{
"cells": [
 {
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
	   "metadata": {},
	   "source": [
       "# Chapter 1: Fundamental concepts and definitions"
	   ]
	},
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.02: Effort_required.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.02.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.02-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Diameter of the vessel(in m):\n",
"d=30*10^-2\n",
"//Accelertion due to gravity(in m/s^2):\n",
"g=9.78\n",
"//Atmospheric pressure(in Pa):\n",
"p=76*(10^-2)*13550*g\n",
"//Area:\n",
"a=(%pi*d^2)/4\n",
"//Effort required:\n",
"F=p*a\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Effort required= %f N',F)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.03: To_find_out_the_actual_pressure_of_air.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.03.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.03-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Difference in mercury column(in m):\n",
"h=30*10^-2\n",
"//Atmospheric Pressure(in kPa):\n",
"pa=101\n",
"//Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s^2):\n",
"g=9.78\n",
"//Guage pressure(in kPa):\n",
"gp=13550*g*h*10^-3\n",
"//Actual pressure:\n",
"ap=gp+pa\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Actual pressure of air= %f kPa',ap)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.04: To_find_out_the_guage_pressure.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.04.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.04-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Depth of tank(in m):\n",
"h=1\n",
"//Specific gravity:\n",
"s=0.8\n",
"//Density of water(in kg/m^3):\n",
"d=1000\n",
"//Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s^2):\n",
"g=9.81\n",
"//Density of oil(in kg/m3):\n",
"dO=s*d\n",
"//Gauge pressure(in kPa):\n",
"gp=dO*g*h*10^-3\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Gauge pressure=%f kPa\n\n',gp)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.05: To_find_out_the_pressure_of_the_gas.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.05.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.05-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Barometer Reading(in m):\n",
"h=76*10^-2\n",
"//Density of mercury(in kg/m^3):\n",
"d=13.6*10^3\n",
"//Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s^2):\n",
"g=9.8\n",
"//Difference of heights in gas barometer(in m):\n",
"h1=40*10^-2\n",
"//Pressure of gas(in kPa):\n",
"pg=(d*g*h1+d*g*h)*10^-3\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Pressure of gas=%f kPa\n\n',pg)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.06: To_find_out_the_change_in_temperature.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.06.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.06-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Mass of water(in kg):\n",
"m=1\n",
"//Altitude(in m):\n",
"h=1000\n",
"//Specific heat of water(in J/kg-K):\n",
"c=4.18*10^3\n",
"//Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s^2):\n",
"g=9.81\n",
"//Heat required for heating = Potential energy \n",
"Q=m*g*h\n",
"dT=Q/c\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n The change in temperature =%f degree celcius ',dT)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.07: To_find_out_the_spring_balance_reading.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.07.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.07-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Weight of object at standard gravitational acceleration(in N):\n",
"w=100\n",
"//Standard acceleration due to gravity(in m/s^2):\n",
"g=9.81\n",
"//Gravitation acceleration at given location(in m/s^2):\n",
"g1=8.5\n",
"//Mass of object(in kg):\n",
"m=w/g\n",
"//Spring balance reading(in N):\n",
"s=m*g1\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n The spring balance reading = %f N \n\n',s)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.08: To_determine_the_mass_of_the_piston.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.08.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.08-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Diameter of cylinder(in m):\n",
"dia=15*10^-2\n",
"//Manometer difference in Hg column(in m):\n",
"h=12*10^-2\n",
"//Density of mercury(in kg/m^3):\n",
"d=13.6*10^3\n",
"//Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s^2):\n",
"g=9.81\n",
"//Weight of piston(in N): pressure*area\n",
"w=h*d*g*%pi*dia^2/4\n",
"//Mass of the piston(in kg):\n",
"m=w/g\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Mass of the piston= %f kg',m)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.09: To_determine_the_pressure_of_the_steam.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.09.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.09-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Height of water column in limb AB(in m):\n",
"Hab=2*10^-2\n",
"//Height of mercury column in limb CD(in m):\n",
"Hcd=10*10^-2\n",
"//Barometer reading for atmospheric pressure(in m):\n",
"h=76*10^-2\n",
"//Density of mercury(in kg/m^3):\n",
"dm=13.6*10^3\n",
"//Density of water(in kg/m^3):\n",
"dw=1000\n",
"//Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s^2):\n",
"g=9.81\n",
"//Atmospheric pressure(in kPa):\n",
"Patm=dm*h*g*10^-3\n",
"//Pressure of water in column AB(in kPa):\n",
"Pab=dw*Hab*g*10^-3\n",
"//Pressure of mercury in column CD(in kPa):\n",
"Pcd=dm*Hcd*g*10^-3\n",
"//Pressure of steam(in kPa):\n",
"Ps=Patm+Pcd-Pab\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Pressure of steam = %f kPa',Ps)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.10: To_determine_the_absolute_pressure_in_A_and_B.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.10.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.10-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Pressure in compartment A(in kPa):\n",
"Pa=400\n",
"//Pressure in compartment B(in kPa):\n",
"Pb=150\n",
"//Reading of barometer(in m):\n",
"h=720*10^-3\n",
"//Density of mercury(in kg/m^3):\n",
"d=13.6*10^3\n",
"//Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s^2):\n",
"g=9.81\n",
"//Atmospheric pressure from barometer reading(in kPa):\n",
"Patm=d*g*h*10^-3\n",
"//Absolute pressure in compartment A(in kPa):\n",
"PaA=Pa+Patm\n",
"//Absolute pressure in compartment B(in kPa):\n",
"PaB=Pb+Patm\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Absolute pressure in compartment A=%f kPa',PaA)\n",
"printf('\n Absolute pressure in compartment B=%f kPa \n\n',PaB)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.11: To_determine_the_air_pressure.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.11.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.11-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Atmospheric pressure(in kPa):\n",
"Patm=90\n",
"//Density of water(in kg/m^3):\n",
"dw=1000\n",
"//Density of oil(in kg/m^3):\n",
"doil=850\n",
"//Density of mercury(in kg/m^3):\n",
"dm=13600\n",
"//Height of water column(in m):\n",
"h1=0.15\n",
"//Height of oil column(in m):\n",
"h2=0.25\n",
"//Height of mercury column(in m):\n",
"h3=0.40\n",
"//Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s^2):\n",
"g=9.81\n",
"//Pressure due to water column at reference line(in kPa):\n",
"Pw=dw*g*h1*10^-3\n",
"//Pressure due to oil column at reference line(in kPa):\n",
"Po=doil*g*h2*10^-3\n",
"//Pressure due to mercury column at reference line(in kPa):\n",
"Pm=dm*g*h3*10^-3\n",
"//Pressure due to air(in kPa):\n",
"Pa=Patm+Pm-Pw-Po\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Air pressure=%f kPa \n\n',Pa)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.12: To_determine_the_kinetic_energy.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.12.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.12-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Velocity of the object(in m/s):\n",
"v=750\n",
"//Gravitational force acting on the body(in N):\n",
"F=4000\n",
"//Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s^2):\n",
"g=8\n",
"//Mass of the object(in kg):\n",
"m=F/g\n",
"//Kinetic energy of the body(in J):\n",
"KE=1/2*m*v^2\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Kinetic energy = %f J \n\n',KE)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.13: To_determine_the_molecular_weight_of_the_gas.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.13.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.13-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Specific heat at constant pressure(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Cp=2.286\n",
"//Specific heat at constant volume(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Cv=1.768\n",
"//Universal gas constant(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Ru=8.314\n",
"//Gas constant(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"R=Cp-Cv\n",
"//Molecular weight of gas(in kg/K mol):\n",
"m=Ru/R\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Molecular weight of gas = %f kg/K mol',m)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.14: To_determine_the_final_temperature.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.14.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.14-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Initial pressure(in Pa):\n",
"p1=750*10^3\n",
"//Initial temperature(in K):\n",
"t1=600\n",
"//Initial volume(in m^3):\n",
"v1=0.2\n",
"//Final pressure(in Pa):\n",
"p2=2*10^5\n",
"//Final volume(in m^3):\n",
"v2=0.5\n",
"//Final temperature(in K):\n",
"t2=p2*v2*t1/(p1*v1)\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Final temperature = %f K \n\n',t2)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.15: To_find_out_mass_of_air_removed_and_volume_at_initial_states.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.15.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.15-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Initial pressure(in kPa):\n",
"p1=100\n",
"//Initial temperature(in K):\n",
"t1=300\n",
"//Initial volume(in m^3):\n",
"v1=5\n",
"//Final pressure(in kPa):\n",
"p2=50\n",
"//Final temperature(in K):\n",
"t2=280\n",
"//Final volume(in m^3):\n",
"v2=5\n",
"//Gas constant for air(in J/kg-K):\n",
"R=287//Initial pressure(in kPa):\n",
"p1=100\n",
"//Initial temperature(in K):\n",
"t1=300\n",
"//Initial volume(in m^3):\n",
"v1=5\n",
"//Final pressure(in kPa):\n",
"p2=50\n",
"//Final temperature(in K):\n",
"t2=280\n",
"//Final volume(in m^3):\n",
"v2=5\n",
"//Gas constant for air(in J/kg-K):\n",
"R=287\n",
"//Initial mass(in kg):\n",
"m1=p1*v1/(R*t1)*10^3\n",
"//Final mass(in kg):\n",
"m2=p2*v2/(R*t2)*10^3\n",
"//Mass removed(in kg):\n",
"dm=m1-m2\n",
"//Volume of this mass of air at initial states(in m^3):\n",
"V=dm*R*t1/p1\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Mass of air removed = %f kg',dm)\n",
"printf('\n Volume of air at initial states = %f m^3\n\n',V)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.16: To_determine_heat_to_be_supplied.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.16.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.16-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Diameter of the vessel(in m):\n",
"d=1\n",
"//Height of the vessel(in m):\n",
"h=4\n",
"//Volume of the vessel(in m^3):\n",
"v=%pi*d^2*h/4\n",
"//Initial pressure(in kPa):\n",
"p1=100\n",
"//Initial temperature(in K):\n",
"t1=300\n",
"//Final pressure(in kPa):\n",
"p2=125\n",
"//Cp of hydrogen(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Cp=14.307\n",
"//Cv of volume(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Cv=10.183\n",
"//Final temperature(in K):\n",
"t2=p2*t1/p1\n",
"//Gas constant for hydrogen:\n",
"R=Cp-Cv\n",
"//Mass of hydrogen(in kg):\n",
"m=p1*v/(R*t1)\n",
"//Heat supplied at const. volume(in kJ):\n",
"Q=m*Cv*(t2-t1)\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Heat to be supplied = %f kJ',Q)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.17: To_determine_the_final_pressure.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.17.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.17-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Total volume(in m^3):\n",
"v=2+2\n",
"//Mass of air in container 1(in kg):\n",
"m1=20\n",
"//Mass of air in container 2(in kg):\n",
"m2=4\n",
"//Temperature of the system(in K):\n",
"t=300\n",
"//Gas constant for air(in J/kg-K):\n",
"R=287\n",
"//Total mass after the valve is opened(in kg):\n",
"m=m1+m2\n",
"//Final pressure(in kPa):\n",
"p=m*R*t/v*10^-3\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Final pressure = %f kPa',p)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.18: To_determine_the_pressure_of_carbon_di_oxide_gas.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.18.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.18-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Mass of gas(in kg):\n",
"m=5\n",
"//Volume of the container(in m^3):\n",
"v=2\n",
"//Temperature in the container(in K):\n",
"t=300\n",
"//Universal gas constant(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"R=8.314\n",
"//Vander-Waals Constant(from table):\n",
"a=3628.5*10^2\n",
"b=3.14*10^-2\n",
"//Molecular weight of CO2:\n",
"mw=44.01\n",
"//Considering it as a perfect gas\n",
"//Gas constant for CO2(in j/kg-K):\n",
"Rp=R*10^3/mw\n",
"//Pressure of the gas(in N/m^2):\n",
"pp=m*Rp*t/v\n",
"//Considering it as a real gas:\n",
"//Molar specific volume(in m^3/kg.mol):\n",
"v1=v*mw/m\n",
"//Vanderwall eqn:\n",
"pr=R*10^3*t/(v1-b)-a/(v1^2)\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Pressure if considered perfect gas = %f N/m^2',pp)\n",
"printf('\n\n Pressure if considered real gas = %f N/m^2',pr)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.19: To_find_out_the_specific_volume.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.19.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.19-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Pressure of steam(in kPa):\n",
"p=17672\n",
"//Temperature of steam(in K):\n",
"t=712\n",
"//Critical pressure(in kPa):\n",
"Pc=22.09*10^3\n",
"//Critical temperature(in K):\n",
"Tc=647.3\n",
"//Gas constant for steam(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Rs=0.4615\n",
"//Considering perfect gas:\n",
"//Specific volume(in m^3/kg)\n",
"vp=Rs*t/p\n",
"//Considering real gas:\n",
"//Reduced pressure:\n",
"Rp=p/Pc\n",
"//Reduced temperature:\n",
"Rt=t/Tc\n",
"//Value of compressibility factor(from chart for Rp & Rt):\n",
"Z=0.785\n",
"//Specific volume(in m^3/kg):\n",
"vr=Z*vp\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Specific volume considering perfect gas = %f m^3/kg',vp)\n",
"printf('\n Specific volume considering real gas =%f m^3/kg \n\n',vr)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.1: To_find_out_the_pressure.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.01.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.01-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Manometer deflection of Mercury(in m):\n",
"h=30*10^-2\n",
"//Density of mercury(in kg/m^3)\n",
"d=13550\n",
"//Acceleration due to gravity(in m/s^2):\n",
"g=9.8\n",
"//Pressure difference(in Pa):\n",
"p=d*g*h*10^-2\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Pressure Difference= %f Pa \n\n',p)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.20: To_find_out_load_lifting_capacity.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.20.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.20-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Diameter of the balloon(in m):\n",
"d=5\n",
"//Atmospheric pressure(in N/m^2):\n",
"p=1.013*10^5\n",
"//Temperature of the surroundings(in K):\n",
"t=17+273\n",
"//Universal gas constant(in J/kg-K):\n",
"R=8.314*10^3\n",
"//Molecular weight of hydrogen:\n",
"mw=2\n",
"//Gas constant for air(in J/kg-K):\n",
"Ra=287\n",
"//Volume of the balloon(in m^3):\n",
"v=4/3*%pi*(5/2)^3\n",
"//Gas constant for H2(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Rh=R/mw\n",
"//Mass of H2 in balloon(in kg):\n",
"mh=p*v/(Rh*t)\n",
"//Volume of air displaced(in m^3):\n",
"vd=v\n",
"//Mass of air displaced(in kg):\n",
"ma=p*vd/(Ra*t)\n",
"//Load lifting capacity due to buoyant force(in kg):\n",
"L=ma-mh\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Load lifting capacity = %f \n\n',L)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.21: To_find_out_the_time_required.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.21.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.21-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Volume of vessel(in m^3):\n",
"v=20\n",
"//Rate at which air is drawn(in m^3/min):\n",
"q=0.25\n",
"//Initial pressure/final pressure (ratio):\n",
"Pr=4\n",
"//Time required(in min):\n",
"t=v/q*log(Pr)\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Time required = %f mins \n\n',t)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.22: To_determine_the_specific_heats.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.22.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.22-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Total mass of system of gas(in kg):\n",
"M=5\n",
"//Compostion of Nitrogen:\n",
"n=0.80\n",
"//Compostion of Oxygen:\n",
"o=0.18\n",
"//Composition of Carbon dioxide:\n",
"c=0.02\n",
"//Compression ratio for Oxygen:\n",
"ro=1.4\n",
"//Compression ratio for Nitrogen:\n",
"rn=1.4\n",
"//Compression ratio for Carbon dioxide:\n",
"rc=1.3\n",
"//Universal gas constant(in J/kg-K):\n",
"R=8314\n",
"//Molecular weight of Nitrogen:\n",
"mwn=28\n",
"//Molecular weight of Oxygen:\n",
"mwo=32\n",
"//Molecular weight of Carbon dioxide:\n",
"mwc=44\n",
"//Gas constant for Nitrogen(in J/kg-K):\n",
"Rn=R/mwn\n",
"//Gas constant for Oxygen(in J/kg-K):\n",
"Ro=R/mwo\n",
"//Gas constant for Carbon dioxide(in J/kg-K):\n",
"Rc=R/mwc\n",
"//Gas constant for mixture(in J/kg-K):\n",
"Rm=n*Rn+o*Ro+c*Rc\n",
"//Specific heat at constant pressure for Nitrogen(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Cpn=(rn/(rn-1))*Rn\n",
"//Specific heat at constant pressure for Oxygen(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Cpo=(ro/(ro-1))*Ro\n",
"//Specific heat at constant pressure for Carbon dioxide(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Cpc=rc/(rc-1)*Rc\n",
"//Specific heat at constant pressure for the mixture(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Cpm=n*Cpn+o*Cpo+c*Cpc\n",
"//Number of moles of Nitrogen:\n",
"nn=n*M/mwn\n",
"//Number of moles of Oxygen:\n",
"no=o*M/mwo\n",
"//Number of moles of Carbon dioxide:\n",
"nc=c*M/mwc\n",
"//Total number of moles:\n",
"nt=nn+no+nc\n",
"//Mole fraction of Nitrogen:\n",
"xn=nn/nt\n",
"//Mole fraction of Oxygen:\n",
"xo=no/nt\n",
"//Mole fraction of Carbon dioxide:\n",
"xc=nc/nt\n",
"//Molecular weight of the mixture\n",
"mwm=xn*mwn+xo*mwo+xc*mwc\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n The molecular weight of the mixture = %f kg/kmol \n\n',mwm)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.23: To_determine_partial_pressure_of_gases.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.23.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.23-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Composition of Oxygen:\n",
"o=0.18\n",
"//Composition of Nitrogen:\n",
"n=0.75\n",
"//Composition of Carbon dioxide:\n",
"c=0.07\n",
"//Pressure of mixture(in MPa):\n",
"p=0.5\n",
"//Temperature of the mixture(in K):\n",
"t=107+273\n",
"//Total mass of the mixture(in kg):\n",
"m=5\n",
"//Molecular weight of Nitrogen:\n",
"mwn=28\n",
"//Molecular weight of Oxygen:\n",
"mwo=32\n",
"//Molecular weight of Carbon dioxide:\n",
"mwc=44\n",
"//Total values of mixture(assume):\n",
"v=1\n",
"//Mole fraction of Oxygen(by volume):\n",
"xvo=o/v\n",
"//Mole fraction of Nitrogen(by volume):\n",
"xvn=n/v\n",
"//Mole fraction of Carbon dioxide(by volume):\n",
"xvc=c/v\n",
"//Molecular weight of the mixture(in kg/kmol):\n",
"mwm=xo*mwo+xn*mwn+xc*mwc\n",
"//Mole fraction of Nitrogen(by mass):\n",
"xmn=n*mwn/mwm\n",
"//Mole fraction of Oxygen(by mass):\n",
"xmo=o*mwo/mwm\n",
"//Mole fraction of Carbon dioxide(by mass):\n",
"xmc=c*mwc/mwm\n",
"//Partial pressure of Oxygen:\n",
"po=o*p\n",
"//Partial pressure of Nitrogen:\n",
"pn=n*p\n",
"//Partial pressure of Carbon dioxide:\n",
"pc=c*p\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Mole fraction of Oxygen by mass = %f ',xmo)\n",
"printf('\n Mole fraction of Nitrogen by mass = %f ',xmn)\n",
"printf('\n Mole fraction of Carbon dioxide by mass = %f ',xmc)\n",
"printf('\n\n Partial pressure of Oxygen = %f MPa',po)\n",
"printf('\n Partial pressure of Nitrogen = %f MPa',pn)\n",
"printf('\n Partial pressure of Carbon dioxide = %f MPa',pc)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.24: To_find_out_the_equilibrium_pressure_and_temperature.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.24.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.24-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Volume of gas in 1 chamber(in m^3):\n",
"V=3\n",
"//Partial pressure of Nitrogen(in kPa):\n",
"pn=800\n",
"//Partial pressure of Carbon dioxide(in kPa):\n",
"pc=400\n",
"//Temperature of Nitrogen(in K):\n",
"tn=480\n",
"//Temperature of Carbon dioxide(in K):\n",
"tc=390\n",
"//Compression ratio for Nitrogen:\n",
"rn=1.4\n",
"//Compression ratio for Carbon dioxide:\n",
"rc=1.3\n",
"//Universal gas constant(in J/kg-K):\n",
"R=8314\n",
"//Molecular weight of Nitrogen:\n",
"mwn=28\n",
"//Molecular weight of Carbon dioxide:\n",
"mwc=44\n",
"//Moles of Nitrogen:\n",
"nn=pn*V/(R*tn)\n",
"//Moles of Carbon dioxide:\n",
"nc=pc*V/(R*tc)\n",
"//Total no of moles:\n",
"nt=nn+nc\n",
"//Specific heat for Nitrogen at constant volume(in J/kg-K):\n",
"cvn=(R/mwn)/(rn-1)\n",
"//Specific heat for Carbon dioxide at constant volume(in J/kg-K):\n",
"cvc=(R/mwc)/(rc-1)\n",
"//Mass of Nitrogen(in kg):\n",
"mn=nn*mwn\n",
"//Mass of Carbon dioxide(in kg):\n",
"mc=nc*mwc\n",
"//Equilibrium temperature of the mixture(in K):\n",
"t=(mn*cvn*tn+mc*cvc*tc)/(mn*cvn+mc*cvc)\n",
"//Equilibrium pressure of the mixture(kPa):\n",
"p=nt*R*t/(V+V)\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Equilibrium temperature = %f K ',t)\n",
"printf('\n Equilibrium pressure = %f kPa',p)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.25: To_find_out_specific_heat_of_the_mixture.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.25.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.25-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Mass of hydrogen taken(in kg):\n",
"mh=2\n",
"//Mass of helium taken(in kg):\n",
"mhe=3\n",
"//Specific heat at constant pressure for hydrogen(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Ch=11.23\n",
"//Specific heat at constant pressure for helium(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Che=5.193\n",
"//Total mass of the mixture(in kg):\n",
"mt=mh+mhe\n",
"//Specific heat at constant pressure for the mixture(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Cm=(Ch*mh+Che*mhe)/mt\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Specific heat at constant pressure for the mixture = %f kJ/kg-K \n\n',Cm)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.26: To_determine_capacity_of_the_vessel.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.26.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.26-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Mass of Hydrogen(in kg):\n",
"mh=18\n",
"//Mass of Nitrogen(in kg):\n",
"mn=10\n",
"//Mass of Carbon dioxide(in kg):\n",
"mc=2\n",
"//Initial temperature(in K):\n",
"t1=27+273.15\n",
"//Final temperature(in K):\n",
"t2=2*t1\n",
"//Universal gas constant(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"R=8.314\n",
"//Molecular weight of Hydrogen:\n",
"mwh=2\n",
"//Molecular weight of Nitrogen:\n",
"mwn=28\n",
"//Molecular weight of Carbon dioxide:\n",
"mwc=44\n",
"//Initial pressure of the gases(in kPa)\n",
"p1=101.325\n",
"//Gas constant for Hydrogen(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Rh=R/mwh\n",
"//Gas constant for Nitrogen(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Rn=R/mwn\n",
"//Gas constant for Carbon dioxide(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Rc=R/mwc\n",
"//Gas constant for the mixture(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Rm=(mh*Rh+mn*Rn+mc*Rc)/(mh+mn+mc)\n",
"//Capacity of the vessel(in m^3):\n",
"V=(mh+mn+mc)*Rm*t1/p\n",
"//Final pressure of the mixture(in kPa):\n",
"p2=p1*t2/t1\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Volume of the vessel = %f m^3',V)\n",
"printf('\n Final pressure of the mixture =%f kPa',p2)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.27: To_determine_the_ratio_of_exit_to_inlet_diameter.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.27.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.27-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Temperature of entering air(in K):\n",
"t1=27+273.15\n",
"//Temperature to which it gets heated up to(in K):\n",
"t2=500\n",
"//Ratio of exit to inlet diameter:\n",
"R=sqrt(t2/t1)\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Ratio of exit to inlet diameter = %f \n\n',R)"
   ]
   }
,
{
		   "cell_type": "markdown",
		   "metadata": {},
		   "source": [
			"## Example 1.28: To_determine_the_mass_pumped_out.sce"
		   ]
		  },
  {
"cell_type": "code",
	   "execution_count": null,
	   "metadata": {
	    "collapsed": true
	   },
	   "outputs": [],
"source": [
"//pathname=get_absolute_file_path('1.28.sce')\n",
"//filename=pathname+filesep()+'1.28-data.sci'\n",
"//exec(filename)\n",
"//Volume of vessel(in m^3):\n",
"v=2\n",
"//Atmospheric pressure(in kPa):\n",
"p1=76/76*101.325\n",
"//Temperature of gas(in K):\n",
"t1=27+273.15\n",
"//Pressure difference(in kPa):\n",
"dp=70/76*101.325\n",
"//Univeresal gas constant(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"R=8.314\n",
"//Molecular weight of hydrogen:\n",
"mwh=2\n",
"//Temperature after cooling(in case 2)(in K):\n",
"t2=10+273.15\n",
"//Case 1:\n",
"//Gas constant of hydrogen(in kJ/kg-K):\n",
"Rh=R/mwh\n",
"//Final pressure of hydrogen(in kPa):\n",
"p2=p1-dp\n",
"//Mass pumped out(in kg):\n",
"m=(p1-p2)*v/(Rh*t1)\n",
"//Case 2:(temperature reduces till 10 degrees isochorically)\n",
"//Pressure after cooling(in kPa):\n",
"p3=t2/t1*p2\n",
"printf('\n\n RESULT \n\n')\n",
"printf('\n\n Mass pumped out = %f kg',m)\n",
"printf('\n Final pressure if the temperature is reduced = %f kPa',p2)"
   ]
   }
],
"metadata": {
		  "kernelspec": {
		   "display_name": "Scilab",
		   "language": "scilab",
		   "name": "scilab"
		  },
		  "language_info": {
		   "file_extension": ".sce",
		   "help_links": [
			{
			 "text": "MetaKernel Magics",
			 "url": "https://github.com/calysto/metakernel/blob/master/metakernel/magics/README.md"
			}
		   ],
		   "mimetype": "text/x-octave",
		   "name": "scilab",
		   "version": "0.7.1"
		  }
		 },
		 "nbformat": 4,
		 "nbformat_minor": 0
}