{
"cells": [
 {
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
	   "metadata": {},
	   "source": [
       "# Chapter 11: Digital to Analog converter"
	   ]
	},
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 11.10: determine_the_analog_output_voltage_and_feed_back_current_If.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//Example11.10  // determine the analog output voltage and feed back current If\n",
"clc;\n",
"clear;\n",
"close;\n",
"Vref = 15  ;   \n",
"BI = 1000 ;\n",
"Rf = 40 ;  // K ohm\n",
"R = 0.4*Rf ;\n",
"\n",
"// by using voltage divider rule Vin can be calculated as\n",
" Vin = -(Vref*2*R)/(2*R+2*R) ;\n",
" \n",
"// The output voltage of given R-2R ladder D/A converter is defined as\n",
"\n",
"// Vo = -(Rf*Vin/R)\n",
"\n",
"Vo = (Vref*Rf)/(2*R)\n",
"disp('for the binary input 1000 output voltage is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"// the feedback current If is given by\n",
"If = -(Vo/Rf) ;\n",
"disp('the feedback current If is = '+string(If)+ ' mA ');\n",
""
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 11.11: EX11_11.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//Example11.11 // to find the resolution and analog output voltage of 8-bit D/A converter\n",
"clc;\n",
"clear;\n",
"close;\n",
"VFS = 10 ;\n",
"N = 8 ;\n",
"BI = 10101111 ;  BI = 11100011 ;  BI = 00101001 ; BI = 01000110\n",
"\n",
"// the resolution of 8-bit D/A converter is defined as\n",
"Resolution = VFS/(2^N-1) ;\n",
"\n",
"// An analog output voltage of D/A converter is given by\n",
"// Vo = Resolution*(2^-0*b0+2^-1*b1+....+2^-N*bn-1)\n",
"// Vo = Resolution*(2^-0*b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2+2^-3*b3+2^-4*b4+2^-5*b5+2^-6*b6+2^-7*b7);\n",
"\n",
"// For the BI 10101111 output analog voltage is\n",
"BI = '10101111';\n",
"BI = bin2dec(BI);\n",
"Vo = Resolution*BI ;\n",
"disp('For the BI 10101111 output analog voltage is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"// For the BI 11100010 output analog voltage is\n",
"BI = '11100010';\n",
"BI = bin2dec(BI);\n",
"Vo = Resolution*BI ;\n",
"disp('For the BI 11100010 output analog voltage is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"// For the BI 00101001 output analog voltage is\n",
"BI = '00101001';\n",
"BI = bin2dec(BI);\n",
"Vo = Resolution*BI ;\n",
"disp('For the BI 00101001 output analog voltage is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"// For the BI 01000110 output analog voltage is\n",
"BI = '01000110';\n",
"BI = bin2dec(BI);\n",
"Vo = Resolution*BI ;\n",
"disp('For the BI 01000110 output analog voltage is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
""
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 11.1: to_determine_the_full_scale_voltage_of_Digital_to_analog_converter.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//Example11.1  // to determine the full scale voltage of D/A\n",
"clc;\n",
"clear;\n",
"close;\n",
"Vref = 12 ;\n",
"Rf = 10 ; // K ohm\n",
"R = 5 ; // K ohm\n",
"\n",
"// the full scale voltage of D/A converter \n",
"VFS = Vref*(Rf/R) ;\n",
"disp('the full scale voltage of D/A converter VFS is = '+string(VFS)+ ' V ');"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 11.2: EX11_2.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//Example11.2  // determine the output voltage of D/A converter for the binary inputs a) 10101010  b) 11001100  c) 11101110 d) 00010001  \n",
"clc;\n",
"clear;\n",
"close;\n",
"del = 12*10^-3 ;  // mA\n",
"\n",
"// the input voltage of D/A converter \n",
" //Vo = del*binary input (BI)\n",
"\n",
"// For BI 10101010 the output\n",
"BI = '10101010' ;\n",
"BI = bin2dec(BI);\n",
"Vo = del*BI ;\n",
"disp('For BI 10101010 the output of D/A converter is = ' +string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"// For BI 11001100 the output\n",
"BI = '11001100' ;\n",
"BI = bin2dec(BI);\n",
"Vo = del*BI ;\n",
"disp('For BI 11001100 the output of D/A converter is = ' +string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"// For BI 11101110 the output\n",
"BI = '11101110' ;\n",
"BI = bin2dec(BI);\n",
"Vo = del*BI ;\n",
"disp('For BI 11101110 the output of D/A converter is = ' +string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"// For BI 00010001 the output\n",
"BI = '00010001' ;\n",
"BI = bin2dec(BI);\n",
"Vo = del*BI ;\n",
"disp('For BI 00010001 the output of D/A converter is = ' +string(Vo)+ ' V ');"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 11.3: determine_the_resolution_of_4_bit_digital_to_analog_converter.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//Example11.3   // determine the resolution of 4-bit D/A converter\n",
"clc;\n",
"clear;\n",
"close;\n",
"VFS = 12 ;\n",
"N = 4 ;\n",
"\n",
"// the resolution of 4-bit D/A converter is defined as\n",
"Resolution = VFS/(2^N-1) ;\n",
"disp('the resolution of 4-bit D/A converter is = '+string(Resolution)+ ' V ');"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 11.4: EX11_4.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//Example11.4   // determine the number of bit required to design a 4-bit D/A converter\n",
"clc;\n",
"clear;\n",
"close;\n",
"VFS = 5 ;\n",
"Resolution = 10*10^-3 ; // A\n",
"\n",
"// the resolution of 4-bit D/A converter is defined as\n",
"// Resolution = VFS/(2^N-1) ;\n",
"N = (VFS/Resolution)+1 ;   \n",
"N = log10(N)/log10(2);\n",
"disp('the number of bit required to design a 4-bit D/A converter is = '+string(N)+ '   = 9 ');\n",
""
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 11.5: determine_the_analog_output_voltage.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//Example11.5   // determine the analog output voltage\n",
"clc;\n",
"clear;\n",
"close;\n",
"Vref = 12  ;   \n",
"BI = 101 ;   BI = 111 ;   BI = 011 ; BI = 001 ;  BI = 100 ;\n",
"Rf = 40*10^3 ;\n",
"R = 0.25*Rf ;\n",
"\n",
"// The output voltage of given binary weighted resistor D/A converter is defined as\n",
"\n",
"// Vo = -(Rf*Vref/R)*(2^0*b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"\n",
"// Vo = -(Rf*Vref/R)*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"\n",
"// for the given value Rf,R and Vref the output voltage\n",
"\n",
"// Vo = -48*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 101 analog output is\n",
"b2 = 1 ;\n",
"b1 = 0 ;\n",
"b0 = 1 ;\n",
"Vo = -48*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 101 analog output is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 111 analog output is\n",
"b2 = 1 ;\n",
"b1 = 1 ;\n",
"b0 = 1 ;\n",
"Vo = -48*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 111 analog output is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 011 analog output is\n",
"b2 = 0 ;\n",
"b1 = 1 ;\n",
"b0 = 1 ;\n",
"Vo = -48*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 011 analog output is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 001 analog output is\n",
"b2 = 0 ;\n",
"b1 = 0 ;\n",
"b0 = 1 ;\n",
"Vo = -48*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 001 analog output is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 100 analog output is\n",
"b2 = 1 ;\n",
"b1 = 0 ;\n",
"b0 = 0 ;\n",
"Vo = -48*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 100 analog output is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V');"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 11.6: determine_the_analog_output_voltage_and_feed_back_current_If.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//Example11.6   // determine the analog output voltage and feed back current If\n",
"clc;\n",
"clear;\n",
"close;\n",
"Vref = 12  ;   \n",
"BI = 1001 ;   BI = 1101 ;   BI = 1010 ; BI = 0011 ;\n",
"Rf = 25 ;  // K ohm\n",
"R = 0.25*Rf ;\n",
"\n",
"// The output voltage of given binary weighted resistor D/A converter is defined as\n",
"\n",
"// Vo = -(Rf*Vref/R)*(2^0*b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2+2^-3*b3) ;\n",
"\n",
"// Vo = -(Rf*Vref/R)*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2+2^-3*b3) ;\n",
"\n",
"// for the given value Rf,R and Vref the output voltage\n",
"\n",
"// Vo = -60*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2+2^-3*b3) ;\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 1001 analog output is\n",
"b3 = 1 ;\n",
"b2 = 0 ;\n",
"b1 = 0 ;\n",
"b0 = 1 ;\n",
"Vo = -60*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2+2^-3*b3) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 1001 analog output is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"// the feedback current If is given by\n",
"If = -(Vo/Rf) ;\n",
"disp('the feedback current If is = '+string(If)+ ' mA ');\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 1101 analog output is\n",
"b3 = 1 ;\n",
"b2 = 1 ;\n",
"b1 = 0 ;\n",
"b0 = 1 ;\n",
"Vo = -60*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2+2^-3*b3) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 1101 analog output is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"// the feedback current If is given by\n",
"If = -(Vo/Rf) ;\n",
"disp('the feedback current If is = '+string(If)+ ' mA ');\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 1010 analog output is\n",
"b3 = 1 ;\n",
"b2 = 0 ;\n",
"b1 = 1 ;\n",
"b0 = 0 ;\n",
"Vo = -60*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2+2^-3*b3) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 1010 analog output is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"// the feedback current If is given by\n",
"If = -(Vo/Rf) ;\n",
"disp('the feedback current If is = '+string(If)+ ' mA ');\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 0011 analog output is\n",
"b3 = 0 ;\n",
"b2 = 0 ;\n",
"b1 = 1 ;\n",
"b0 = 1 ;\n",
"Vo = -60*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2+2^-3*b3) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 0011 analog output is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"// the feedback current If is given by\n",
"If = -(Vo/Rf) ;\n",
"disp('the feedback current If is = '+string(If)+ ' mA ');"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 11.7: determine_the_feed_back_current_If_and_analog_output_voltage.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"\n",
"//Example11.7 // determine the feed back current If and analog output voltage\n",
"clc;\n",
"clear;\n",
"close;\n",
"Vref = 8  ;   // V\n",
"BI = 001 ;   BI = 010 ;   BI = 110 ;\n",
"Rf = 25*10^3 ; // Hz\n",
"R = 0.2*Rf ;\n",
"\n",
"// The output current of given binary weighted resistor D/A converter is defined as\n",
"\n",
"// If = -(Vref/R)*(2^0*b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"\n",
"// If = -(Vref/R)*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"\n",
"// for the given value Rf,R and Vref the output current\n",
"\n",
"// If = -(1.6*10^-3)*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 001 the feedback current If is given by\n",
"b2 = 0 ;\n",
"b1 = 0 ;\n",
"b0 = 1 ;\n",
"If = (1.6*10^-3)*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 001 analog output is = '+string(If*1000)+ ' mA ');\n",
"\n",
"// An analog output voltage Vo is\n",
"Vo = -If*Rf ;\n",
"disp('An analog output voltage Vo is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 010 the feedback current If is given by\n",
"b2 = 0 ;\n",
"b1 = 1 ;\n",
"b0 = 0 ;\n",
"If = (1.6*10^-3)*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 010 analog output is = '+string(If*1000)+ ' mA');\n",
"\n",
"// the An analog output voltage Vo is\n",
"Vo = -If*Rf ;\n",
"disp('An analog output voltage Vo is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 110 the feedback current If is given by\n",
"b2 = 1 ;\n",
"b1 = 1 ;\n",
"b0 = 0 ;\n",
"If = (1.6*10^-3)*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 110 analog output is = '+string(If*1000)+ ' mA ');\n",
"\n",
"// the An analog output voltage Vo is\n",
"Vo = -If*Rf ;\n",
"disp('An analog output voltage Vo is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 11.8: determine_the_feed_back_current_If_and_analog_output_voltage.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//Example11.8 // determine the feed back current If and analog output voltage\n",
"clc;\n",
"clear;\n",
"close;\n",
"Vref = 5  ;   \n",
"BI = 101 ;   BI = 011 ;   BI = 100 ;  BI = 001 ;\n",
"Rf = 25*10^3 ; \n",
"R = 0.2*Rf ;\n",
"\n",
"// The output current of given R-2R ladder D/A converter is defined as\n",
"\n",
"// If = -(Vref/2*R)*(2^0*b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"\n",
"// If = -(Vref/2*R)*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"\n",
"// for the given value Rf,R and Vref the output current\n",
"\n",
"// If = (0.5*10^-3)*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 101 the feedback current If is given by\n",
"b2 = 1 ;\n",
"b1 = 0 ;\n",
"b0 = 1 ;\n",
"If = (0.5*10^-3)*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 101 analog output is = '+string(If)+ ' A ');\n",
"\n",
"// An analog output voltage Vo is\n",
"Vo = -If*Rf ;\n",
"disp('An analog output voltage Vo is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 011 the feedback current If is given by\n",
"b2 = 0 ;\n",
"b1 = 1 ;\n",
"b0 = 1 ;\n",
"If = (0.5*10^-3)*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 011 analog output is = '+string(If)+ ' A');\n",
"\n",
"// the An analog output voltage Vo is\n",
"Vo = -If*Rf ;\n",
"disp('An analog output voltage Vo is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 100 the feedback current If is given by\n",
"b2 = 1 ;\n",
"b1 = 0 ;\n",
"b0 = 0 ;\n",
"If = (0.5*10^-3)*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 100 analog output is = '+string(If)+ ' A ');\n",
"\n",
"// the An analog output voltage Vo is\n",
"Vo = -If*Rf ;\n",
"disp('An analog output voltage Vo is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 001 the feedback current If is given by\n",
"b2 = 0 ;\n",
"b1 = 0 ;\n",
"b0 = 1 ;\n",
"If = (0.5*10^-3)*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 001 analog output is = '+string(If)+ ' A ');\n",
"\n",
"// the An analog output voltage Vo is\n",
"Vo = -If*Rf ;\n",
"disp('An analog output voltage Vo is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
""
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 11.9: determine_the_analog_output_voltage_and_feed_back_current_If.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//Example11.9  // determine the analog output voltage and feed back current If\n",
"clc;\n",
"clear;\n",
"close;\n",
"Vref = 10  ;   \n",
"BI = 1001 ;   BI = 1100 ;   BI = 1010 ; BI = 0011 ;\n",
"Rf = 50 ;  // K ohm\n",
"R = 0.4*Rf ;\n",
"\n",
"// The output voltage of given R-2R ladder D/A converter is defined as\n",
"\n",
"// Vo = -(Rf*Vref/2R)*(2^0*b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2+2^-3*b3) ;\n",
"\n",
"// Vo = -(Rf*Vref/2R)*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2+2^-3*b3) ;\n",
"\n",
"// for the given value Rf,R and Vref the output voltage\n",
"\n",
"// Vo = -12.5*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2+2^-3*b3) ;\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 1001 analog output is\n",
"b3 = 1 ;\n",
"b2 = 0 ;\n",
"b1 = 0 ;\n",
"b0 = 1 ;\n",
"Vo = -12.5*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2+2^-3*b3) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 1001 analog output is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"// the feedback current If is given by\n",
"If = -(Vo/Rf) ;\n",
"disp('the feedback current If is = '+string(If)+ ' mA ');\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 1100 analog output is\n",
"b3 = 1 ;\n",
"b2 = 1 ;\n",
"b1 = 0 ;\n",
"b0 = 0 ;\n",
"Vo = -12.5*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2+2^-3*b3) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 1100 analog output is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"// the feedback current If is given by\n",
"If = -(Vo/Rf) ;\n",
"disp('the feedback current If is = '+string(If)+ ' mA ');\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 1010 analog output is\n",
"b3 = 1 ;\n",
"b2 = 0 ;\n",
"b1 = 1 ;\n",
"b0 = 0 ;\n",
"Vo = -12.5*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2+2^-3*b3) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 1010 analog output is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"// the feedback current If is given by\n",
"If = -(Vo/Rf) ;\n",
"disp('the feedback current If is = '+string(If)+ ' mA ');\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"// for the binary input 0011 analog output is\n",
"b3 = 0 ;\n",
"b2 = 0 ;\n",
"b1 = 1 ;\n",
"b0 = 1 ;\n",
"Vo = -12.5*(b0+2^-1*b1+2^-2*b2+2^-3*b3) ;\n",
"disp('for the binary input 0011 analog output is = '+string(Vo)+ ' V ');\n",
"\n",
"// the feedback current If is given by\n",
"If = -(Vo/Rf) ;\n",
"disp('the feedback current If is = '+string(If)+ ' mA ');\n",
""
   ]
   }
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