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	   "source": [
       "# Chapter 2: Measurement Errors"
	   ]
	},
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 2.1: resistance_at_a_given_temparature.sce"
		   ]
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"//example 2-1 in page 16\n",
"clc;\n",
"//given data\n",
"Rmin=1.14;// minimum resistance 1.14 k-ohm\n",
"Rmax=1.26// maximum resistance 1.26 k-ohm\n",
"R=1.2;//stated value\n",
"dT=75-25;//change in temperature from 25 to 75 degree celsius\n",
"// calculation\n",
"ab=Rmax-R;//Absolute maximum error\n",
"abmin=Rmin-R;// Absolute minmum error\n",
"T=(ab/1.2)*100;// Tolerance\n",
"Rlarge=R+ab;//largest resistance  possible at 25 degree celsius \n",
"dR_per_C=(1.26/10^6)*500;// resistance change per degree celsius dR_per_C\n",
"dR=dR_per_C*dT;// total resistance increase\n",
"R_75=Rlarge+dR;//maximum resistance at 75 degree celsius\n",
"printf('Percentage Tolerance to be stated=+/- %d percent \n',T);\n",
"printf('Maximum resistance at 75 degree celsius=%.4f K-ohm',R_75);\n",
"//result\n",
"//Tolerance=5%\n",
"//maximum resistance at 75 degree celsius=1.2915 kohm"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 2.2: error_in_sum_voltage.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
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"source": [
"//example 2-2 in page 20\n",
"clc;\n",
"//given data\n",
"V1=100;//stated voltage one\n",
"V2=80;//stated voltage two\n",
"e1=(1/100)*V1;//absolute error of v1\n",
"e2=(5/100)*V2;//absolute error of v2\n",
"//calculation\n",
"e=e1+e2;//absolute error for the sum of the voltages\n",
"E=V1+V2;// sum voltage\n",
"emax=(e/E)*100;//maximum percentage error\n",
"printf('E=%d V +/- %.1f percent',E,emax);\n",
"//result\n",
"//E=180 V +/- 2.8 percent "
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 2.3: error_in_difference_voltage.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
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"source": [
"//example 2-2 in page 20\n",
"clc;\n",
"//given data\n",
"V1=100;//stated voltage one\n",
"V2=80;//stated voltage two\n",
"e1=(1/100)*V1;//absolute error of v1\n",
"e2=(5/100)*V2;//absolute error of v2\n",
"//calculation\n",
"e=e1+e2;//absolute error for the sum of the voltages\n",
"E=V1-V2;// difference voltage\n",
"emax=(e/E)*100;//maximum percentage error\n",
"printf('E=%d V +/- %d percent',E,emax);\n",
"//result\n",
"//E=20 V +/- 25 percent "
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 2.4: power_dissipated_and_accuracy.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
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	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//Theory problem"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 2.5: average_voltage_and_deviation.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
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"source": [
"// example 2-5 in page 25\n",
"clc;\n",
"//given data\n",
"V=[1.001 1.002 0.999 0.998 1.000];// 5 digital voltmeters reading in volts\n",
"//calculation\n",
"Vav=sum(V)/5;// average of 5 readings in volts\n",
"D=abs(V-Vav);//deviation of each reading from the average voltage\n",
"Dav=sum(D)/5;//average of deviation in volts\n",
"printf('Average measured voltage=%d V\n',Vav);\n",
"printf('Average deviation=%.4f V',Dav);\n",
"//result\n",
"//the Average measured voltage=1 V\n",
"//The Average deviation=0.0012 V"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 2.6: standard_deviation_and_probable_error.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
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	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
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"source": [
"//To determine the standard deviation and probable measurement\n",
"//example 2-6 in page 26\n",
"clc;\n",
"//given data\n",
"V=[1.001 1.002 0.999 0.998 1.000];// 5 digital voltmeters readings in matrix V in volts\n",
"//calculation\n",
"Vavg=sum(V)/5;// average of 5 readings in volts\n",
"D=abs(V-Vavg);//deviation of each reading from the average in volts\n",
"D1=D.*D;// get the square of each deviation\n",
"x=sum(D1);// sum of the squares of the deviation\n",
"sigma=sqrt(x/5);// standard deviation in volts\n",
"printf('standard deviation=%.4f V\n',sigma);\n",
"eP=0.6745*0.0014;//probable error in volts and sigma=0.0014 V\n",
"printf('probable error=%.2f mV',eP*1000);\n",
"//result\n",
"//standard deviation=0.0014 V\n",
"//propable error=0.94 V"
   ]
   }
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