c','e')
+        }
+        response = self.client.post('/test_client/form_view_with_template/', post_data)
+        self.assertContains(response, 'POST data has errors')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "form_view.html")
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'base.html')
+        self.assertTemplateNotUsed(response, "Invalid POST Template")
+
+        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'email', 'Enter a valid e-mail address.')
+
+    def test_unknown_page(self):
+        "GET an invalid URL"
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/unknown_view/')
+
+        # Check that the response was a 404
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
+
+    def test_view_with_login(self):
+        "Request a page that is protected with @login_required"
+
+        # Get the page without logging in. Should result in 302.
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/login_protected_view/')
+        self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/accounts/login/?next=/test_client/login_protected_view/')
+
+        # Log in
+        login = self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
+        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+
+        # Request a page that requires a login
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/login_protected_view/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'testclient')
+
+    def test_view_with_method_login(self):
+        "Request a page that is protected with a @login_required method"
+
+        # Get the page without logging in. Should result in 302.
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/login_protected_method_view/')
+        self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/accounts/login/?next=/test_client/login_protected_method_view/')
+
+        # Log in
+        login = self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
+        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+
+        # Request a page that requires a login
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/login_protected_method_view/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'testclient')
+
+    def test_view_with_login_and_custom_redirect(self):
+        "Request a page that is protected with @login_required(redirect_field_name='redirect_to')"
+
+        # Get the page without logging in. Should result in 302.
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/login_protected_view_custom_redirect/')
+        self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/accounts/login/?redirect_to=/test_client/login_protected_view_custom_redirect/')
+
+        # Log in
+        login = self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
+        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+
+        # Request a page that requires a login
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/login_protected_view_custom_redirect/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'testclient')
+
+    def test_view_with_bad_login(self):
+        "Request a page that is protected with @login, but use bad credentials"
+
+        login = self.client.login(username='otheruser', password='nopassword')
+        self.assertFalse(login)
+
+    def test_view_with_inactive_login(self):
+        "Request a page that is protected with @login, but use an inactive login"
+
+        login = self.client.login(username='inactive', password='password')
+        self.assertFalse(login)
+
+    def test_logout(self):
+        "Request a logout after logging in"
+        # Log in
+        self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
+
+        # Request a page that requires a login
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/login_protected_view/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+        self.assertEqual(response.context['user'].username, 'testclient')
+
+        # Log out
+        self.client.logout()
+
+        # Request a page that requires a login
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/login_protected_view/')
+        self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/accounts/login/?next=/test_client/login_protected_view/')
+
+    def test_view_with_permissions(self):
+        "Request a page that is protected with @permission_required"
+
+        # Get the page without logging in. Should result in 302.
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/permission_protected_view/')
+        self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/accounts/login/?next=/test_client/permission_protected_view/')
+
+        # Log in
+        login = self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
+        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+
+        # Log in with wrong permissions. Should result in 302.
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/permission_protected_view/')
+        self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/accounts/login/?next=/test_client/permission_protected_view/')
+
+        # TODO: Log in with right permissions and request the page again
+
+    def test_view_with_method_permissions(self):
+        "Request a page that is protected with a @permission_required method"
+
+        # Get the page without logging in. Should result in 302.
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/permission_protected_method_view/')
+        self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/accounts/login/?next=/test_client/permission_protected_method_view/')
+
+        # Log in
+        login = self.client.login(username='testclient', password='password')
+        self.assertTrue(login, 'Could not log in')
+
+        # Log in with wrong permissions. Should result in 302.
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/permission_protected_method_view/')
+        self.assertRedirects(response, 'http://testserver/accounts/login/?next=/test_client/permission_protected_method_view/')
+
+        # TODO: Log in with right permissions and request the page again
+
+    def test_session_modifying_view(self):
+        "Request a page that modifies the session"
+        # Session value isn't set initially
+        try:
+            self.client.session['tobacconist']
+            self.fail("Shouldn't have a session value")
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        from django.contrib.sessions.models import Session
+        response = self.client.post('/test_client/session_view/')
+
+        # Check that the session was modified
+        self.assertEquals(self.client.session['tobacconist'], 'hovercraft')
+
+    def test_view_with_exception(self):
+        "Request a page that is known to throw an error"
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, self.client.get, "/test_client/broken_view/")
+
+        #Try the same assertion, a different way
+        try:
+            self.client.get('/test_client/broken_view/')
+            self.fail('Should raise an error')
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def test_mail_sending(self):
+        "Test that mail is redirected to a dummy outbox during test setup"
+
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/mail_sending_view/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Test message')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].body, 'This is a test email')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].from_email, 'from@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to[0], 'first@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to[1], 'second@example.com')
+
+    def test_mass_mail_sending(self):
+        "Test that mass mail is redirected to a dummy outbox during test setup"
+
+        response = self.client.get('/test_client/mass_mail_sending_view/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'First Test message')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].body, 'This is the first test email')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].from_email, 'from@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to[0], 'first@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].to[1], 'second@example.com')
+
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[1].subject, 'Second Test message')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[1].body, 'This is the second test email')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[1].from_email, 'from@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[1].to[0], 'second@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[1].to[1], 'third@example.com')
+
+class CSRFEnabledClientTests(TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        # Enable the CSRF middleware for this test
+        self.old_MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = settings.MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES
+        csrf_middleware_class = 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware'
+        if csrf_middleware_class not in settings.MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES:
+            settings.MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES += (csrf_middleware_class,)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        settings.MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = self.old_MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES
+
+    def test_csrf_enabled_client(self):
+        "A client can be instantiated with CSRF checks enabled"
+        csrf_client = Client(enforce_csrf_checks=True)
+
+        # The normal client allows the post
+        response = self.client.post('/test_client/post_view/', {})
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
+
+        # The CSRF-enabled client rejects it
+        response = csrf_client.post('/test_client/post_view/', {})
+        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)