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diff --git a/src/browser/pages/User-Manual/eSim.html b/src/browser/pages/User-Manual/eSim.html deleted file mode 100644 index 79afa31e..00000000 --- a/src/browser/pages/User-Manual/eSim.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3672 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> -<html > -<head><title>eSim Manual</title> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> -<meta name="generator" content="TeX4ht (http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~gurari/TeX4ht/)"> -<meta name="originator" content="TeX4ht (http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~gurari/TeX4ht/)"> -<!-- html --> -<meta name="src" content="esim.tex"> -<meta name="date" content="2015-09-15 14:59:00"> -<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="esim.css"> -</head><body -> - -<div class="center" -> -<!--l. 1--><p class="noindent" > -<!--l. 2--><p class="noindent" ><span -class="cmbx-12x-x-207">eSim</span><br /><br /> -<span -class="cmbx-12x-x-144">An open source EDA tool for circuit design,</span> -<span -class="cmbx-12x-x-144">simulation, analysis and PCB design</span><br /> - -<img -src="figures/logo-trimmed.png" alt="PIC" -> -<span -class="cmbx-12x-x-144">eSim User Manual</span><br /> -<span -class="cmr-10">version 1.0.0</span><br /> -<span -class="cmbx-10">Prepared By:</span><br /> -<span -class="cmr-10">eSim Team</span><br /> -<span -class="cmr-10">FOSSEE at IIT,Bombay</span> - -<!--l. 17--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/iitblogo.png" alt="PIC" -><br /> -<span -class="cmr-10">Indian Institute of Technology Bombay</span><br /> -<img -src="esim0x.png" alt="○BY:" class="oalign" > <img -src="esim1x.png" alt="○$\" class="oalign" > <img -src="esim2x.png" alt="○=" class="oalign" > <br /> -<span -class="cmr-10">August 2015</span></div> - - - <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a - id="x1-1000"></a>Contents</h2> <div class="tableofcontents"> - <span class="chapterToc" >1 <a -href="#x1-20001" id="QQ2-1-2">Introduction</a></span> -<br /> <span class="chapterToc" >2 <a -href="#x1-30002" id="QQ2-1-3">Installing eSim</a></span> -<br /> <span class="chapterToc" >3 <a -href="#x1-40003" id="QQ2-1-4">Architecture of eSim</a></span> -<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >3.1 <a -href="#x1-50003.1" id="QQ2-1-5">Modules used in eSim</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1.1 <a -href="#x1-60003.1.1" id="QQ2-1-6">Eeschema</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1.2 <a -href="#x1-70003.1.2" id="QQ2-1-7">CvPcb</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1.3 <a -href="#x1-80003.1.3" id="QQ2-1-8">Pcbnew</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1.4 <a -href="#x1-90003.1.4" id="QQ2-1-9">KiCad to Ngspice converter</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1.5 <a -href="#x1-100003.1.5" id="QQ2-1-10">Model Builder</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1.6 <a -href="#x1-110003.1.6" id="QQ2-1-11">Subcircuit Builder</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1.7 <a -href="#x1-120003.1.7" id="QQ2-1-12">Ngspice</a></span> -<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >3.2 <a -href="#x1-130003.2" id="QQ2-1-13">Work flow of eSim</a></span> -<br /> <span class="chapterToc" >4 <a -href="#x1-140004" id="QQ2-1-15">Getting Started</a></span> -<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >4.1 <a -href="#x1-150004.1" id="QQ2-1-16">eSim Main Window</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >4.1.1 <a -href="#x1-160004.1.1" id="QQ2-1-17">How to launch eSim in Ubuntu?</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >4.1.2 <a -href="#x1-170004.1.2" id="QQ2-1-19">Main-GUI</a></span> -<br /> <span class="chapterToc" >5 <a -href="#x1-280005" id="QQ2-1-33">Schematic Creation</a></span> -<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >5.1 <a -href="#x1-290005.1" id="QQ2-1-34">Familiarizing the Schematic Editor interface</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.1.1 <a -href="#x1-300005.1.1" id="QQ2-1-36">Top menu bar</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.1.2 <a -href="#x1-310005.1.2" id="QQ2-1-38">Top toolbar</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.1.3 <a -href="#x1-320005.1.3" id="QQ2-1-40">Toolbar on the right</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.1.4 <a -href="#x1-330005.1.4" id="QQ2-1-42">Toolbar on the left</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.1.5 <a -href="#x1-340005.1.5" id="QQ2-1-44">Hotkeys</a></span> -<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >5.2 <a -href="#x1-350005.2" id="QQ2-1-45">Schematic creation for simulation</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.2.1 <a -href="#x1-360005.2.1" id="QQ2-1-47">Selection and placement of components</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.2.2 <a -href="#x1-370005.2.2" id="QQ2-1-51">Wiring the circuit</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.2.3 <a -href="#x1-380005.2.3" id="QQ2-1-53">Assigning values to components</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.2.4 <a -href="#x1-390005.2.4" id="QQ2-1-55">Annotation and ERC</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.2.5 <a -href="#x1-400005.2.5" id="QQ2-1-59">Netlist generation</a></span> -<br /> <span class="chapterToc" >6 <a -href="#x1-410006" id="QQ2-1-61">PCB Design</a></span> -<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >6.1 <a -href="#x1-420006.1" id="QQ2-1-62">Schematic creation for PCB design</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.1.1 <a -href="#x1-430006.1.1" id="QQ2-1-64">Netlist generation for PCB</a></span> - -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.1.2 <a -href="#x1-440006.1.2" id="QQ2-1-66">Mapping of components using Footprint Editor</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.1.3 <a -href="#x1-450006.1.3" id="QQ2-1-67">Familiarising the Footprint Editor tool</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.1.4 <a -href="#x1-470006.1.4" id="QQ2-1-71">Viewing footprints in 2D and 3D</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.1.5 <a -href="#x1-480006.1.5" id="QQ2-1-75">Mapping of components in the RC circuit</a></span> -<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >6.2 <a -href="#x1-490006.2" id="QQ2-1-77">Creation of PCB layout</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.2.1 <a -href="#x1-500006.2.1" id="QQ2-1-78">Familiarizing the Layout Editor tool</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.2.2 <a -href="#x1-520006.2.2" id="QQ2-1-82">Hotkeys</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.2.3 <a -href="#x1-530006.2.3" id="QQ2-1-83">PCB design example using RC circuit</a></span> -<br /> <span class="chapterToc" >7 <a -href="#x1-540007" id="QQ2-1-98">Model Editor</a></span> -<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >7.1 <a -href="#x1-550007.1" id="QQ2-1-100">Creating New Model Library </a></span> -<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >7.2 <a -href="#x1-560007.2" id="QQ2-1-105">Editing Current Model Library</a></span> -<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >7.3 <a -href="#x1-570007.3" id="QQ2-1-107">Uploading external .lib file to eSim repository</a></span> -<br /> <span class="chapterToc" >8 <a -href="#x1-580008" id="QQ2-1-108">SubCircuit Builder</a></span> -<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >8.1 <a -href="#x1-590008.1" id="QQ2-1-110">Creating a SubCircuit</a></span> -<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >8.2 <a -href="#x1-600008.2" id="QQ2-1-118">Edit a Subcircuit</a></span> -<br /> <span class="chapterToc" >9 <a -href="#x1-610009" id="QQ2-1-119">Solved Examples</a></span> -<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >9.1 <a -href="#x1-620009.1" id="QQ2-1-120">Solved Examples</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >9.1.1 <a -href="#x1-630009.1.1" id="QQ2-1-121">Basic RC Circuit</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >9.1.2 <a -href="#x1-660009.1.2" id="QQ2-1-136">Half Wave Rectifier</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >9.1.3 <a -href="#x1-690009.1.3" id="QQ2-1-143">Precision Rectifier</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >9.1.4 <a -href="#x1-720009.1.4" id="QQ2-1-150">Inverting Amplifier</a></span> -<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >9.1.5 <a -href="#x1-750009.1.5" id="QQ2-1-157">Half Adder Example</a></span> -<br /> <span class="chapterToc" > <a -href="#Q1-1-166">References </a></span> - </div> - - - <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 1</span><br /><a - id="x1-20001"></a>Introduction</h2> Electronic systems are an integral part of human life. They have -simplified our lives to a great extent. Starting from small systems made of a few -discrete components to the present day integrated circuits (ICs) with millions of -logic gates, electronic systems have undergone a sea change. As a result, design of -electronic systems too have become extremely difficult and time consuming. Thanks to -a host of computer aided design tools, we have been able to come up with quick -and efficient designs. These are called <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Electronic Design Automation </span>or <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">EDA</span> -<a - id="dx1-2001"></a>tools. -<!--l. 20--><p class="noindent" >Let us see the steps involved in EDA.<a - id="dx1-2002"></a> In the first stage, the specifications of the system are -laid out. These specifications are then converted to a design. The design could be in -the form of a circuit schematic, logical description using an HDL language, etc. -The design is then simulated and re-designed, if needed, to achieve the desired -results. Once simulation achieves the specifications, the design is either converted to -a PCB, a chip layout, or ported to an FPGA. The final product is again tested -for specifications. The whole cycle is repeated until desired results are obtained -<span class="cite"> [<a -href="#Xeda">9</a>]</span>. -<!--l. 31--><p class="indent" > A person who builds an electronic system has to first design the circuit, produce a virtual -representation of it through a schematic for easy comprehension, simulate it and finally -convert it into a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). <a - id="dx1-2003"></a>There are various tools available that will help -us do this. Some of the popular EDA tools are those of <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Cadence</span>, <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Synopys</span>, <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Mentor Graphics</span> -and <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Xilinx</span>. Although these are fairly comprehensive and high end, their licenses are -expensive, being proprietary. -<!--l. 40--><p class="indent" > There are some free and open source EDA tools like <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">gEDA</span>, <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">KiCad </span>and <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Ngspice</span>. The main -drawback of these open source tools is that they are not comprehensive. Some of them are -capable of PCB design (e.g. <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">KiCad</span>) while some of them are capable of performing simulations -(e.g. <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">gEDA</span>). To the best of our knowledge, there is no open source software that can perform -circuit design, simulation and layout design together. eSim is capable of doing all of the -above. -<!--l. 49--><p class="indent" > eSim is a free and open source EDA tool. It is an acronym for <span -class="cmbx-10x-x-109">E</span>lectronics <span -class="cmbx-10x-x-109">Sim</span>ulation. -eSim is created using open source software packages, such as KiCad, Ngspice and Python. <a - id="dx1-2004"></a><a - id="dx1-2005"></a> -<a - id="dx1-2006"></a>Using eSim, one can create circuit schematics, perform simulations and design PCB -layouts. It can create or edit new device models, and create or edit subcircuits for -simulation. -<!--l. 57--><p class="indent" > Because of these reasons, eSim is expected to be useful for students, teachers and other -professionals who would want to study and/or design electronic systems. eSim is also useful -for entrepreneurs and small scale enterprises who do not have the capability to invest in -heavily priced proprietary tools. -<!--l. 63--><p class="indent" > This book introduces eSim to the reader and illustrates all the features of eSim with -examples. Chapter <a -href="#x1-30002">2<!--tex4ht:ref: chap2 --></a> gives step by step instructions to install eSim on a typical computer -system and to validate the installation. The software architecture of eSim is presented in -Chapter <a -href="#x1-40003">3<!--tex4ht:ref: chap3 --></a>. Chapter <a -href="#x1-140004">4<!--tex4ht:ref: chap4 --></a> gets the user started with eSim. It takes them through a tour - -of eSim with the help of a simple RC circuit example. Chapter 5 illustrates how -to simulate circuits. Chapter 6 explains PCB design using eSim, in detail. The -advanced features of eSim such as Model Builder covered in Chapter 7 and Sub -circuiting is covered in Chapter 8. Chapter <a -href="#x1-610009">9<!--tex4ht:ref: chap5 --></a> illustrates how to use eSim for solving -problems. -<!--l. 73--><p class="indent" > The following convention has been adopted throughout this manual.All the -menu names, options under each menu item, tool names, certain points to be noted, -etc., are given in <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">italics</span>. Some keywords, names of certain windows/dialog boxes, -names of some files/projects/folders, messages displayed during an activity, names -of websites, component references, etc., are given in <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">typewriter </span>font. Some key -presses, e.g. <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Enter </span>key, <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">F1 </span>key, <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">y </span>for yes, etc., are also mentioned in <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">typewriter</span> -font. - - <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 2</span><br /><a - id="x1-30002"></a>Installing eSim</h2> - <dl class="enumerate"><dt class="enumerate"> - 1. </dt><dd -class="enumerate"><span -class="cmbx-10x-x-109">eSim installation in Ubuntu:</span><br -class="newline" />After downloading the zip file from https://github.com/FOSSEE/eSim to a local - directory unpack it using:<br -class="newline" />      <span -class="cmbx-10x-x-109">$ unzip eSim.zip </span><br -class="newline" />Now change directories in to the top-level source directory (where this INSTALL - file can be found). - <!--l. 13--><p class="noindent" >To install eSim and other dependecies run the following command. <br -class="newline" />      <span -class="cmbx-10x-x-109">$ ../install-linux.sh –install </span><br -class="newline" />Above script will install eSim along with dependencies. - <!--l. 19--><p class="noindent" >eSim will be installed to /opt/eSim - <!--l. 21--><p class="noindent" >To run eSim you can directly run it from terminal as <br -class="newline" />      <span -class="cmbx-10x-x-109">$ esim </span><br -class="newline" />or you can double click on eSim icon created on desktop after installation.</dd></dl> - - <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 3</span><br /><a - id="x1-40003"></a>Architecture of eSim</h2> -<!--l. 6--><p class="noindent" >eSim is a CAD <a - id="dx1-4001"></a>tool that helps electronic system designers to design, test and analyse their -circuits. But the important feature of this tool is that it is open source and hence the user can -modify the source as per his/her need. The software provides a generic, modular and -extensible platform for experiment with electronic circuits. This software runs on all -Ubuntu Linux distributions and some flavours of Windows. It uses <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Python</span>, <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">KiCad </span>and -<span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Ngspice</span>. -<!--l. 13--><p class="indent" > The objective behind the development of eSim is to provide an open source EDA solution -for electronics and electrical engineers. The software should be capable of performing -schematic creation, PCB design and circuit simulation (analog, digital and mixed signal). It -should provide facilities to create new models and components. The architecture of eSim has -been designed by keeping these objectives in mind. - <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1 </span> <a - id="x1-50003.1"></a>Modules used in eSim</h3> -<!--l. 21--><p class="noindent" >Various open-source tools have been used for the underlying build-up of eSim. In this section -we will give a brief idea about all the modules used in eSim. -<!--l. 23--><p class="noindent" > - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.1 </span> <a - id="x1-60003.1.1"></a>Eeschema</h4> -<a - id="dx1-6001"></a> -<a - id="dx1-6002"></a> -<!--l. 24--><p class="noindent" >Eeschema is an integrated software where all functions of circuit drawing, control, layout, -library management and access to the PCB design software are carried out. It is the -schematic editor tool used in KiCad <span class="cite"> [<a -href="#Xeeschema">11</a>]</span>. Eeschema is intended to work with PCB layout -software such as Pcbnew. It provides netlist that describes the electrical connections of the -PCB. Eeschema also integrates a component editor which allows the creation, editing and -visualization of components. It also allows the user to effectively handle the symbol -libraries i.e; import, export, addition and deletion of library components. Eeschema -also integrates the following additional but essential functions needed for a modern -schematic capture software: <a - id="x1-6003r1"></a>1. Design rules check <a - id="dx1-6004"></a>(<span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">DRC</span>) for the automatic control of -incorrect connections and inputs of components left unconnected. <a - id="x1-6005r2"></a>2. Generation of -layout files in <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">POSTSCRIPT</span> <a - id="dx1-6006"></a>or <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">HPGL</span> <a - id="dx1-6007"></a>format. <a - id="x1-6008r3"></a>3. Generation of layout files printable via -printer. <a - id="x1-6009r4"></a>4. Bill of material generation. <a - id="x1-6010r5"></a>5. Netlist generation for PCB layout or for -simulation. -This module is indicated by the label 1 in Fig. <a -href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a>. -<!--l. 45--><p class="indent" > As Eeschema is originally intended for PCB Design, there are no fictitious - -components<span class="footnote-mark"><a -href="esim2.html#fn1x3"><sup class="textsuperscript">1</sup></a></span><a - id="x1-6011f1"></a> -such as voltage or current sources. Thus, we have added a new library for different types of -voltage and current sources such as sine, pulse and square wave. We have also built a library -which gives printing and plotting solutions. This extension, developed by us for eSim, is -indicated by the label 2 in Fig. <a -href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a>. - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.2 </span> <a - id="x1-70003.1.2"></a>CvPcb</h4> -<a - id="dx1-7001"></a> -<!--l. 58--><p class="noindent" >CvPcb is a tool that allows the user to associate components in the schematic to component -footprints when designing the printed circuit board. CvPcb is the footprint editor tool in -KiCad <span class="cite"> [<a -href="#Xeeschema">11</a>]</span>. Typically the netlist file generated by Eeschema does not specify which printed -circuit board footprint is associated with each component in the schematic. However, this is -not always the case as component footprints can be associated during schematic capture by -setting the component’s footprint field. CvPcb provides a convenient method of associating -footprints to components. It provides footprint list filtering, footprint viewing, and 3D -component model viewing to help ensure that the correct footprint is associated with each -component. Components can be assigned to their corresponding footprints manually or -automatically by creating equivalence files. Equivalence files are look up tables -associating each component with its footprint. This interactive approach is simpler -and less error prone than directly associating footprints in the schematic editor. -This is because CvPcb not only allows automatic association, but also allows to -see the list of available footprints and displays them on the screen to ensure the -correct footprint is being associated. This module is indicated by the label 3 in -Fig. <a -href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a>. -<!--l. 80--><p class="noindent" > - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.3 </span> <a - id="x1-80003.1.3"></a>Pcbnew</h4> -<a - id="dx1-8001"></a> -<!--l. 81--><p class="noindent" >Pcbnew is a powerful printed circuit board software tool. It is the layout editor tool -used in KiCad <span class="cite"> [<a -href="#Xeeschema">11</a>]</span>. It is used in association with the schematic capture software -Eeschema, which provides the netlist. Netlist describes the electrical connections of -the circuit. CvPcb is used to assign each component, in the netlist produced by -Eeschema, to a module that is used by Pcbnew. The features of Pcbnew are given -below: - - <ul class="itemize1"> - <li class="itemize">It manages libraries of modules. Each module is a drawing of the physical - component including its footprint<a - id="dx1-8002"></a> - the layout of pads providing connections to the - component. The required modules are automatically loaded during the reading of - the netlist produced by CvPcb. - </li> - <li class="itemize">Pcbnew integrates automatically and immediately any circuit modification by - removal of any erroneous tracks, addition of new components, or by modifying - any value (and under certain conditions any reference) of old or new modules, - according to the electrical connections appearing in the schematic. - </li> - <li class="itemize">This tool provides a rats nest display, a hairline connecting the pads of modules - connected on the schematic. These connections move dynamically as track and - module movements are made. - </li> - <li class="itemize">It has an active Design Rules Check (<span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">DRC</span>) which automatically indicates any error - of track layout in real time. - </li> - <li class="itemize">It automatically generates a copper plane, with or without thermal breaks on the - pads. - </li> - <li class="itemize">It has a simple but effective auto router to assist in the production of the - circuit. An export/import in <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">SPECCTRA </span>dsn format allows to use more advanced - auto-routers. - </li> - <li class="itemize">It provides options specifically for the production of ultra high frequency circuits - (such as pads of trapezoidal and complex form, automatic layout of coils on the - printed circuit). - </li> - <li class="itemize">Pcbnew displays the elements (tracks, pads, texts, drawings and more) as actual size - and according to personal preferences such as: - <ul class="itemize2"> - <li class="itemize">display in full or outline. - </li> - <li class="itemize">display the track/pad clearance.</li></ul> - - </li></ul> -<!--l. 121--><p class="noindent" >This module is indicated by the label 4 in Fig. <a -href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a>. - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.4 </span> <a - id="x1-90003.1.4"></a>KiCad to Ngspice converter</h4> -<!--l. 124--><p class="noindent" >We can provide analysis parameters, and the source details through this module. It also -allows us to add and edit the device models and subcircuits, included in the circuit -schematic. Finally, this module facilitates the conversion of KiCad netlist to Ngspice -compatible ones. It is developed by us for eSim and it is indicated by the label 7 in -Fig. <a -href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a>. -<!--l. 149--><p class="noindent" > - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.5 </span> <a - id="x1-100003.1.5"></a>Model Builder</h4> -<a - id="dx1-10001"></a> -<!--l. 150--><p class="noindent" >This tool provides the facility to define a new model for devices such as, <a - id="x1-10002r1"></a>1. Diode <a - id="x1-10003r2"></a>2. Bipolar -Junction Transistor (BJT) <a - id="x1-10004r3"></a>3. Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor -(MOSFET) <a - id="x1-10005r4"></a>4. Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) <a - id="x1-10006r5"></a>5. IGBT and <a - id="x1-10007r6"></a>6. Magnetic -core. -This module also helps edit existing models. It is developed by us for eSim and it is indicated -by the label 5 in Fig. <a -href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a>. -<!--l. 164--><p class="noindent" > - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.6 </span> <a - id="x1-110003.1.6"></a>Subcircuit Builder</h4> -<a - id="dx1-11001"></a> -<!--l. 164--><p class="noindent" >This module allows the user to create a subcircuit for a component. Once the subcircuit for a -component is created, the user can use it in other circuits. It has the facility to define new -components such as, Op-amps and IC-555. This component also helps edit existing -subcircuits. This module is developed by us for eSim and it is indicated by the label 6 in -Fig. <a -href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a>. -<!--l. 172--><p class="noindent" > - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.7 </span> <a - id="x1-120003.1.7"></a>Ngspice</h4> -<a - id="dx1-12001"></a> -<!--l. 173--><p class="noindent" >Ngspice is a general purpose circuit simulation program for nonlinear dc, nonlinear transient, -and linear ac analysis <span class="cite"> [<a -href="#Xngspice-web">12</a>]</span>. Circuits may contain resistors, capacitors, inductors, mutual -inductors, independent voltage and current sources, four types of dependent sources, lossless -and lossy transmission lines (two separate implementations), switches, uniform - -distributed RC lines, and the five most common semiconductor devices: diodes, -<a - id="dx1-12002"></a>BJTs, <a - id="dx1-12003"></a>JFETs, MESFETs, and MOSFET. <a - id="dx1-12004"></a>This module is indicated by the label 9 in -Fig. <a -href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a>. -<!--l. 184--><p class="noindent" > - <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2 </span> <a - id="x1-130003.2"></a>Work flow of eSim</h3> -<!--l. 185--><p class="noindent" >Fig. <a -href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a> shows the work flow in eSim. The block diagram consists of mainly three -parts: - <ul class="itemize1"> - <li class="itemize">Schematic Editor - </li> - <li class="itemize">PCB Layout Editor - </li> - <li class="itemize">Circuit Simulators</li></ul> -<!--l. 193--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-130011"></a> - - -<!--l. 196--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/blockdiagram.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 3.1: </span><span -class="content">Work flow in eSim. (Boxes with dotted lines denote the modules developed -in this work).</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-130011 --> - -<!--l. 201--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 203--><p class="indent" > Here we explain the role of each block in designing electronic systems. Circuit design is the -first step in the design of an electronic circuit. Generally a circuit diagram is drawn on a -paper, and then entered into a computer using a schematic editor. Eeschema is the schematic -editor for eSim. Thus all the functionalities of Eeschema are naturally available in eSim. -<a - id="dx1-13002"></a> -<!--l. 210--><p class="indent" > Libraries for components, explicitly or implicitly supported by Ngspice, have been created -using the features of Eeschema. As Eeschema is originally intended for PCB design, there are -no fictitious components such as voltage or current sources. Thus, a new library for different -types of voltage and current sources such as sine, pulse and square wave, has been added in -eSim. A library which gives the functionality of printing and plotting has also been -created. -<!--l. 219--><p class="indent" > The schematic editor provides a netlist file, which describes the electrical connections of -the design. In order to create a PCB layout, physical components are required to be mapped -into their footprints. To perform component to footprint mapping, CvPcb is used. Footprints -have been created for the components in the newly created libraries. Pcbnew is used to draw -a PCB layout. -<!--l. 227--><p class="indent" > After designing a circuit, it is essential to check the integrity of the circuit design. In the -case of large electronic circuits, breadboard testing is impractical. In such cases, electronic -system designers rely heavily on simulation. The accuracy of the simulation results can be -increased by accurate modeling of the circuit elements. Model Builder provides the facility to -define a new model for devices and edit existing models. Complex circuit elements can be -created by hierarchical modeling. Subcircuit Builder provides an easy way to create a -subcircuit. -<!--l. 238--><p class="indent" > The netlist generated by Schematic Editor cannot be directly used for simulation due to -compatibility issues. Netlist Converter converts it into Ngspice compatible format. The -type of simulation to be performed and the corresponding options are provided -through a graphical user interface (GUI). This is called KiCad to Ngspice Converter in -eSim. -<!--l. 245--><p class="indent" > eSim uses Ngspice for analog, digital, mixed-level/mixed-signal circuit simulation. Ngspice -is based on three open source software packages<span class="cite"> [<a -href="#Xspice">14</a>]</span>: - <ul class="itemize1"> - <li class="itemize">Spice3f5 (analog circuit simulator) - </li> - <li class="itemize">Cider1b1 (couples Spice3f5 circuit simulator to DSIM device simulator) - </li> - <li class="itemize">Xspice (code modeling support and simulation of digital components through an - event driven algorithm)</li></ul> -<!--l. 253--><p class="noindent" >It is a part of gEDA <a - id="dx1-13003"></a>project. Ngspice is capable of simulating devices with BSIM, <a - id="dx1-13004"></a>EKV, HICUM, <a - id="dx1-13005"></a><a - id="dx1-13006"></a> - -HiSim, <a - id="dx1-13007"></a>PSP, <a - id="dx1-13008"></a>and PTM <a - id="dx1-13009"></a>models. It is widely used due to its accuracy even for the latest -technology devices. - - <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 4</span><br /><a - id="x1-140004"></a>Getting Started</h2> -<!--l. 5--><p class="noindent" >In this chapter we will get started with eSim. We will run through the various options -available with an example circuit. Referring to this chapter will make one familiar with -eSim and will help plan the project before actually designing a circuit. Lets get -started. - <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.1 </span> <a - id="x1-150004.1"></a>eSim Main Window</h3> -<!--l. 12--><p class="noindent" > - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.1.1 </span> <a - id="x1-160004.1.1"></a>How to launch eSim in Ubuntu?</h4> -<!--l. 13--><p class="noindent" >After installation is completed, to launch eSim 1. Go to terminal.<br -class="newline" />2. Type <span -class="cmbx-10x-x-109">esim </span>and hit enter.<br -class="newline" />The first window that appears is workspace dialog as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-160011">4.1<!--tex4ht:ref: workspace --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-160011"></a> - - -<!--l. 19--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/workspace.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 4.1: </span><span -class="content">eSim-Workspace</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-160011 --> - -<!--l. 22--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 24--><p class="indent" > The default workspace is eSim-Workspace under home directory. To create new workspace -use <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">browse </span>option. - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.1.2 </span> <a - id="x1-170004.1.2"></a>Main-GUI</h4> -<!--l. 27--><p class="noindent" >The main GUI window of eSim is as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-170012">4.2<!--tex4ht:ref: maingui --></a> <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-170012"></a> - - -<!--l. 30--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/maingui.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 4.2: </span><span -class="content">eSim Main GUI</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-170012 --> - -<!--l. 33--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 34--><p class="indent" > The eSim main window consists of the following symbols. - <dl class="enumerate"><dt class="enumerate"> - 1. </dt><dd -class="enumerate">Toolbar - </dd><dt class="enumerate"> - 2. </dt><dd -class="enumerate">Menubar - </dd><dt class="enumerate"> - 3. </dt><dd -class="enumerate">Project explorer - </dd><dt class="enumerate"> - 4. </dt><dd -class="enumerate">Dockarea - </dd><dt class="enumerate"> - 5. </dt><dd -class="enumerate">Console area</dd></dl> - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-180004.1.2"></a>Toolbar</h5> -<!--l. 44--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-180013"></a> - - -<!--l. 46--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/guitoolbar.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 4.3: </span><span -class="content">Toolbar</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-180013 --> - -<!--l. 49--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - <ul class="itemize1"> - <li class="itemize">Open Schematic: The first tool on the toolbar i.e. <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Schematic Editor</span><a - id="dx1-18002"></a>. Clicking on - this button will open Eeschema, the KiCad schematic editor. - </li> - <li class="itemize">Convert KiCad to Ngspice: This converter converts KiCad spice netlist into - Ngspice compatible netlist. The KiCad to Ngspice window consists of total five - tabs as namely <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Analysis, Device Model, Source Details, Model Library, Subcircuits</span>. - Once the values have been entered, press the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Convert </span>key. It will generate - <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">.cir.out </span>file in the same project directory.<br -class="newline" />Note that <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">KiCad to Ngspice Converter </span>can only be used if current project has - created the KiCad spice netlist file <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">.cir</span>.<br -class="newline" /> - <!--l. 62--><p class="noindent" >The details of tabs under KiCad to Ngspice converter are as follows:<br -class="newline" /> - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-190004.1.2"></a>Analysis</h5> - <!--l. 65--><p class="noindent" >This feature helps the user to perform different types of analysis such as Operating - point analysis, <a - id="dx1-19001"></a>DC analysis, <a - id="dx1-19002"></a>AC analysis, <a - id="dx1-19003"></a>transient analysis. <a - id="dx1-19004"></a>It has the facility - to - <ul class="itemize2"> - <li class="itemize">Insert type of analysis such as AC or DC or Transient - </li> - <li class="itemize">Insert values for analysis</li></ul> - <!--l. 73--><p class="noindent" > - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-200004.1.2"></a>Source Details</h5> - <!--l. 74--><p class="noindent" >eSim sources are added from <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">eSim</span><span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">_Sources </span>library. Source such as <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">SINE, AC, DC,</span> - <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">PULSE </span>are in this library. The parameter values to all the sources added in the - shcematic can be given through ’Source Details’. - - <!--l. 76--><p class="noindent" > - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-210004.1.2"></a>Ngspice Model</h5> - <!--l. 77--><p class="noindent" >Ngspice has in built model such as <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">flipflop(D,SR,JK,T),gain,summer </span>etc. which can be - utilised while building a circuit. eSim allows to add and modify Ngspice model - parameter through Ngspice Model tab. - <!--l. 80--><p class="noindent" > - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-220004.1.2"></a>Device Modeling</h5> - <!--l. 81--><p class="noindent" >Devices like <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Diode, JFET, MOSFET, IGBT, MOS </span>etc used in the circuit can be - modeled using device model libraries. eSim also provides editing and adding new model - libraries. While converting KiCad to Ngspice, these library files are added to the - corresponding devices used in the circuit. - <!--l. 83--><p class="noindent" > - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-230004.1.2"></a>Subcircuits</h5> - <!--l. 84--><p class="noindent" >Subcircuits are circuits within circuit. Subcircuiting helps to reuse the parts of the - circuits. The subcircuits in the main circuits are added using this facility. Also, eSim - provides us with the facility to edit already existing subcircuits. - </li> - <li class="itemize">Simulation: The netlist generated using the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">KiCad to Ngspice </span>converter is - simulated using simulation button. Clicking on the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Simulation </span>button will run - the Ngspice simulation for current project. Python plotting window will open, as - shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-230014">4.4<!--tex4ht:ref: simulation-op --></a>. It shows the output waveform of current project. In the - Ngspice tab we can view the output plotted by Ngspice. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-230014"></a> <img -src="figures/simulation-op.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 4.4: </span><span -class="content">Simulation Output in Python Plotting Window</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-230014 --> - <!--l. 94--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - </li> - <li class="itemize">Foot Print Editor: Clicking on the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Footprint Editor </span>tool will open the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">CvPcb</span> - <a - id="dx1-23002"></a>window. This window will ideally open the .net file for the current project. So, - before using this tool, one should have the netlist for PCB design (a .net - file). - </li> - <li class="itemize">PCB Layout: Clicking on the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Layout Editor </span>tool will open <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Pcbnew</span><a - id="dx1-23003"></a>, the layout editor - - used in eSim. In this window, one will create the PCB. It involves laying - tracks and vias, performing optimum routing of tracks, creating one or more - copper layers for PCB, etc. It will be saved as a <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">.brd </span>file in the current project - directory. - </li> - <li class="itemize">Model Editor: eSim also gives an option to re-configure the model library of a device. It - facilitates the user to change model library of devices such as diode, transistor, - MOSFET, etc. - </li> - <li class="itemize">Subcircuit: eSim has an option to build subcircuits. The subcircuits can again have - components having subcircuits and so on. This enables users to build commonly used - circuits as subcircuits and then use it across circuits. For example, one can build a 12 - Volt power supply as a subcircuit and then use it as just a single component across - circuits without having to recreate it. Clicking on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Subcircuit Builder </span>tool will allow one - to edit or create a subcircuit. - <!--l. 126--><p class="noindent" > - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-240004.1.2"></a>Menubar</h5> - <ul class="itemize2"> - <li class="itemize">New Project: New projects are created in the eSim-workspace. When this - menu is selected, a new window opens up with <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Enter Project name </span>field. - Type the name of the new project and click on OK. A project directory will - be created in eSim-Workspace. The name of this folder will be the same as - that of the project created. Make sure project name does not have any spaces. - </li> - <li class="itemize">Open Project: This opens the file dialog of defalut workspace where the - projects are stored. The project can be selected which is then added in the - project explorer. - </li> - <li class="itemize">Exit: This button closes the project window and exits. - </li> - <li class="itemize">Help: It opens user manual in the dockarea.</li></ul> - - <!--l. 141--><p class="noindent" > - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-250004.1.2"></a>Project Explorer</h5> - <!--l. 142--><p class="noindent" >Project explorer has tree of all the project previously added in it. On right clicking the - project we can simply remove or refresh the project in the explorer. Also on - double/right clicking, the project file can be opened in the text editor which can then be - edited. - <!--l. 145--><p class="noindent" > - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-260004.1.2"></a>Dockarea</h5> - <!--l. 146--><p class="noindent" >This area is used to open the following windows. - <dl class="enumerate"><dt class="enumerate"> - 1. </dt><dd -class="enumerate">KiCad to Ngspice converter - </dd><dt class="enumerate"> - 2. </dt><dd -class="enumerate">Ngspice plotting - </dd><dt class="enumerate"> - 3. </dt><dd -class="enumerate">Python plotting - </dd><dt class="enumerate"> - 4. </dt><dd -class="enumerate">Model builder - </dd><dt class="enumerate"> - 5. </dt><dd -class="enumerate">Subcircuit builder</dd></dl> - <!--l. 155--><p class="noindent" > - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-270004.1.2"></a>Console Area</h5> - <!--l. 156--><p class="noindent" >Console area provides information about the activity done in current project. - </li></ul> - - <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 5</span><br /><a - id="x1-280005"></a>Schematic Creation</h2> The first step in the design of an electronic system is the -design of its circuit. This circuit is usually created using a <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Schematic Editor</span><a - id="dx1-28001"></a> and is called a -<span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Schematic</span>. <a - id="dx1-28002"></a>eSim uses <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Eeschema</span> <a - id="dx1-28003"></a>as its schematic editor. Eeschema is the schematic editor of -KiCad. <a - id="dx1-28004"></a>It is a powerful schematic editor software. It allows the creation and modification of -components and symbol libraries and supports multiple hierarchical layers of printed circuit -design. - <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1 </span> <a - id="x1-290005.1"></a>Familiarizing the Schematic Editor interface</h3> -<!--l. 22--><p class="noindent" >Fig. <a -href="#x1-290011">5.1<!--tex4ht:ref: eesch1 --></a> shows the schematic editor and the various menu and toolbars. We will explain them -briefly in this section. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-290011"></a> - -<div class="center" -> -<!--l. 25--><p class="noindent" > - -<!--l. 26--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/schematic1.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 5.1: </span><span -class="content">Schematic editor with the menu bar and toolbars marked</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-290011 --> -</div> - -<!--l. 30--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1.1 </span> <a - id="x1-300005.1.1"></a>Top menu bar</h4> -<!--l. 35--><p class="noindent" >The top menu bar will be available at the top left corner. Some of the important menu -options in the top menu bar are: - <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> - 1. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">File - The file menu items are given below: - <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> - (a) </dt><dd -class="compactenum">New - Clear current schematic and start a new one - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - (b) </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Open - Open a schematic - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - (c) </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Open Recent - A list of recently opened files for loading - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - (d) </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Save Whole Schematic project - Save current sheet and all its hierarchy. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - (e) </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Save Current Sheet Only - Save current sheet, but not others in a hierarchy. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - (f) </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Save Current sheet as - Save current sheet with a new name. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - (g) </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Print - Access to print menu (See Fig. <a -href="#x1-300112">5.2<!--tex4ht:ref: print --></a>). - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - (h) </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Plot - Plot the schematic in Postscript, HPGL, SVF or DXF format - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - (i) </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Quit - Quit the schematic editor.</dd></dl> - <!--l. 53--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-300112"></a> -<div class="center" -> -<!--l. 54--><p class="noindent" > - -<!--l. 55--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/print.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 5.2: </span><span -class="content">Print options</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-300112 --> -</div> - <!--l. 59--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 2. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Place - The place menu has shortcuts for placing various items like components, wire - and junction, on to the schematic editor window. See Sec. <a -href="#x1-340005.1.5">5.1.5<!--tex4ht:ref: short --></a> to know more about - various shortcut keys (hotkeys). - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 3. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Preferences - The preferences menu has the following options: - <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> - - (a) </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Library - Select libraries and library paths - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - (b) </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Colors - Select colors for various items. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - (c) </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Options - Display schematic editor options (Units, Grid size). - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - (d) </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Language - Shows the current list of translations. Use default. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - (e) </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Hotkeys - Access to the hot keys menu. See Sec. <a -href="#x1-340005.1.5">5.1.5<!--tex4ht:ref: short --></a> about hotkeys. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - (f) </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Read preferences - Read configuration file. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - (g) </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Save preferences - Save configuration file.</dd></dl> - </dd></dl> -<!--l. 79--><p class="noindent" > - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1.2 </span> <a - id="x1-310005.1.2"></a>Top toolbar</h4> -<a - id="dx1-31001"></a> -<a - id="dx1-31002"></a> -<!--l. 80--><p class="noindent" >Some of the important tools in the top toolbar are discussed below. They are marked in -Fig. <a -href="#x1-310033">5.3<!--tex4ht:ref: eeschem2 --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-310033"></a> - - -<!--l. 84--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/toptoolbar.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 5.3: </span><span -class="content">Toolbar on top with important tools marked</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-310033 --> - -<!--l. 87--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> - <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> - 1. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Save - Save the current schematic - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 2. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Library Editor - Create or edit components. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 3. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Library Browser - Browse through the various component libraries available - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 4. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Navigate schematic hierarchy - Navigate among the root and sub-sheets in the - hierarchy - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 5. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Print - Print the schematic - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 6. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Generate netlist - Generate a netlist for PCB design or for simulation. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 7. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Annotate - Annotate the schematic - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 8. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Check ERC - Do Electric Rules Check for the schematic - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 9. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Create BOM - Create a Bill of Materials of the schematic</dd></dl> - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1.3 </span> <a - id="x1-320005.1.3"></a>Toolbar on the right</h4> -<a - id="dx1-32001"></a> -<a - id="dx1-32002"></a> -<!--l. 104--><p class="noindent" >The toolbar on the right side of the schematic editor window has many important tools. Some -of them are marked in Fig. <a -href="#x1-320034">5.4<!--tex4ht:ref: eeschem3 --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-320034"></a> - - -<!--l. 108--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/rightoolbar.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 5.4: </span><span -class="content">Toolbar on right with important tools marked</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-320034 --> - -<!--l. 111--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 112--><p class="indent" > Let us now look at each of these tools and their uses. - <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> - 1. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Place a component - Load a component to the schematic. See Sec. <a -href="#x1-360005.2.1">5.2.1<!--tex4ht:ref: selplace --></a> for more - details. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 2. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Place a power port - Load a power port (Vcc, ground) to the schematic - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 3. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Place wire - Draw wires to connect components in schematic - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 4. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Place bus - Place a bus on the schematic - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 5. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Place a no connect - Place a no connect flag, particularly useful in ICs - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 6. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Place a local label - Place a label or node name which is local to the schematic - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 7. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Place a global label - Place a global label (these are connected across all schematic - diagrams in the hierarchy) - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 8. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Place a text or comment - Place a text or comment in the schematic</dd></dl> - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1.4 </span> <a - id="x1-330005.1.4"></a>Toolbar on the left</h4> -<a - id="dx1-33001"></a> -<a - id="dx1-33002"></a> -<!--l. 126--><p class="noindent" >Some of the important tools in the toolbar on the left are discussed below. They are marked -in Fig. <a -href="#x1-330035">5.5<!--tex4ht:ref: eeschem4 --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-330035"></a> - - -<!--l. 130--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/lefttoolbar.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 5.5: </span><span -class="content">Toolbar on left with important tools marked</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-330035 --> - -<!--l. 133--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> - <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> - 1. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Show/Hide grid - Show or Hide the grid in the schematic editor. Pressing the tool - again hides (shows) the grid if it was shown (hidden) earlier. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 2. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Show hidden pins - Show hidden pins of certain components, for example, power - pins of certain ICs.</dd></dl> - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1.5 </span> <a - id="x1-340005.1.5"></a>Hotkeys</h4> -<!--l. 142--><p class="noindent" >A set of keyboard keys are associated with various operations in the schematic editor. These -keys save time and make it easy to switch from one operation to another. The list of hotkeys -can be viewed by going to Preferences in the top menu bar. Choose <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Hotkeys </span>and -select <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">List current keys</span>. The hotkeys can also be edited by selecting the option -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Edit Hotkeys</span>. Some frequently used hotkeys, along with their functions, are given -below: - <ul> - <li class="compactitem">F1 - Zoom in - </li> - <li class="compactitem">F2 - Zoom out - </li> - <li class="compactitem">Ctrl + Z - Undo - </li> - <li class="compactitem">Delete - Delete item - </li> - <li class="compactitem">M - Move item - </li> - <li class="compactitem">C - Copy item - </li> - <li class="compactitem">A - Add/place component - </li> - <li class="compactitem">P - Place power component - </li> - <li class="compactitem">R - Rotate item - </li> - <li class="compactitem">X - Mirror component about X axis - </li> - <li class="compactitem">Y - Mirror component about Y axis - </li> - <li class="compactitem">E - Edit schematic component - </li> - - <li class="compactitem">W - Place wire - </li> - <li class="compactitem">T - Add text - </li> - <li class="compactitem">S - Add sheet</li></ul> -<!--l. 166--><p class="noindent" ><span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Note: Both lower and upper-case keys will work as hotkeys</span>. -<!--l. 168--><p class="noindent" > - <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2 </span> <a - id="x1-350005.2"></a>Schematic creation for simulation</h3> -<a - id="dx1-35001"></a> -<!--l. 170--><p class="noindent" >There are certain differences between the schematic created for simulation and that created -for PCB design. We need certain components like plots and current sources. For simulation -whereas these are not needed for PCB design. For PCB design, we would require connectors -(e.g. DB15 and 2 pin connector) for taking signals in and out of the PCB whereas -these have no meaning in simulation. This section covers schematic creation for -simulation. -<!--l. 177--><p class="indent" > The first step in the creation of circuit schematic is the selection and placement of -required components. The components are grouped under eSim-libraries as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-350026">5.6<!--tex4ht:ref: libraries --></a>. -<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-350026"></a> - - -<!--l. 181--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/libraries.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 5.6: </span><span -class="content">eSim-Components Libraries</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-350026 --> - -<!--l. 184--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2.1 </span> <a - id="x1-360005.2.1"></a>Selection and placement of components</h4> -<a - id="dx1-36001"></a> -<!--l. 189--><p class="noindent" >We would need a resistor, a capacitor, a voltage source, ground terminal. To place a resistor -on the schematic editor window, select the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Place a component </span>tool from the toolbar -on the right side and click anywhere on the schematic editor. This opens up the -component selection window. Resistor component can be found under <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">eSim</span><span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">_Devices</span> -library. Fig. <a -href="#x1-360027">5.7<!--tex4ht:ref: resistor --></a> shows the selection of resistor component. Click on OK. A resistor -will be tied to the cursor. Place the resistor on the schematic editor by a single -click. -<!--l. 196--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-360027"></a> - - -<!--l. 198--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/resistor.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 5.7: </span><span -class="content">Placing a resistor using the Place a Component tool</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-360027 --> - -<!--l. 201--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 202--><p class="indent" > To place the next component, i.e., capacitor, click again on the schematic editor.Similarly, -Capacitor component is found under <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">eSim</span><span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">_Devices </span>library. Click on OK. Place the capacitor -on the schematic editor by a single click. Let us now place a sinusoidal voltage source. This is -required for performing transient analysis. To place it, click again on the schematic editor. On -the component selection window, choose the library <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">eSim</span><span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">_source </span>by double clicking on it. -Select the component <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">SINE </span>and click on OK. Place the sine source on the schematic editor by -a single click. -<!--l. 211--><p class="indent" > Place the component by clicking on the schematic editor. Similarly place <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">gnd</span>, a ground -terminal and <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">power</span><span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">_flag </span>under <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">power </span>library. Once all the components are placed, the -schematic editor would look like the Fig. <a -href="#x1-360038">5.8<!--tex4ht:ref: afterplace --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-360038"></a> - - -<!--l. 216--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/afterplace.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 5.8: </span><span -class="content">All RC circuit components placed</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-360038 --> - -<!--l. 219--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 220--><p class="indent" > Let us rotate the resistor to complete the circuit. To rotate the resistor, place the cursor -on the resistor and press the key <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">R</span>. Note that if the cursor is placed above the letter <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">R </span>(not -<span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">R?</span>) on the resistor, it asks to clarify selection. Choose the option <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Component R</span>. This can be -avoided by placing the cursor slightly away from the letter R as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-360059">5.9<!--tex4ht:ref: rotate --></a>. This -applies to all components.<a - id="dx1-36004"></a> <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-360059"></a> - - -<!--l. 228--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/rotate.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 5.9: </span><span -class="content">Placing the cursor (cross mark) slightly away from the letter R</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-360059 --> - -<!--l. 231--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 232--><p class="indent" > If one wants to move a component, place the cursor on top of the component and press the -key <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">M</span>. The component will be tied to the cursor and can be moved in any direction. -<a - id="dx1-36006"></a> - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2.2 </span> <a - id="x1-370005.2.2"></a>Wiring the circuit</h4> -<a - id="dx1-37001"></a> -<!--l. 238--><p class="noindent" >The next step is to wire the connections. Let us connect the resistor to the capacitor. -To do so, point the cursor to the terminal of resistor to be connected and press -the key <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">W</span>. It has now changed to the wiring mode. Move the cursor towards the -terminal of the capacitor and click on it. A wire is formed as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-37002r1">5.10a<!--tex4ht:ref: wire1 --></a>. -<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-3700510"></a> - -<a - id="x1-37002r1"></a> -<!--l. 248--><p class="noindent" > <img -src="figures/wire1.png" alt="PIC" -> -<span -class="cmr-9">(a)</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Initial</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">stages</span> <a - id="x1-37003r2"></a> <img -src="figures/wirefin.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(b)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Wiring</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">done</span> <a - id="x1-37004r3"></a> <img -src="figures/schemfin.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(c)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Final</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">schematic</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">with</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">PWR</span><span -class="cmr-9">_FLAG</span> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 5.10: </span><span -class="content">Various stages of wiring</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-3700510 --> - -<!--l. 256--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 257--><p class="indent" > Similarly connect the wires between all terminals and the final schematic would look like -Fig. <a -href="#x1-37003r2">5.10b<!--tex4ht:ref: wirefin --></a>. - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2.3 </span> <a - id="x1-380005.2.3"></a>Assigning values to components</h4> -<a - id="dx1-38001"></a> -<!--l. 261--><p class="noindent" >We need to assign values to the components in our circuit i.e., resistor and capacitor. Note -that the sine voltage source has been placed for simulation. The specifications of sine source -will be given during simulation. To assign value to the resistor, place the cursor above the -letter <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">R </span>(not <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">R?</span>) and press the key <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">E</span>. Choose <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Field value</span>. Type <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">1k </span>in the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Edit value field </span>box -as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-3800211">5.11<!--tex4ht:ref: field --></a>. 1k means 1<span -class="cmmi-10x-x-109">k</span>Ω. Similarly give the value <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">1u </span>for the capacitor. 1u means -1<span -class="cmmi-10x-x-109">μF</span>. -<!--l. 271--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-3800211"></a> - - -<!--l. 273--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/field.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 5.11: </span><span -class="content">Editing value of resistor</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-3800211 --> - -<!--l. 276--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2.4 </span> <a - id="x1-390005.2.4"></a>Annotation and ERC</h4> -<a - id="dx1-39001"></a> -<a - id="dx1-39002"></a> -<a - id="dx1-39003"></a> -<a - id="dx1-39004"></a> -<!--l. 280--><p class="noindent" >The next step is to annotate the schematic. Annotation gives unique references to the -components. To annotate the schematic, click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Annotate schematic </span>tool from the -top toolbar. Click on <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">annotation</span>, then click on <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">OK </span>and finally click on close as -shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-3900813">5.13<!--tex4ht:ref: anno --></a>. The schematic is now annotated. The question marks next to -component references have been replaced by unique numbers. If there are more than -one instance of a component (say resistor), the annotation will be done as R1, R2, -etc. -<!--l. 289--><p class="indent" > Let us now do <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC </span>or <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Electric Rules Check</span>. To do so, click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Perform electric rules</span> -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">check </span>tool from the top toolbar. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Test Erc </span>button. The error as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-3900712">5.12<!--tex4ht:ref: erc --></a> -may be displayed. Click on close in the test erc<a - id="dx1-39005"></a> window. <a - id="dx1-39006"></a><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-3900712"></a> - - -<!--l. 296--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/erc2.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 5.12: </span><span -class="content">ERC error</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-3900712 --> - -<!--l. 299--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 300--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-3900813"></a> - - -<!--l. 302--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/anno.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 5.13: </span><span -class="content">Steps in annotating a schematic: 1. First click on Annotation then 2. Click -on Ok then 3. Click on close</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-3900813 --> - -<!--l. 305--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 306--><p class="indent" > There will be a green arrow pointing to the source of error in the schematic. Here it points -to the ground terminal. This is shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-3900914">5.14<!--tex4ht:ref: ercgnd --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-3900914"></a> - - -<!--l. 311--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/ercgnd.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 5.14: </span><span -class="content">Green arrow pointing to Ground terminal indicating an ERC error</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-3900914 --> - -<!--l. 314--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 315--><p class="indent" > To correct this error, place a <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">PWR</span><span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">_FLAG </span>from the Eeschema library <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">power</span>. <a - id="dx1-39010"></a>Connect the -power flag to the ground terminal as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-37004r3">5.10c<!--tex4ht:ref: schemfin --></a>. One needs to place <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">PWR</span><span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">_FLAG</span> -wherever the error shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-3900712">5.12<!--tex4ht:ref: erc --></a> is obtained. Repeat the ERC. Now there are no errors. -With this we have created the schematic for simulation. - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2.5 </span> <a - id="x1-400005.2.5"></a>Netlist generation</h4> -<a - id="dx1-40001"></a> -<!--l. 326--><p class="noindent" >To simulate the circuit that has been created in the previous section, we need to generate its -netlist. <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Netlist </span>is a list of components in the schematic along with their connection -information. <a - id="dx1-40002"></a>To do so, click on the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Generate netlist </span>tool from the top toolbar. Click on spice -from the window that opens up. Check the option <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Default Format</span>. Then click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Generate</span>. -This is shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-4000315">5.15<!--tex4ht:ref: chap5net --></a>. Save the netlist. This will be a <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">.cir </span>file. Do not change the -directory while saving. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-4000315"></a> - - -<!--l. 337--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/netlist.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 5.15: </span><span -class="content">Steps in generating a Netlist for simulation: 1. Click on Spice then 2. -Check the option <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Default Format </span>then 3. Click on Generate </span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-4000315 --> - -<!--l. 340--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 341--><p class="indent" > Now the netlist is ready to be simulated. Refer to <span class="cite"> [<a -href="#Xkicad">15</a>]</span> or <span class="cite"> [<a -href="#Xkicad2">16</a>]</span> to know more about -Eeschema. - - <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 6</span><br /><a - id="x1-410006"></a>PCB Design</h2> Printed Circuit Board (PCB) <a - id="dx1-41001"></a>design is an important step in -electronic system design. Every component of the circuit needs to be placed and connections -routed to minimise delay and area. Each component has an associated footprint. Footprint -refers to the physical layout of a component that is required to mount it on the PCB.<a - id="dx1-41002"></a> <a - id="dx1-41003"></a>PCB -design involves associating footprints to all components, placing them appropriately to -minimise wire length and area, connecting the footprints using tracks/vias and finally -extracting the required files needed for printing the PCB. Let us see the steps to design PCB -using eSim. - <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1 </span> <a - id="x1-420006.1"></a>Schematic creation for PCB design</h3> -<!--l. 16--><p class="noindent" >In Chapter <a -href="#x1-610009">9<!--tex4ht:ref: chap5 --></a>, we will see the differences between schematic for simulation and schematic for -PCB design. Let us design the PCB for a RC circuit. A resistor, capacitor, ground, power flag -and a connector are required. Connectors are used to take signals in and out of the -PCB. -<!--l. 22--><p class="indent" > Create the circuit schematic as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-420011">6.1<!--tex4ht:ref: pcbschfin --></a>. The two pin connector (<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">CONN</span><span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">_2</span>) can -be placed from the Eeschema library <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">conn</span>. Do the annotation and test for ERC. Refer to -Chapter <a -href="#x1-610009">9<!--tex4ht:ref: chap5 --></a> to know more about basic steps in schematic creation. -<!--l. 28--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-420011"></a> - - -<!--l. 30--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/pcbschfin.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.1: </span><span -class="content">Final circuit schematic for RC low pass circuit</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-420011 --> - -<!--l. 33--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1.1 </span> <a - id="x1-430006.1.1"></a>Netlist generation for PCB</h4> -<a - id="dx1-43001"></a> -<a - id="dx1-43002"></a> -<!--l. 38--><p class="noindent" >The netlist for PCB is different from that for simulation. To generate netlist for PCB, click on -the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Generate netlist </span>tool from the top toolbar in Schematic editor. In the Netlist window, -under the tab <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Pcbnew</span>, <a - id="dx1-43003"></a>click on the button <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Netlist</span>. This is shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-430042">6.2<!--tex4ht:ref: netlistpcb --></a>. Click on -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Save </span>in the Save netlist file dialog box that opens up. Do not change the directory -or the name of the netlist file. Save the schematic and close the schematic editor. -<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-430042"></a> - - -<!--l. 48--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/netlistpcb.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.2: </span><span -class="content">Netlist generation for PCB</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-430042 --> - -<!--l. 51--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 52--><p class="indent" > <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Note that the netlist for PCB has an extension </span><span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">.net</span><span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">. The netlist created for simulation</span> -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">has an extension </span><span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">.cir</span>. - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1.2 </span> <a - id="x1-440006.1.2"></a>Mapping of components using Footprint Editor</h4> -<a - id="dx1-44001"></a> -<a - id="dx1-44002"></a> -<a - id="dx1-44003"></a> -<!--l. 59--><p class="noindent" >Once the netlist for PCB is created, one needs to map each component in the netlist to a -footprint. The tool <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Footprint Editor </span>is used for this. eSim uses <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">CvPcb </span>as its footprint editor. -<span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">CvPcb </span>is the footprint editor tool in KiCad. <a - id="dx1-44004"></a> -<!--l. 64--><p class="noindent" > - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1.3 </span> <a - id="x1-450006.1.3"></a>Familiarising the Footprint Editor tool</h4> -<a - id="dx1-45001"></a> -<!--l. 67--><p class="noindent" >If one opens the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Footprint Editor </span>after creating the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">.net </span>netlist file, the Footprint editor as -shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-450023">6.3<!--tex4ht:ref: fe --></a> will be obtained. The menu bar and toolbars and the panes are marked in -this figure. The menu bar will be available in the top left corner. The left pane has a list of -components in the netlist file and the right pane has a list of available footprints for each -component. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-450023"></a> - - -<!--l. 75--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/fe.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.3: </span><span -class="content">Footprint editor with the menu bar, toolbar, left pane and right pane -marked</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-450023 --> - -<!--l. 78--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 79--><p class="indent" > <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Note that if the Footprint Editor is opened before creating a ‘.net’ file, then the left and</span> -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">right panes will be empty</span>. - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-460006.1.3"></a>Toolbar</h5> -<!--l. 82--><p class="noindent" >Some of the important tools in the toolbar are shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-460014">6.4<!--tex4ht:ref: tb_fe --></a>. They are explained below: -<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-460014"></a> - - -<!--l. 86--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/tb_fe.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.4: </span><span -class="content">Some important tools in the toolbar</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-460014 --> - -<!--l. 89--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> - <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> - 1. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Save netlist and footprint files - Save the netlist and the footprints that are - associated with it. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 2. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">View selected footprint - View the selected footprint in 2D. See Sec. <a -href="#x1-470006.1.4">6.1.4<!--tex4ht:ref: viewfp --></a> for more - details. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 3. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Automatic footprint association - Perform footprint association for each - component automatically. Footprints will be selected from the list of footprints - available. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 4. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Delete all associations - Delete all the footprint associations made - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 5. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Display filtered footprint list - Display a filtered list of footprints suitable to the - selected component - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 6. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Display full footprint list - Display the list of all footprints available (without - filtering)</dd></dl> - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1.4 </span> <a - id="x1-470006.1.4"></a>Viewing footprints in 2D and 3D</h4> -<a - id="dx1-47001"></a> -<a - id="dx1-47002"></a> -<!--l. 110--><p class="noindent" >To view a footprint in 2D, select it from the right pane and click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">View selected footprint</span> -from the menu bar. Let us view the footprint for <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">SM1210</span>. Choose SM1210 from -the right pane as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-470035">6.5<!--tex4ht:ref: sm --></a>. On clicking the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">View selected footprint </span>tool, -the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Footprint </span>window with the view in 2D will be displayed. Click on the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">3D</span> -tool in the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Footprint </span>window, as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-470046">6.6<!--tex4ht:ref: 3d --></a>. A top view of the selected -footprint in 3D is obtained. Click on the footprint and rotate it using mouse to get 3D -views from various angles. One such side view of the footprint in 3D is shown in -Fig. <a -href="#x1-470057">6.7<!--tex4ht:ref: 3dv --></a>. -<!--l. 121--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-470035"></a> - - -<!--l. 123--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/sm.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.5: </span><span -class="content">Viewing footprint for SM1210: 1. Choose the footprint SM1210 from the -right pane, 2. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">View selected footprint</span></span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-470035 --> - -<!--l. 127--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 128--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-470046"></a> - - -<!--l. 130--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/3d.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.6: </span><span -class="content">Footprint view in 2D. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">3D </span>to get 3D view</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-470046 --> - -<!--l. 133--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 134--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-470057"></a> - - -<!--l. 136--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/3dv.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.7: </span><span -class="content">Side view of the footprint in 3D</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-470057 --> - -<!--l. 139--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1.5 </span> <a - id="x1-480006.1.5"></a>Mapping of components in the RC circuit</h4> -<!--l. 142--><p class="noindent" >Click on <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">C1 </span>from the left pane. Choose the footprint <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">C1 </span>from the right pane by double -clicking on it. Click on connector <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">P1 </span>from the left pane. Choose the footprint <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">SIL-2 </span>from the -right pane by double clicking on it. Similarly choose the footprint <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">R3 </span>for the resistor <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">R1</span>. The -footprint mapping is shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-480018">6.8<!--tex4ht:ref: map --></a>. Save the footprint association by clicking on the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Save</span> -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">netlist and footprint files </span>tool from the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">CvPcb </span>toolbar. The <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Save Net and component List</span> -window appears. Browse to the directory where the schematic file for this project is saved and -click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Save</span>. The netlist gets saved and the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Footprint Editor </span>window closes automatically. -<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-480018"></a> - - -<!--l. 155--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/map.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.8: </span><span -class="content">Footprint mapping done</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-480018 --> - -<!--l. 158--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 159--><p class="indent" > <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Note that one needs to browse to the directory where the schematic file is saved and save</span> -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">the ‘.net’ file in the same directory</span>. - <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2 </span> <a - id="x1-490006.2"></a>Creation of PCB layout</h3> -<a - id="dx1-49001"></a> -<a - id="dx1-49002"></a> -<!--l. 164--><p class="noindent" >The next step is to place the footprints and lay tracks between them to get the layout. This is -done using the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Layout Editor </span>tool. eSim uses <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Pcbnew</span>, the layout creation tool in KiCad, as its -layout editor. -<!--l. 169--><p class="noindent" > - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2.1 </span> <a - id="x1-500006.2.1"></a>Familiarizing the Layout Editor tool</h4> -<a - id="dx1-50001"></a> -<!--l. 172--><p class="noindent" >The layout editor with the various menu bar and toolbars is shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-500029">6.9<!--tex4ht:ref: pcbnew --></a>. -<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-500029"></a> - - -<!--l. 176--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/pcbnew.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.9: </span><span -class="content">Layout editor with menu bar, toolbars and layer options marked</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-500029 --> - -<!--l. 179--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 180--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-5000310"></a> - - -<!--l. 182--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/toptble.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.10: </span><span -class="content">Top toolbar with important tools marked</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5000310 --> - -<!--l. 185--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-510006.2.1"></a>Top toolbar</h5> -<!--l. 188--><p class="noindent" >Some of the important menu options in the top menu bar are shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-5000310">6.10<!--tex4ht:ref: toptble --></a>. They are -explained below: - <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> - 1. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Save board - Save the printed circuit board - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 2. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Module editor - Open module editor to edit footprint modules or libraries - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 3. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Read netlist - Import the netlist whose layout needs to be created. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 4. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Perform design rules check - Check for design rules, unconnected nets, etc., in the - layout. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 5. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Select working layer - Selection of working layer - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 6. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Show active layer selections and select layer pair for route and place - Select layer - in top and bottom layers. It also shows the currently active layer selections. - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 7. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Mode footprint: Manual/automatic move and place - Move and place modules</dd></dl> -<!--l. 206--><p class="noindent" > - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2.2 </span> <a - id="x1-520006.2.2"></a>Hotkeys</h4> -<a - id="dx1-52001"></a> -<!--l. 208--><p class="noindent" >A list of hotkeys are given below: - <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> - 1. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">F1 - Zoom in - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 2. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">F2 - Zoom out - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 3. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Delete - Delete Track or Footprint - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 4. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">X - Add new track - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 5. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">V - Add Via - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 6. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">M - Move Item - - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 7. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">F - Flip Footprint - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 8. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">R - Rotate Item - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 9. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">G - Drag Footprint - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 10. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">Ctrl+Z - Undo - </dd><dt class="compactenum"> - 11. </dt><dd -class="compactenum">E - Edit Item</dd></dl> -<!--l. 222--><p class="noindent" >The list can be viewed by selecting <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Preferences </span>from the top menu bar and choosing <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">List Current</span> -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Keys </span>from the option <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Hotkeys</span>. -<!--l. 226--><p class="noindent" > - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2.3 </span> <a - id="x1-530006.2.3"></a>PCB design example using RC circuit</h4> -<a - id="dx1-53001"></a> -<!--l. 227--><p class="noindent" >Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Layout Editor </span>from the eSim toolbar. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Read Netlist </span>tool from the top -toolbar. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Browse Netlist files </span>on the Netlist window that opens up. Select the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">.net </span>file -that was modified after assigning footprints. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Open</span>. Now Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Read Current</span> -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Netlist </span>on the Netlist window. The message area in the Netlist window says that -the RC_pcb.net has been read. The sequence of operations is shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-5300411">6.11<!--tex4ht:ref: brnet --></a>. -<a - id="dx1-53002"></a><a - id="dx1-53003"></a><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-5300411"></a> - - -<!--l. 238--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/rcpcb.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.11: </span><span -class="content">Importing netlist file to layout editor: 1. Browse netlist Files, 2. Choose -the RC_pcb.net file, 3. Read Netlist file, 4. Close</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5300411 --> - -<!--l. 242--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 243--><p class="indent" > The footprint modules will now be imported to the top left hand corner of the layout -editor window. This is shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-5300512">6.12<!--tex4ht:ref: netlisttop --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-5300512"></a> - - -<!--l. 247--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/netlisttop.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.12: </span><span -class="content">Footprint modules imported to top left corner of layout editor window</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5300512 --> - -<!--l. 250--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 251--><p class="indent" > Zoom in to the top left corner by pressing the key <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">F1 </span>or using the scroll button of the -mouse. The zoomed in version of the imported netlist is shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-5300613">6.13<!--tex4ht:ref: zoom --></a>. -<!--l. 255--><p class="indent" > Let us now place this in the center of the layout editor window. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-5300613"></a> - - -<!--l. 259--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/zoom.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.13: </span><span -class="content">Zoomed in version of the imported netlist</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5300613 --> - -<!--l. 262--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 263--><p class="indent" > Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Mode footprint: Manual/automatic move and place </span>tool from the top toolbar. -Place the cursor near the center of the layout editor window. Right click and choose <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Glob</span> -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">move and place</span>. Choose <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">move all modules</span>. The sequence of operations is shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-5300714">6.14<!--tex4ht:ref: movep --></a>. -Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Yes </span>on the confirmation window to move the modules. Zoom in using the F1 key. -The current placement of components after zooming in is shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-53008r1">6.15a<!--tex4ht:ref: curplace --></a>. -<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-5300714"></a> - - -<!--l. 272--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/movep.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.14: </span><span -class="content">Moving and placing modules to the center of layout editor. 1. Click on -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Mode footprint: Manual/automatic move and place</span>, 2. Place cursor at center of layout -editor and right click on it 3. Choose <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Glob Move and Place </span>and then choose <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Move All</span> -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Modules.</span></span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5300714 --> - -<!--l. 279--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 286--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-5301015"></a> - -<a - id="x1-53008r1"></a> -<!--l. 290--><p class="noindent" > <img -src="figures/curplace.png" alt="PIC" -> -<span -class="cmr-9">(a)</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Zoomed</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">in</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">version</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">of the</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">current</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">placement</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">after</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">moving</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">modules</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">to the</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">center</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">of the</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">layout</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">editor</span> <a - id="x1-53009r2"></a> <img -src="figures/fplace.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(b)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Final</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">placement</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">of</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">footprints</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">after</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">rotating</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">and</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">moving</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">P1</span> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.15: </span><span -class="content">Different stages of placement of modules on PCB</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5301015 --> - -<!--l. 295--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 296--><p class="indent" > We need to arrange the modules properly to lay tracks. Rotate the connector P1 by -placing the cursor on top of P1 and pressing R. Move it by placing the cursor on top of it and -pressing M. The final placement is shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-53009r2">6.15b<!--tex4ht:ref: fplace --></a>. <a - id="dx1-53011"></a> -<!--l. 302--><p class="indent" > Let us now lay the tracks. Let us first change the track width. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Design rules </span>from -the top menu bar. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Design rules</span>. This is shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-5301416">6.16<!--tex4ht:ref: drules --></a>. The <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Design Rules Editor</span> -window opens up. Here one can edit the various design rules. Double click on the track width -field to edit it. Type 0.8 and press <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Enter</span>. Click on OK. Fig. <a -href="#x1-5301517">6.17<!--tex4ht:ref: druleedit --></a> shows the sequence of -operations. <a - id="dx1-53012"></a><a - id="dx1-53013"></a> <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-5301416"></a> - - -<!--l. 312--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/drules.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.16: </span><span -class="content">Choose <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Design Rules </span>from the top menu bar and <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Design Rules </span>again</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5301416 --> - -<!--l. 316--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 317--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-5301517"></a> - - -<!--l. 319--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/druleedit.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.17: </span><span -class="content">Changing the track width: 1. Double click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Track Width </span>field and type -0.8, 2. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">OK</span></span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5301517 --> - -<!--l. 323--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 325--><p class="indent" > Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Back </span>from the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Layer </span>options as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-5301718">6.18<!--tex4ht:ref: layer --></a>. <a - id="dx1-53016"></a><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-5301718"></a> - - -<!--l. 329--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/layer.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.18: </span><span -class="content">Choosing the copper layer <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Back</span></span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5301718 --> - -<!--l. 332--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 333--><p class="indent" > Let us now start laying the tracks. Place the cursor above the left terminal of R1 -in the layout editor window. Press the key <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">x</span>. Move the cursor down and double -click on the left terminal of C1. A track is formed. This is shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-53018r1">6.19a<!--tex4ht:ref: track1 --></a>. -<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-5302119"></a> - -<a - id="x1-53018r1"></a> -<!--l. 341--><p class="noindent" > <img -src="figures/track1.png" alt="PIC" -> -<span -class="cmr-9">(a) A</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">track</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">formed</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">between</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">resistor</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">and</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">capacitor</span> <a - id="x1-53019r2"></a> <img -src="figures/track2.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(b) A</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">track</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">formed</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">between</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">capacitor</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">and</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">connector</span> <a - id="x1-53020r3"></a> <img -src="figures/track3.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(c) A</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">track</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">formed</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">between</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">connector</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">and</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">resistor</span> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.19: </span><span -class="content">Different stages of laying tracks during PCB design</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5302119 --> - -<!--l. 349--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 350--><p class="indent" > Similarly lay the track between capacitor C1 and connector P1 as shown in -Fig. <a -href="#x1-53019r2">6.19b<!--tex4ht:ref: track2 --></a>. The last track needs to be laid at an angle. To do so, place the cursor -above the second terminal of R1. Press the key x and move the cursor diagonally -down. Double click on the other terminal of the connector. The track will be laid -as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-53020r3">6.19c<!--tex4ht:ref: track3 --></a>. All tracks are now laid. The next step is to create PCB -edges. -<!--l. 358--><p class="indent" > Choose <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">PCB</span><span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">_edges </span>from the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Layer </span>options to add edges. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Add graphic line or</span> -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">polygon </span>from the toolbar on the left. Fig. <a -href="#x1-5302320">6.20<!--tex4ht:ref: pcbedges --></a> shows the sequence of operations. Let us now -start drawing edges for PCB. <a - id="dx1-53022"></a><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-5302320"></a> - - -<!--l. 365--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/pcbedges.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.20: </span><span -class="content">Creating PCB edges: 1. Choose <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">PCB</span><span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">_Edges </span>from <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Layer </span>options 2. Choose -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Add graphic line or polygon </span>from left toolbar</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5302320 --> - -<!--l. 370--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 371--><p class="indent" > Click to the left of the layout. Move cursor horizontally to the right. Click once to change -orientation. Move cursor vertically down. Draw the edges as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-5302421">6.21<!--tex4ht:ref: pcbed --></a>. Double click -to finish drawing the edges. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-5302421"></a> - - -<!--l. 377--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/pcbed.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.21: </span><span -class="content">PCB edges drawn</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5302421 --> - -<!--l. 380--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 382--><p class="indent" > Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Perform design rules check </span>from the top toolbar to check for design rules. The -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">DRC Control </span>window opens up. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Start DRC</span>. There are no errors under the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Error</span> -<span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">messages </span>tab. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">OK </span>to close DRC control window. Fig. <a -href="#x1-5302622">6.22<!--tex4ht:ref: drc --></a> shows the sequence of -operations. <a - id="dx1-53025"></a><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-5302622"></a> - - -<!--l. 390--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/drc.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.22: </span><span -class="content">Performing design rules check: 1. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Start DRC</span>, 2. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Ok</span></span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5302622 --> - -<!--l. 394--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 395--><p class="indent" > Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Save board </span>on the top toolbar. -<!--l. 397--><p class="indent" > To generate Gerber files, click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">File </span>from the top menu bar. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Plot</span>. This is shown -in Fig. <a -href="#x1-5302823">6.23<!--tex4ht:ref: plot --></a>. The plot window opens up. One can choose which layers to plot by -selecting/deselecting them from the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Layers </span>pane on the left side. One can also choose the -format used to plot them. Choose <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Gerber</span>. The output directory of the plots created -can also be chosen. By default, it is the project directory. Some more options can -be chosen in this window. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Plot</span>. The message window shows the location -in which the Gerber files are created. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Close</span>. This is shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-5302924">6.24<!--tex4ht:ref: plot2 --></a>. -<a - id="dx1-53027"></a><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-5302823"></a> - - -<!--l. 410--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/plot.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.23: </span><span -class="content">Choosing <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Plot </span>from the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">File </span>menu</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5302823 --> - -<!--l. 413--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 414--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-5302924"></a> - - -<!--l. 416--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/plot2.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 6.24: </span><span -class="content">Creating Gerber files: 1. Choose <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Gerber </span>as the plot format, 2. Click on -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Plot</span>. Message window shows location in which Gerber files are created, 3. Click on <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Close</span></span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5302924 --> - -<!--l. 421--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 422--><p class="indent" > The PCB design of RC circuit is now complete. To know more about Pcbnew, refer to -<span class="cite"> [<a -href="#Xkicad">15</a>]</span> or <span class="cite"> [<a -href="#Xkicad2">16</a>]</span>. - - <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 7</span><br /><a - id="x1-540007"></a>Model Editor</h2> -<!--l. 4--><p class="noindent" >Spice based simulators include a feature which allows accurate modeling of semiconductor -devices such as diodes, transistors etc. eSim Model Editor provides a facility to define a new -model for devices such as <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">diodes, MOSFET, BJT, JFET, IGBT, Magnetic core </span>etc. Model -Editor in eSim lets the user enter the values of parameters depending on the type of -device for which a model is required. The parameter values can be obtained from the -data-sheet of the device. A newly created model can be exported to the model library -and one can import it for different projects, whenever required. Model Editor also -provides a facility to edit existing models. The GUI of the model editor is as shown in -Fig. <a -href="#x1-540011">7.1<!--tex4ht:ref: modeleditor --></a> -<!--l. 15--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-540011"></a> - - -<!--l. 17--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/modeleditor_new.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 7.1: </span><span -class="content">Model Editor</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-540011 --> - -<!--l. 20--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> - <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1 </span> <a - id="x1-550007.1"></a>Creating New Model Library </h3> -<!--l. 24--><p class="noindent" >eSim lets us create new model libraries based on the template model libraries. On selecting -<span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">New </span>button the window is popped as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-550012">7.2<!--tex4ht:ref: modeleditor_new --></a>. The name has to be unique otherwise -the error message appears on the window. -<!--l. 27--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-550012"></a> - - -<!--l. 29--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/modeleditor.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 7.2: </span><span -class="content">Creating New Model Library</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-550012 --> - -<!--l. 32--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 33--><p class="indent" > After the OK button is pressed the type of model library to be created is chosen by -selecting one of the types on the left hand side i.e. <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Diode, BJT, MOS, JFET, IGBT,</span> -<span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Magnetic Core</span>. The template model library opens up in a tabular form as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-550023">7.3<!--tex4ht:ref: modelnew --></a> -<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-550023"></a> - - -<!--l. 36--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/modelnew.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 7.3: </span><span -class="content">Choosing the Template Model Library </span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-550023 --> - -<!--l. 39--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> - -<!--l. 43--><p class="indent" > New parameters can be added or current parameters can be removed using <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ADD</span> -and <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">REMOVE </span>buttons. Also the values of parameters can be changed in the table. -Adding and removing the parameters in library files is shown in the Fig. <a -href="#x1-550034">7.4<!--tex4ht:ref: modeladd --></a> and -Fig. <a -href="#x1-550045">7.5<!--tex4ht:ref: modelremove --></a> -<!--l. 45--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-550034"></a> - - -<!--l. 47--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/modeladd.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 7.4: </span><span -class="content">Adding the Parameter in a Library</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-550034 --> - -<!--l. 50--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 52--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-550045"></a> - - -<!--l. 54--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/modelremove.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 7.5: </span><span -class="content">Removing a Parameter from a Library </span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-550045 --> - -<!--l. 57--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> -<!--l. 59--><p class="indent" > After the editing of the model library is done, the file can be saved by selecting the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">SAVE</span> -button. These libraries are saved in the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">User Libraries </span>folder under <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">deviceModelLibrary</span> -repository. - <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2 </span> <a - id="x1-560007.2"></a>Editing Current Model Library</h3> -<!--l. 62--><p class="noindent" >The existing model library can be modified using <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">EDIT </span>option. On clicking the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">EDIT </span>button -the file dialog opens where all the library files are saved as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-560016">7.6<!--tex4ht:ref: modeledit --></a>. You can select -the library you want to edit. Once you are done with the editing, click on <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">SAVE</span> -button. -<!--l. 65--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-560016"></a> - - -<!--l. 67--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/modeledit.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 7.6: </span><span -class="content">Editing Existing Model Library</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-560016 --> - -<!--l. 70--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> - <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.3 </span> <a - id="x1-570007.3"></a>Uploading external .lib file to eSim repository</h3> -<!--l. 73--><p class="noindent" >eSim directly cannot use the external .lib file. It has to be uploaded to eSim repository before -using it in a circuit. eSim provides the facility to upload library files. They are then converted -into xml format, which can be easily modified from the eSim interface. On clicking <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">UPLOAD</span> -button the library can be uploaded from any location. The model library will be -saved with the name you have provided, in the <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">User Libraries </span>folder of repository -<span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">deviceModelLibrary</span>. - - <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 8</span><br /><a - id="x1-580008"></a>SubCircuit Builder</h2> Subcircuit is a way to implement hierarchical modeling. -Once a subcircuit for a compo- nent is created, it can be used in other circuits. -eSim provides an easy way to create a subcircuit. The following Fig. <a -href="#x1-580011">8.1<!--tex4ht:ref: subcircuit_mainwin --></a> shows -the window that is opened when the SubCircuit tool is chosen from the toolbar. -<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -> - -<a - id="x1-580011"></a> - - -<!--l. 8--><p class="noindent" ><img -src="figures/subcirciut_window.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 8.1: </span><span -class="content">Subcircuit Window</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-580011 --> - -<!--l. 11--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - - <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">8.1 </span> <a - id="x1-590008.1"></a>Creating a SubCircuit</h3> -<!--l. 32--><p class="noindent" >The steps to create subcircuit are as follows. - <ul class="itemize1"> - <li class="itemize">After opening the Subcircuit tool, click on <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">New Subcircuit Schematic </span>button. - It will ask the name of the subcircuit. Enter the name of subcircuit (without any - spaces) and click <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">OK </span>as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-590012">8.2<!--tex4ht:ref: newsubcktschematic --></a>. - <!--l. 39--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-590012"></a> <img -src="figures/newsubcktschematic.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 8.2: </span><span -class="content">New Sub circuit Window</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-590012 --> - <!--l. 44--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - </li> - <li class="itemize">After clicking <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">OK </span>button it will open KiCad schematic. Draw your circuit - which will be later used as a subcircuit. e.g the Fig. <a -href="#x1-590023">8.3<!--tex4ht:ref: createsubcktsch --></a> shows the half adder - circuit. - <!--l. 49--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-590023"></a> <img -src="figures/createsubcktsch.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 8.3: </span><span -class="content">New Sub circuit Window</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-590023 --> - <!--l. 54--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - - </li> - <li class="itemize">Once you complete the circuit, assign port to the node of your circuit which will be - used to connect with the main circuit. The circuit will look like Fig. <a -href="#x1-590034">8.4<!--tex4ht:ref: halfadder --></a> after - adding PORT to it. The PORT symbol can be found in Eeschema as shown in - Fig. <a -href="#x1-590045">8.5<!--tex4ht:ref: port --></a>. - <!--l. 61--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-590034"></a> <img -src="figures/ha_sub.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 8.4: </span><span -class="content">Half-Adder Subcircuit </span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-590034 --> - <!--l. 66--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - <!--l. 69--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-590045"></a> <img -src="figures/port_lib.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 8.5: </span><span -class="content">Selection of PORT component</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-590045 --> - <!--l. 74--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - - </li> - <li class="itemize">Next step is to save the schematic and generate KiCad netlist as explained in Chapter - 5. - </li> - <li class="itemize">To use this as a subcircuit, create a block in KiCad Eeschema by following steps given - below: - <dl class="enumerate"><dt class="enumerate"> - 1. </dt><dd -class="enumerate">Go to library browser of Eeschema. - </dd><dt class="enumerate"> - 2. </dt><dd -class="enumerate">Select the working library as eSim_Subckt as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-590076">8.6<!--tex4ht:ref: esimsubckt --></a> <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-590076"></a> <img -src="figures/esim-subckt.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 8.6: </span><span -class="content">Selecting Working Library</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-590076 --> - <!--l. 90--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - - </dd><dt class="enumerate"> - 3. </dt><dd -class="enumerate">Click on create a new component with reference X as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-590097">8.7<!--tex4ht:ref: subcktnewcomp --></a> <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-590097"></a> - <img -src="figures/subcktnewcomp.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 8.7: </span><span -class="content">Creating New Component</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-590097 --> - <!--l. 99--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - </dd><dt class="enumerate"> - 4. </dt><dd -class="enumerate">Start drawing the subcircuit block. Update and save it as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-590118">8.8<!--tex4ht:ref: block --></a>. - <!--l. 104--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-590118"></a> <img -src="figures/halfadderblock.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 8.8: </span><span -class="content">Half-Adder Subcircuit Block</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-590118 --> - <!--l. 109--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - </dd></dl> - - </li> - <li class="itemize">Close the Eeschema window and click on Convert KiCad to Ngspice button in subcircuit - builder tool. This will convert the KiCad spice netlist to Ngspice netlist. And it will - save your subcircuit into eSim repository, which you can add in your main - circuit. - </li></ul> -<!--l. 120--><p class="noindent" > - <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">8.2 </span> <a - id="x1-600008.2"></a>Edit a Subcircuit</h3> -<!--l. 121--><p class="noindent" >The steps to edit a subcircuit are as follows. - <ul class="itemize1"> - <li class="itemize">After opening the Subcircuit tool, click on <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Edit Subcircuit Schematic </span>button. - It will open a dialog box where you can select any subcircuit for editing. - </li> - <li class="itemize">After selecting the subcircuit it will open it in KiCad Eeschema, where you can - edit the subcircuit. - </li> - <li class="itemize">Next step is to save the schematic and generate KiCad netlist. - </li> - <li class="itemize">If you have edited the number of ports then you have to change the block in KiCad - Eeschema accordingly. - </li> - <li class="itemize">Close the Eeschema window and click on <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Convert KiCad to Ngspice </span>button in - subcircuit builder tool to convert the edited subcircuit KiCad netlist into Ngspice - netlist. - </li></ul> - - <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 9</span><br /><a - id="x1-610009"></a>Solved Examples</h2> - <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1 </span> <a - id="x1-620009.1"></a>Solved Examples</h3> -<!--l. 8--><p class="noindent" > - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.1 </span> <a - id="x1-630009.1.1"></a>Basic RC Circuit</h4> -<!--l. 9--><p class="noindent" > - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-640009.1.1"></a>Problem Statement:</h5> -<!--l. 9--><p class="noindent" >Plot the Input and Output Waveform of an RC circuit whose input voltage (Vs) is 50Hz, -3V peak to peak. The values of Resistor (R) and Capacitor(C) are 1<span -class="cmmi-10x-x-109">k </span>and 1<span -class="cmmi-10x-x-109">uf</span> -respectively. - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-650009.1.1"></a>Solution:</h5> - <ul class="itemize1"> - <li class="itemize">Creating a Project: The new project is created by clicking the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">New </span>icon on the - menubar. The name of the project is given in the pop up window as shown in - Fig. <a -href="#x1-650011">9.1<!--tex4ht:ref: rc1 --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-650011"></a> <img -src="figures/rc1.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.1: </span><span -class="content">Creating New Project</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650011 --> - <!--l. 20--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - </li> - <li class="itemize">Creating the Schematic: To create the schematic, click the very first icon of the left - toolbar as shown in the Fig. <a -href="#x1-650022">9.2<!--tex4ht:ref: rc2 --></a>. This will open KiCad Eeschema. - <!--l. 25--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-650022"></a> <img -src="figures/rc2.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.2: </span><span -class="content">Open Schematic Editor</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650022 --> - <!--l. 31--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - <!--l. 33--><p class="noindent" >To create a schematic in KiCad, we need to place the required components. Fig. <a -href="#x1-650033">9.3<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_component --></a> - shows the icon on the right toolbar which opens the component library. - <!--l. 35--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-650033"></a> <img -src="figures/rc_component.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.3: </span><span -class="content">Place Component Icon</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650033 --> - <!--l. 41--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - - <!--l. 45--><p class="noindent" >After all the required components of the simple RC circuit are placed, wiring is done - using the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Place Wire </span>option as shown in the Fig. <a -href="#x1-650044">9.4<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_wire --></a> - <!--l. 47--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-650044"></a> <img -src="figures/rc_wire.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.4: </span><span -class="content">Place Wire Icon</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650044 --> - <!--l. 53--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - <!--l. 55--><p class="noindent" >Next step is <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC (Electric Rules Check)</span>. Fig. <a -href="#x1-650055">9.5<!--tex4ht:ref: erc1 --></a> shows the icon for <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC</span>. - <!--l. 57--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-650055"></a> <img -src="figures/erc1.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.5: </span><span -class="content">Electric Rules Check Icon</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650055 --> - <!--l. 63--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - <!--l. 65--><p class="noindent" >Fig. <a -href="#x1-650066">9.6<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_complete1 --></a> shows the RC circuit after connecting the components by wire. - <!--l. 67--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-650066"></a> <img -src="figures/rc_complete1.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.6: </span><span -class="content">RC circuit</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650066 --> - <!--l. 72--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - - <!--l. 76--><p class="noindent" >After clicking the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC </span>icon a window opens up. Click the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Run </span>button to run rules check. - The errors are listed in as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-65007r1">9.7a<!--tex4ht:ref: erc2 --></a>. This error is handled by adding <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Power</span> - <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Flag </span>as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-65008r2">9.7b<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_pwr --></a>. - <!--l. 78--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-650097"></a> <a - id="x1-65007r1"></a> <img -src="figures/erc2.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(a)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">ERC</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Run</span> <a - id="x1-65008r2"></a> <img -src="figures/rc_pwr.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(b)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Power</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Flag</span> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.7: </span><span -class="content">ERC check and POWER FLAG</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650097 --> - <!--l. 87--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - <!--l. 89--><p class="noindent" >After adding the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Power Flag </span>the completed RC circuit is shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-65010r1">9.8a<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_schematic --></a> and the - netlist is generated as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-65011r2">9.8b<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_netlist --></a>. - <!--l. 92--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-650128"></a> <a - id="x1-65010r1"></a> <img -src="figures/rc_schematic.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(a)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Schematic</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">of RC</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">circuit</span> <a - id="x1-65011r2"></a> <img -src="figures/rc_netlistgeneration.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(b)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Generating</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">KiCad</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Netlist</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">of RC</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">circuit</span> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.8: </span><span -class="content">RC Schematic and Netlist Generation</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650128 --> - <!--l. 101--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - - </li> - <li class="itemize">Convert KiCad to Ngspice: To convert KiCad netlist of RC circuit to NgSpice - compatible netlist click on KiCad to Ngspice icon as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-650139">9.9<!--tex4ht:ref: rcki2ng --></a>. - <!--l. 107--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-650139"></a> <img -src="figures/rc_ki2ng.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.9: </span><span -class="content">Convert KiCad to Ngspice Icon</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650139 --> - <!--l. 112--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - <!--l. 114--><p class="noindent" >Now you can enter the type of analysis and source details as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-65014r1">9.10a<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_analysistab --></a> and - Fig. <a -href="#x1-65015r2">9.10b<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_sourcedetailstab --></a> respectively. - <!--l. 116--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-6501610"></a> <a - id="x1-65014r1"></a> <img -src="figures/rc_analysistab.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(a)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">RC</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Analysis</span> <a - id="x1-65015r2"></a> <img -src="figures/rc_sourcedetailstab.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(b)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">RC</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Source</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Details</span> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.10: </span><span -class="content">RC Analysis and Source Detail</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-6501610 --> - <!--l. 125--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - <!--l. 126--><p class="noindent" >The other tab will be empty as RC circuit do not use any Ngspice model, device library - and subcircuit. - <!--l. 128--><p class="noindent" >After entering the value, press the convert button. It will convert the netlist into - Ngspice compatible netlist. - - </li> - <li class="itemize">Simulation: To run Ngspice simulation click the simulation icon in the tool bar - as shown in the Fig. <a -href="#x1-6501711">9.11<!--tex4ht:ref: rcplot --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-6501711"></a> <img -src="figures/rc_plot.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.11: </span><span -class="content">Simulation Icon</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-6501711 --> - <!--l. 139--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - <!--l. 141--><p class="noindent" >In eSim, there are two types of plot. First is normal Ngspice plot and second is - interactive python plot as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-65018r1">9.12a<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_ngspiceplot --></a> and Fig. <a -href="#x1-65019r2">9.12b<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_pythonplot --></a> respectively. - <!--l. 143--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-6502012"></a> <a - id="x1-65018r1"></a> <img -src="figures/rc_ngspiceplot.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(a)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Ngspice</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Plot</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">of RC</span> <a - id="x1-65019r2"></a> <img -src="figures/rc_pythonplot.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(b)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Python</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Plot</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">of RC</span> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.12: </span><span -class="content">Ngspice and Interactive Python Plotting</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-6502012 --> - <!--l. 152--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - <!--l. 154--><p class="noindent" >In the interactive python plot you can select any node or branch to plot voltage or - current across it. Also it has the facility to plot basic functions across the node like - addition, substraction, multiplication, division and v/s. - </li></ul> - -<!--l. 160--><p class="noindent" > - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.2 </span> <a - id="x1-660009.1.2"></a>Half Wave Rectifier</h4> -<!--l. 162--><p class="noindent" > - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-670009.1.2"></a>Problem Statement:</h5> -<!--l. 162--><p class="noindent" >Plot the Input and Output Waveform of Half Wave Rectifier circuit where the input voltage -(Vs) is 50Hz, 2V peak to peak. The value for Resistor (R) is 1k. -<!--l. 164--><p class="noindent" > - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-680009.1.2"></a>Solution:</h5> -<!--l. 165--><p class="noindent" >The new project is created by clicking the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">New </span>icon on the menubar. The name of the project -is given in the window shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-650011">9.1<!--tex4ht:ref: rc1 --></a>. - <ul class="itemize1"> - <li class="itemize">Creating Schematic: To create the schematic, click the very first icon of the left - toolbar as shown in the Fig. <a -href="#x1-650022">9.2<!--tex4ht:ref: rc2 --></a>. This will open KiCad Eeschema.<br -class="newline" /> - <!--l. 171--><p class="noindent" >After the KiCad window is opened, to create a schematic we need to place the - required components. Fig. <a -href="#x1-650033">9.3<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_component --></a> shows the icon on the right toolbar which opens - the component library.<br -class="newline" /> - <!--l. 174--><p class="noindent" >After all the required components of the simple Half Wave rectifier circuits are - placed, wiring is done using the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Place Wire </span>option as shown in the Fig. <a -href="#x1-650044">9.4<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_wire --></a><br -class="newline" /> - <!--l. 176--><p class="noindent" >Next step is <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC (Electric Rules Check)</span>. Fig. <a -href="#x1-650055">9.5<!--tex4ht:ref: erc1 --></a> shows the icon for <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC</span>. After - completing all the above steps the final Half Wave Rectifier schematic will look - like Fig. <a -href="#x1-6800113">9.13<!--tex4ht:ref: hwr_schematic --></a>.<br -class="newline" /> - <!--l. 178--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-6800113"></a> <img -src="figures/hwr_schematic.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.13: </span><span -class="content">Schematic of Half Wave Rectifier circuit</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-6800113 --> - <!--l. 183--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - - <!--l. 187--><p class="noindent" >KiCad netlist is generated as shown in the Fig. <a -href="#x1-6800214">9.14<!--tex4ht:ref: hwr_netlistgeneration --></a> <br -class="newline" /> - <!--l. 189--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-6800214"></a> <img -src="figures/hwr_netlistgeneration.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.14: </span><span -class="content">Half Wave Rectifier circuit Netlist Generation</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-6800214 --> - <!--l. 194--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - </li> - <li class="itemize">Convert KiCad to Ngspice: After creating KiCad netlist, click on the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">KiCad-Ngspice</span> - <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">converter </span>button. This will open converter window where you can enter details of - Analysis, Source values and Device library. - <!--l. 198--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-6800615"></a> <a - id="x1-68003r1"></a> <img -src="figures/hwr_analysistab.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(a)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Half</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Wave</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Analysis</span> <a - id="x1-68004r2"></a> <img -src="figures/hwr_sourcedetailstab.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(b)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Half</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Wave</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Source</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Details</span> <a - id="x1-68005r3"></a> <img -src="figures/hwr_devicemodelingtab.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(c)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Half</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Wave</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Device</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Modeling</span> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.15: </span><span -class="content">Analysis, Source and Device Tab</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-6800615 --> - <!--l. 210--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - <!--l. 212--><p class="noindent" >Under device library you can add the library for diode used in the circuit. If you do not - add any library it will take default Ngspice model. - </li> - <li class="itemize">Simulation: Once the KiCad-Ngspice converter runs successfully, you can run - simulation by clicking the simulation button in the toolbar. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-6800916"></a> <a - id="x1-68007r1"></a> <img -src="figures/hwr_ngspiceplot.png" alt="PIC" -> -<span -class="cmr-9">(a)</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Ngspice</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Plot</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">of</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Half</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Wave</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> <a - id="x1-68008r2"></a> <img -src="figures/hwr_pythonplot.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(b)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Python</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Plot</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">of</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Half</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Wave</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.16: </span><span -class="content">Half Wave Rectifier Simulation Output</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-6800916 --> - <!--l. 225--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - </li></ul> - -<!--l. 232--><p class="noindent" > - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.3 </span> <a - id="x1-690009.1.3"></a>Precision Rectifier</h4> -<!--l. 233--><p class="noindent" > - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-700009.1.3"></a>Problem Statement:</h5> -<!--l. 233--><p class="noindent" >Plot the input and output waveform of the Precision Rectifier circuit where input voltage -(Vs) is 50<span -class="cmmi-10x-x-109">Hz </span>, 3<span -class="cmmi-10x-x-109">V </span>peak to peak. -<!--l. 235--><p class="noindent" > - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-710009.1.3"></a>Solution:</h5> -<!--l. 236--><p class="noindent" >The new project is created by clicking the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">New </span>icon on the menubar. The name of the project -is given as shown in the Fig. <a -href="#x1-650011">9.1<!--tex4ht:ref: rc1 --></a>. - <ul class="itemize1"> - <li class="itemize">Creating Schematic: To create the schematic, click the very first icon of the left - toolbar as shown in the Fig. <a -href="#x1-650022">9.2<!--tex4ht:ref: rc2 --></a>. This will open KiCad Eeschema.<br -class="newline" />After the KiCad window is opened, to create a schematic we need to place the - required components. Fig. <a -href="#x1-650033">9.3<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_component --></a> shows the icon on the right toolbar which opens - the component library.<br -class="newline" />After all the required components of the precision rectifier circuit are placed, - wiring is done using the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Place Wire </span>option as shown in the Fig. <a -href="#x1-650044">9.4<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_wire --></a>.<br -class="newline" />Next step is <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC (Electric Rules Check)</span>. Fig. <a -href="#x1-650055">9.5<!--tex4ht:ref: erc1 --></a> shows the icon for <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC</span>. The - Fig. <a -href="#x1-7100117">9.17<!--tex4ht:ref: pr_schematic --></a> shows the complete Precision Rectifier schematic after removing the - errors. - <!--l. 246--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-7100117"></a> <img -src="figures/pr_schematic.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.17: </span><span -class="content">Schematic of Precision Rectifier circuit</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7100117 --> - <!--l. 251--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - <!--l. 253--><p class="noindent" >The KiCad netlist is generated as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-7100218">9.18<!--tex4ht:ref: pr_netlistgeneration --></a>.<br -class="newline" /> - <!--l. 255--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-7100218"></a> <img -src="figures/pr_netlistgeneration.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.18: </span><span -class="content">Precision Rectifier circuit Netlist Generation</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7100218 --> - <!--l. 260--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - - </li> - <li class="itemize">Convert KiCad to Ngspice: After creating KiCad netlist, click on KiCad-Ngspice - converter button.<br -class="newline" /> - <!--l. 266--><p class="noindent" >This will open converter window where you can enter details of Analysis, Source values, - Device library and Subcircuit. - <!--l. 268--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-7100719"></a> <a - id="x1-71003r1"></a> <img -src="figures/pr_analysistab.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(a)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Precision</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Analysis</span> <a - id="x1-71004r2"></a> <img -src="figures/pr_sourcedetailstab.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(b)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Precision</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Source</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Details</span> -<a - id="x1-71005r3"></a> -<!--l. 278--><p class="noindent" > <img -src="figures/pr_devicemodelingtab.png" alt="PIC" -> -<span -class="cmr-9">(c)</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Precision</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Device</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Modeling</span> <a - id="x1-71006r4"></a> <img -src="figures/pr_subcircuitstab.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(d)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Precision</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Subcircuit</span> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.19: </span><span -class="content">Analysis, Source, Device library and Subcircuit tab</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7100719 --> - <!--l. 283--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - <!--l. 285--><p class="noindent" >Under device library you can add the library for the diode used in the circuit. If you do - not add any library it will take default Ngspice model for diode.<br -class="newline" /> - <!--l. 288--><p class="noindent" >Under subcircuit tab you have to add the subciruit used in your circuit. If you forget to - add subcircuit it will throw an error. - - </li> - <li class="itemize">Simulation: Once the KiCad-Ngspice converter runs successfully, you can run the - simulation by clicking the simulation button in the toolbar. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-7101020"></a> <a - id="x1-71008r1"></a> <img -src="figures/pr_ngspiceplot.png" alt="PIC" -> -<span -class="cmr-9">(a)</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Ngspice</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Plot</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">of</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Precision</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> <a - id="x1-71009r2"></a> <img -src="figures/pr_pythonplot.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(b)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Python</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Plot</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">of</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Precision</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.20: </span><span -class="content">Precision Rectifier Simulation Output</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7101020 --> - <!--l. 302--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - </li></ul> - -<!--l. 309--><p class="noindent" > - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.4 </span> <a - id="x1-720009.1.4"></a>Inverting Amplifier</h4> -<!--l. 310--><p class="noindent" > - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-730009.1.4"></a>Problem Statement:</h5> -<!--l. 311--><p class="noindent" >Plot the Input and Output Waveform of Inverting Amplifier circuit where the input voltage -(Vs) is 50<span -class="cmmi-10x-x-109">Hz</span>, 2<span -class="cmmi-10x-x-109">V </span>peak to peak and gain is 2. - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-740009.1.4"></a>Solution:</h5> - <ul class="itemize1"> - <li class="itemize">Creating Schematic: To create the schematic, click the very first icon of the left - toolbar as shown in the Fig. <a -href="#x1-650022">9.2<!--tex4ht:ref: rc2 --></a>. This will open KiCad Eeschema.<br -class="newline" />After the KiCad window is opened, to create a schematic we need to place the - required components. Fig. <a -href="#x1-650033">9.3<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_component --></a> shows the icon on the right toolbar which opens - the component library.<br -class="newline" />After all the required components of the inverting amplifier circuit are placed, - wiring is done using the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Place Wire </span>option as shown in the Fig. <a -href="#x1-650044">9.4<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_wire --></a>.<br -class="newline" />Next step is <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC (Electric Rules Check)</span>. Fig. <a -href="#x1-650055">9.5<!--tex4ht:ref: erc1 --></a> shows the icon for <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC</span>. - <!--l. 321--><p class="noindent" >The Fig. <a -href="#x1-7400121">9.21<!--tex4ht:ref: ia_schematic --></a> shows the complete Precision Rectifier schematic after removing - the errors. - <!--l. 323--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-7400121"></a> <img -src="figures/ia_schematic.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.21: </span><span -class="content">Schematic of Inverting Amplifier circuit</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7400121 --> - <!--l. 328--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - <!--l. 330--><p class="noindent" >The KiCad netlist is generated as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-7400222">9.22<!--tex4ht:ref: ia_netlistgeneration --></a>.<br -class="newline" /><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-7400222"></a> <img -src="figures/ia_netlistgeneration.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.22: </span><span -class="content">Inverting Amplifier circuit Netlist Generation</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7400222 --> - <!--l. 336--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - </li> - <li class="itemize">Convert KiCad to Ngspice: After creating KiCad netlist, click on KiCad-Ngspice - converter button.<br -class="newline" /> - <!--l. 342--><p class="noindent" >This will open converter window where you can enter details of Analysis, Source values, - Device library and Subcircuit. - - <!--l. 344--><p class="noindent" >Subcircuit of Op-Amp is shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-74006r4">9.23d<!--tex4ht:ref: ia_sub --></a> <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-7400723"></a> <a - id="x1-74003r1"></a> <img -src="figures/ia_analysistab.png" alt="PIC" -> -<span -class="cmr-9">(a)</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Inverting</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Amplifier</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Analysis</span> <a - id="x1-74004r2"></a> <img -src="figures/ia_sourcedetailstab.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(b)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Inverting</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Amplifier</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Source</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Details</span> -<a - id="x1-74005r3"></a> -<!--l. 355--><p class="noindent" > <img -src="figures/ia_subcircuitstab.png" alt="PIC" -> -<span -class="cmr-9">(c)</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Inverting</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Amplifier</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Subcircuit</span> <a - id="x1-74006r4"></a> <img -src="figures/ia_sub.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(d)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Sub-Circuit</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">of</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Op-Amp</span> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.23: </span><span -class="content">Analysis, Source, and Subcircuit tab</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7400723 --> - <!--l. 360--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - - <!--l. 363--><p class="noindent" >Under subcircuit tab you have to add the subciruit used in your circuit. If you forget to - add subcircuit, it will throw an error.<br -class="newline" /> - </li> - <li class="itemize">Simulation: Once the KiCad-Ngspice converter runs successfully, you can run - simulation by clicking the simulation button in the toolbar. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-7401024"></a> <a - id="x1-74008r1"></a> <img -src="figures/ia_ngspiceplot.png" alt="PIC" -> -<span -class="cmr-9">(a)</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Inverting</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Amplifier</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Ngspice</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Plot</span> -<a - id="x1-74009r2"></a> -<!--l. 374--><p class="noindent" > <img -src="figures/ia_pythonplot.png" alt="PIC" -> -<span -class="cmr-9">(b)</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Inverting</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Amplifier</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Python</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Plot</span> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.24: </span><span -class="content">Inverting Amplifier Simulation Output</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7401024 --> - <!--l. 376--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - </li></ul> - -<!--l. 386--><p class="noindent" > - <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.5 </span> <a - id="x1-750009.1.5"></a>Half Adder Example</h4> -<!--l. 388--><p class="noindent" > - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-760009.1.5"></a>Problem Statement:</h5> -<!--l. 388--><p class="noindent" >Plot the Input and Output Waveform of Half Adder circuit. -<!--l. 390--><p class="noindent" > - <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a - id="x1-770009.1.5"></a>Solution:</h5> - <ul class="itemize1"> - <li class="itemize">Creating Schematic: To create the schematic, click the very first icon of the left - toolbar as shown in the Fig. <a -href="#x1-650022">9.2<!--tex4ht:ref: rc2 --></a>. This will open KiCad Eeschema.<br -class="newline" />After the KiCad window is opened, to create a schematic we need to place the - required components. Fig. <a -href="#x1-650033">9.3<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_component --></a> shows the icon on the right toolbar which opens - the component library.<br -class="newline" />After all the required components of the Half Adder circuit are placed, wiring is - done using the <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Place Wire </span>option as shown in the Fig. <a -href="#x1-650044">9.4<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_wire --></a>.<br -class="newline" />Next step is <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC (Electric Rules Check)</span>. Fig. <a -href="#x1-650055">9.5<!--tex4ht:ref: erc1 --></a> shows the icon for <span -class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC</span>. - <!--l. 399--><p class="noindent" >The Fig. <a -href="#x1-7700125">9.25<!--tex4ht:ref: ha_schematic --></a> shows the complete Half Adder schematic after removing the - errors. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-7700125"></a> <img -src="figures/ha_schematic.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.25: </span><span -class="content">Schematic of Half Adder circuit</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7700125 --> - <!--l. 405--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - <!--l. 407--><p class="noindent" >The KiCad netlist is generated as shown in Fig. <a -href="#x1-7700226">9.26<!--tex4ht:ref: ha_netlistgeneration --></a>.<br -class="newline" /><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-7700226"></a> <img -src="figures/ha_netlistgeneration.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.26: </span><span -class="content">Half Adder circuit Netlist Generation</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7700226 --> - <!--l. 413--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - - </li> - <li class="itemize">Convert KiCad to Ngspice: After creating KiCad netlist click on KiCad-Ngspice - converter button.<br -class="newline" /> - <!--l. 420--><p class="noindent" >This will open converter window where you can enter details of Analysis, Source values, - Ngspice model and Subcircuit. - <!--l. 422--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-7700727"></a> <a - id="x1-77003r1"></a> <img -src="figures/ha_analysistab.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(a)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Half</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Adder</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Analysis</span> <a - id="x1-77004r2"></a> <img -src="figures/ha_sourcedetailstab.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(b)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Half</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Adder</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Source</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Details</span> -<a - id="x1-77005r3"></a> -<!--l. 432--><p class="noindent" > <img -src="figures/ha_ngspicemodeltab.png" alt="PIC" -> -<span -class="cmr-9">(c)</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Half</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Adder</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Ngspice</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Model</span> <a - id="x1-77006r4"></a> <img -src="figures/ha_subcircuitstab.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(d)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Half</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Adder</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Subcircuit</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Model</span> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.27: </span><span -class="content">Analysis, Source, Ngspice Model and Subcircuit tab</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7700727 --> - <!--l. 437--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - <!--l. 439--><p class="noindent" >Subcircuit of Half Adder in Fig. <a -href="#x1-7700828">9.28<!--tex4ht:ref: ha_sub --></a> <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-7700828"></a> <img -src="figures/ha_sub.png" alt="PIC" -> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.28: </span><span -class="content">Half Adder Subcircuit</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7700828 --> - <!--l. 445--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - - </li> - <li class="itemize">Simulation: Once the KiCad-Ngspice converter runs successfully, you can run - simulation by clicking the simulation button in the toolbar. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" -><a - id="x1-7701129"></a> <a - id="x1-77009r1"></a> <img -src="figures/ha_ngspiceplot.png" alt="PIC" -> -<span -class="cmr-9">(a)</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Half</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Adder</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Ngspice</span> -<span -class="cmr-9">Plot</span> <a - id="x1-77010r2"></a> <img -src="figures/ha_pythonplot.png" alt="PIC" -> - <span -class="cmr-9">(b)</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Half</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Adder</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Python</span> - <span -class="cmr-9">Plot</span> -<br /> <div class="caption" -><span class="id">Figure 9.29: </span><span -class="content">Half Adder Simulation Output</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7701129 --> - <!--l. 459--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> - </li></ul> - - <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a - id="x1-780009.1.5"></a>References</h2><a - id="Q1-1-166"></a> - <div class="thebibliography"> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [1]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="Xsedra"></a>A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Microelectronic Circuits - Theory and</span> - <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Applications</span>. Oxford University Press, 2009. - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [2]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="Xkmm11-csi"></a>K. M. Moudgalya, “Spoken Tutorial: A Collaborative and Scalable Education - Technology,” <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">CSI Communications</span>, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 10–12, September 2011, - available at <a -href="http://spoken-tutorial.org/CSI.pdf" class="url" >http://spoken-tutorial.org/CSI.pdf</a>. - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [3]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="Xscilab"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. Available: <a -href="http://www.scilab.org/" class="url" >http://www.scilab.org/</a> - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [4]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="XGARUDA"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. 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http://scilab-test.garudaindia.in/cloud" class="url" >http://scilab-test.garudaindia.in/scilab_in/,http://scilab-test.garudaindia.in/cloud</a> - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [5]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="XT10KT"></a>D. B. Phatak. (2013, May) Teach 10,000 teacher programme. [Online]. - Available: <a -href="http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/nmeict/MegaWorkshop.do" class="url" >http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/nmeict/MegaWorkshop.do</a> - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [6]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="XT10KT-kal"></a>K. Kannan and K. Narayanan, “Ict-enabled scalable workshops for engineering - college teachers in india,” in <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Post-Secondary Education and Technology: A Global</span> - <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Perspective on Opportunities and Obstacles to Development (International and</span> - <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">Development Education)</span>, R. Clohey, S. Austin-Li, and J. C. Weldman, Eds. - Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. - - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [7]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="XT10KT-kgp"></a>(2013, May) Teach 10,000 teacher programme on analog electronics. [Online]. - Available: <a -href="http://www.nmeict.iitkgp.ernet.in/Analogmain.htm" class="url" >http://www.nmeict.iitkgp.ernet.in/Analogmain.htm</a> - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [8]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="Xaakash"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. Available: <a -href="http://www.aakashlabs.org/" class="url" >http://www.aakashlabs.org/</a> - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [9]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="Xeda"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. Available: - <a -href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" class="url" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation</a> - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [10]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="Xsynaptic"></a>(2013, May) Synaptic Package Manager Spoken Tutorial. [Online]. Available: - <a -href="http://www.spoken-tutorial.org/list_videos?view=1&foss=Linux&language=English" class="url" >http://www.spoken-tutorial.org/list_videos?view=1&foss=Linux&language=English</a> - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [11]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="Xeeschema"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. Available: - <a -href="http://www.kicad-pcb.org/display/KICAD/KiCad+EDA+Software+Suite" class="url" >http://www.kicad-pcb.org/display/KICAD/KiCad+EDA+Software+Suite</a> - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [12]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="Xngspice-web"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. Available: <a -href="http://ngspice.sourceforge.net/" class="url" >http://ngspice.sourceforge.net/</a> - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [13]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="Xscilab-in"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. Available: <a -href="http://scilab.in/" class="url" >http://scilab.in/</a> - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [14]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="Xspice"></a>S. M. Sandler and C. Hymowitz, <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">SPICE Circuit Handbook</span>. New York: - McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006. - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [15]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="Xkicad"></a>J.-P. Charras and F. Tappero. (2013, May). [Online]. Available: - <a -href="http://www.kicad-pcb.org/display/KICAD/KiCad+Documentation" class="url" >http://www.kicad-pcb.org/display/KICAD/KiCad+Documentation</a> - - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [16]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="Xkicad2"></a>D. Jahshan and P. Hutchinson. (2013, May). [Online]. Available: - <a -href="http://bazaar.launchpad.net/~kicad-developers/kicad/doc/files/head:/doc/tutorials/" class="url" >http://bazaar.launchpad.net/<span -class="cmsy-8">∼</span>kicad-developers/kicad/doc/files/head:/doc/tutorials/</a> - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [17]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="Xngspice"></a>P. Nenzi and H. Vogt. (2013) Ngspice users manual version 25plus. [Online]. - Available: <a -href="http://ngspice.sourceforge.net/docs/ngspice-manual.pdf" class="url" >http://ngspice.sourceforge.net/docs/ngspice-manual.pdf</a> - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [18]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="Xkmm11-TUGboat"></a>K. M. Moudgalya, “<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span -class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Training through Spoken Tutorials,” <span -class="cmti-10x-x-109">TUGboat</span>, - vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 251–257, 2011. - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [19]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="Xst"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. Available: <a -href="http://www.spoken-tutorial.org/" class="url" >http://www.spoken-tutorial.org/</a> - </p> - <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> - [20]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a - id="Xoscad"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. 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