diff options
| author | rahulp13 | 2020-02-21 12:36:46 +0530 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | rahulp13 | 2020-02-21 12:36:46 +0530 |
| commit | 47d4daff2ab483c4cdfb82117ef0d25d53832214 (patch) | |
| tree | 55aefefe974f151de76c6a2dbe8df3b4c3393bbe /library/browser/User-Manual/eSim.html | |
| parent | 453c2dab78f81046fcbd42034a86c4e759a0ff68 (diff) | |
| download | eSim-47d4daff2ab483c4cdfb82117ef0d25d53832214.tar.gz eSim-47d4daff2ab483c4cdfb82117ef0d25d53832214.tar.bz2 eSim-47d4daff2ab483c4cdfb82117ef0d25d53832214.zip | |
restructured eSim libraries
Diffstat (limited to 'library/browser/User-Manual/eSim.html')
| -rw-r--r-- | library/browser/User-Manual/eSim.html | 3672 |
1 files changed, 3672 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/library/browser/User-Manual/eSim.html b/library/browser/User-Manual/eSim.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..79afa31e --- /dev/null +++ b/library/browser/User-Manual/eSim.html @@ -0,0 +1,3672 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> +<html > +<head><title>eSim Manual</title> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> +<meta name="generator" content="TeX4ht (http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~gurari/TeX4ht/)"> +<meta name="originator" content="TeX4ht (http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~gurari/TeX4ht/)"> +<!-- html --> +<meta name="src" content="esim.tex"> +<meta name="date" content="2015-09-15 14:59:00"> +<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="esim.css"> +</head><body +> + +<div class="center" +> +<!--l. 1--><p class="noindent" > +<!--l. 2--><p class="noindent" ><span +class="cmbx-12x-x-207">eSim</span><br /><br /> +<span +class="cmbx-12x-x-144">An open source EDA tool for circuit design,</span> +<span +class="cmbx-12x-x-144">simulation, analysis and PCB design</span><br /> + +<img +src="figures/logo-trimmed.png" alt="PIC" +> +<span +class="cmbx-12x-x-144">eSim User Manual</span><br /> +<span +class="cmr-10">version 1.0.0</span><br /> +<span +class="cmbx-10">Prepared By:</span><br /> +<span +class="cmr-10">eSim Team</span><br /> +<span +class="cmr-10">FOSSEE at IIT,Bombay</span> + +<!--l. 17--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/iitblogo.png" alt="PIC" +><br /> +<span +class="cmr-10">Indian Institute of Technology Bombay</span><br /> +<img +src="esim0x.png" alt="○BY:" class="oalign" > <img +src="esim1x.png" alt="○$\" class="oalign" > <img +src="esim2x.png" alt="○=" class="oalign" > <br /> +<span +class="cmr-10">August 2015</span></div> + + + <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a + id="x1-1000"></a>Contents</h2> <div class="tableofcontents"> + <span class="chapterToc" >1 <a +href="#x1-20001" id="QQ2-1-2">Introduction</a></span> +<br /> <span class="chapterToc" >2 <a +href="#x1-30002" id="QQ2-1-3">Installing eSim</a></span> +<br /> <span class="chapterToc" >3 <a +href="#x1-40003" id="QQ2-1-4">Architecture of eSim</a></span> +<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >3.1 <a +href="#x1-50003.1" id="QQ2-1-5">Modules used in eSim</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1.1 <a +href="#x1-60003.1.1" id="QQ2-1-6">Eeschema</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1.2 <a +href="#x1-70003.1.2" id="QQ2-1-7">CvPcb</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1.3 <a +href="#x1-80003.1.3" id="QQ2-1-8">Pcbnew</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1.4 <a +href="#x1-90003.1.4" id="QQ2-1-9">KiCad to Ngspice converter</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1.5 <a +href="#x1-100003.1.5" id="QQ2-1-10">Model Builder</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1.6 <a +href="#x1-110003.1.6" id="QQ2-1-11">Subcircuit Builder</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >3.1.7 <a +href="#x1-120003.1.7" id="QQ2-1-12">Ngspice</a></span> +<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >3.2 <a +href="#x1-130003.2" id="QQ2-1-13">Work flow of eSim</a></span> +<br /> <span class="chapterToc" >4 <a +href="#x1-140004" id="QQ2-1-15">Getting Started</a></span> +<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >4.1 <a +href="#x1-150004.1" id="QQ2-1-16">eSim Main Window</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >4.1.1 <a +href="#x1-160004.1.1" id="QQ2-1-17">How to launch eSim in Ubuntu?</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >4.1.2 <a +href="#x1-170004.1.2" id="QQ2-1-19">Main-GUI</a></span> +<br /> <span class="chapterToc" >5 <a +href="#x1-280005" id="QQ2-1-33">Schematic Creation</a></span> +<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >5.1 <a +href="#x1-290005.1" id="QQ2-1-34">Familiarizing the Schematic Editor interface</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.1.1 <a +href="#x1-300005.1.1" id="QQ2-1-36">Top menu bar</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.1.2 <a +href="#x1-310005.1.2" id="QQ2-1-38">Top toolbar</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.1.3 <a +href="#x1-320005.1.3" id="QQ2-1-40">Toolbar on the right</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.1.4 <a +href="#x1-330005.1.4" id="QQ2-1-42">Toolbar on the left</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.1.5 <a +href="#x1-340005.1.5" id="QQ2-1-44">Hotkeys</a></span> +<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >5.2 <a +href="#x1-350005.2" id="QQ2-1-45">Schematic creation for simulation</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.2.1 <a +href="#x1-360005.2.1" id="QQ2-1-47">Selection and placement of components</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.2.2 <a +href="#x1-370005.2.2" id="QQ2-1-51">Wiring the circuit</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.2.3 <a +href="#x1-380005.2.3" id="QQ2-1-53">Assigning values to components</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.2.4 <a +href="#x1-390005.2.4" id="QQ2-1-55">Annotation and ERC</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >5.2.5 <a +href="#x1-400005.2.5" id="QQ2-1-59">Netlist generation</a></span> +<br /> <span class="chapterToc" >6 <a +href="#x1-410006" id="QQ2-1-61">PCB Design</a></span> +<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >6.1 <a +href="#x1-420006.1" id="QQ2-1-62">Schematic creation for PCB design</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.1.1 <a +href="#x1-430006.1.1" id="QQ2-1-64">Netlist generation for PCB</a></span> + +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.1.2 <a +href="#x1-440006.1.2" id="QQ2-1-66">Mapping of components using Footprint Editor</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.1.3 <a +href="#x1-450006.1.3" id="QQ2-1-67">Familiarising the Footprint Editor tool</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.1.4 <a +href="#x1-470006.1.4" id="QQ2-1-71">Viewing footprints in 2D and 3D</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.1.5 <a +href="#x1-480006.1.5" id="QQ2-1-75">Mapping of components in the RC circuit</a></span> +<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >6.2 <a +href="#x1-490006.2" id="QQ2-1-77">Creation of PCB layout</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.2.1 <a +href="#x1-500006.2.1" id="QQ2-1-78">Familiarizing the Layout Editor tool</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.2.2 <a +href="#x1-520006.2.2" id="QQ2-1-82">Hotkeys</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >6.2.3 <a +href="#x1-530006.2.3" id="QQ2-1-83">PCB design example using RC circuit</a></span> +<br /> <span class="chapterToc" >7 <a +href="#x1-540007" id="QQ2-1-98">Model Editor</a></span> +<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >7.1 <a +href="#x1-550007.1" id="QQ2-1-100">Creating New Model Library </a></span> +<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >7.2 <a +href="#x1-560007.2" id="QQ2-1-105">Editing Current Model Library</a></span> +<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >7.3 <a +href="#x1-570007.3" id="QQ2-1-107">Uploading external .lib file to eSim repository</a></span> +<br /> <span class="chapterToc" >8 <a +href="#x1-580008" id="QQ2-1-108">SubCircuit Builder</a></span> +<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >8.1 <a +href="#x1-590008.1" id="QQ2-1-110">Creating a SubCircuit</a></span> +<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >8.2 <a +href="#x1-600008.2" id="QQ2-1-118">Edit a Subcircuit</a></span> +<br /> <span class="chapterToc" >9 <a +href="#x1-610009" id="QQ2-1-119">Solved Examples</a></span> +<br />  <span class="sectionToc" >9.1 <a +href="#x1-620009.1" id="QQ2-1-120">Solved Examples</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >9.1.1 <a +href="#x1-630009.1.1" id="QQ2-1-121">Basic RC Circuit</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >9.1.2 <a +href="#x1-660009.1.2" id="QQ2-1-136">Half Wave Rectifier</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >9.1.3 <a +href="#x1-690009.1.3" id="QQ2-1-143">Precision Rectifier</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >9.1.4 <a +href="#x1-720009.1.4" id="QQ2-1-150">Inverting Amplifier</a></span> +<br />   <span class="subsectionToc" >9.1.5 <a +href="#x1-750009.1.5" id="QQ2-1-157">Half Adder Example</a></span> +<br /> <span class="chapterToc" > <a +href="#Q1-1-166">References </a></span> + </div> + + + <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 1</span><br /><a + id="x1-20001"></a>Introduction</h2> Electronic systems are an integral part of human life. They have +simplified our lives to a great extent. Starting from small systems made of a few +discrete components to the present day integrated circuits (ICs) with millions of +logic gates, electronic systems have undergone a sea change. As a result, design of +electronic systems too have become extremely difficult and time consuming. Thanks to +a host of computer aided design tools, we have been able to come up with quick +and efficient designs. These are called <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Electronic Design Automation </span>or <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">EDA</span> +<a + id="dx1-2001"></a>tools. +<!--l. 20--><p class="noindent" >Let us see the steps involved in EDA.<a + id="dx1-2002"></a> In the first stage, the specifications of the system are +laid out. These specifications are then converted to a design. The design could be in +the form of a circuit schematic, logical description using an HDL language, etc. +The design is then simulated and re-designed, if needed, to achieve the desired +results. Once simulation achieves the specifications, the design is either converted to +a PCB, a chip layout, or ported to an FPGA. The final product is again tested +for specifications. The whole cycle is repeated until desired results are obtained +<span class="cite"> [<a +href="#Xeda">9</a>]</span>. +<!--l. 31--><p class="indent" > A person who builds an electronic system has to first design the circuit, produce a virtual +representation of it through a schematic for easy comprehension, simulate it and finally +convert it into a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). <a + id="dx1-2003"></a>There are various tools available that will help +us do this. Some of the popular EDA tools are those of <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Cadence</span>, <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Synopys</span>, <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Mentor Graphics</span> +and <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Xilinx</span>. Although these are fairly comprehensive and high end, their licenses are +expensive, being proprietary. +<!--l. 40--><p class="indent" > There are some free and open source EDA tools like <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">gEDA</span>, <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">KiCad </span>and <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Ngspice</span>. The main +drawback of these open source tools is that they are not comprehensive. Some of them are +capable of PCB design (e.g. <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">KiCad</span>) while some of them are capable of performing simulations +(e.g. <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">gEDA</span>). To the best of our knowledge, there is no open source software that can perform +circuit design, simulation and layout design together. eSim is capable of doing all of the +above. +<!--l. 49--><p class="indent" > eSim is a free and open source EDA tool. It is an acronym for <span +class="cmbx-10x-x-109">E</span>lectronics <span +class="cmbx-10x-x-109">Sim</span>ulation. +eSim is created using open source software packages, such as KiCad, Ngspice and Python. <a + id="dx1-2004"></a><a + id="dx1-2005"></a> +<a + id="dx1-2006"></a>Using eSim, one can create circuit schematics, perform simulations and design PCB +layouts. It can create or edit new device models, and create or edit subcircuits for +simulation. +<!--l. 57--><p class="indent" > Because of these reasons, eSim is expected to be useful for students, teachers and other +professionals who would want to study and/or design electronic systems. eSim is also useful +for entrepreneurs and small scale enterprises who do not have the capability to invest in +heavily priced proprietary tools. +<!--l. 63--><p class="indent" > This book introduces eSim to the reader and illustrates all the features of eSim with +examples. Chapter <a +href="#x1-30002">2<!--tex4ht:ref: chap2 --></a> gives step by step instructions to install eSim on a typical computer +system and to validate the installation. The software architecture of eSim is presented in +Chapter <a +href="#x1-40003">3<!--tex4ht:ref: chap3 --></a>. Chapter <a +href="#x1-140004">4<!--tex4ht:ref: chap4 --></a> gets the user started with eSim. It takes them through a tour + +of eSim with the help of a simple RC circuit example. Chapter 5 illustrates how +to simulate circuits. Chapter 6 explains PCB design using eSim, in detail. The +advanced features of eSim such as Model Builder covered in Chapter 7 and Sub +circuiting is covered in Chapter 8. Chapter <a +href="#x1-610009">9<!--tex4ht:ref: chap5 --></a> illustrates how to use eSim for solving +problems. +<!--l. 73--><p class="indent" > The following convention has been adopted throughout this manual.All the +menu names, options under each menu item, tool names, certain points to be noted, +etc., are given in <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">italics</span>. Some keywords, names of certain windows/dialog boxes, +names of some files/projects/folders, messages displayed during an activity, names +of websites, component references, etc., are given in <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">typewriter </span>font. Some key +presses, e.g. <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Enter </span>key, <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">F1 </span>key, <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">y </span>for yes, etc., are also mentioned in <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">typewriter</span> +font. + + <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 2</span><br /><a + id="x1-30002"></a>Installing eSim</h2> + <dl class="enumerate"><dt class="enumerate"> + 1. </dt><dd +class="enumerate"><span +class="cmbx-10x-x-109">eSim installation in Ubuntu:</span><br +class="newline" />After downloading the zip file from https://github.com/FOSSEE/eSim to a local + directory unpack it using:<br +class="newline" />      <span +class="cmbx-10x-x-109">$ unzip eSim.zip </span><br +class="newline" />Now change directories in to the top-level source directory (where this INSTALL + file can be found). + <!--l. 13--><p class="noindent" >To install eSim and other dependecies run the following command. <br +class="newline" />      <span +class="cmbx-10x-x-109">$ ../install-linux.sh –install </span><br +class="newline" />Above script will install eSim along with dependencies. + <!--l. 19--><p class="noindent" >eSim will be installed to /opt/eSim + <!--l. 21--><p class="noindent" >To run eSim you can directly run it from terminal as <br +class="newline" />      <span +class="cmbx-10x-x-109">$ esim </span><br +class="newline" />or you can double click on eSim icon created on desktop after installation.</dd></dl> + + <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 3</span><br /><a + id="x1-40003"></a>Architecture of eSim</h2> +<!--l. 6--><p class="noindent" >eSim is a CAD <a + id="dx1-4001"></a>tool that helps electronic system designers to design, test and analyse their +circuits. But the important feature of this tool is that it is open source and hence the user can +modify the source as per his/her need. The software provides a generic, modular and +extensible platform for experiment with electronic circuits. This software runs on all +Ubuntu Linux distributions and some flavours of Windows. It uses <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Python</span>, <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">KiCad </span>and +<span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Ngspice</span>. +<!--l. 13--><p class="indent" > The objective behind the development of eSim is to provide an open source EDA solution +for electronics and electrical engineers. The software should be capable of performing +schematic creation, PCB design and circuit simulation (analog, digital and mixed signal). It +should provide facilities to create new models and components. The architecture of eSim has +been designed by keeping these objectives in mind. + <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1 </span> <a + id="x1-50003.1"></a>Modules used in eSim</h3> +<!--l. 21--><p class="noindent" >Various open-source tools have been used for the underlying build-up of eSim. In this section +we will give a brief idea about all the modules used in eSim. +<!--l. 23--><p class="noindent" > + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.1 </span> <a + id="x1-60003.1.1"></a>Eeschema</h4> +<a + id="dx1-6001"></a> +<a + id="dx1-6002"></a> +<!--l. 24--><p class="noindent" >Eeschema is an integrated software where all functions of circuit drawing, control, layout, +library management and access to the PCB design software are carried out. It is the +schematic editor tool used in KiCad <span class="cite"> [<a +href="#Xeeschema">11</a>]</span>. Eeschema is intended to work with PCB layout +software such as Pcbnew. It provides netlist that describes the electrical connections of the +PCB. Eeschema also integrates a component editor which allows the creation, editing and +visualization of components. It also allows the user to effectively handle the symbol +libraries i.e; import, export, addition and deletion of library components. Eeschema +also integrates the following additional but essential functions needed for a modern +schematic capture software: <a + id="x1-6003r1"></a>1. Design rules check <a + id="dx1-6004"></a>(<span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">DRC</span>) for the automatic control of +incorrect connections and inputs of components left unconnected. <a + id="x1-6005r2"></a>2. Generation of +layout files in <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">POSTSCRIPT</span> <a + id="dx1-6006"></a>or <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">HPGL</span> <a + id="dx1-6007"></a>format. <a + id="x1-6008r3"></a>3. Generation of layout files printable via +printer. <a + id="x1-6009r4"></a>4. Bill of material generation. <a + id="x1-6010r5"></a>5. Netlist generation for PCB layout or for +simulation. +This module is indicated by the label 1 in Fig. <a +href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a>. +<!--l. 45--><p class="indent" > As Eeschema is originally intended for PCB Design, there are no fictitious + +components<span class="footnote-mark"><a +href="esim2.html#fn1x3"><sup class="textsuperscript">1</sup></a></span><a + id="x1-6011f1"></a> +such as voltage or current sources. Thus, we have added a new library for different types of +voltage and current sources such as sine, pulse and square wave. We have also built a library +which gives printing and plotting solutions. This extension, developed by us for eSim, is +indicated by the label 2 in Fig. <a +href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a>. + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.2 </span> <a + id="x1-70003.1.2"></a>CvPcb</h4> +<a + id="dx1-7001"></a> +<!--l. 58--><p class="noindent" >CvPcb is a tool that allows the user to associate components in the schematic to component +footprints when designing the printed circuit board. CvPcb is the footprint editor tool in +KiCad <span class="cite"> [<a +href="#Xeeschema">11</a>]</span>. Typically the netlist file generated by Eeschema does not specify which printed +circuit board footprint is associated with each component in the schematic. However, this is +not always the case as component footprints can be associated during schematic capture by +setting the component’s footprint field. CvPcb provides a convenient method of associating +footprints to components. It provides footprint list filtering, footprint viewing, and 3D +component model viewing to help ensure that the correct footprint is associated with each +component. Components can be assigned to their corresponding footprints manually or +automatically by creating equivalence files. Equivalence files are look up tables +associating each component with its footprint. This interactive approach is simpler +and less error prone than directly associating footprints in the schematic editor. +This is because CvPcb not only allows automatic association, but also allows to +see the list of available footprints and displays them on the screen to ensure the +correct footprint is being associated. This module is indicated by the label 3 in +Fig. <a +href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a>. +<!--l. 80--><p class="noindent" > + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.3 </span> <a + id="x1-80003.1.3"></a>Pcbnew</h4> +<a + id="dx1-8001"></a> +<!--l. 81--><p class="noindent" >Pcbnew is a powerful printed circuit board software tool. It is the layout editor tool +used in KiCad <span class="cite"> [<a +href="#Xeeschema">11</a>]</span>. It is used in association with the schematic capture software +Eeschema, which provides the netlist. Netlist describes the electrical connections of +the circuit. CvPcb is used to assign each component, in the netlist produced by +Eeschema, to a module that is used by Pcbnew. The features of Pcbnew are given +below: + + <ul class="itemize1"> + <li class="itemize">It manages libraries of modules. Each module is a drawing of the physical + component including its footprint<a + id="dx1-8002"></a> - the layout of pads providing connections to the + component. The required modules are automatically loaded during the reading of + the netlist produced by CvPcb. + </li> + <li class="itemize">Pcbnew integrates automatically and immediately any circuit modification by + removal of any erroneous tracks, addition of new components, or by modifying + any value (and under certain conditions any reference) of old or new modules, + according to the electrical connections appearing in the schematic. + </li> + <li class="itemize">This tool provides a rats nest display, a hairline connecting the pads of modules + connected on the schematic. These connections move dynamically as track and + module movements are made. + </li> + <li class="itemize">It has an active Design Rules Check (<span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">DRC</span>) which automatically indicates any error + of track layout in real time. + </li> + <li class="itemize">It automatically generates a copper plane, with or without thermal breaks on the + pads. + </li> + <li class="itemize">It has a simple but effective auto router to assist in the production of the + circuit. An export/import in <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">SPECCTRA </span>dsn format allows to use more advanced + auto-routers. + </li> + <li class="itemize">It provides options specifically for the production of ultra high frequency circuits + (such as pads of trapezoidal and complex form, automatic layout of coils on the + printed circuit). + </li> + <li class="itemize">Pcbnew displays the elements (tracks, pads, texts, drawings and more) as actual size + and according to personal preferences such as: + <ul class="itemize2"> + <li class="itemize">display in full or outline. + </li> + <li class="itemize">display the track/pad clearance.</li></ul> + + </li></ul> +<!--l. 121--><p class="noindent" >This module is indicated by the label 4 in Fig. <a +href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a>. + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.4 </span> <a + id="x1-90003.1.4"></a>KiCad to Ngspice converter</h4> +<!--l. 124--><p class="noindent" >We can provide analysis parameters, and the source details through this module. It also +allows us to add and edit the device models and subcircuits, included in the circuit +schematic. Finally, this module facilitates the conversion of KiCad netlist to Ngspice +compatible ones. It is developed by us for eSim and it is indicated by the label 7 in +Fig. <a +href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a>. +<!--l. 149--><p class="noindent" > + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.5 </span> <a + id="x1-100003.1.5"></a>Model Builder</h4> +<a + id="dx1-10001"></a> +<!--l. 150--><p class="noindent" >This tool provides the facility to define a new model for devices such as, <a + id="x1-10002r1"></a>1. Diode <a + id="x1-10003r2"></a>2. Bipolar +Junction Transistor (BJT) <a + id="x1-10004r3"></a>3. Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor +(MOSFET) <a + id="x1-10005r4"></a>4. Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) <a + id="x1-10006r5"></a>5. IGBT and <a + id="x1-10007r6"></a>6. Magnetic +core. +This module also helps edit existing models. It is developed by us for eSim and it is indicated +by the label 5 in Fig. <a +href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a>. +<!--l. 164--><p class="noindent" > + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.6 </span> <a + id="x1-110003.1.6"></a>Subcircuit Builder</h4> +<a + id="dx1-11001"></a> +<!--l. 164--><p class="noindent" >This module allows the user to create a subcircuit for a component. Once the subcircuit for a +component is created, the user can use it in other circuits. It has the facility to define new +components such as, Op-amps and IC-555. This component also helps edit existing +subcircuits. This module is developed by us for eSim and it is indicated by the label 6 in +Fig. <a +href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a>. +<!--l. 172--><p class="noindent" > + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.7 </span> <a + id="x1-120003.1.7"></a>Ngspice</h4> +<a + id="dx1-12001"></a> +<!--l. 173--><p class="noindent" >Ngspice is a general purpose circuit simulation program for nonlinear dc, nonlinear transient, +and linear ac analysis <span class="cite"> [<a +href="#Xngspice-web">12</a>]</span>. Circuits may contain resistors, capacitors, inductors, mutual +inductors, independent voltage and current sources, four types of dependent sources, lossless +and lossy transmission lines (two separate implementations), switches, uniform + +distributed RC lines, and the five most common semiconductor devices: diodes, +<a + id="dx1-12002"></a>BJTs, <a + id="dx1-12003"></a>JFETs, MESFETs, and MOSFET. <a + id="dx1-12004"></a>This module is indicated by the label 9 in +Fig. <a +href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a>. +<!--l. 184--><p class="noindent" > + <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2 </span> <a + id="x1-130003.2"></a>Work flow of eSim</h3> +<!--l. 185--><p class="noindent" >Fig. <a +href="#x1-130011">3.1<!--tex4ht:ref: blockd --></a> shows the work flow in eSim. The block diagram consists of mainly three +parts: + <ul class="itemize1"> + <li class="itemize">Schematic Editor + </li> + <li class="itemize">PCB Layout Editor + </li> + <li class="itemize">Circuit Simulators</li></ul> +<!--l. 193--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-130011"></a> + + +<!--l. 196--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/blockdiagram.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 3.1: </span><span +class="content">Work flow in eSim. (Boxes with dotted lines denote the modules developed +in this work).</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-130011 --> + +<!--l. 201--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 203--><p class="indent" > Here we explain the role of each block in designing electronic systems. Circuit design is the +first step in the design of an electronic circuit. Generally a circuit diagram is drawn on a +paper, and then entered into a computer using a schematic editor. Eeschema is the schematic +editor for eSim. Thus all the functionalities of Eeschema are naturally available in eSim. +<a + id="dx1-13002"></a> +<!--l. 210--><p class="indent" > Libraries for components, explicitly or implicitly supported by Ngspice, have been created +using the features of Eeschema. As Eeschema is originally intended for PCB design, there are +no fictitious components such as voltage or current sources. Thus, a new library for different +types of voltage and current sources such as sine, pulse and square wave, has been added in +eSim. A library which gives the functionality of printing and plotting has also been +created. +<!--l. 219--><p class="indent" > The schematic editor provides a netlist file, which describes the electrical connections of +the design. In order to create a PCB layout, physical components are required to be mapped +into their footprints. To perform component to footprint mapping, CvPcb is used. Footprints +have been created for the components in the newly created libraries. Pcbnew is used to draw +a PCB layout. +<!--l. 227--><p class="indent" > After designing a circuit, it is essential to check the integrity of the circuit design. In the +case of large electronic circuits, breadboard testing is impractical. In such cases, electronic +system designers rely heavily on simulation. The accuracy of the simulation results can be +increased by accurate modeling of the circuit elements. Model Builder provides the facility to +define a new model for devices and edit existing models. Complex circuit elements can be +created by hierarchical modeling. Subcircuit Builder provides an easy way to create a +subcircuit. +<!--l. 238--><p class="indent" > The netlist generated by Schematic Editor cannot be directly used for simulation due to +compatibility issues. Netlist Converter converts it into Ngspice compatible format. The +type of simulation to be performed and the corresponding options are provided +through a graphical user interface (GUI). This is called KiCad to Ngspice Converter in +eSim. +<!--l. 245--><p class="indent" > eSim uses Ngspice for analog, digital, mixed-level/mixed-signal circuit simulation. Ngspice +is based on three open source software packages<span class="cite"> [<a +href="#Xspice">14</a>]</span>: + <ul class="itemize1"> + <li class="itemize">Spice3f5 (analog circuit simulator) + </li> + <li class="itemize">Cider1b1 (couples Spice3f5 circuit simulator to DSIM device simulator) + </li> + <li class="itemize">Xspice (code modeling support and simulation of digital components through an + event driven algorithm)</li></ul> +<!--l. 253--><p class="noindent" >It is a part of gEDA <a + id="dx1-13003"></a>project. Ngspice is capable of simulating devices with BSIM, <a + id="dx1-13004"></a>EKV, HICUM, <a + id="dx1-13005"></a><a + id="dx1-13006"></a> + +HiSim, <a + id="dx1-13007"></a>PSP, <a + id="dx1-13008"></a>and PTM <a + id="dx1-13009"></a>models. It is widely used due to its accuracy even for the latest +technology devices. + + <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 4</span><br /><a + id="x1-140004"></a>Getting Started</h2> +<!--l. 5--><p class="noindent" >In this chapter we will get started with eSim. We will run through the various options +available with an example circuit. Referring to this chapter will make one familiar with +eSim and will help plan the project before actually designing a circuit. Lets get +started. + <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.1 </span> <a + id="x1-150004.1"></a>eSim Main Window</h3> +<!--l. 12--><p class="noindent" > + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.1.1 </span> <a + id="x1-160004.1.1"></a>How to launch eSim in Ubuntu?</h4> +<!--l. 13--><p class="noindent" >After installation is completed, to launch eSim 1. Go to terminal.<br +class="newline" />2. Type <span +class="cmbx-10x-x-109">esim </span>and hit enter.<br +class="newline" />The first window that appears is workspace dialog as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-160011">4.1<!--tex4ht:ref: workspace --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-160011"></a> + + +<!--l. 19--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/workspace.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 4.1: </span><span +class="content">eSim-Workspace</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-160011 --> + +<!--l. 22--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 24--><p class="indent" > The default workspace is eSim-Workspace under home directory. To create new workspace +use <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">browse </span>option. + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.1.2 </span> <a + id="x1-170004.1.2"></a>Main-GUI</h4> +<!--l. 27--><p class="noindent" >The main GUI window of eSim is as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-170012">4.2<!--tex4ht:ref: maingui --></a> <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-170012"></a> + + +<!--l. 30--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/maingui.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 4.2: </span><span +class="content">eSim Main GUI</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-170012 --> + +<!--l. 33--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 34--><p class="indent" > The eSim main window consists of the following symbols. + <dl class="enumerate"><dt class="enumerate"> + 1. </dt><dd +class="enumerate">Toolbar + </dd><dt class="enumerate"> + 2. </dt><dd +class="enumerate">Menubar + </dd><dt class="enumerate"> + 3. </dt><dd +class="enumerate">Project explorer + </dd><dt class="enumerate"> + 4. </dt><dd +class="enumerate">Dockarea + </dd><dt class="enumerate"> + 5. </dt><dd +class="enumerate">Console area</dd></dl> + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-180004.1.2"></a>Toolbar</h5> +<!--l. 44--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-180013"></a> + + +<!--l. 46--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/guitoolbar.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 4.3: </span><span +class="content">Toolbar</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-180013 --> + +<!--l. 49--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + <ul class="itemize1"> + <li class="itemize">Open Schematic: The first tool on the toolbar i.e. <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Schematic Editor</span><a + id="dx1-18002"></a>. Clicking on + this button will open Eeschema, the KiCad schematic editor. + </li> + <li class="itemize">Convert KiCad to Ngspice: This converter converts KiCad spice netlist into + Ngspice compatible netlist. The KiCad to Ngspice window consists of total five + tabs as namely <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Analysis, Device Model, Source Details, Model Library, Subcircuits</span>. + Once the values have been entered, press the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Convert </span>key. It will generate + <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">.cir.out </span>file in the same project directory.<br +class="newline" />Note that <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">KiCad to Ngspice Converter </span>can only be used if current project has + created the KiCad spice netlist file <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">.cir</span>.<br +class="newline" /> + <!--l. 62--><p class="noindent" >The details of tabs under KiCad to Ngspice converter are as follows:<br +class="newline" /> + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-190004.1.2"></a>Analysis</h5> + <!--l. 65--><p class="noindent" >This feature helps the user to perform different types of analysis such as Operating + point analysis, <a + id="dx1-19001"></a>DC analysis, <a + id="dx1-19002"></a>AC analysis, <a + id="dx1-19003"></a>transient analysis. <a + id="dx1-19004"></a>It has the facility + to + <ul class="itemize2"> + <li class="itemize">Insert type of analysis such as AC or DC or Transient + </li> + <li class="itemize">Insert values for analysis</li></ul> + <!--l. 73--><p class="noindent" > + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-200004.1.2"></a>Source Details</h5> + <!--l. 74--><p class="noindent" >eSim sources are added from <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">eSim</span><span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">_Sources </span>library. Source such as <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">SINE, AC, DC,</span> + <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">PULSE </span>are in this library. The parameter values to all the sources added in the + shcematic can be given through ’Source Details’. + + <!--l. 76--><p class="noindent" > + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-210004.1.2"></a>Ngspice Model</h5> + <!--l. 77--><p class="noindent" >Ngspice has in built model such as <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">flipflop(D,SR,JK,T),gain,summer </span>etc. which can be + utilised while building a circuit. eSim allows to add and modify Ngspice model + parameter through Ngspice Model tab. + <!--l. 80--><p class="noindent" > + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-220004.1.2"></a>Device Modeling</h5> + <!--l. 81--><p class="noindent" >Devices like <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Diode, JFET, MOSFET, IGBT, MOS </span>etc used in the circuit can be + modeled using device model libraries. eSim also provides editing and adding new model + libraries. While converting KiCad to Ngspice, these library files are added to the + corresponding devices used in the circuit. + <!--l. 83--><p class="noindent" > + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-230004.1.2"></a>Subcircuits</h5> + <!--l. 84--><p class="noindent" >Subcircuits are circuits within circuit. Subcircuiting helps to reuse the parts of the + circuits. The subcircuits in the main circuits are added using this facility. Also, eSim + provides us with the facility to edit already existing subcircuits. + </li> + <li class="itemize">Simulation: The netlist generated using the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">KiCad to Ngspice </span>converter is + simulated using simulation button. Clicking on the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Simulation </span>button will run + the Ngspice simulation for current project. Python plotting window will open, as + shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-230014">4.4<!--tex4ht:ref: simulation-op --></a>. It shows the output waveform of current project. In the + Ngspice tab we can view the output plotted by Ngspice. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-230014"></a> <img +src="figures/simulation-op.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 4.4: </span><span +class="content">Simulation Output in Python Plotting Window</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-230014 --> + <!--l. 94--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + </li> + <li class="itemize">Foot Print Editor: Clicking on the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Footprint Editor </span>tool will open the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">CvPcb</span> + <a + id="dx1-23002"></a>window. This window will ideally open the .net file for the current project. So, + before using this tool, one should have the netlist for PCB design (a .net + file). + </li> + <li class="itemize">PCB Layout: Clicking on the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Layout Editor </span>tool will open <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Pcbnew</span><a + id="dx1-23003"></a>, the layout editor + + used in eSim. In this window, one will create the PCB. It involves laying + tracks and vias, performing optimum routing of tracks, creating one or more + copper layers for PCB, etc. It will be saved as a <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">.brd </span>file in the current project + directory. + </li> + <li class="itemize">Model Editor: eSim also gives an option to re-configure the model library of a device. It + facilitates the user to change model library of devices such as diode, transistor, + MOSFET, etc. + </li> + <li class="itemize">Subcircuit: eSim has an option to build subcircuits. The subcircuits can again have + components having subcircuits and so on. This enables users to build commonly used + circuits as subcircuits and then use it across circuits. For example, one can build a 12 + Volt power supply as a subcircuit and then use it as just a single component across + circuits without having to recreate it. Clicking on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Subcircuit Builder </span>tool will allow one + to edit or create a subcircuit. + <!--l. 126--><p class="noindent" > + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-240004.1.2"></a>Menubar</h5> + <ul class="itemize2"> + <li class="itemize">New Project: New projects are created in the eSim-workspace. When this + menu is selected, a new window opens up with <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Enter Project name </span>field. + Type the name of the new project and click on OK. A project directory will + be created in eSim-Workspace. The name of this folder will be the same as + that of the project created. Make sure project name does not have any spaces. + </li> + <li class="itemize">Open Project: This opens the file dialog of defalut workspace where the + projects are stored. The project can be selected which is then added in the + project explorer. + </li> + <li class="itemize">Exit: This button closes the project window and exits. + </li> + <li class="itemize">Help: It opens user manual in the dockarea.</li></ul> + + <!--l. 141--><p class="noindent" > + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-250004.1.2"></a>Project Explorer</h5> + <!--l. 142--><p class="noindent" >Project explorer has tree of all the project previously added in it. On right clicking the + project we can simply remove or refresh the project in the explorer. Also on + double/right clicking, the project file can be opened in the text editor which can then be + edited. + <!--l. 145--><p class="noindent" > + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-260004.1.2"></a>Dockarea</h5> + <!--l. 146--><p class="noindent" >This area is used to open the following windows. + <dl class="enumerate"><dt class="enumerate"> + 1. </dt><dd +class="enumerate">KiCad to Ngspice converter + </dd><dt class="enumerate"> + 2. </dt><dd +class="enumerate">Ngspice plotting + </dd><dt class="enumerate"> + 3. </dt><dd +class="enumerate">Python plotting + </dd><dt class="enumerate"> + 4. </dt><dd +class="enumerate">Model builder + </dd><dt class="enumerate"> + 5. </dt><dd +class="enumerate">Subcircuit builder</dd></dl> + <!--l. 155--><p class="noindent" > + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-270004.1.2"></a>Console Area</h5> + <!--l. 156--><p class="noindent" >Console area provides information about the activity done in current project. + </li></ul> + + <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 5</span><br /><a + id="x1-280005"></a>Schematic Creation</h2> The first step in the design of an electronic system is the +design of its circuit. This circuit is usually created using a <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Schematic Editor</span><a + id="dx1-28001"></a> and is called a +<span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Schematic</span>. <a + id="dx1-28002"></a>eSim uses <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Eeschema</span> <a + id="dx1-28003"></a>as its schematic editor. Eeschema is the schematic editor of +KiCad. <a + id="dx1-28004"></a>It is a powerful schematic editor software. It allows the creation and modification of +components and symbol libraries and supports multiple hierarchical layers of printed circuit +design. + <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1 </span> <a + id="x1-290005.1"></a>Familiarizing the Schematic Editor interface</h3> +<!--l. 22--><p class="noindent" >Fig. <a +href="#x1-290011">5.1<!--tex4ht:ref: eesch1 --></a> shows the schematic editor and the various menu and toolbars. We will explain them +briefly in this section. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-290011"></a> + +<div class="center" +> +<!--l. 25--><p class="noindent" > + +<!--l. 26--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/schematic1.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 5.1: </span><span +class="content">Schematic editor with the menu bar and toolbars marked</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-290011 --> +</div> + +<!--l. 30--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1.1 </span> <a + id="x1-300005.1.1"></a>Top menu bar</h4> +<!--l. 35--><p class="noindent" >The top menu bar will be available at the top left corner. Some of the important menu +options in the top menu bar are: + <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> + 1. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">File - The file menu items are given below: + <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> + (a) </dt><dd +class="compactenum">New - Clear current schematic and start a new one + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + (b) </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Open - Open a schematic + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + (c) </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Open Recent - A list of recently opened files for loading + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + (d) </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Save Whole Schematic project - Save current sheet and all its hierarchy. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + (e) </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Save Current Sheet Only - Save current sheet, but not others in a hierarchy. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + (f) </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Save Current sheet as - Save current sheet with a new name. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + (g) </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Print - Access to print menu (See Fig. <a +href="#x1-300112">5.2<!--tex4ht:ref: print --></a>). + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + (h) </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Plot - Plot the schematic in Postscript, HPGL, SVF or DXF format + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + (i) </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Quit - Quit the schematic editor.</dd></dl> + <!--l. 53--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-300112"></a> +<div class="center" +> +<!--l. 54--><p class="noindent" > + +<!--l. 55--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/print.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 5.2: </span><span +class="content">Print options</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-300112 --> +</div> + <!--l. 59--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 2. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Place - The place menu has shortcuts for placing various items like components, wire + and junction, on to the schematic editor window. See Sec. <a +href="#x1-340005.1.5">5.1.5<!--tex4ht:ref: short --></a> to know more about + various shortcut keys (hotkeys). + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 3. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Preferences - The preferences menu has the following options: + <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> + + (a) </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Library - Select libraries and library paths + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + (b) </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Colors - Select colors for various items. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + (c) </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Options - Display schematic editor options (Units, Grid size). + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + (d) </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Language - Shows the current list of translations. Use default. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + (e) </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Hotkeys - Access to the hot keys menu. See Sec. <a +href="#x1-340005.1.5">5.1.5<!--tex4ht:ref: short --></a> about hotkeys. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + (f) </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Read preferences - Read configuration file. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + (g) </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Save preferences - Save configuration file.</dd></dl> + </dd></dl> +<!--l. 79--><p class="noindent" > + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1.2 </span> <a + id="x1-310005.1.2"></a>Top toolbar</h4> +<a + id="dx1-31001"></a> +<a + id="dx1-31002"></a> +<!--l. 80--><p class="noindent" >Some of the important tools in the top toolbar are discussed below. They are marked in +Fig. <a +href="#x1-310033">5.3<!--tex4ht:ref: eeschem2 --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-310033"></a> + + +<!--l. 84--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/toptoolbar.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 5.3: </span><span +class="content">Toolbar on top with important tools marked</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-310033 --> + +<!--l. 87--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> + <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> + 1. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Save - Save the current schematic + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 2. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Library Editor - Create or edit components. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 3. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Library Browser - Browse through the various component libraries available + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 4. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Navigate schematic hierarchy - Navigate among the root and sub-sheets in the + hierarchy + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 5. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Print - Print the schematic + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 6. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Generate netlist - Generate a netlist for PCB design or for simulation. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 7. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Annotate - Annotate the schematic + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 8. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Check ERC - Do Electric Rules Check for the schematic + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 9. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Create BOM - Create a Bill of Materials of the schematic</dd></dl> + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1.3 </span> <a + id="x1-320005.1.3"></a>Toolbar on the right</h4> +<a + id="dx1-32001"></a> +<a + id="dx1-32002"></a> +<!--l. 104--><p class="noindent" >The toolbar on the right side of the schematic editor window has many important tools. Some +of them are marked in Fig. <a +href="#x1-320034">5.4<!--tex4ht:ref: eeschem3 --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-320034"></a> + + +<!--l. 108--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/rightoolbar.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 5.4: </span><span +class="content">Toolbar on right with important tools marked</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-320034 --> + +<!--l. 111--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 112--><p class="indent" > Let us now look at each of these tools and their uses. + <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> + 1. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Place a component - Load a component to the schematic. See Sec. <a +href="#x1-360005.2.1">5.2.1<!--tex4ht:ref: selplace --></a> for more + details. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 2. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Place a power port - Load a power port (Vcc, ground) to the schematic + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 3. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Place wire - Draw wires to connect components in schematic + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 4. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Place bus - Place a bus on the schematic + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 5. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Place a no connect - Place a no connect flag, particularly useful in ICs + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 6. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Place a local label - Place a label or node name which is local to the schematic + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 7. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Place a global label - Place a global label (these are connected across all schematic + diagrams in the hierarchy) + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 8. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Place a text or comment - Place a text or comment in the schematic</dd></dl> + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1.4 </span> <a + id="x1-330005.1.4"></a>Toolbar on the left</h4> +<a + id="dx1-33001"></a> +<a + id="dx1-33002"></a> +<!--l. 126--><p class="noindent" >Some of the important tools in the toolbar on the left are discussed below. They are marked +in Fig. <a +href="#x1-330035">5.5<!--tex4ht:ref: eeschem4 --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-330035"></a> + + +<!--l. 130--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/lefttoolbar.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 5.5: </span><span +class="content">Toolbar on left with important tools marked</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-330035 --> + +<!--l. 133--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> + <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> + 1. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Show/Hide grid - Show or Hide the grid in the schematic editor. Pressing the tool + again hides (shows) the grid if it was shown (hidden) earlier. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 2. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Show hidden pins - Show hidden pins of certain components, for example, power + pins of certain ICs.</dd></dl> + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1.5 </span> <a + id="x1-340005.1.5"></a>Hotkeys</h4> +<!--l. 142--><p class="noindent" >A set of keyboard keys are associated with various operations in the schematic editor. These +keys save time and make it easy to switch from one operation to another. The list of hotkeys +can be viewed by going to Preferences in the top menu bar. Choose <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Hotkeys </span>and +select <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">List current keys</span>. The hotkeys can also be edited by selecting the option +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Edit Hotkeys</span>. Some frequently used hotkeys, along with their functions, are given +below: + <ul> + <li class="compactitem">F1 - Zoom in + </li> + <li class="compactitem">F2 - Zoom out + </li> + <li class="compactitem">Ctrl + Z - Undo + </li> + <li class="compactitem">Delete - Delete item + </li> + <li class="compactitem">M - Move item + </li> + <li class="compactitem">C - Copy item + </li> + <li class="compactitem">A - Add/place component + </li> + <li class="compactitem">P - Place power component + </li> + <li class="compactitem">R - Rotate item + </li> + <li class="compactitem">X - Mirror component about X axis + </li> + <li class="compactitem">Y - Mirror component about Y axis + </li> + <li class="compactitem">E - Edit schematic component + </li> + + <li class="compactitem">W - Place wire + </li> + <li class="compactitem">T - Add text + </li> + <li class="compactitem">S - Add sheet</li></ul> +<!--l. 166--><p class="noindent" ><span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Note: Both lower and upper-case keys will work as hotkeys</span>. +<!--l. 168--><p class="noindent" > + <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2 </span> <a + id="x1-350005.2"></a>Schematic creation for simulation</h3> +<a + id="dx1-35001"></a> +<!--l. 170--><p class="noindent" >There are certain differences between the schematic created for simulation and that created +for PCB design. We need certain components like plots and current sources. For simulation +whereas these are not needed for PCB design. For PCB design, we would require connectors +(e.g. DB15 and 2 pin connector) for taking signals in and out of the PCB whereas +these have no meaning in simulation. This section covers schematic creation for +simulation. +<!--l. 177--><p class="indent" > The first step in the creation of circuit schematic is the selection and placement of +required components. The components are grouped under eSim-libraries as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-350026">5.6<!--tex4ht:ref: libraries --></a>. +<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-350026"></a> + + +<!--l. 181--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/libraries.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 5.6: </span><span +class="content">eSim-Components Libraries</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-350026 --> + +<!--l. 184--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2.1 </span> <a + id="x1-360005.2.1"></a>Selection and placement of components</h4> +<a + id="dx1-36001"></a> +<!--l. 189--><p class="noindent" >We would need a resistor, a capacitor, a voltage source, ground terminal. To place a resistor +on the schematic editor window, select the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Place a component </span>tool from the toolbar +on the right side and click anywhere on the schematic editor. This opens up the +component selection window. Resistor component can be found under <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">eSim</span><span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">_Devices</span> +library. Fig. <a +href="#x1-360027">5.7<!--tex4ht:ref: resistor --></a> shows the selection of resistor component. Click on OK. A resistor +will be tied to the cursor. Place the resistor on the schematic editor by a single +click. +<!--l. 196--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-360027"></a> + + +<!--l. 198--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/resistor.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 5.7: </span><span +class="content">Placing a resistor using the Place a Component tool</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-360027 --> + +<!--l. 201--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 202--><p class="indent" > To place the next component, i.e., capacitor, click again on the schematic editor.Similarly, +Capacitor component is found under <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">eSim</span><span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">_Devices </span>library. Click on OK. Place the capacitor +on the schematic editor by a single click. Let us now place a sinusoidal voltage source. This is +required for performing transient analysis. To place it, click again on the schematic editor. On +the component selection window, choose the library <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">eSim</span><span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">_source </span>by double clicking on it. +Select the component <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">SINE </span>and click on OK. Place the sine source on the schematic editor by +a single click. +<!--l. 211--><p class="indent" > Place the component by clicking on the schematic editor. Similarly place <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">gnd</span>, a ground +terminal and <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">power</span><span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">_flag </span>under <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">power </span>library. Once all the components are placed, the +schematic editor would look like the Fig. <a +href="#x1-360038">5.8<!--tex4ht:ref: afterplace --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-360038"></a> + + +<!--l. 216--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/afterplace.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 5.8: </span><span +class="content">All RC circuit components placed</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-360038 --> + +<!--l. 219--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 220--><p class="indent" > Let us rotate the resistor to complete the circuit. To rotate the resistor, place the cursor +on the resistor and press the key <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">R</span>. Note that if the cursor is placed above the letter <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">R </span>(not +<span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">R?</span>) on the resistor, it asks to clarify selection. Choose the option <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Component R</span>. This can be +avoided by placing the cursor slightly away from the letter R as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-360059">5.9<!--tex4ht:ref: rotate --></a>. This +applies to all components.<a + id="dx1-36004"></a> <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-360059"></a> + + +<!--l. 228--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/rotate.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 5.9: </span><span +class="content">Placing the cursor (cross mark) slightly away from the letter R</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-360059 --> + +<!--l. 231--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 232--><p class="indent" > If one wants to move a component, place the cursor on top of the component and press the +key <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">M</span>. The component will be tied to the cursor and can be moved in any direction. +<a + id="dx1-36006"></a> + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2.2 </span> <a + id="x1-370005.2.2"></a>Wiring the circuit</h4> +<a + id="dx1-37001"></a> +<!--l. 238--><p class="noindent" >The next step is to wire the connections. Let us connect the resistor to the capacitor. +To do so, point the cursor to the terminal of resistor to be connected and press +the key <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">W</span>. It has now changed to the wiring mode. Move the cursor towards the +terminal of the capacitor and click on it. A wire is formed as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-37002r1">5.10a<!--tex4ht:ref: wire1 --></a>. +<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-3700510"></a> + +<a + id="x1-37002r1"></a> +<!--l. 248--><p class="noindent" > <img +src="figures/wire1.png" alt="PIC" +> +<span +class="cmr-9">(a)</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Initial</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">stages</span> <a + id="x1-37003r2"></a> <img +src="figures/wirefin.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(b)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Wiring</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">done</span> <a + id="x1-37004r3"></a> <img +src="figures/schemfin.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(c)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Final</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">schematic</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">with</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">PWR</span><span +class="cmr-9">_FLAG</span> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 5.10: </span><span +class="content">Various stages of wiring</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-3700510 --> + +<!--l. 256--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 257--><p class="indent" > Similarly connect the wires between all terminals and the final schematic would look like +Fig. <a +href="#x1-37003r2">5.10b<!--tex4ht:ref: wirefin --></a>. + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2.3 </span> <a + id="x1-380005.2.3"></a>Assigning values to components</h4> +<a + id="dx1-38001"></a> +<!--l. 261--><p class="noindent" >We need to assign values to the components in our circuit i.e., resistor and capacitor. Note +that the sine voltage source has been placed for simulation. The specifications of sine source +will be given during simulation. To assign value to the resistor, place the cursor above the +letter <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">R </span>(not <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">R?</span>) and press the key <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">E</span>. Choose <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Field value</span>. Type <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">1k </span>in the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Edit value field </span>box +as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-3800211">5.11<!--tex4ht:ref: field --></a>. 1k means 1<span +class="cmmi-10x-x-109">k</span>Ω. Similarly give the value <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">1u </span>for the capacitor. 1u means +1<span +class="cmmi-10x-x-109">μF</span>. +<!--l. 271--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-3800211"></a> + + +<!--l. 273--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/field.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 5.11: </span><span +class="content">Editing value of resistor</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-3800211 --> + +<!--l. 276--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2.4 </span> <a + id="x1-390005.2.4"></a>Annotation and ERC</h4> +<a + id="dx1-39001"></a> +<a + id="dx1-39002"></a> +<a + id="dx1-39003"></a> +<a + id="dx1-39004"></a> +<!--l. 280--><p class="noindent" >The next step is to annotate the schematic. Annotation gives unique references to the +components. To annotate the schematic, click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Annotate schematic </span>tool from the +top toolbar. Click on <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">annotation</span>, then click on <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">OK </span>and finally click on close as +shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-3900813">5.13<!--tex4ht:ref: anno --></a>. The schematic is now annotated. The question marks next to +component references have been replaced by unique numbers. If there are more than +one instance of a component (say resistor), the annotation will be done as R1, R2, +etc. +<!--l. 289--><p class="indent" > Let us now do <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC </span>or <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Electric Rules Check</span>. To do so, click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Perform electric rules</span> +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">check </span>tool from the top toolbar. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Test Erc </span>button. The error as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-3900712">5.12<!--tex4ht:ref: erc --></a> +may be displayed. Click on close in the test erc<a + id="dx1-39005"></a> window. <a + id="dx1-39006"></a><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-3900712"></a> + + +<!--l. 296--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/erc2.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 5.12: </span><span +class="content">ERC error</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-3900712 --> + +<!--l. 299--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 300--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-3900813"></a> + + +<!--l. 302--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/anno.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 5.13: </span><span +class="content">Steps in annotating a schematic: 1. First click on Annotation then 2. Click +on Ok then 3. Click on close</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-3900813 --> + +<!--l. 305--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 306--><p class="indent" > There will be a green arrow pointing to the source of error in the schematic. Here it points +to the ground terminal. This is shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-3900914">5.14<!--tex4ht:ref: ercgnd --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-3900914"></a> + + +<!--l. 311--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/ercgnd.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 5.14: </span><span +class="content">Green arrow pointing to Ground terminal indicating an ERC error</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-3900914 --> + +<!--l. 314--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 315--><p class="indent" > To correct this error, place a <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">PWR</span><span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">_FLAG </span>from the Eeschema library <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">power</span>. <a + id="dx1-39010"></a>Connect the +power flag to the ground terminal as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-37004r3">5.10c<!--tex4ht:ref: schemfin --></a>. One needs to place <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">PWR</span><span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">_FLAG</span> +wherever the error shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-3900712">5.12<!--tex4ht:ref: erc --></a> is obtained. Repeat the ERC. Now there are no errors. +With this we have created the schematic for simulation. + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2.5 </span> <a + id="x1-400005.2.5"></a>Netlist generation</h4> +<a + id="dx1-40001"></a> +<!--l. 326--><p class="noindent" >To simulate the circuit that has been created in the previous section, we need to generate its +netlist. <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Netlist </span>is a list of components in the schematic along with their connection +information. <a + id="dx1-40002"></a>To do so, click on the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Generate netlist </span>tool from the top toolbar. Click on spice +from the window that opens up. Check the option <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Default Format</span>. Then click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Generate</span>. +This is shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-4000315">5.15<!--tex4ht:ref: chap5net --></a>. Save the netlist. This will be a <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">.cir </span>file. Do not change the +directory while saving. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-4000315"></a> + + +<!--l. 337--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/netlist.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 5.15: </span><span +class="content">Steps in generating a Netlist for simulation: 1. Click on Spice then 2. +Check the option <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Default Format </span>then 3. Click on Generate </span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-4000315 --> + +<!--l. 340--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 341--><p class="indent" > Now the netlist is ready to be simulated. Refer to <span class="cite"> [<a +href="#Xkicad">15</a>]</span> or <span class="cite"> [<a +href="#Xkicad2">16</a>]</span> to know more about +Eeschema. + + <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 6</span><br /><a + id="x1-410006"></a>PCB Design</h2> Printed Circuit Board (PCB) <a + id="dx1-41001"></a>design is an important step in +electronic system design. Every component of the circuit needs to be placed and connections +routed to minimise delay and area. Each component has an associated footprint. Footprint +refers to the physical layout of a component that is required to mount it on the PCB.<a + id="dx1-41002"></a> <a + id="dx1-41003"></a>PCB +design involves associating footprints to all components, placing them appropriately to +minimise wire length and area, connecting the footprints using tracks/vias and finally +extracting the required files needed for printing the PCB. Let us see the steps to design PCB +using eSim. + <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1 </span> <a + id="x1-420006.1"></a>Schematic creation for PCB design</h3> +<!--l. 16--><p class="noindent" >In Chapter <a +href="#x1-610009">9<!--tex4ht:ref: chap5 --></a>, we will see the differences between schematic for simulation and schematic for +PCB design. Let us design the PCB for a RC circuit. A resistor, capacitor, ground, power flag +and a connector are required. Connectors are used to take signals in and out of the +PCB. +<!--l. 22--><p class="indent" > Create the circuit schematic as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-420011">6.1<!--tex4ht:ref: pcbschfin --></a>. The two pin connector (<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">CONN</span><span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">_2</span>) can +be placed from the Eeschema library <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">conn</span>. Do the annotation and test for ERC. Refer to +Chapter <a +href="#x1-610009">9<!--tex4ht:ref: chap5 --></a> to know more about basic steps in schematic creation. +<!--l. 28--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-420011"></a> + + +<!--l. 30--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/pcbschfin.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.1: </span><span +class="content">Final circuit schematic for RC low pass circuit</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-420011 --> + +<!--l. 33--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1.1 </span> <a + id="x1-430006.1.1"></a>Netlist generation for PCB</h4> +<a + id="dx1-43001"></a> +<a + id="dx1-43002"></a> +<!--l. 38--><p class="noindent" >The netlist for PCB is different from that for simulation. To generate netlist for PCB, click on +the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Generate netlist </span>tool from the top toolbar in Schematic editor. In the Netlist window, +under the tab <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Pcbnew</span>, <a + id="dx1-43003"></a>click on the button <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Netlist</span>. This is shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-430042">6.2<!--tex4ht:ref: netlistpcb --></a>. Click on +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Save </span>in the Save netlist file dialog box that opens up. Do not change the directory +or the name of the netlist file. Save the schematic and close the schematic editor. +<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-430042"></a> + + +<!--l. 48--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/netlistpcb.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.2: </span><span +class="content">Netlist generation for PCB</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-430042 --> + +<!--l. 51--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 52--><p class="indent" > <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Note that the netlist for PCB has an extension </span><span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">.net</span><span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">. The netlist created for simulation</span> +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">has an extension </span><span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">.cir</span>. + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1.2 </span> <a + id="x1-440006.1.2"></a>Mapping of components using Footprint Editor</h4> +<a + id="dx1-44001"></a> +<a + id="dx1-44002"></a> +<a + id="dx1-44003"></a> +<!--l. 59--><p class="noindent" >Once the netlist for PCB is created, one needs to map each component in the netlist to a +footprint. The tool <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Footprint Editor </span>is used for this. eSim uses <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">CvPcb </span>as its footprint editor. +<span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">CvPcb </span>is the footprint editor tool in KiCad. <a + id="dx1-44004"></a> +<!--l. 64--><p class="noindent" > + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1.3 </span> <a + id="x1-450006.1.3"></a>Familiarising the Footprint Editor tool</h4> +<a + id="dx1-45001"></a> +<!--l. 67--><p class="noindent" >If one opens the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Footprint Editor </span>after creating the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">.net </span>netlist file, the Footprint editor as +shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-450023">6.3<!--tex4ht:ref: fe --></a> will be obtained. The menu bar and toolbars and the panes are marked in +this figure. The menu bar will be available in the top left corner. The left pane has a list of +components in the netlist file and the right pane has a list of available footprints for each +component. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-450023"></a> + + +<!--l. 75--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/fe.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.3: </span><span +class="content">Footprint editor with the menu bar, toolbar, left pane and right pane +marked</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-450023 --> + +<!--l. 78--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 79--><p class="indent" > <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Note that if the Footprint Editor is opened before creating a ‘.net’ file, then the left and</span> +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">right panes will be empty</span>. + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-460006.1.3"></a>Toolbar</h5> +<!--l. 82--><p class="noindent" >Some of the important tools in the toolbar are shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-460014">6.4<!--tex4ht:ref: tb_fe --></a>. They are explained below: +<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-460014"></a> + + +<!--l. 86--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/tb_fe.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.4: </span><span +class="content">Some important tools in the toolbar</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-460014 --> + +<!--l. 89--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> + <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> + 1. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Save netlist and footprint files - Save the netlist and the footprints that are + associated with it. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 2. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">View selected footprint - View the selected footprint in 2D. See Sec. <a +href="#x1-470006.1.4">6.1.4<!--tex4ht:ref: viewfp --></a> for more + details. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 3. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Automatic footprint association - Perform footprint association for each + component automatically. Footprints will be selected from the list of footprints + available. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 4. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Delete all associations - Delete all the footprint associations made + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 5. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Display filtered footprint list - Display a filtered list of footprints suitable to the + selected component + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 6. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Display full footprint list - Display the list of all footprints available (without + filtering)</dd></dl> + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1.4 </span> <a + id="x1-470006.1.4"></a>Viewing footprints in 2D and 3D</h4> +<a + id="dx1-47001"></a> +<a + id="dx1-47002"></a> +<!--l. 110--><p class="noindent" >To view a footprint in 2D, select it from the right pane and click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">View selected footprint</span> +from the menu bar. Let us view the footprint for <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">SM1210</span>. Choose SM1210 from +the right pane as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-470035">6.5<!--tex4ht:ref: sm --></a>. On clicking the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">View selected footprint </span>tool, +the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Footprint </span>window with the view in 2D will be displayed. Click on the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">3D</span> +tool in the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Footprint </span>window, as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-470046">6.6<!--tex4ht:ref: 3d --></a>. A top view of the selected +footprint in 3D is obtained. Click on the footprint and rotate it using mouse to get 3D +views from various angles. One such side view of the footprint in 3D is shown in +Fig. <a +href="#x1-470057">6.7<!--tex4ht:ref: 3dv --></a>. +<!--l. 121--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-470035"></a> + + +<!--l. 123--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/sm.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.5: </span><span +class="content">Viewing footprint for SM1210: 1. Choose the footprint SM1210 from the +right pane, 2. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">View selected footprint</span></span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-470035 --> + +<!--l. 127--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 128--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-470046"></a> + + +<!--l. 130--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/3d.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.6: </span><span +class="content">Footprint view in 2D. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">3D </span>to get 3D view</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-470046 --> + +<!--l. 133--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 134--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-470057"></a> + + +<!--l. 136--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/3dv.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.7: </span><span +class="content">Side view of the footprint in 3D</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-470057 --> + +<!--l. 139--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1.5 </span> <a + id="x1-480006.1.5"></a>Mapping of components in the RC circuit</h4> +<!--l. 142--><p class="noindent" >Click on <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">C1 </span>from the left pane. Choose the footprint <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">C1 </span>from the right pane by double +clicking on it. Click on connector <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">P1 </span>from the left pane. Choose the footprint <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">SIL-2 </span>from the +right pane by double clicking on it. Similarly choose the footprint <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">R3 </span>for the resistor <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">R1</span>. The +footprint mapping is shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-480018">6.8<!--tex4ht:ref: map --></a>. Save the footprint association by clicking on the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Save</span> +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">netlist and footprint files </span>tool from the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">CvPcb </span>toolbar. The <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Save Net and component List</span> +window appears. Browse to the directory where the schematic file for this project is saved and +click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Save</span>. The netlist gets saved and the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Footprint Editor </span>window closes automatically. +<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-480018"></a> + + +<!--l. 155--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/map.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.8: </span><span +class="content">Footprint mapping done</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-480018 --> + +<!--l. 158--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 159--><p class="indent" > <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Note that one needs to browse to the directory where the schematic file is saved and save</span> +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">the ‘.net’ file in the same directory</span>. + <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2 </span> <a + id="x1-490006.2"></a>Creation of PCB layout</h3> +<a + id="dx1-49001"></a> +<a + id="dx1-49002"></a> +<!--l. 164--><p class="noindent" >The next step is to place the footprints and lay tracks between them to get the layout. This is +done using the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Layout Editor </span>tool. eSim uses <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Pcbnew</span>, the layout creation tool in KiCad, as its +layout editor. +<!--l. 169--><p class="noindent" > + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2.1 </span> <a + id="x1-500006.2.1"></a>Familiarizing the Layout Editor tool</h4> +<a + id="dx1-50001"></a> +<!--l. 172--><p class="noindent" >The layout editor with the various menu bar and toolbars is shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-500029">6.9<!--tex4ht:ref: pcbnew --></a>. +<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-500029"></a> + + +<!--l. 176--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/pcbnew.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.9: </span><span +class="content">Layout editor with menu bar, toolbars and layer options marked</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-500029 --> + +<!--l. 179--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 180--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-5000310"></a> + + +<!--l. 182--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/toptble.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.10: </span><span +class="content">Top toolbar with important tools marked</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5000310 --> + +<!--l. 185--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-510006.2.1"></a>Top toolbar</h5> +<!--l. 188--><p class="noindent" >Some of the important menu options in the top menu bar are shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-5000310">6.10<!--tex4ht:ref: toptble --></a>. They are +explained below: + <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> + 1. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Save board - Save the printed circuit board + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 2. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Module editor - Open module editor to edit footprint modules or libraries + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 3. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Read netlist - Import the netlist whose layout needs to be created. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 4. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Perform design rules check - Check for design rules, unconnected nets, etc., in the + layout. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 5. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Select working layer - Selection of working layer + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 6. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Show active layer selections and select layer pair for route and place - Select layer + in top and bottom layers. It also shows the currently active layer selections. + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 7. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Mode footprint: Manual/automatic move and place - Move and place modules</dd></dl> +<!--l. 206--><p class="noindent" > + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2.2 </span> <a + id="x1-520006.2.2"></a>Hotkeys</h4> +<a + id="dx1-52001"></a> +<!--l. 208--><p class="noindent" >A list of hotkeys are given below: + <dl class="compactenum"><dt class="compactenum"> + 1. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">F1 - Zoom in + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 2. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">F2 - Zoom out + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 3. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Delete - Delete Track or Footprint + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 4. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">X - Add new track + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 5. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">V - Add Via + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 6. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">M - Move Item + + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 7. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">F - Flip Footprint + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 8. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">R - Rotate Item + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 9. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">G - Drag Footprint + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 10. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">Ctrl+Z - Undo + </dd><dt class="compactenum"> + 11. </dt><dd +class="compactenum">E - Edit Item</dd></dl> +<!--l. 222--><p class="noindent" >The list can be viewed by selecting <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Preferences </span>from the top menu bar and choosing <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">List Current</span> +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Keys </span>from the option <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Hotkeys</span>. +<!--l. 226--><p class="noindent" > + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.2.3 </span> <a + id="x1-530006.2.3"></a>PCB design example using RC circuit</h4> +<a + id="dx1-53001"></a> +<!--l. 227--><p class="noindent" >Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Layout Editor </span>from the eSim toolbar. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Read Netlist </span>tool from the top +toolbar. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Browse Netlist files </span>on the Netlist window that opens up. Select the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">.net </span>file +that was modified after assigning footprints. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Open</span>. Now Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Read Current</span> +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Netlist </span>on the Netlist window. The message area in the Netlist window says that +the RC_pcb.net has been read. The sequence of operations is shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-5300411">6.11<!--tex4ht:ref: brnet --></a>. +<a + id="dx1-53002"></a><a + id="dx1-53003"></a><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-5300411"></a> + + +<!--l. 238--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/rcpcb.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.11: </span><span +class="content">Importing netlist file to layout editor: 1. Browse netlist Files, 2. Choose +the RC_pcb.net file, 3. Read Netlist file, 4. Close</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5300411 --> + +<!--l. 242--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 243--><p class="indent" > The footprint modules will now be imported to the top left hand corner of the layout +editor window. This is shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-5300512">6.12<!--tex4ht:ref: netlisttop --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-5300512"></a> + + +<!--l. 247--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/netlisttop.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.12: </span><span +class="content">Footprint modules imported to top left corner of layout editor window</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5300512 --> + +<!--l. 250--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 251--><p class="indent" > Zoom in to the top left corner by pressing the key <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">F1 </span>or using the scroll button of the +mouse. The zoomed in version of the imported netlist is shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-5300613">6.13<!--tex4ht:ref: zoom --></a>. +<!--l. 255--><p class="indent" > Let us now place this in the center of the layout editor window. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-5300613"></a> + + +<!--l. 259--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/zoom.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.13: </span><span +class="content">Zoomed in version of the imported netlist</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5300613 --> + +<!--l. 262--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 263--><p class="indent" > Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Mode footprint: Manual/automatic move and place </span>tool from the top toolbar. +Place the cursor near the center of the layout editor window. Right click and choose <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Glob</span> +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">move and place</span>. Choose <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">move all modules</span>. The sequence of operations is shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-5300714">6.14<!--tex4ht:ref: movep --></a>. +Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Yes </span>on the confirmation window to move the modules. Zoom in using the F1 key. +The current placement of components after zooming in is shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-53008r1">6.15a<!--tex4ht:ref: curplace --></a>. +<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-5300714"></a> + + +<!--l. 272--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/movep.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.14: </span><span +class="content">Moving and placing modules to the center of layout editor. 1. Click on +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Mode footprint: Manual/automatic move and place</span>, 2. Place cursor at center of layout +editor and right click on it 3. Choose <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Glob Move and Place </span>and then choose <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Move All</span> +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Modules.</span></span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5300714 --> + +<!--l. 279--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 286--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-5301015"></a> + +<a + id="x1-53008r1"></a> +<!--l. 290--><p class="noindent" > <img +src="figures/curplace.png" alt="PIC" +> +<span +class="cmr-9">(a)</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Zoomed</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">in</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">version</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">of the</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">current</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">placement</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">after</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">moving</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">modules</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">to the</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">center</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">of the</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">layout</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">editor</span> <a + id="x1-53009r2"></a> <img +src="figures/fplace.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(b)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Final</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">placement</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">of</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">footprints</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">after</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">rotating</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">and</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">moving</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">P1</span> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.15: </span><span +class="content">Different stages of placement of modules on PCB</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5301015 --> + +<!--l. 295--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 296--><p class="indent" > We need to arrange the modules properly to lay tracks. Rotate the connector P1 by +placing the cursor on top of P1 and pressing R. Move it by placing the cursor on top of it and +pressing M. The final placement is shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-53009r2">6.15b<!--tex4ht:ref: fplace --></a>. <a + id="dx1-53011"></a> +<!--l. 302--><p class="indent" > Let us now lay the tracks. Let us first change the track width. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Design rules </span>from +the top menu bar. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Design rules</span>. This is shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-5301416">6.16<!--tex4ht:ref: drules --></a>. The <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Design Rules Editor</span> +window opens up. Here one can edit the various design rules. Double click on the track width +field to edit it. Type 0.8 and press <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Enter</span>. Click on OK. Fig. <a +href="#x1-5301517">6.17<!--tex4ht:ref: druleedit --></a> shows the sequence of +operations. <a + id="dx1-53012"></a><a + id="dx1-53013"></a> <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-5301416"></a> + + +<!--l. 312--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/drules.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.16: </span><span +class="content">Choose <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Design Rules </span>from the top menu bar and <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Design Rules </span>again</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5301416 --> + +<!--l. 316--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 317--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-5301517"></a> + + +<!--l. 319--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/druleedit.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.17: </span><span +class="content">Changing the track width: 1. Double click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Track Width </span>field and type +0.8, 2. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">OK</span></span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5301517 --> + +<!--l. 323--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 325--><p class="indent" > Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Back </span>from the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Layer </span>options as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-5301718">6.18<!--tex4ht:ref: layer --></a>. <a + id="dx1-53016"></a><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-5301718"></a> + + +<!--l. 329--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/layer.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.18: </span><span +class="content">Choosing the copper layer <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Back</span></span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5301718 --> + +<!--l. 332--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 333--><p class="indent" > Let us now start laying the tracks. Place the cursor above the left terminal of R1 +in the layout editor window. Press the key <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">x</span>. Move the cursor down and double +click on the left terminal of C1. A track is formed. This is shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-53018r1">6.19a<!--tex4ht:ref: track1 --></a>. +<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-5302119"></a> + +<a + id="x1-53018r1"></a> +<!--l. 341--><p class="noindent" > <img +src="figures/track1.png" alt="PIC" +> +<span +class="cmr-9">(a) A</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">track</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">formed</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">between</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">resistor</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">and</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">capacitor</span> <a + id="x1-53019r2"></a> <img +src="figures/track2.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(b) A</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">track</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">formed</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">between</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">capacitor</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">and</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">connector</span> <a + id="x1-53020r3"></a> <img +src="figures/track3.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(c) A</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">track</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">formed</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">between</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">connector</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">and</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">resistor</span> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.19: </span><span +class="content">Different stages of laying tracks during PCB design</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5302119 --> + +<!--l. 349--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 350--><p class="indent" > Similarly lay the track between capacitor C1 and connector P1 as shown in +Fig. <a +href="#x1-53019r2">6.19b<!--tex4ht:ref: track2 --></a>. The last track needs to be laid at an angle. To do so, place the cursor +above the second terminal of R1. Press the key x and move the cursor diagonally +down. Double click on the other terminal of the connector. The track will be laid +as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-53020r3">6.19c<!--tex4ht:ref: track3 --></a>. All tracks are now laid. The next step is to create PCB +edges. +<!--l. 358--><p class="indent" > Choose <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">PCB</span><span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">_edges </span>from the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Layer </span>options to add edges. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Add graphic line or</span> +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">polygon </span>from the toolbar on the left. Fig. <a +href="#x1-5302320">6.20<!--tex4ht:ref: pcbedges --></a> shows the sequence of operations. Let us now +start drawing edges for PCB. <a + id="dx1-53022"></a><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-5302320"></a> + + +<!--l. 365--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/pcbedges.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.20: </span><span +class="content">Creating PCB edges: 1. Choose <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">PCB</span><span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">_Edges </span>from <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Layer </span>options 2. Choose +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Add graphic line or polygon </span>from left toolbar</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5302320 --> + +<!--l. 370--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 371--><p class="indent" > Click to the left of the layout. Move cursor horizontally to the right. Click once to change +orientation. Move cursor vertically down. Draw the edges as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-5302421">6.21<!--tex4ht:ref: pcbed --></a>. Double click +to finish drawing the edges. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-5302421"></a> + + +<!--l. 377--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/pcbed.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.21: </span><span +class="content">PCB edges drawn</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5302421 --> + +<!--l. 380--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 382--><p class="indent" > Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Perform design rules check </span>from the top toolbar to check for design rules. The +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">DRC Control </span>window opens up. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Start DRC</span>. There are no errors under the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Error</span> +<span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">messages </span>tab. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">OK </span>to close DRC control window. Fig. <a +href="#x1-5302622">6.22<!--tex4ht:ref: drc --></a> shows the sequence of +operations. <a + id="dx1-53025"></a><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-5302622"></a> + + +<!--l. 390--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/drc.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.22: </span><span +class="content">Performing design rules check: 1. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Start DRC</span>, 2. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Ok</span></span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5302622 --> + +<!--l. 394--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 395--><p class="indent" > Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Save board </span>on the top toolbar. +<!--l. 397--><p class="indent" > To generate Gerber files, click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">File </span>from the top menu bar. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Plot</span>. This is shown +in Fig. <a +href="#x1-5302823">6.23<!--tex4ht:ref: plot --></a>. The plot window opens up. One can choose which layers to plot by +selecting/deselecting them from the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Layers </span>pane on the left side. One can also choose the +format used to plot them. Choose <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Gerber</span>. The output directory of the plots created +can also be chosen. By default, it is the project directory. Some more options can +be chosen in this window. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Plot</span>. The message window shows the location +in which the Gerber files are created. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Close</span>. This is shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-5302924">6.24<!--tex4ht:ref: plot2 --></a>. +<a + id="dx1-53027"></a><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-5302823"></a> + + +<!--l. 410--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/plot.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.23: </span><span +class="content">Choosing <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Plot </span>from the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">File </span>menu</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5302823 --> + +<!--l. 413--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 414--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-5302924"></a> + + +<!--l. 416--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/plot2.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 6.24: </span><span +class="content">Creating Gerber files: 1. Choose <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Gerber </span>as the plot format, 2. Click on +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Plot</span>. Message window shows location in which Gerber files are created, 3. Click on <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Close</span></span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-5302924 --> + +<!--l. 421--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 422--><p class="indent" > The PCB design of RC circuit is now complete. To know more about Pcbnew, refer to +<span class="cite"> [<a +href="#Xkicad">15</a>]</span> or <span class="cite"> [<a +href="#Xkicad2">16</a>]</span>. + + <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 7</span><br /><a + id="x1-540007"></a>Model Editor</h2> +<!--l. 4--><p class="noindent" >Spice based simulators include a feature which allows accurate modeling of semiconductor +devices such as diodes, transistors etc. eSim Model Editor provides a facility to define a new +model for devices such as <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">diodes, MOSFET, BJT, JFET, IGBT, Magnetic core </span>etc. Model +Editor in eSim lets the user enter the values of parameters depending on the type of +device for which a model is required. The parameter values can be obtained from the +data-sheet of the device. A newly created model can be exported to the model library +and one can import it for different projects, whenever required. Model Editor also +provides a facility to edit existing models. The GUI of the model editor is as shown in +Fig. <a +href="#x1-540011">7.1<!--tex4ht:ref: modeleditor --></a> +<!--l. 15--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-540011"></a> + + +<!--l. 17--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/modeleditor_new.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 7.1: </span><span +class="content">Model Editor</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-540011 --> + +<!--l. 20--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> + <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.1 </span> <a + id="x1-550007.1"></a>Creating New Model Library </h3> +<!--l. 24--><p class="noindent" >eSim lets us create new model libraries based on the template model libraries. On selecting +<span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">New </span>button the window is popped as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-550012">7.2<!--tex4ht:ref: modeleditor_new --></a>. The name has to be unique otherwise +the error message appears on the window. +<!--l. 27--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-550012"></a> + + +<!--l. 29--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/modeleditor.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 7.2: </span><span +class="content">Creating New Model Library</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-550012 --> + +<!--l. 32--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 33--><p class="indent" > After the OK button is pressed the type of model library to be created is chosen by +selecting one of the types on the left hand side i.e. <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Diode, BJT, MOS, JFET, IGBT,</span> +<span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Magnetic Core</span>. The template model library opens up in a tabular form as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-550023">7.3<!--tex4ht:ref: modelnew --></a> +<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-550023"></a> + + +<!--l. 36--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/modelnew.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 7.3: </span><span +class="content">Choosing the Template Model Library </span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-550023 --> + +<!--l. 39--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> + +<!--l. 43--><p class="indent" > New parameters can be added or current parameters can be removed using <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ADD</span> +and <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">REMOVE </span>buttons. Also the values of parameters can be changed in the table. +Adding and removing the parameters in library files is shown in the Fig. <a +href="#x1-550034">7.4<!--tex4ht:ref: modeladd --></a> and +Fig. <a +href="#x1-550045">7.5<!--tex4ht:ref: modelremove --></a> +<!--l. 45--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-550034"></a> + + +<!--l. 47--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/modeladd.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 7.4: </span><span +class="content">Adding the Parameter in a Library</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-550034 --> + +<!--l. 50--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 52--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-550045"></a> + + +<!--l. 54--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/modelremove.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 7.5: </span><span +class="content">Removing a Parameter from a Library </span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-550045 --> + +<!--l. 57--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> +<!--l. 59--><p class="indent" > After the editing of the model library is done, the file can be saved by selecting the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">SAVE</span> +button. These libraries are saved in the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">User Libraries </span>folder under <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">deviceModelLibrary</span> +repository. + <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.2 </span> <a + id="x1-560007.2"></a>Editing Current Model Library</h3> +<!--l. 62--><p class="noindent" >The existing model library can be modified using <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">EDIT </span>option. On clicking the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">EDIT </span>button +the file dialog opens where all the library files are saved as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-560016">7.6<!--tex4ht:ref: modeledit --></a>. You can select +the library you want to edit. Once you are done with the editing, click on <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">SAVE</span> +button. +<!--l. 65--><p class="indent" > <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-560016"></a> + + +<!--l. 67--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/modeledit.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 7.6: </span><span +class="content">Editing Existing Model Library</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-560016 --> + +<!--l. 70--><p class="indent" > </div><hr class="endfigure"> + <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">7.3 </span> <a + id="x1-570007.3"></a>Uploading external .lib file to eSim repository</h3> +<!--l. 73--><p class="noindent" >eSim directly cannot use the external .lib file. It has to be uploaded to eSim repository before +using it in a circuit. eSim provides the facility to upload library files. They are then converted +into xml format, which can be easily modified from the eSim interface. On clicking <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">UPLOAD</span> +button the library can be uploaded from any location. The model library will be +saved with the name you have provided, in the <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">User Libraries </span>folder of repository +<span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">deviceModelLibrary</span>. + + <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 8</span><br /><a + id="x1-580008"></a>SubCircuit Builder</h2> Subcircuit is a way to implement hierarchical modeling. +Once a subcircuit for a compo- nent is created, it can be used in other circuits. +eSim provides an easy way to create a subcircuit. The following Fig. <a +href="#x1-580011">8.1<!--tex4ht:ref: subcircuit_mainwin --></a> shows +the window that is opened when the SubCircuit tool is chosen from the toolbar. +<hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +> + +<a + id="x1-580011"></a> + + +<!--l. 8--><p class="noindent" ><img +src="figures/subcirciut_window.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 8.1: </span><span +class="content">Subcircuit Window</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-580011 --> + +<!--l. 11--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + + <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">8.1 </span> <a + id="x1-590008.1"></a>Creating a SubCircuit</h3> +<!--l. 32--><p class="noindent" >The steps to create subcircuit are as follows. + <ul class="itemize1"> + <li class="itemize">After opening the Subcircuit tool, click on <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">New Subcircuit Schematic </span>button. + It will ask the name of the subcircuit. Enter the name of subcircuit (without any + spaces) and click <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">OK </span>as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-590012">8.2<!--tex4ht:ref: newsubcktschematic --></a>. + <!--l. 39--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-590012"></a> <img +src="figures/newsubcktschematic.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 8.2: </span><span +class="content">New Sub circuit Window</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-590012 --> + <!--l. 44--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + </li> + <li class="itemize">After clicking <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">OK </span>button it will open KiCad schematic. Draw your circuit + which will be later used as a subcircuit. e.g the Fig. <a +href="#x1-590023">8.3<!--tex4ht:ref: createsubcktsch --></a> shows the half adder + circuit. + <!--l. 49--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-590023"></a> <img +src="figures/createsubcktsch.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 8.3: </span><span +class="content">New Sub circuit Window</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-590023 --> + <!--l. 54--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + + </li> + <li class="itemize">Once you complete the circuit, assign port to the node of your circuit which will be + used to connect with the main circuit. The circuit will look like Fig. <a +href="#x1-590034">8.4<!--tex4ht:ref: halfadder --></a> after + adding PORT to it. The PORT symbol can be found in Eeschema as shown in + Fig. <a +href="#x1-590045">8.5<!--tex4ht:ref: port --></a>. + <!--l. 61--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-590034"></a> <img +src="figures/ha_sub.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 8.4: </span><span +class="content">Half-Adder Subcircuit </span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-590034 --> + <!--l. 66--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + <!--l. 69--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-590045"></a> <img +src="figures/port_lib.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 8.5: </span><span +class="content">Selection of PORT component</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-590045 --> + <!--l. 74--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + + </li> + <li class="itemize">Next step is to save the schematic and generate KiCad netlist as explained in Chapter + 5. + </li> + <li class="itemize">To use this as a subcircuit, create a block in KiCad Eeschema by following steps given + below: + <dl class="enumerate"><dt class="enumerate"> + 1. </dt><dd +class="enumerate">Go to library browser of Eeschema. + </dd><dt class="enumerate"> + 2. </dt><dd +class="enumerate">Select the working library as eSim_Subckt as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-590076">8.6<!--tex4ht:ref: esimsubckt --></a> <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-590076"></a> <img +src="figures/esim-subckt.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 8.6: </span><span +class="content">Selecting Working Library</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-590076 --> + <!--l. 90--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + + </dd><dt class="enumerate"> + 3. </dt><dd +class="enumerate">Click on create a new component with reference X as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-590097">8.7<!--tex4ht:ref: subcktnewcomp --></a> <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-590097"></a> + <img +src="figures/subcktnewcomp.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 8.7: </span><span +class="content">Creating New Component</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-590097 --> + <!--l. 99--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + </dd><dt class="enumerate"> + 4. </dt><dd +class="enumerate">Start drawing the subcircuit block. Update and save it as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-590118">8.8<!--tex4ht:ref: block --></a>. + <!--l. 104--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-590118"></a> <img +src="figures/halfadderblock.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 8.8: </span><span +class="content">Half-Adder Subcircuit Block</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-590118 --> + <!--l. 109--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + </dd></dl> + + </li> + <li class="itemize">Close the Eeschema window and click on Convert KiCad to Ngspice button in subcircuit + builder tool. This will convert the KiCad spice netlist to Ngspice netlist. And it will + save your subcircuit into eSim repository, which you can add in your main + circuit. + </li></ul> +<!--l. 120--><p class="noindent" > + <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">8.2 </span> <a + id="x1-600008.2"></a>Edit a Subcircuit</h3> +<!--l. 121--><p class="noindent" >The steps to edit a subcircuit are as follows. + <ul class="itemize1"> + <li class="itemize">After opening the Subcircuit tool, click on <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Edit Subcircuit Schematic </span>button. + It will open a dialog box where you can select any subcircuit for editing. + </li> + <li class="itemize">After selecting the subcircuit it will open it in KiCad Eeschema, where you can + edit the subcircuit. + </li> + <li class="itemize">Next step is to save the schematic and generate KiCad netlist. + </li> + <li class="itemize">If you have edited the number of ports then you have to change the block in KiCad + Eeschema accordingly. + </li> + <li class="itemize">Close the Eeschema window and click on <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Convert KiCad to Ngspice </span>button in + subcircuit builder tool to convert the edited subcircuit KiCad netlist into Ngspice + netlist. + </li></ul> + + <h2 class="chapterHead"><span class="titlemark">Chapter 9</span><br /><a + id="x1-610009"></a>Solved Examples</h2> + <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1 </span> <a + id="x1-620009.1"></a>Solved Examples</h3> +<!--l. 8--><p class="noindent" > + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.1 </span> <a + id="x1-630009.1.1"></a>Basic RC Circuit</h4> +<!--l. 9--><p class="noindent" > + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-640009.1.1"></a>Problem Statement:</h5> +<!--l. 9--><p class="noindent" >Plot the Input and Output Waveform of an RC circuit whose input voltage (Vs) is 50Hz, +3V peak to peak. The values of Resistor (R) and Capacitor(C) are 1<span +class="cmmi-10x-x-109">k </span>and 1<span +class="cmmi-10x-x-109">uf</span> +respectively. + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-650009.1.1"></a>Solution:</h5> + <ul class="itemize1"> + <li class="itemize">Creating a Project: The new project is created by clicking the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">New </span>icon on the + menubar. The name of the project is given in the pop up window as shown in + Fig. <a +href="#x1-650011">9.1<!--tex4ht:ref: rc1 --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-650011"></a> <img +src="figures/rc1.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.1: </span><span +class="content">Creating New Project</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650011 --> + <!--l. 20--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + </li> + <li class="itemize">Creating the Schematic: To create the schematic, click the very first icon of the left + toolbar as shown in the Fig. <a +href="#x1-650022">9.2<!--tex4ht:ref: rc2 --></a>. This will open KiCad Eeschema. + <!--l. 25--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-650022"></a> <img +src="figures/rc2.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.2: </span><span +class="content">Open Schematic Editor</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650022 --> + <!--l. 31--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + <!--l. 33--><p class="noindent" >To create a schematic in KiCad, we need to place the required components. Fig. <a +href="#x1-650033">9.3<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_component --></a> + shows the icon on the right toolbar which opens the component library. + <!--l. 35--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-650033"></a> <img +src="figures/rc_component.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.3: </span><span +class="content">Place Component Icon</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650033 --> + <!--l. 41--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + + <!--l. 45--><p class="noindent" >After all the required components of the simple RC circuit are placed, wiring is done + using the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Place Wire </span>option as shown in the Fig. <a +href="#x1-650044">9.4<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_wire --></a> + <!--l. 47--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-650044"></a> <img +src="figures/rc_wire.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.4: </span><span +class="content">Place Wire Icon</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650044 --> + <!--l. 53--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + <!--l. 55--><p class="noindent" >Next step is <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC (Electric Rules Check)</span>. Fig. <a +href="#x1-650055">9.5<!--tex4ht:ref: erc1 --></a> shows the icon for <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC</span>. + <!--l. 57--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-650055"></a> <img +src="figures/erc1.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.5: </span><span +class="content">Electric Rules Check Icon</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650055 --> + <!--l. 63--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + <!--l. 65--><p class="noindent" >Fig. <a +href="#x1-650066">9.6<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_complete1 --></a> shows the RC circuit after connecting the components by wire. + <!--l. 67--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-650066"></a> <img +src="figures/rc_complete1.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.6: </span><span +class="content">RC circuit</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650066 --> + <!--l. 72--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + + <!--l. 76--><p class="noindent" >After clicking the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC </span>icon a window opens up. Click the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Run </span>button to run rules check. + The errors are listed in as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-65007r1">9.7a<!--tex4ht:ref: erc2 --></a>. This error is handled by adding <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Power</span> + <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Flag </span>as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-65008r2">9.7b<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_pwr --></a>. + <!--l. 78--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-650097"></a> <a + id="x1-65007r1"></a> <img +src="figures/erc2.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(a)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">ERC</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Run</span> <a + id="x1-65008r2"></a> <img +src="figures/rc_pwr.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(b)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Power</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Flag</span> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.7: </span><span +class="content">ERC check and POWER FLAG</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650097 --> + <!--l. 87--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + <!--l. 89--><p class="noindent" >After adding the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Power Flag </span>the completed RC circuit is shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-65010r1">9.8a<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_schematic --></a> and the + netlist is generated as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-65011r2">9.8b<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_netlist --></a>. + <!--l. 92--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-650128"></a> <a + id="x1-65010r1"></a> <img +src="figures/rc_schematic.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(a)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Schematic</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">of RC</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">circuit</span> <a + id="x1-65011r2"></a> <img +src="figures/rc_netlistgeneration.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(b)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Generating</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">KiCad</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Netlist</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">of RC</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">circuit</span> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.8: </span><span +class="content">RC Schematic and Netlist Generation</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650128 --> + <!--l. 101--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + + </li> + <li class="itemize">Convert KiCad to Ngspice: To convert KiCad netlist of RC circuit to NgSpice + compatible netlist click on KiCad to Ngspice icon as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-650139">9.9<!--tex4ht:ref: rcki2ng --></a>. + <!--l. 107--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-650139"></a> <img +src="figures/rc_ki2ng.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.9: </span><span +class="content">Convert KiCad to Ngspice Icon</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-650139 --> + <!--l. 112--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + <!--l. 114--><p class="noindent" >Now you can enter the type of analysis and source details as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-65014r1">9.10a<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_analysistab --></a> and + Fig. <a +href="#x1-65015r2">9.10b<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_sourcedetailstab --></a> respectively. + <!--l. 116--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-6501610"></a> <a + id="x1-65014r1"></a> <img +src="figures/rc_analysistab.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(a)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">RC</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Analysis</span> <a + id="x1-65015r2"></a> <img +src="figures/rc_sourcedetailstab.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(b)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">RC</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Source</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Details</span> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.10: </span><span +class="content">RC Analysis and Source Detail</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-6501610 --> + <!--l. 125--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + <!--l. 126--><p class="noindent" >The other tab will be empty as RC circuit do not use any Ngspice model, device library + and subcircuit. + <!--l. 128--><p class="noindent" >After entering the value, press the convert button. It will convert the netlist into + Ngspice compatible netlist. + + </li> + <li class="itemize">Simulation: To run Ngspice simulation click the simulation icon in the tool bar + as shown in the Fig. <a +href="#x1-6501711">9.11<!--tex4ht:ref: rcplot --></a>. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-6501711"></a> <img +src="figures/rc_plot.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.11: </span><span +class="content">Simulation Icon</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-6501711 --> + <!--l. 139--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + <!--l. 141--><p class="noindent" >In eSim, there are two types of plot. First is normal Ngspice plot and second is + interactive python plot as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-65018r1">9.12a<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_ngspiceplot --></a> and Fig. <a +href="#x1-65019r2">9.12b<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_pythonplot --></a> respectively. + <!--l. 143--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-6502012"></a> <a + id="x1-65018r1"></a> <img +src="figures/rc_ngspiceplot.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(a)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Ngspice</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Plot</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">of RC</span> <a + id="x1-65019r2"></a> <img +src="figures/rc_pythonplot.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(b)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Python</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Plot</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">of RC</span> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.12: </span><span +class="content">Ngspice and Interactive Python Plotting</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-6502012 --> + <!--l. 152--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + <!--l. 154--><p class="noindent" >In the interactive python plot you can select any node or branch to plot voltage or + current across it. Also it has the facility to plot basic functions across the node like + addition, substraction, multiplication, division and v/s. + </li></ul> + +<!--l. 160--><p class="noindent" > + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.2 </span> <a + id="x1-660009.1.2"></a>Half Wave Rectifier</h4> +<!--l. 162--><p class="noindent" > + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-670009.1.2"></a>Problem Statement:</h5> +<!--l. 162--><p class="noindent" >Plot the Input and Output Waveform of Half Wave Rectifier circuit where the input voltage +(Vs) is 50Hz, 2V peak to peak. The value for Resistor (R) is 1k. +<!--l. 164--><p class="noindent" > + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-680009.1.2"></a>Solution:</h5> +<!--l. 165--><p class="noindent" >The new project is created by clicking the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">New </span>icon on the menubar. The name of the project +is given in the window shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-650011">9.1<!--tex4ht:ref: rc1 --></a>. + <ul class="itemize1"> + <li class="itemize">Creating Schematic: To create the schematic, click the very first icon of the left + toolbar as shown in the Fig. <a +href="#x1-650022">9.2<!--tex4ht:ref: rc2 --></a>. This will open KiCad Eeschema.<br +class="newline" /> + <!--l. 171--><p class="noindent" >After the KiCad window is opened, to create a schematic we need to place the + required components. Fig. <a +href="#x1-650033">9.3<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_component --></a> shows the icon on the right toolbar which opens + the component library.<br +class="newline" /> + <!--l. 174--><p class="noindent" >After all the required components of the simple Half Wave rectifier circuits are + placed, wiring is done using the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Place Wire </span>option as shown in the Fig. <a +href="#x1-650044">9.4<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_wire --></a><br +class="newline" /> + <!--l. 176--><p class="noindent" >Next step is <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC (Electric Rules Check)</span>. Fig. <a +href="#x1-650055">9.5<!--tex4ht:ref: erc1 --></a> shows the icon for <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC</span>. After + completing all the above steps the final Half Wave Rectifier schematic will look + like Fig. <a +href="#x1-6800113">9.13<!--tex4ht:ref: hwr_schematic --></a>.<br +class="newline" /> + <!--l. 178--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-6800113"></a> <img +src="figures/hwr_schematic.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.13: </span><span +class="content">Schematic of Half Wave Rectifier circuit</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-6800113 --> + <!--l. 183--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + + <!--l. 187--><p class="noindent" >KiCad netlist is generated as shown in the Fig. <a +href="#x1-6800214">9.14<!--tex4ht:ref: hwr_netlistgeneration --></a> <br +class="newline" /> + <!--l. 189--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-6800214"></a> <img +src="figures/hwr_netlistgeneration.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.14: </span><span +class="content">Half Wave Rectifier circuit Netlist Generation</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-6800214 --> + <!--l. 194--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + </li> + <li class="itemize">Convert KiCad to Ngspice: After creating KiCad netlist, click on the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">KiCad-Ngspice</span> + <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">converter </span>button. This will open converter window where you can enter details of + Analysis, Source values and Device library. + <!--l. 198--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-6800615"></a> <a + id="x1-68003r1"></a> <img +src="figures/hwr_analysistab.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(a)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Half</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Wave</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Analysis</span> <a + id="x1-68004r2"></a> <img +src="figures/hwr_sourcedetailstab.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(b)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Half</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Wave</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Source</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Details</span> <a + id="x1-68005r3"></a> <img +src="figures/hwr_devicemodelingtab.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(c)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Half</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Wave</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Device</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Modeling</span> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.15: </span><span +class="content">Analysis, Source and Device Tab</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-6800615 --> + <!--l. 210--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + <!--l. 212--><p class="noindent" >Under device library you can add the library for diode used in the circuit. If you do not + add any library it will take default Ngspice model. + </li> + <li class="itemize">Simulation: Once the KiCad-Ngspice converter runs successfully, you can run + simulation by clicking the simulation button in the toolbar. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-6800916"></a> <a + id="x1-68007r1"></a> <img +src="figures/hwr_ngspiceplot.png" alt="PIC" +> +<span +class="cmr-9">(a)</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Ngspice</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Plot</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">of</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Half</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Wave</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> <a + id="x1-68008r2"></a> <img +src="figures/hwr_pythonplot.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(b)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Python</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Plot</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">of</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Half</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Wave</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.16: </span><span +class="content">Half Wave Rectifier Simulation Output</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-6800916 --> + <!--l. 225--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + </li></ul> + +<!--l. 232--><p class="noindent" > + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.3 </span> <a + id="x1-690009.1.3"></a>Precision Rectifier</h4> +<!--l. 233--><p class="noindent" > + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-700009.1.3"></a>Problem Statement:</h5> +<!--l. 233--><p class="noindent" >Plot the input and output waveform of the Precision Rectifier circuit where input voltage +(Vs) is 50<span +class="cmmi-10x-x-109">Hz </span>, 3<span +class="cmmi-10x-x-109">V </span>peak to peak. +<!--l. 235--><p class="noindent" > + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-710009.1.3"></a>Solution:</h5> +<!--l. 236--><p class="noindent" >The new project is created by clicking the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">New </span>icon on the menubar. The name of the project +is given as shown in the Fig. <a +href="#x1-650011">9.1<!--tex4ht:ref: rc1 --></a>. + <ul class="itemize1"> + <li class="itemize">Creating Schematic: To create the schematic, click the very first icon of the left + toolbar as shown in the Fig. <a +href="#x1-650022">9.2<!--tex4ht:ref: rc2 --></a>. This will open KiCad Eeschema.<br +class="newline" />After the KiCad window is opened, to create a schematic we need to place the + required components. Fig. <a +href="#x1-650033">9.3<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_component --></a> shows the icon on the right toolbar which opens + the component library.<br +class="newline" />After all the required components of the precision rectifier circuit are placed, + wiring is done using the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Place Wire </span>option as shown in the Fig. <a +href="#x1-650044">9.4<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_wire --></a>.<br +class="newline" />Next step is <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC (Electric Rules Check)</span>. Fig. <a +href="#x1-650055">9.5<!--tex4ht:ref: erc1 --></a> shows the icon for <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC</span>. The + Fig. <a +href="#x1-7100117">9.17<!--tex4ht:ref: pr_schematic --></a> shows the complete Precision Rectifier schematic after removing the + errors. + <!--l. 246--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-7100117"></a> <img +src="figures/pr_schematic.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.17: </span><span +class="content">Schematic of Precision Rectifier circuit</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7100117 --> + <!--l. 251--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + <!--l. 253--><p class="noindent" >The KiCad netlist is generated as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-7100218">9.18<!--tex4ht:ref: pr_netlistgeneration --></a>.<br +class="newline" /> + <!--l. 255--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-7100218"></a> <img +src="figures/pr_netlistgeneration.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.18: </span><span +class="content">Precision Rectifier circuit Netlist Generation</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7100218 --> + <!--l. 260--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + + </li> + <li class="itemize">Convert KiCad to Ngspice: After creating KiCad netlist, click on KiCad-Ngspice + converter button.<br +class="newline" /> + <!--l. 266--><p class="noindent" >This will open converter window where you can enter details of Analysis, Source values, + Device library and Subcircuit. + <!--l. 268--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-7100719"></a> <a + id="x1-71003r1"></a> <img +src="figures/pr_analysistab.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(a)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Precision</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Analysis</span> <a + id="x1-71004r2"></a> <img +src="figures/pr_sourcedetailstab.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(b)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Precision</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Source</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Details</span> +<a + id="x1-71005r3"></a> +<!--l. 278--><p class="noindent" > <img +src="figures/pr_devicemodelingtab.png" alt="PIC" +> +<span +class="cmr-9">(c)</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Precision</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Device</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Modeling</span> <a + id="x1-71006r4"></a> <img +src="figures/pr_subcircuitstab.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(d)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Precision</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Subcircuit</span> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.19: </span><span +class="content">Analysis, Source, Device library and Subcircuit tab</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7100719 --> + <!--l. 283--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + <!--l. 285--><p class="noindent" >Under device library you can add the library for the diode used in the circuit. If you do + not add any library it will take default Ngspice model for diode.<br +class="newline" /> + <!--l. 288--><p class="noindent" >Under subcircuit tab you have to add the subciruit used in your circuit. If you forget to + add subcircuit it will throw an error. + + </li> + <li class="itemize">Simulation: Once the KiCad-Ngspice converter runs successfully, you can run the + simulation by clicking the simulation button in the toolbar. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-7101020"></a> <a + id="x1-71008r1"></a> <img +src="figures/pr_ngspiceplot.png" alt="PIC" +> +<span +class="cmr-9">(a)</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Ngspice</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Plot</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">of</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Precision</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> <a + id="x1-71009r2"></a> <img +src="figures/pr_pythonplot.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(b)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Python</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Plot</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">of</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Precision</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Rectifier</span> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.20: </span><span +class="content">Precision Rectifier Simulation Output</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7101020 --> + <!--l. 302--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + </li></ul> + +<!--l. 309--><p class="noindent" > + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.4 </span> <a + id="x1-720009.1.4"></a>Inverting Amplifier</h4> +<!--l. 310--><p class="noindent" > + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-730009.1.4"></a>Problem Statement:</h5> +<!--l. 311--><p class="noindent" >Plot the Input and Output Waveform of Inverting Amplifier circuit where the input voltage +(Vs) is 50<span +class="cmmi-10x-x-109">Hz</span>, 2<span +class="cmmi-10x-x-109">V </span>peak to peak and gain is 2. + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-740009.1.4"></a>Solution:</h5> + <ul class="itemize1"> + <li class="itemize">Creating Schematic: To create the schematic, click the very first icon of the left + toolbar as shown in the Fig. <a +href="#x1-650022">9.2<!--tex4ht:ref: rc2 --></a>. This will open KiCad Eeschema.<br +class="newline" />After the KiCad window is opened, to create a schematic we need to place the + required components. Fig. <a +href="#x1-650033">9.3<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_component --></a> shows the icon on the right toolbar which opens + the component library.<br +class="newline" />After all the required components of the inverting amplifier circuit are placed, + wiring is done using the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Place Wire </span>option as shown in the Fig. <a +href="#x1-650044">9.4<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_wire --></a>.<br +class="newline" />Next step is <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC (Electric Rules Check)</span>. Fig. <a +href="#x1-650055">9.5<!--tex4ht:ref: erc1 --></a> shows the icon for <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC</span>. + <!--l. 321--><p class="noindent" >The Fig. <a +href="#x1-7400121">9.21<!--tex4ht:ref: ia_schematic --></a> shows the complete Precision Rectifier schematic after removing + the errors. + <!--l. 323--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-7400121"></a> <img +src="figures/ia_schematic.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.21: </span><span +class="content">Schematic of Inverting Amplifier circuit</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7400121 --> + <!--l. 328--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + <!--l. 330--><p class="noindent" >The KiCad netlist is generated as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-7400222">9.22<!--tex4ht:ref: ia_netlistgeneration --></a>.<br +class="newline" /><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-7400222"></a> <img +src="figures/ia_netlistgeneration.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.22: </span><span +class="content">Inverting Amplifier circuit Netlist Generation</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7400222 --> + <!--l. 336--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + </li> + <li class="itemize">Convert KiCad to Ngspice: After creating KiCad netlist, click on KiCad-Ngspice + converter button.<br +class="newline" /> + <!--l. 342--><p class="noindent" >This will open converter window where you can enter details of Analysis, Source values, + Device library and Subcircuit. + + <!--l. 344--><p class="noindent" >Subcircuit of Op-Amp is shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-74006r4">9.23d<!--tex4ht:ref: ia_sub --></a> <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-7400723"></a> <a + id="x1-74003r1"></a> <img +src="figures/ia_analysistab.png" alt="PIC" +> +<span +class="cmr-9">(a)</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Inverting</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Amplifier</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Analysis</span> <a + id="x1-74004r2"></a> <img +src="figures/ia_sourcedetailstab.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(b)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Inverting</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Amplifier</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Source</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Details</span> +<a + id="x1-74005r3"></a> +<!--l. 355--><p class="noindent" > <img +src="figures/ia_subcircuitstab.png" alt="PIC" +> +<span +class="cmr-9">(c)</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Inverting</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Amplifier</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Subcircuit</span> <a + id="x1-74006r4"></a> <img +src="figures/ia_sub.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(d)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Sub-Circuit</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">of</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Op-Amp</span> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.23: </span><span +class="content">Analysis, Source, and Subcircuit tab</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7400723 --> + <!--l. 360--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + + <!--l. 363--><p class="noindent" >Under subcircuit tab you have to add the subciruit used in your circuit. If you forget to + add subcircuit, it will throw an error.<br +class="newline" /> + </li> + <li class="itemize">Simulation: Once the KiCad-Ngspice converter runs successfully, you can run + simulation by clicking the simulation button in the toolbar. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-7401024"></a> <a + id="x1-74008r1"></a> <img +src="figures/ia_ngspiceplot.png" alt="PIC" +> +<span +class="cmr-9">(a)</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Inverting</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Amplifier</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Ngspice</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Plot</span> +<a + id="x1-74009r2"></a> +<!--l. 374--><p class="noindent" > <img +src="figures/ia_pythonplot.png" alt="PIC" +> +<span +class="cmr-9">(b)</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Inverting</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Amplifier</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Python</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Plot</span> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.24: </span><span +class="content">Inverting Amplifier Simulation Output</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7401024 --> + <!--l. 376--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + </li></ul> + +<!--l. 386--><p class="noindent" > + <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">9.1.5 </span> <a + id="x1-750009.1.5"></a>Half Adder Example</h4> +<!--l. 388--><p class="noindent" > + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-760009.1.5"></a>Problem Statement:</h5> +<!--l. 388--><p class="noindent" >Plot the Input and Output Waveform of Half Adder circuit. +<!--l. 390--><p class="noindent" > + <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a + id="x1-770009.1.5"></a>Solution:</h5> + <ul class="itemize1"> + <li class="itemize">Creating Schematic: To create the schematic, click the very first icon of the left + toolbar as shown in the Fig. <a +href="#x1-650022">9.2<!--tex4ht:ref: rc2 --></a>. This will open KiCad Eeschema.<br +class="newline" />After the KiCad window is opened, to create a schematic we need to place the + required components. Fig. <a +href="#x1-650033">9.3<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_component --></a> shows the icon on the right toolbar which opens + the component library.<br +class="newline" />After all the required components of the Half Adder circuit are placed, wiring is + done using the <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">Place Wire </span>option as shown in the Fig. <a +href="#x1-650044">9.4<!--tex4ht:ref: rc_wire --></a>.<br +class="newline" />Next step is <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC (Electric Rules Check)</span>. Fig. <a +href="#x1-650055">9.5<!--tex4ht:ref: erc1 --></a> shows the icon for <span +class="cmtt-10x-x-109">ERC</span>. + <!--l. 399--><p class="noindent" >The Fig. <a +href="#x1-7700125">9.25<!--tex4ht:ref: ha_schematic --></a> shows the complete Half Adder schematic after removing the + errors. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-7700125"></a> <img +src="figures/ha_schematic.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.25: </span><span +class="content">Schematic of Half Adder circuit</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7700125 --> + <!--l. 405--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + <!--l. 407--><p class="noindent" >The KiCad netlist is generated as shown in Fig. <a +href="#x1-7700226">9.26<!--tex4ht:ref: ha_netlistgeneration --></a>.<br +class="newline" /><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-7700226"></a> <img +src="figures/ha_netlistgeneration.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.26: </span><span +class="content">Half Adder circuit Netlist Generation</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7700226 --> + <!--l. 413--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + + </li> + <li class="itemize">Convert KiCad to Ngspice: After creating KiCad netlist click on KiCad-Ngspice + converter button.<br +class="newline" /> + <!--l. 420--><p class="noindent" >This will open converter window where you can enter details of Analysis, Source values, + Ngspice model and Subcircuit. + <!--l. 422--><p class="noindent" ><hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-7700727"></a> <a + id="x1-77003r1"></a> <img +src="figures/ha_analysistab.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(a)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Half</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Adder</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Analysis</span> <a + id="x1-77004r2"></a> <img +src="figures/ha_sourcedetailstab.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(b)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Half</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Adder</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Source</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Details</span> +<a + id="x1-77005r3"></a> +<!--l. 432--><p class="noindent" > <img +src="figures/ha_ngspicemodeltab.png" alt="PIC" +> +<span +class="cmr-9">(c)</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Half</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Adder</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Ngspice</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Model</span> <a + id="x1-77006r4"></a> <img +src="figures/ha_subcircuitstab.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(d)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Half</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Adder</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Subcircuit</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Model</span> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.27: </span><span +class="content">Analysis, Source, Ngspice Model and Subcircuit tab</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7700727 --> + <!--l. 437--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + <!--l. 439--><p class="noindent" >Subcircuit of Half Adder in Fig. <a +href="#x1-7700828">9.28<!--tex4ht:ref: ha_sub --></a> <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-7700828"></a> <img +src="figures/ha_sub.png" alt="PIC" +> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.28: </span><span +class="content">Half Adder Subcircuit</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7700828 --> + <!--l. 445--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + + </li> + <li class="itemize">Simulation: Once the KiCad-Ngspice converter runs successfully, you can run + simulation by clicking the simulation button in the toolbar. <hr class="figure"><div class="figure" +><a + id="x1-7701129"></a> <a + id="x1-77009r1"></a> <img +src="figures/ha_ngspiceplot.png" alt="PIC" +> +<span +class="cmr-9">(a)</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Half</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Adder</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Ngspice</span> +<span +class="cmr-9">Plot</span> <a + id="x1-77010r2"></a> <img +src="figures/ha_pythonplot.png" alt="PIC" +> + <span +class="cmr-9">(b)</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Half</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Adder</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Python</span> + <span +class="cmr-9">Plot</span> +<br /> <div class="caption" +><span class="id">Figure 9.29: </span><span +class="content">Half Adder Simulation Output</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x1-7701129 --> + <!--l. 459--><p class="noindent" ></div><hr class="endfigure"> + </li></ul> + + <h2 class="likechapterHead"><a + id="x1-780009.1.5"></a>References</h2><a + id="Q1-1-166"></a> + <div class="thebibliography"> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [1]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="Xsedra"></a>A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Microelectronic Circuits - Theory and</span> + <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Applications</span>. Oxford University Press, 2009. + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [2]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="Xkmm11-csi"></a>K. M. Moudgalya, “Spoken Tutorial: A Collaborative and Scalable Education + Technology,” <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">CSI Communications</span>, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 10–12, September 2011, + available at <a +href="http://spoken-tutorial.org/CSI.pdf" class="url" >http://spoken-tutorial.org/CSI.pdf</a>. + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [3]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="Xscilab"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. Available: <a +href="http://www.scilab.org/" class="url" >http://www.scilab.org/</a> + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [4]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="XGARUDA"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. Available: + <a +href="http://scilab-test.garudaindia.in/scilab_in/,
http://scilab-test.garudaindia.in/cloud" class="url" >http://scilab-test.garudaindia.in/scilab_in/,http://scilab-test.garudaindia.in/cloud</a> + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [5]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="XT10KT"></a>D. B. Phatak. (2013, May) Teach 10,000 teacher programme. [Online]. + Available: <a +href="http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/nmeict/MegaWorkshop.do" class="url" >http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/nmeict/MegaWorkshop.do</a> + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [6]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="XT10KT-kal"></a>K. Kannan and K. Narayanan, “Ict-enabled scalable workshops for engineering + college teachers in india,” in <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Post-Secondary Education and Technology: A Global</span> + <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Perspective on Opportunities and Obstacles to Development (International and</span> + <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">Development Education)</span>, R. Clohey, S. Austin-Li, and J. C. Weldman, Eds. + Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. + + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [7]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="XT10KT-kgp"></a>(2013, May) Teach 10,000 teacher programme on analog electronics. [Online]. + Available: <a +href="http://www.nmeict.iitkgp.ernet.in/Analogmain.htm" class="url" >http://www.nmeict.iitkgp.ernet.in/Analogmain.htm</a> + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [8]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="Xaakash"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. Available: <a +href="http://www.aakashlabs.org/" class="url" >http://www.aakashlabs.org/</a> + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [9]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="Xeda"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. Available: + <a +href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" class="url" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation</a> + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [10]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="Xsynaptic"></a>(2013, May) Synaptic Package Manager Spoken Tutorial. [Online]. Available: + <a +href="http://www.spoken-tutorial.org/list_videos?view=1&foss=Linux&language=English" class="url" >http://www.spoken-tutorial.org/list_videos?view=1&foss=Linux&language=English</a> + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [11]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="Xeeschema"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. Available: + <a +href="http://www.kicad-pcb.org/display/KICAD/KiCad+EDA+Software+Suite" class="url" >http://www.kicad-pcb.org/display/KICAD/KiCad+EDA+Software+Suite</a> + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [12]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="Xngspice-web"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. Available: <a +href="http://ngspice.sourceforge.net/" class="url" >http://ngspice.sourceforge.net/</a> + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [13]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="Xscilab-in"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. Available: <a +href="http://scilab.in/" class="url" >http://scilab.in/</a> + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [14]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="Xspice"></a>S. M. Sandler and C. Hymowitz, <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">SPICE Circuit Handbook</span>. New York: + McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006. + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [15]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="Xkicad"></a>J.-P. Charras and F. Tappero. (2013, May). [Online]. Available: + <a +href="http://www.kicad-pcb.org/display/KICAD/KiCad+Documentation" class="url" >http://www.kicad-pcb.org/display/KICAD/KiCad+Documentation</a> + + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [16]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="Xkicad2"></a>D. Jahshan and P. Hutchinson. (2013, May). [Online]. Available: + <a +href="http://bazaar.launchpad.net/~kicad-developers/kicad/doc/files/head:/doc/tutorials/" class="url" >http://bazaar.launchpad.net/<span +class="cmsy-8">∼</span>kicad-developers/kicad/doc/files/head:/doc/tutorials/</a> + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [17]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="Xngspice"></a>P. Nenzi and H. Vogt. (2013) Ngspice users manual version 25plus. [Online]. + Available: <a +href="http://ngspice.sourceforge.net/docs/ngspice-manual.pdf" class="url" >http://ngspice.sourceforge.net/docs/ngspice-manual.pdf</a> + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [18]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="Xkmm11-TUGboat"></a>K. M. Moudgalya, “<span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span +class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Training through Spoken Tutorials,” <span +class="cmti-10x-x-109">TUGboat</span>, + vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 251–257, 2011. + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [19]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="Xst"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. Available: <a +href="http://www.spoken-tutorial.org/" class="url" >http://www.spoken-tutorial.org/</a> + </p> + <p class="bibitem" ><span class="biblabel"> + [20]<span class="bibsp">   </span></span><a + id="Xoscad"></a>(2013, May). [Online]. Available: <a +href="http://oscad.in/" class="url" >http://oscad.in/</a> +</p> + </div> + +</body></html> |