From b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: priyanka Date: Wed, 24 Jun 2015 15:03:17 +0530 Subject: initial commit / add all books --- 848/CH1/EX1.1/Example1_1.sce | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++++ 848/CH1/EX1.2/Example1_2.sce | 13 ++++++++++++ 848/CH1/EX1.4/Example1_4.sce | 13 ++++++++++++ 848/CH1/EX1.5/Example1_5.sce | 20 ++++++++++++++++++ 848/CH1/EX1.6/Example1_6.sce | 16 ++++++++++++++ 848/CH1/EX1.7/Example1_7.sce | 15 +++++++++++++ 848/CH10/EX10.1/Example10_1.sce | 14 +++++++++++++ 848/CH10/EX10.10/Example10_10.sce | 22 +++++++++++++++++++ 848/CH10/EX10.11/Example10_11.sce | 15 +++++++++++++ 848/CH10/EX10.12/Example10_12.sce | 16 ++++++++++++++ 848/CH10/EX10.2/Example10_2.sce | 14 +++++++++++++ 848/CH10/EX10.3/Example10_3.sce | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 848/CH10/EX10.5/Example10_5.sce | 17 +++++++++++++++ 848/CH10/EX10.6/Example10_6.sce | 13 ++++++++++++ 848/CH10/EX10.7/Example10_7.sce | 23 ++++++++++++++++++++ 848/CH10/EX10.8/Example10_8.sce | 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create mode 100755 848/CH8/EX8.6/Example8_6.sce create mode 100755 848/CH8/EX8.7/Example8_7.sce create mode 100755 848/CH8/EX8.8/Example8_8.sce create mode 100755 848/CH8/EX8.9/Example8_9.sce create mode 100755 848/CH9/EX9.1/Example9_1.sce create mode 100755 848/CH9/EX9.2/Example9_2.sce (limited to '848') diff --git a/848/CH1/EX1.1/Example1_1.sce b/848/CH1/EX1.1/Example1_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c89c27183 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH1/EX1.1/Example1_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to calculate time period and phase shift +//Example1.1 +//Page 8 +clear; +clc; +close; +f1 = 10^5; //f1 = 100KHz +f2 = 10^9; //f2 = 1GHz +T1 = 1/f1; +T2 = 1/f2; +phi = (1/4)*360; +phi_rad = phi/57.3; +disp(T1,'Time period of sine wave with frequency = 100 KHZ') +disp(T2,'Time period of sine wave with frequency = 1GHZ') +disp(phi,'phase shift in degrees'); +disp(phi_rad,'phase shift in radians'); +//Result +//Time period of sine wave with frequency = 100 KHZ +// 0.00001 +//Time period of sine wave with frequency = 1GHZ +// 1.000D-09 +//phase shift in degrees +// 90. +//phase shift in radians +// 1.5706806 diff --git a/848/CH1/EX1.2/Example1_2.sce b/848/CH1/EX1.2/Example1_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3bc4f0725 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH1/EX1.2/Example1_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:program to calculate bandwidth from its spectrum +//Example1.2 +//page10 +clear; +clc; +close; +fLow = 10^4; //fLOW = 10KHZ lowest frequency +fHigh = 10^5; //FHigh = Highest frequency +B = fHigh - fLow; +disp(B,'Bandwidth in Hz = ') +//Result +//Bandwidth in Hz = 90000. diff --git a/848/CH1/EX1.4/Example1_4.sce b/848/CH1/EX1.4/Example1_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7583efede --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH1/EX1.4/Example1_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Shannon Channel Capacity formula +//Example1.4 +//page 12 +clear; +clc; +close; +B = 10^6; //Bandwidth of noisy channel 10MHZ +S_N = 1; //signal-to-noise ration is 1 +C = B*log2(1+S_N); +disp(C,'The maximum capacity for this channel in bits/sec C =') +//Result +//The maximum capacity for this channel in bits/sec C = 1000000. diff --git a/848/CH1/EX1.5/Example1_5.sce b/848/CH1/EX1.5/Example1_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d79345b24 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH1/EX1.5/Example1_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Capacity of a channel using shannon's formula +//Example1.5 +//page 12 +clear; +clc; +close; +fLow = 3*(10^6); //low frequency = 3MHz +fHigh = 4*(10^6); //hihg frequency = 4MHz +S_N_dB = 20; //signal-to-noise ratio 20 dB +S_N = 10^(S_N_dB/10); +B = fHigh - fLow; +C = B*log2(1+S_N); +disp(B,'Bandwidth in Hz B = ') +disp(C,'Capacity of a channel in bits/secs C =') +disp(S_N,'signal to noise ratio S/N = ') +//Result +// Bandwidth in Hz B = 1000000. +// Capacity of a channel in bits/secs C = 6658211.5 +// signal to noise ratio S/N = 100. diff --git a/848/CH1/EX1.6/Example1_6.sce b/848/CH1/EX1.6/Example1_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f0bc2c4b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH1/EX1.6/Example1_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to calculate attenuation (or) loss os power +//Example 1.6 +//page 14 +clear; +clc; +close; +P1 =1; //one watt +P2 = P1/2; //reduced by half value +Atten_dB = 10*log10(P2/P1); +disp(Atten_dB,'Attenuation in dB = '); +power_lost = 10^(Atten_dB/10) +disp(power_lost,'The amount of power lost = '); +//Result +//Attenuation in dB = - 3.0103 +//The amount of power lost = 0.5 diff --git a/848/CH1/EX1.7/Example1_7.sce b/848/CH1/EX1.7/Example1_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0433a7b01 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH1/EX1.7/Example1_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Power gain calculation for a signal travelling from +//one point to another point +//Example 1.7 +//page 14 +clear; +clc; +close; +Loss_line1 = -9; //-9 dB +Amp_gain2 = 14; //14 dB +Loss_line3 = -3; //-3 dB +dB_at_line4 = Loss_line1+Amp_gain2+Loss_line3; +disp(dB_at_line4,'The amount of power gained by a signal travelling from point1 to point4 in dB = ') +//Result +//The amount of power gained by a signal travelling from point1 to point4 in dB = 2. diff --git a/848/CH10/EX10.1/Example10_1.sce b/848/CH10/EX10.1/Example10_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..71edd61f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH10/EX10.1/Example10_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Finding the center wavelength +//Example10.1 +//page 343 +clear; +clc; +close; +delta_v = 14e12; //optical bandwidth +Lambda = 1520; //spectral band +C = 3e08; //free space velocity +delta_Lambda = (Lambda^2)*delta_v/C; +disp(delta_Lambda*1e-09,'spectral band in nano meter') +//Result +//spectral band in nano meter = 107.81867 diff --git a/848/CH10/EX10.10/Example10_10.sce b/848/CH10/EX10.10/Example10_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f4fb0c22 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH10/EX10.10/Example10_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Phased-Array-Based-Devices:Channel spacing interms of wavelength and path-length difference +//Example10.10 +//page 372 +clear; +clc; +close; +Lambda_c = 1550e-09; //central design wavelength +nc = 1.45; //refractive index of grating array waveguide +ns = 1.45; //refractive index of teh star coupler +ng = 1.47; //group index of grating array waveguide +x = 5e-06 ; //center-to-center spacing between the input waveguides +d = 5e-06 ; //center-to-center spacing between the output waveguides +m =1; +Lf = 10e-03;//distance between transmitter and object +delta_L = m*Lambda_c/nc; +delta_Lambda = (x/Lf)*(ns*d/m)*(nc/ng); +disp(delta_L*1e06,'Waveguide length difference in um =') +disp(delta_Lambda*1e09,'Channel spacing interms of wavelength in nm=') +//Result +//Waveguide length difference in um = 1.0689655 +// Channel spacing interms of wavelength in nm = 3.5756803 diff --git a/848/CH10/EX10.11/Example10_11.sce b/848/CH10/EX10.11/Example10_11.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c938e5a8c --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH10/EX10.11/Example10_11.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Phased-Array-Based Devices:Length difference between adjacent array waveguides +//Example10.11 +//page 373 +clear; +close; +clc; +nc = 1.45; //effective refractive index +Lambda_C = 1550.5e-09; //center wavelength +delta_Lambda = 32.2e-09; //free spectral range +C = 3e08; //free space velocity in m/s +delta_L = Lambda_C^2/(nc*delta_Lambda); +disp(delta_L*1e06,'length difference between adjacent array waveguides in um =') +//Result +//length difference between adjacent array waveguides in um =51.489618 diff --git a/848/CH10/EX10.12/Example10_12.sce b/848/CH10/EX10.12/Example10_12.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..29f6b4a4e --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH10/EX10.12/Example10_12.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Maximum number of channels that can be placed in the tuning range +//Example10.12 +//page 383 +clear; +clc; +close; +Lambda = 1550e-09; //DBR laser operating wavelength +delta_neff = 0.0065; //maximum index change +delta_Lambda_tune = Lambda*delta_neff; //tuning range in meters +delta_Lambda_signal = 0.02e-09; //source spectral width in meters +delta_Lambda_channel = 10*delta_Lambda_signal; +N = delta_Lambda_tune/delta_Lambda_channel; +disp(N,'The number channels that can operate in this tuning range is N=') +//Result +//The number channels that can operate in this tuning range is N = 50.375 diff --git a/848/CH10/EX10.2/Example10_2.sce b/848/CH10/EX10.2/Example10_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..dee1df43e --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH10/EX10.2/Example10_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Finding mean frequency spacing +//Example10.2 +//page 343 +clear; +clc; +close; +C = 3e08; //free space velocity +delta_Lambda = 0.8e-09; //spectral band in meter +Lambda = 1550e-09;//wavelength in meter +delta_v = C*delta_Lambda/Lambda^2; +disp(ceil(delta_v*1e-09),'Mean Frequency spacing in GHz =') +//Result +// Mean Frequency spacing in GHz = 100. diff --git a/848/CH10/EX10.3/Example10_3.sce b/848/CH10/EX10.3/Example10_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c79c25ba7 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH10/EX10.3/Example10_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to find coupling ratio, Excess loss, Insertion loss, Return loss of 2x2 Fiber coupler +//Example10.3 +//page 348 +clear; +clc; +close; +P0 = 200e-06; //input optical power level in watts +P1 = 90e-06; //output power at port 1 +P2 = 85e-06; //output power at port 2 +P3 = 6.3e-09; //output power at port 3 +Coupling_ratio = (P2/(P1+P2))*100; +Excess_loss = 10*log10(P0/(P1+P2)); +Insertion_loss_0_1 = 10*log10(P0/P1); +Insertion_loss_0_2 = 10*log10(P0/P2); +Return_loss = 10*log10(P3/P0); +disp(Coupling_ratio,'Coupling ratio') +disp(Excess_loss,'Excess loss in dB') +disp(Insertion_loss_0_1,'Insertion loss(port 0 to port 1) in dB') +disp(Insertion_loss_0_2,'Insertion loss(port 0 to port 2) in dB') +disp(Return_loss,'Retunr loss in dB') +//Result +// Coupling ratio +// 48.571429 +// Excess loss in dB +// 0.5799195 +// Insertion loss(port 0 to port 1) in dB +// 3.4678749 +// Insertion loss(port 0 to port 2) in dB +// 3.7161107 +// Retunr loss in dB +// - 45.016894 diff --git a/848/CH10/EX10.5/Example10_5.sce b/848/CH10/EX10.5/Example10_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..fb85ead24 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH10/EX10.5/Example10_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Finding output powers at output port of 2x2 coupler +//Example10.5 +//page 350 +clear; +clc; +close; +S = sqrt(1/2)*[1,%i;%i,1];//scattering matrix +Ein = [1;0]; +Eout = S*Ein; +Pout1 = Eout(1)*conj(Eout(1)); +Pout2 = Eout(2)*conj(Eout(2)); +disp(Pout1,'Output power at port 1 Pout1 =') +disp(Pout2,'Output power at port 2 Pout2 =') +//Result +//Output power at port 1 Pout1 = 0.5 +//Output power at port 2 Pout2 = 0.5 diff --git a/848/CH10/EX10.6/Example10_6.sce b/848/CH10/EX10.6/Example10_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1ae7b156f --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH10/EX10.6/Example10_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to find waveguide length +//Example10.6 +//page 353 +clear; +clc; +close; +k = 0.6/1e-03; //coupling coefficient per milli meter +m =1; //mode=1 +L = %pi*(m+1)/(2*k); +disp(L*1e03,'Coupling Length in mm L =') +//Result +//Coupling Length in mm L = 5.2359878 diff --git a/848/CH10/EX10.7/Example10_7.sce b/848/CH10/EX10.7/Example10_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cfade345c --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH10/EX10.7/Example10_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Program to find Excess loss, Splitting loss and total loss +//Example10.7 +//page 355 +clear; +clc; +close; +Power_Lost = 5/100; +FT = 1-Power_Lost; //power coupled +N = 32; +Excess_Loss = -10*log10(FT^log2(N)); +Splitting_Loss = -10*log10(1/N); +Total_Loss = Excess_Loss+Splitting_Loss; +disp(Excess_Loss,'Excess Loss in dB') +disp(Splitting_Loss,'Splitting Loss in dB') +disp(Total_Loss,'Total Loss experienced in Star Couplers in dB') +//Result +// Excess Loss +// 1.1138197 +// Splitting Loss +// 15.0515 +// Total Loss experienced in Star Couplers +// 16.16532 diff --git a/848/CH10/EX10.8/Example10_8.sce b/848/CH10/EX10.8/Example10_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cfb6629fb --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH10/EX10.8/Example10_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to Waveguide Length difference +//Example10.8 +//Page 357 +clear; +close; +clc; +delta_Lambda = 0.08e-09; //wavelength spacing in nano meters +Lambda = 1550e-09; //wavelength in meters +neff = 1.5; //effective refractive index in the waveguide +C =3e08; //free space velocity +delta_v1 = 10e09; //frequency spacing 1 +delta_v2 = 130e09; //frequency spacing 2 +delta_L1 = C/(2*neff*delta_v1); +delta_L2 = C/(2*neff*delta_v2); +disp(delta_L1*1e03,'waveguide length difference in milli meters') +disp(delta_L2*1e03,'waveguide length difference in milli meters') +//Result +//waveguide length difference in milli meters +// 10. +//waveguide length difference in milli meters +// 0.7692308 diff --git a/848/CH10/EX10.9/Example10_9.sce b/848/CH10/EX10.9/Example10_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1af8a7876 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH10/EX10.9/Example10_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Fiber Bragg Grating: Peak Reflectivity, Coupling coefficient, full-bandwidth +//Example10.9.a +clear; +close; +clc; +kL = [1,2,3]; +Rmax = tanh(kL)^2; +//Example10.9.b +L =0.5e-02; +Lambda_Bragg = 1530e-09; +neff = 1.48; +delta_n = 2.5e-04; +etta = 82/100; +k = %pi*delta_n*etta/Lambda_Bragg; +delta_Lambda = (Lambda_Bragg^2)*(((k*L)^2+%pi^2)^0.5)/(%pi*neff*L); +disp(k/100,'Coupling coefficient per cm k =') +disp(delta_Lambda*1e09,'full bandwidth in nm =') +disp('____________________________________________') +disp('kL Rmax(%)') +disp('____________________________________________') +disp(kL,'kL') +disp(Rmax*100,'Rmax') +disp('____________________________________________') +//Result +// Coupling coefficient per cm k = 4.2093235 +// full bandwidth in nm = 0.3807652 +// ____________________________________________ +// kL Rmax(%) +// ____________________________________________ +// kL +// +// 1. 2. 3. +// Rmax +// 58.002566 92.934918 99.013396 +// ____________________________________________ diff --git a/848/CH11/EX11.1/Example11_1.sce b/848/CH11/EX11.1/Example11_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..3dcc5d303 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH11/EX11.1/Example11_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to calculate Photon density +//Example11.1 +//page 397 +clear; +clc; +close; +Vg = 2e08; //group velocity in m/s +h = 6.625e-34; //planks constant +C = 3e08; //free space velocity in m/s +Lamda = 1550e-09;//operating wavelength +V = C/Lamda; //frequency in Hz +w = 5e-06; //width of optical amplifier in meters +d = 0.5e-06; //thickness of optical amplifier in meters +Ps = 1e-06; //optical signal of power +Nph = Ps/(Vg*h*V*w*d); +disp(Nph,'The photon density in photons/cubic meter is Nph = ') +//Result +//The photon density in photons/cubic meter is Nph = 1.560D+16 diff --git a/848/CH11/EX11.10/Example11_10.sce b/848/CH11/EX11.10/Example11_10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9d047bd02 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH11/EX11.10/Example11_10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Upper bound on input optical signal power +//Example11.10 +//page 415 +clear; +clc; +close; +etta = 0.65; //Quantum efficiency +nsp = 2; // population inversion between two levels +R =50; //load resistance inohms +Lambda = 1550e-09; //operating wavelength in meters +T = 300; //room temperature in kelvins +kB = 1.38054e-23; //boltzmann's constant +h = 6.6256e-34; //plank's constant +C = 3e08; //free space velocity in m/s +V = C/Lambda; //frequency in Hz +q = 1.602e-19; //charge in columbs +Ps_in = kB*T*h*V/(R*nsp*(etta^2)*(q^2)); +disp(Ps_in*1e06,'Upper bound on input optical signal power in micro watts Ps_in=') +//Result +//Upper bound on input optical signal power in micro watts Ps_in = 489.81635 diff --git a/848/CH11/EX11.2/Example11_2.sce b/848/CH11/EX11.2/Example11_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2c9be1153 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH11/EX11.2/Example11_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Pumping rate and zero-signal gain +//Example11.2(a) and (b) +//page 397 +clear; +clc; +close; +I = 100e-03; //bias current in Amps +w = 3e-06; //active area width in meters +L = 500e-06; //amplifier lenght in meters +d = 0.3e-06; //active area thickness in meters +q = 1.602e-19; //charge in coulombs +Rp = I/(q*d*w*L); +disp(Rp,'The pumping rate in electrons/s.cubicmeter is Rp =') +Tuo = 0.3; //the confinement factor +a = 2e-20; //gain coefficient in square meter +J = I/(w*L); //bias current density in Amp/squre meter +nth = 1e24; //threshold density per cubic meter +Tuor = 1e-09; //Time constant in seconds +g0 = Tuo*a*Tuor*((J/(q*d))-(nth/Tuor)) +disp(g0/100,'The zero-signal gain per cm is g0 = ') +//Result +// The pumping rate in electrons/s.cubicmeter is Rp = 1.387D+33 +// The zero-signal gain per cm is g0 = 23.229297 diff --git a/848/CH11/EX11.3/Example11_3.sce b/848/CH11/EX11.3/Example11_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..65992215b --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH11/EX11.3/Example11_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Maximum input power and maxmimum output power +//Example 11.3 +//page 404 +clear; +clc; +close; +Lambda_p = 980e-09; //pump wavelength +Lambda_s = 1550e-09; //signal wavelength +Pp_in = 30e-03; //input pump power in watts +G = 10^(20/10); //gain +Ps_in = (Lambda_p/Lambda_s)*Pp_in/(G-1) +disp(Ps_in*1e06,'The maximum input power in uW is Ps_in =') +Ps_out = Ps_in+(Lambda_p/Lambda_s)*Pp_in; +disp(Ps_out*1e03,'The maximum output power in mW is Ps_out =') +disp(10*log10(Ps_out*1e03),'The maximum output power in dBm is Ps_out =') +//Result +//The maximum input power in uW is Ps_in = 191.59335 +//The maximum output power in mW is Ps_out = 19.159335 +//The maximum output power in dBm is Ps_out = 12.823804 diff --git a/848/CH11/EX11.6/Example11_6.sce b/848/CH11/EX11.6/Example11_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a3fbe484f --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH11/EX11.6/Example11_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Optical Signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) +//Example11.6 +//page 412 +clear; +close; +clc; +Q = 6; //Q factor of 6 +OSNR = (1/2)*Q*(Q+sqrt(2)); +disp(10*log10(OSNR),'Optical Signal-to-noise ratio in dB OSNR =') +//Result +//Optical Signal-to-noise ratio in dB OSNR = 13.471863 diff --git a/848/CH11/EX11.7/Example8_7.sce b/848/CH11/EX11.7/Example8_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c54b4199a --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH11/EX11.7/Example8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Program to find CRC(Cyclic Redundancy Check) +//Example8.7 +//page 308 +clear; +clc; +close; +x = poly(0,'x'); +m = [1,1,1,1,0]; +G = x^7+x^6+x^5+x^4+0+0+0+0; +D = x^3+0+x+1; +[R,Q] = pdiv(G,D) +R = coeff(R); +Q = coeff(Q); +R = abs(modulo(R,2)); +Q = abs(modulo(Q,2)); +disp(R,'Remainder R =') +disp(Q,'Quotient Q =') +disp([m R],'CRC for the given information CRC =') +//Result +//Remainder R = +// 1. 0. 1. +//Quotient Q = +// 1. 1. 0. 1. 1. +//CRC for the given information CRC = +// 1. 1. 1. 1. 0. 1. 0. 1. diff --git a/848/CH11/EX11.8/Example11_8.sce b/848/CH11/EX11.8/Example11_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d873d3cc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH11/EX11.8/Example11_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: OSNR for different ASE noise level +//Example11.8 +//page 413 +clear; +clc; +close; +P_ASE1 = -22; //ASE level in dBm +P_ASE2 = -16; //ASE level in dBm +Pout = 6; //amplified signal level in dBm +OSNR1 = Pout - P_ASE1; //Optical SNR in dBm +OSNR2 = Pout - P_ASE2; //Optical SNR in dBm +disp(OSNR1,'Optical SNR in dBm OSNR =') +disp(OSNR2,'Optical SNR in dBm OSNR =') +//Result +//Optical SNR in dBm OSNR = 28. +//Optical SNR in dBm OSNR = 22. diff --git a/848/CH11/EX11.9/Example11_9.sce b/848/CH11/EX11.9/Example11_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cee8c80a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH11/EX11.9/Example11_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Noise penalty factor +//Example11.9 +//page 414 +clear; +clc; +close; +G =[10^(30/10),10^(20/10)]; //Amplifier Gain +for i = 1:length(G) + Fpath(i) = (1/G(i))*((G(i)-1)/log(G(i)))^2; + disp(10*log10(Fpath(i)),'Noise penalty factor in dB Fpath ='); + disp(G(i),'for a gain of G ='); +end +//Result +// Noise penalty factor in dB Fpath = 13.204571 +// for a gain of G = 1000. +// Noise penalty factor in dB Fpath = 6.6477902 +// for a gain of G = 100. diff --git a/848/CH12/EX12.1/Example12_1.sce b/848/CH12/EX12.1/Example12_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..67bdbf857 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH12/EX12.1/Example12_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Effective length of fiber +//Example12.1 +//page 432 +clear; +clc; +close; +L = 75;//amplifier spcaing in kilometer +alpha = 4.61e-02; //fiber attenuation per Km +Leff = (1-exp(-alpha*L))/alpha; +disp(Leff,'Effective length of fiber in kilo meters Leff =') +//Result +//Effective length of fiber in kilo meters Leff = 21.008494 diff --git a/848/CH12/EX12.2/Example12_2.sce b/848/CH12/EX12.2/Example12_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f91ffe826 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH12/EX12.2/Example12_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Calculation of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering(SBS) threshold power +//Example12.2 +//page 433 +clear; +clc; +close; +delta_VB = 20e06; //Brillouin linewidth in Hz +Aeff = 55e-12; //effective cross-sectional area of the propagating wave in square meter +Leff = 20e03; //effective length +b = 2;//polarization factor +gB = 4e-11;//Brillous gain coefficient m/W +delta_Vsource = 40e06; //optical source linewidth in Hz +Pth = 21*(Aeff*b/(gB*Leff))*(1+(delta_Vsource/delta_VB)); +disp(Pth*1e03,'SBS threshold power in milli watts Pth=') +//Result +//SBS threshold power in milli watts Pth= 8.6625 diff --git a/848/CH12/EX12.3/Example12_3.sce b/848/CH12/EX12.3/Example12_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6b40d9ddd --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH12/EX12.3/Example12_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Four-wave mixing-calculation of power generated due to the +//interaction of signals at different frequencies +//Example12.3 +//page 438 +clear; +clc; +close; +chi1111 = 6e-15;//Third order nonlinear suceptibility cubicmeter/W.s +D =3; //degenerating factor +Leff = 22e03;//effective length in meters +Aeff = 6.4e-11;//effective cross-sectional area of the fiber in square meter +etta = 0.05;//quantum efficiency +Lambda = 1540e-09; //Wavelength in single mode fibers in meter +C = 3e08; //free space velocity in m/sec +alpha =0.0461; //atttenuation per Km +L =75; //fiber link length in Km +P = 1e-03; //each channel input power of 1 milli watts +n = 1.48; //refractive index +k = ((32*(%pi^3)*chi1111)/((n^2)*Lambda*C))*(Leff/Aeff); //nonlinear interaction constant +P112 = etta*(D^2)*(k^2)*(P^3)*exp(-alpha*L); +disp(P112*1e03,'Power generated due to interaction of signals at different freq. in milli watts P112=') +//Result +// Power generated due to interaction of signals at different freq. in milli watts P112= // 5.798D-08 diff --git a/848/CH12/EX12.4/Example12_4.sce b/848/CH12/EX12.4/Example12_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..e71d977a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH12/EX12.4/Example12_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Full-width Half-Maximum(FWHM) soliton pulse normalized time +//Example12.4 +//page 446 +clear; +clc; +close; +Ts = [15e-12,50e-12]; //FWHM soliton pulse width +To = Ts/1.7627; +disp(To*1e12,'Normalized time for FWHM soliton pulse in pico seconds To =') +//Result +//Normalized time for FWHM soliton pulse in pico seconds To = [8.5096727 28.365576] diff --git a/848/CH12/EX12.5/Example12_5.sce b/848/CH12/EX12.5/Example12_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ea64235cd --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH12/EX12.5/Example12_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Calculation of normalized distance parameter for dispersion shifted fiber +//Example12.5 +//page 446 +clear; +clc; +close; +Ts = 20e-12; //FWHM soliton pulse width in seconds +D = 0.5e-06; //dispersion of the fiber ps/(nm.km) +Lambda = 1550e-9;//wavelength in meter +C = 3e08;//free space velocity in m/s +Ldisp = 0.322*2*%pi*C*(Ts^2)/((Lambda^2)*D); +disp(Ldisp/1000,'dispersion length in Km Ldisp =') +//Result +//dispersion length in Km Ldisp = 202.10804 diff --git a/848/CH12/EX12.6/Example12_6.sce b/848/CH12/EX12.6/Example12_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..479f247bf --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH12/EX12.6/Example12_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Program to calculate soliton peak power +//Example12.6 +//page 447 +clear; +clc; +close; +Lambda = 1550e-9; //wavelength in meters +n2 = 2.6e-20; //power in square meter/w +Aeff = 50e-12; //effective area in square meter +Ldisp = 202e03; //dispersion length in meters +Ppeak = (Aeff/(2*%pi*n2))*(Lambda/Ldisp); +disp(Ppeak*1e03,'Soliton peak power in milli watts Ppeak =') +//Result +//Soliton peak power in milli watts Ppeak = 2.3485354 diff --git a/848/CH12/EX12.7/Example12_7.sce b/848/CH12/EX12.7/Example12_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d1d87938e --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH12/EX12.7/Example12_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:FWHM soliton pulse width and fraction of bit slot occupied by a soliton +//Example12.7 +//page 448 +clear; +clc; +close; +//Example12.7.a +Ldisp = 100e03; //disperison length in meter +omega = 4682; //oscillation period +LI = omega*Ldisp; +disp(LI,'interaction distance in meter LI=') +//Example12.7.b +D = 0.5e-06; //disperison of fiber in ps/nm.km +C = 3e08;//free space velocity +S0 = 8;//normalized separation of neighnoring solitons +B = 10e09; //data rate 10 Gb/sec +Lambda = 1550e-9; //wavelength in meters +Beta2 = (Lambda/(2*%pi)); +LT = (C*exp(S0))/(16*D*B^2*(Beta2^2)*(S0^2)); +disp(LT*1e03,'Total transmission distance in Km LT =') +//Example12.7.c +Ts = 0.881/(S0*B); +disp(Ts*1e12,'FWHM soliton pulse width in pico seconds Ts =') +//Example12.7.d +Ts_TB = 0.881/S0; +disp(Ts_TB*100,'Fraction of the bit slot occupied by a soliton in percentage Ts_TB=') +//Result +//interaction distance in meter LI = 4.682D+08 +//Total transmission distance in Km LT = 2.870D+11 +//FWHM soliton pulse width in pico seconds Ts = 11.0125 +//Fraction of the bit slot occupied by a soliton in percentage Ts_TB = 11.0125 diff --git a/848/CH13/EX13.1/Example13_1.sce b/848/CH13/EX13.1/Example13_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d932eb5b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH13/EX13.1/Example13_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Calculation of power budget for optical link +//Example13.1 +//page 464 +clear; +clc; +close; +N = [5,10,50]; //number stations +alpha = 0.4;//attenuation in dB/Km +L_tap = 10;// coupling loss in dB +L_thru = 0.9;// coupler throughput in dB +Li = 0.5;//Intrinsic coupler loss in dB +Lc = 1.0; // coupler-to-fiber loss in dB +L = 0.5; //link length in Km +fiber_Loss = alpha*L; //fiber loss in dB +Pbudget = N*(alpha*L+2*Lc+Li+L_thru)-alpha*L-2*L_thru+2*L_tap; +disp(fiber_Loss,'fiber loss in dB for L =500 m') +disp(Pbudget,'power budget in dB for optical link when N = 5,10 and 50 stations respectively =') +//Result +//fiber loss in dB for L =500 m +// 0.2 +//power budget in dB for optical link when N = 5,10 and 50 stations respectively = +// 36. 54. 198. diff --git a/848/CH13/EX13.2/Example13_2.sce b/848/CH13/EX13.2/Example13_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7d2fb1bc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH13/EX13.2/Example13_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Calculation of Number stations for given loss +//Example13.2 +//page 465 +clear; +clc; +close; +alpha = 0.4; //attenuation in dB/Km +L_tap = 10; // coupling loss in dB +L_thru = 0.9; // coupler throughput in dB +Li = 0.5; //Intrinsic coupler loss in dB +Lc = 1.0; // coupler-to-fiber loss in dB +L = 0.5; //link length in Km +Pbudget_LED = 38; // power loss between source and receiver in dB for LED source +Pbudget_LASER = 51;//power loss between source and receiver in dB for LASER source +N_LED = (Pbudget_LED+alpha*L-2*L_thru-2*L_tap)/(alpha*L+2*Lc+Li+L_thru) +N_LASER = (Pbudget_LASER+alpha*L-2*L_thru-2*L_tap)/(alpha*L+2*Lc+Li+L_thru) +disp(ceil(N_LED),'Number of stations allowed for given loss of 38 dB with LED source') +disp(floor(N_LASER),'Number of stations allowed for given loss of 51 dB with LASER source') +//Result +//Number of stations allowed for given loss of 38 dB with LED source +// 5. +//Number of stations allowed for given loss of 51 dB with LASER source +// 8. diff --git a/848/CH13/EX13.3/Example13_3.sce b/848/CH13/EX13.3/Example13_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..84c221213 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH13/EX13.3/Example13_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Calculation of worst case Dynamic Range +//Example13.3 +//page 465 +clear; +clc; +close; +N = [5,10] ;//number of stations +alpha = 0.4;//attenuation in dB/Km +L = 0.5; //link length in Km +Lc = 1.0; // coupler-to-fiber loss in dB +L_thru = 0.9;// coupler throughput in dB +Li = 0.5;//Intrinsic coupler loss in dB +DR = (N-2)*(alpha*L+2*Lc+Li+L_thru); +disp(DR,'worst-case dyanmic range in dB for N =5 and 10 respectively DR =') +//Result +//worst-case dyanmic range in dB for N =5 and 10 respectively DR = +// 10.8 28.8 + diff --git a/848/CH13/EX13.4/Example13_4.sce b/848/CH13/EX13.4/Example13_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6d513abd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH13/EX13.4/Example13_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Calculation of power margin between transmitter and receiver for Star architectures +//Example13.4 +//page 466 +clear; +close; +clc; +N = [10,50]; //number of stations +alpha = 0.4; //attenuation in dB/Km +L = 0.5 ;//distance in Km +Lexcess = [0.75,1.25]; //excess loss in dB for N =10 and 50 +Lc = 1.0; //connector loss in dB +Ps_Pr(1) = Lexcess(1)+alpha*2*L+2*Lc+10*log10(N(1)); +Ps_Pr(2) = Lexcess(2)+alpha*2*L+2*Lc+10*log10(N(2)); +disp(Ps_Pr(1),'The power margin in dB between the transmitter and receiver for N=10 is Ps-Pr =') +disp(Ps_Pr(2),'The power margin in dB between the transmitter and receiver for N=50 is Ps-Pr =') +//Result +//The power margin in dB between the transmitter and receiver for N=10 is Ps-Pr = 13.15 +//The power margin in dB between the transmitter and receiver for N=50 is Ps-Pr = 20.6397 diff --git a/848/CH13/EX13.5/Example13_5.sce b/848/CH13/EX13.5/Example13_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..177268f79 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH13/EX13.5/Example13_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Determination of maximum length of multimode fiber link +//Example13.5 +//page 477 +clear; +clc; +close; +L_OM2 = 40; //length of OM2 fiber +L_OM3 = 100; //length of OM3 fiber +BW_OM2 = 500e06;//bandwidth of OM2 fiber +BW_OM3 = 2000e06; //bandwidth of OM3 fiber +Lmax = L_OM2*(BW_OM3/BW_OM2)+L_OM3; +disp(Lmax,'The maximum link length in meter is Lmax =') +//Result +//The maximum link length in meter is Lmax = 260. diff --git a/848/CH14/EX14.10/Figure14__10.sce b/848/CH14/EX14.10/Figure14__10.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..872487a34 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH14/EX14.10/Figure14__10.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Performance Measurement and Monitoring +//Figure:14.10 Plotting pulse shape of gaussian distribution +//and determining 3-dB optical and electrical bandwidth +clear; +close; +clc; +sigma = 1; +t = -3*sigma:0.01:3*sigma; +p = (1/(sigma*sqrt(2*%pi)))*exp(-t^2./(2*sigma^2)); +fdB_optical = 0.187/sigma; +fdB_electrical = 0.133/sigma; +disp(fdB_optical,'fdB_optical') +disp(fdB_electrical,'fdB_electrical') +plot(t,p,'r') +xlabel('Time t') +ylabel('Relative pulse amplitude P(t)') +title('Figure:14.10 Definitions of pulse-shape parameters') +xgrid(1) +//Result +//fdB_optical = 0.187 +//fdB_electrical = 0.133 diff --git a/848/CH2/EX2.1/Example2_1.sce b/848/CH2/EX2.1/Example2_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5085ded6c --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH2/EX2.1/Example2_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Critical Angle of incidence +//Example 2.1 +//page 37 +clear; +close; +clc; +n1 = 1.48; +n2 = 1.00; +phic = asin(n2/n1); +disp(phic*57.3,'Total Interflection reflection angle:critical angle of incidence in degrees') +//Result +//Total Interflection reflection angle:critical angle of incidence 42.509773 diff --git a/848/CH2/EX2.2/Example2_2.sce b/848/CH2/EX2.2/Example2_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..7aec8eb47 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH2/EX2.2/Example2_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Finding Critical angle, numerical aperture, acceptance angle +//Example 2.2 +//page 45 +clear; +close; +clc; +n1 = 1.48; //core refractive index +n2 = 1.46; //cladding index +phic = asin(n2/n1)*57.3; +NA = sqrt(n1^2 - n2^2); +phi0 = asin(NA)*57.3; +disp(phic,'Critical anlge') +disp(NA,'numerical aperture') +disp(phi0,'acceptance angel in air') +//Result +//Critical anlge +// 80.575927 +//numerical aperture +// 0.2424871 +//acceptance angel in air +// 14.034412 diff --git a/848/CH2/EX2.3/Example2_3.sce b/848/CH2/EX2.3/Example2_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0cc79598c --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH2/EX2.3/Example2_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to Calculate NORMALIZED FREQUENCY 'V' and Numerical Aperture +//Example2.3 +//Page 58 +clear; +close; +clc; +a = 25e-06; +Lambda =1300e-09; +V = 26.6; +Numerical_Aperture = V*Lambda/(2*%pi*a) +disp(Numerical_Aperture,"Numerical Aperture is"); +disp(M = (V^2)/2,'Total number of modes M entering the fiber is:') +//Result +// Numerical Aperture is: 0.2201431 +// Total number of modes M entering the fiber is: 353.78 diff --git a/848/CH2/EX2.4/Example2_4.sce b/848/CH2/EX2.4/Example2_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..82f0cff04 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH2/EX2.4/Example2_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Power flow in the core and cladding of step-index fiber +//Example 2.4 +//page 62 +clear; +close; +clc; +V = [22,39]; +M =V^2/2; +Pcladd_P = (4/3)*(M.^(-0.5)); +Pcore_P = 1- Pcladd_P; +disp(M,'Total number of modes') +disp(Pcladd_P*100,'Percentage of power propagates in the cladding') +//Result +// Total number of modes +// 242. 760.5 +// Percentage of power propagates in the cladding +// 8.5709913 4.8349182 diff --git a/848/CH2/EX2.5/Example2_5.sce b/848/CH2/EX2.5/Example2_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..5405379f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH2/EX2.5/Example2_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Program to calculate Fiber Birefringence BETA_f +//Example2.5 +//page 65 +clear; +close; +clc; +Lambda = input('Enter the wavelength of Optical Signal'); +Lp = input('Beat Length'); +BETA_f_FORMULA1 = 2*%pi/Lp; +disp(BETA_f_FORMULA1,"The fiber birefriengence using formula 1"); +BETA_f_FORMULA2 = Lambda/Lp; +disp(BETA_f_FORMULA2,"The fiber birefriengence using formula 2"); +//Result +//Enter the wavelength of Optical Signal 1300e-09 +//Beat Length 8e-02 +//The fiber birefriengence using formula 1 78.539816 +//The fiber birefriengence using formula 2 0.0000162 diff --git a/848/CH3/EX3.1/Example3_1.sce b/848/CH3/EX3.1/Example3_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1325273a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH3/EX3.1/Example3_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to Find Attenuation in dB/km +//Example3.1 +//page 91 +clear; +clc; +z = [1 2]; //diatances are in kilometer +alpha_in_dB_per_km = 3; +r = (alpha_in_dB_per_km*z)/10; +P0_Pz = (10^r); +for i = 1:length(P0_Pz) + Pz_P0(i) = 1-(1/P0_Pz(i)) ; +end +disp(Pz_P0*100,'Optical signal power decreased by in percentage') +//RESULT +//Optical signal power decreased by in percentage +// 49.881277 +// 74.881136 diff --git a/848/CH3/EX3.2/Example3_2.sce b/848/CH3/EX3.2/Example3_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..bfb8a1d2c --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH3/EX3.2/Example3_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: To Calculate input and output power in dBm +//Example3.2 +//page 91 +clear; +close; +clc; +Pin = 200e-06; //power launched into the fiber +alpha = 0.4; //attenuation in dB per KM +z = 30; //optical fiber length 30 KM +Pin_dBm = 10*log10(Pin/1e-03); +Pout_dBm = 10*log10(Pin/1e-03)-alpha*z; +Pout = 10^(Pout_dBm/10) +disp(Pin_dBm,'Pin_dBm') +disp(Pout_dBm,'Pout_dBm') +disp(Pout*1e-03,'Output power in watts') +//Result +//Pin_dBm = - 6.9897 +//Pout_dBm = - 18.9897 +//Output power in watts = 0.0000126 diff --git a/848/CH3/EX3.3/Example3_3.sce b/848/CH3/EX3.3/Example3_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..b0804f7fc --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH3/EX3.3/Example3_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Rayleigh scattering loss +//Example3.3 +//page97 +clear; +close; +clc; +alpha_0 = 1.64; //attenuation at Lambda_0 in dB/KM +Lambda_0 = 850e-09;// wavelength 850 nanometer +Lambda = 1310e-09; //wavelength 1350 nanometer +alpha_Lambda = alpha_0*((Lambda_0/Lambda)^4); +disp(alpha_Lambda,'Rayleigh scattering loss alpha(Lambda) = ') +//Result +//Rayleigh scattering loss alpha(Lambda) = 0.2906929 diff --git a/848/CH3/EX3.4/Example3_4.sce b/848/CH3/EX3.4/Example3_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..0813895d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH3/EX3.4/Example3_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to calculate percent in decrease of number of modes +//Example 3.4 +//page 99 +clear; +clc; +alpha = 2; //graded index profile +n2 = 1.5; //cladding +Lamda = 1.3e-06; //wavelength +R = 0.01; //bend radius of curvature +a = 25e-06;// core radius +delta = 0.01; //core-cladding index profile +k = 4.83e06; //propagation constant +disp(k,'k = ') +part1 = (2*a/R)+floor((3/(2*n2*k*R))^(2/3)); +part2 = (alpha+2)/(2*alpha*delta); +Neff_Ninf = 1-part1*part2; +disp('number of modes decreased by') +disp('Percent in graded-index fiber',Neff_Ninf*100) +//RESULTS +//number of modes decreased by 50 Percent in graded-index fiber diff --git a/848/CH3/EX3.5/Example3_5.sce b/848/CH3/EX3.5/Example3_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8944c2812 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH3/EX3.5/Example3_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Calculation of pulse broadening +//Example3.5 +//page 103 +clear; +clc; +close; +C = 3e08; //free space velocity in metre/sec +n1 = 1.48;//core refractive index +n2 = 1.465;//cladding refractive index +delta = 0.01; //index difference +L = 10^3;//fiber length 10KM +deltaT = (L*(n1^2)/(C*n2))*delta; +disp((deltaT/L)*10^12,'pulse broadening in ns/KM') +//Result +//pulse broadening in ns/KM = 49.838453 diff --git a/848/CH3/EX3.6/Example3_6.sce b/848/CH3/EX3.6/Example3_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..63f1b9b2b --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH3/EX3.6/Example3_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Calculation of bandwidth distance +//Example3.6 +//page 104 +clear; +clc; +close; +n1 = 1.48;//core refractive index +n2 = 1.465;//claddinig refractive index +delta = 0.01;//index difference +C =3*(10^8); //free space velcotiy +BL = (n2/(n1^2))*(C/delta); +disp(BL,'Bandwidth distance in bPS-M') +disp(BL/10^9,'Bandwidth distance in MbPS-KM') +//Result +//Bandwidth distance in bPS-M +// 2.006D+10 +//Bandwidth distance in MbPS-KM +// 20.064828 diff --git a/848/CH3/EX3.7/Example3_7.sce b/848/CH3/EX3.7/Example3_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..1a34c568f --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH3/EX3.7/Example3_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to Find out the Material Dispersion +//Example3.7 +//page107 +clear; +clc; +Lamda = 800e-09;//Wavelength in meter +sigma_Lamda_LED = 40e-09;//spectral width in meters +pulse_spread = 4.4e-12;//pulse spread in sec/meter +mat_dispersion = pulse_spread/sigma_Lamda_LED +disp(mat_dispersion,'material dispersion in seconds/square meter') +//Result +//material dispersion in seconds/square meter 0.00011 diff --git a/848/CH3/EX3.8/Example3_8.sce b/848/CH3/EX3.8/Example3_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f54f7c0d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH3/EX3.8/Example3_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to Find out Waveguide Dispersion +//Example3.8 +//page110 +clear; +clc; +n2 = 1.48; //index of cladding +delta = 0.002; //index difference +Lamda = 1320e-09; //Wavelength in meters +V_dVb_dV = 0.26; //The value in square brackets for v = 2.4 +C =3e08;//Enter the velocity of light in free space +Dwg_Lamda = -(((n2*delta)/C)*(1/Lamda))*V_dVb_dV +disp(Dwg_Lamda*1e06,'The waveguide dispersion in ps/nm.km'); +//RESULTS +//The waveguide dispersion in ps/nm.km = - 1.9434343 diff --git a/848/CH4/EX4.1/Example4_1.sce b/848/CH4/EX4.1/Example4_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f5b871a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH4/EX4.1/Example4_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Program to find intrinsic carrier concentration +//Example4.1 +//page136 +clear; +close; +clc; +m = 9.11e-31; //Electron rest mass in kg +me = 0.068*m; //Effective electron mass kg +mh = 0.56*m; //Effective hole mass in kg +Eg = 1.42*1.60218e-19;//band-gap energy in volts +kB = 1.38054e-23;//Boltzma's constant +T = 300; //room temperature in kelvin +h = 6.6256e-34;//Planck's constant +K = 2*((2*%pi*kB*T/(h^2))^1.5)*((me*mh)^0.75);//characteristic constant of material +ni = K*%e^(-Eg/(2*kB*T)); +disp(ni,'intrinsic carrier concentration in cubic meter') +//Result +//intrinsic carrier concentration in cube meter 2.551D+12 diff --git a/848/CH4/EX4.3/Example4_3.sce b/848/CH4/EX4.3/Example4_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..f1ddc04d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH4/EX4.3/Example4_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Finding Enegy gap and Wavelength +//Example4.3 +//page146 +clear; +close; +clc; +x =0.07;// compositional parameter of GaAlAs +Eg = 1.424+1.266*x+0.266*x^2; +Lamda = 1.240/Eg; +disp(Eg,'Band Energy gap in ev') +disp(Lamda,'Wavelength in micro meters') +//Result +// Band Energy gap in ev 1.5139234 +// Wavelength in micro meters 0.8190639 + diff --git a/848/CH4/EX4.4/Example4_4.sce b/848/CH4/EX4.4/Example4_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..457e8a4e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH4/EX4.4/Example4_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Finding Enegy gap and Wavelength +//Example4.4 +//page146 +clear; +close; +clc; +y =0.57;// compositional parameter of InGaAsP +Eg = 1.35-0.72*y+0.12*(y^2); +Lamda = 1.240/Eg; +disp(Eg,'Band Energy gap in ev') +disp(Lamda,'Wavelength in micro meters') +//Result +// Band Energy gap in ev 0.978588 +// Wavelength in micro meters 1.2671318 diff --git a/848/CH4/EX4.5/Example4_5.sce b/848/CH4/EX4.5/Example4_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..4bfee7ad2 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH4/EX4.5/Example4_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//clear// +//Caption :To find out the Internal Quantum Efficiency and Internal Power level of LED source +//Example4.5 +//page149 +clear; +clc; +tuo_r = 30e-09;//radiative recombination in seconds +tuo_nr =100e-09;//non-radiative recombination in seconds +Etta_internal = 1/(1+(tuo_r/tuo_nr));//internal quantum efficiency +h = 6.6256e-34; //Plank's constant +C = 3e08; //velocity in m/sec +q = 1.602e-19; //electron charge in coulombs +I = 40e-03;//drive current in Amps +Lamda = 1310e-09;// peak wavelength of InGaAsP LED +Pinternal = (Etta_internal*((h*C)/q))*(I/Lamda);//internal power level +disp(Pinternal,'THE INTERNAL POWER GENRATED WITH IN LED SOURCE IN WATTS IS'); +disp(Etta_internal,'The internal Quantum efficiency for the given radiative and non-radiative recombination time is'); +disp(Etta_internal*100,'Internal Quantum Efficiency in Percentage'); +//RESULT +//THE INTERNAL POWER GENRATED WITH IN LED SOURCE IN WATTS IS +//0.0291427 +//The internal Quantum efficiency for the given radiative and non-radiative recombination time is 0.7692308 +//Internal Quantum Efficiency in Percentage +// 76.923077 diff --git a/848/CH4/EX4.6/Example4_6.sce b/848/CH4/EX4.6/Example4_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..2a1a27a4a --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH4/EX4.6/Example4_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: External Quantum Efficiency in percentage +//Example 4.6 +//page151 +clear; +close; +clc; +n = 3.5; //refractive index of an LED +Etta_External = 1/(n*(n+1)^2); +disp(Etta_External*100,'External Efficiency in percentage') +//Result +//External Efficiency in percentage 1.4109347 diff --git a/848/CH4/EX4.7/Example4_7.sce b/848/CH4/EX4.7/Example4_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c18c4de7c --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH4/EX4.7/Example4_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to find Lasing Threshold gain +//Example4.7 +//page156 +clear; +clc; +L = 500e-06; //Laser diode length in meters +R1 = 0.32//reflection coefficient value of one end; +R2 = 0.32//reflection coefficient value of another end; +alpha_bar =10/1e-02; //absorption coefficient; +alpha_end = (1/(2*L))*log(1/(R1*R2));//mirror loss in the lasing cavity +alpha_threshold = alpha_bar+alpha_end;//total loss +disp(alpha_threshold,"The Threshold Gain per metre") +alpha_threshold_cm = alpha_threshold/100 +disp(alpha_threshold_cm ,"The Threshold Gain per centimetre"); +//Result +//The Threshold Gain per metre 3278.8686 +//The Threshold Gain per centimetre 32.788686 diff --git a/848/CH4/EX4.8/Example4_8.sce b/848/CH4/EX4.8/Example4_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d3921171a --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH4/EX4.8/Example4_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program TO Calculate Frequency Spacing & Wavelength Spacing +//Example4.8 +//page160 +clear; +clc; +Lamda = 850e-9 //Emission wavelength of LASER diode +n = 3.7 //refractive index of LASER diode +L = 500e-6//length of LASER diode +C = 3e08 //velocity of Light in free space +delta_frequency = C/((2*L)*n); +delta_Lamda = (Lamda^2)/((2*L)*n); +Half_power = 2e-09; //half power point 3 nanometer +sigma = sqrt(-(Half_power^2)/(2*log(0.5))); +disp(delta_frequency,'Enter the frequency spacing in Hertz'); +disp(delta_Lamda,'Enter the waelength spacing in metres'); +disp(sigma,'spectral width of the gain'); +//RESULT +//Enter the frequency spacing in Hertz +// 8.108D+10 +//Enter the waelength spacing in metres +// 1.953D-10 +//spectral width of the gain +// 1.699D-09 diff --git a/848/CH4/EX4.9/Example4_9.sce b/848/CH4/EX4.9/Example4_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..191609531 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH4/EX4.9/Example4_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Calcualtion of number of half-wavelengths and wavelength spacing between lasing modes +//Example4.9 +//page161 +clear; +clc; +close; +Lambda = 900e-09;// wavelength of ligth emitted by laser dioda +L = 300e-06;// length of laser chip +n = 4.3; //refractive index of the laser material +m = 2*L*n/Lambda;//number of half-wavelengths +delta_Lambda = (Lambda^2)/(2*L*n);//wavelength spacing +disp(m,'number of half-wavelengths spanning the region between mirror surfaces') +disp(delta_Lambda,'spacing between lasing modes is') +//Result +//number of half-wavelengths spanning the region between mirror surfaces 2866.6667 +//spacing between lasing modes is 3.140D-10 diff --git a/848/CH5/EX5.1/Example5_1.sce b/848/CH5/EX5.1/Example5_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..43210900e --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH5/EX5.1/Example5_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Calculation of Lateral power distribution coefficient +//Example5.1 +//page192 +clear; +clc; +close; +phi = 0; //lateral coordinate +Half_power = 10; //half power beam width +teta = Half_power/2; +teta_rad = teta/57.3; +L = log(0.5)/log(cos(teta_rad)); +disp(L,'Lateral power distribution coefficient L=') +//Result +//Lateral power distribution coefficient L = 181.83303 diff --git a/848/CH5/EX5.2/Example5_2.sce b/848/CH5/EX5.2/Example5_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a9f5a17c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH5/EX5.2/Example5_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to Calcualte Optical Power Emitted from the Light source and Optical power coupled to step-index fiber +//Example5.2 +//page194 +clear; +close; +clc; +rs = 35e-06;//the source radius in meter +a = 25e-06; //the core radii of step-index fiber meter +NA = 0.20; //the numerical aperture value +Bo = 150e04;// radiance in W/square meter.sr +Ps = ((%pi^2)*(rs^2))*Bo;//power emitted by the source +if (rs <=a) then + PLED_step = Ps*(NA^2); +elseif (rs>a) then + PLED_step = (((a/rs)^2)*Ps)*(NA^2); +end +disp(Ps,'Optical power emitted by LED light source Ps =') +disp(PLED_step,'Optical Power coupled into step index fiber in Watts PLED_step ='); +//RESULT +//Optical power emitted by LED light source Ps = 0.0181354 +//Optical Power coupled into step index fiber in Watts PLED_step = 0.0003701 diff --git a/848/CH5/EX5.3/Example5_3.sce b/848/CH5/EX5.3/Example5_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c2f69c939 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH5/EX5.3/Example5_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Fresnel reflection, power coupled and power loss +//Example5.3 +//page194 +clear; +clc; +close; +n1 =3.6;//refractive index of optical source +n = 1.48; //refractive index of silica fiber +R = ((n1-n)/(n1+n))^2; +L = -10*log10(1-R); +disp(L,'Power loss in dB L =') +//Result +//Power loss in dB L = 0.8310322 diff --git a/848/CH5/EX5.4/Example5_4.sce b/848/CH5/EX5.4/Example5_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..86bc1d00c --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH5/EX5.4/Example5_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Power coupled between two graded index fibers +//Example5.4 +//page205 +clear; +clc; +close; +a =1e-06; //core radii in meters +d = 0.3*a;//axial offset +PT_P = (2/%pi)*(acos(d/(2*a))-(1-(d/(2*a))^2)^0.5*(d/(6*a))*(5-0.5*(d/a)^2)); +PT_P_dB = 10*log10(PT_P) +disp(PT_P_dB,'Optical power coupled from first fiber into second fiber in dB is=') +//Result +//Optical power coupled from first fiber into second fiber in dB is = - 1.2597813 diff --git a/848/CH5/EX5.5/Example5_5.sce b/848/CH5/EX5.5/Example5_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..437ee136b --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH5/EX5.5/Example5_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Loss between single mode fibers due to Lateral misalignment +//Example5.5 +//page 211 +clear; +clc; +close; +V = 2.405; //normalized frequency +n1 =1.47; //core refractive index +n2 = 1.465; //cladding refractive index +a = (9/2)*10^-06; //core radii in meters +d = 1e-06; //lateral offset in meters +W = a*(0.65+1.619*V^(-1.5)+2.879*V^-6); +Lsm = -10*log10(exp(-(d/W)^2)); +disp(W,'mode-field diameter in meters W ='); +disp(Lsm,'Loss between single mode optical fibers due to lateral offset Lsm =') +//Result +//mode-field diameterin meters W = 0.0000049 +//Loss between single mode optical fibers due to lateral offset Lsm = 0.1775797 diff --git a/848/CH5/EX5.6/Example5_6.sce b/848/CH5/EX5.6/Example5_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..04c637cf9 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH5/EX5.6/Example5_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Loss between single mode fibers due to angular misalignment +//Example5.6 +//page212 +clear; +clc; +close; +clear; +clc; +close; +V = 2.405; //normalized frequency +n1 =1.47; //core refractive index +n2 = 1.465; //cladding refractive index +a = (9/2)*10^-06; //core radii in meters +d = 1e-06; //lateral offset in meters +W = a*(0.65+1.619*V^(-1.5)+2.879*V^-6);//mode-field diameter +teta = 1; //in degrees +teta = 1/57.3; //in radaians +Lambda = 1300e-09;//wavelength in meters +Lsm_ang = -10*log10(exp(-(%pi*n2*W*teta/Lambda)^2)); +disp(Lsm_ang,'Loss between single mode fibers due to angular misalignment Lsm_ang =') +//Result +//Loss between single mode fibers due to angular misalignment Lsm_ang = 0.4054658 diff --git a/848/CH6/EX6.1/Example6_1.sce b/848/CH6/EX6.1/Example6_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cee8c895d --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH6/EX6.1/Example6_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Cut-off wavelength of photodiode +//Example6.1 +//page224 +clear; +clc; +close; +h = 6.625*(10^-34); //planks constant +C = 3*(10^8); //free space velocity +Eg = 1.43*1.6*(10^-19);//joules +LambdaC = h*C/Eg; +disp(LambdaC,'Cut-off Wavelength of photodiode in meters =') +//Result +//Cut-off Wavelength of photodiode in meters= 0.0000009 diff --git a/848/CH6/EX6.2/Example6_2.sce b/848/CH6/EX6.2/Example6_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..830baf156 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH6/EX6.2/Example6_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Calculation of Quantum efficiency +//Example6.2 +//page 226 +clear; +clc; +close; +Ip_q = 5.4*(10^6);//electron-hole pairs generated +Pin_hv = 6*(10^6);//number of incident photons +etta = Ip_q/Pin_hv; +disp(etta,'Quantum efficiency =') +disp(etta*100,'Quantum efficiency in percentage =') +//Result +//Quantum efficiency = 0.9 +//Quantum efficiency in percentage = 90. diff --git a/848/CH6/EX6.3/Example6_3.sce b/848/CH6/EX6.3/Example6_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..83c5bd89f --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH6/EX6.3/Example6_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Calculation of photocurrent +//Example6.3 +//page226 +clear; +clc; +close; +R = 0.65; //Responsivity of photodiode +Pin = 10*(10^-6); //Optical power level in watts +Ip = R*Pin; +disp(Ip*10^6,'The amount of photocurrent generated in uA =') +//Result +//The amount of photocurrent generated in uA = 6.5 diff --git a/848/CH6/EX6.4/Example6_4.sce b/848/CH6/EX6.4/Example6_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6256495cc --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH6/EX6.4/Example6_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Calculation of Responsivity of photodiode +//Example6.4 +//page227 +clear; +clc; +close; +Lambda = 1300e-09; //wavelength in meters +C = 3*(10^8); //free space velocity +v =C/Lambda; //frequency in Hz +q = 1.6*(10^-19);//Change in coulombs +etta = 0.9; //quantum efficiency 90% +h = 6.625*10^-34; //planks constant +R = (etta*q)/(h*v); //Responsivity +disp(R,'Responsivity of photodiode at 1330nm in A/W R = ') +Eg = 0.73; //energy gap in electron volts +LambdaC = 1.24/Eg; //cut-off wavelength in meters +disp(LambdaC,'cut-off wavelength in meters = ') +//Result +//Responsivity of photodiode at 1330nm in A/W R = 0.9418868 +//cut-off wavelength in meters = 1.6986301 diff --git a/848/CH6/EX6.5/Example6_5.sce b/848/CH6/EX6.5/Example6_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..09e0d5d2b --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH6/EX6.5/Example6_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:To find primary photocurrent and multiplication factor +//Example6.5 +//page230 +clear; +clc; +close; +etta = 0.65; //quantum efficiency of silicon qavalanche photodiode +C = 3*(10^8); //free space velocity in m/s +Lambda = 900e-09;//wavelength in meters +q = 1.6*(10^-19);//charge in coulombs +h = 6.625*(10^-34);//planks constant +v = C/Lambda; //frequnecy in Hz +Pin = 0.5*10^-06;//optical power +Ip = ((etta*q)/(h*v))*Pin; +Im = 10*(10^-06); //multiplied photocurrent +M = Im/Ip; //multiplication factor +disp(Ip*10^6,'Primary photocurrent in uAmps Ip=') +disp(ceil(M),'Primary photocurrent is multiplied by a factor of M =') +//Result +//Primary photocurrent in uAmps Ip = 0.2354717 +//Primary photocurrent is multiplied by a factor of M = 43. diff --git a/848/CH6/EX6.6/Example6_6.sce b/848/CH6/EX6.6/Example6_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..839aaef07 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH6/EX6.6/Example6_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Mean-square shot noise current, Mean-square dark current and Mean-Square thermal noise current +//Example6.6 +//page 234 +clear; +clc; +close; +Lambda = 1330e-09; //wavelength in meters +ID = 4e-09;//photodiode current +etta = 0.90;//quantum eficiency +RL = 1000; //Load resistance 1000 ohms +Pin = 300e-09; //incident optical power is 300 nano watts +Be = 20*(10^6); //receiver bandwidth +q = 1.6*(10^-19); //charge in coulombs +h = 6.625*10^-34;//planks constant +v= (3*10^8)/Lambda; //frequency in Hz +Ip = (etta*q*Pin)/(h*v);//primary photocurrent +Ishot = 2*q*Ip*Be; //shot-noise current +Ishot = sqrt(Ishot); +IDB = 2*q*ID*Be; //dark current +IDB = sqrt(IDB); +T = 283; //room temperature in kelvin +KB = 1.38*10^-23; //boltzmann's constant +RL = 1000; //load resistance +IT = (4*KB*T)*Be/RL;//Thermal noise current +IT = sqrt(IT); +disp(Ip*10^6,'primary photocurrent in uA IP =') +disp(Ishot*10^9,'mean-square shot noise current for a pin photodiode in nA Ishot =') +disp(IDB*10^9,'mean-square dark current in nA IDB=') +disp(IT*10^9,'mean-square thermal noise current for the receiver in nA IT =') +//Result +//primary photocurrent in uA IP = 0.2890868 +//mean-square shot noise current for a pin photodiode in nA Ishot = 1.3602042 +//mean-square dark current in nA IDB = 0.16 +//mean-square thermal noise current for the receiver in nA IT = 17.675746 diff --git a/848/CH6/EX6.7/Example6_7.sce b/848/CH6/EX6.7/Example6_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..9606ecb9c --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH6/EX6.7/Example6_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:circuit bandwidth of a photodiode +//Example6.7 +//page 239 +clear; +clc; +close; +CP = 3*10^-12;//photodiode capacitance is 3 pico farad +CA = 4*10^-12;//amplifier capcitance is 4 pico farad +CT = CP+CA; //total capacitance +RT1 = 1000; //photodiode load resistance +BC1 = 1/(2*%pi*RT1*CT); //circuit bandwidth +RT2 = 50; //photodiode load resistance +BC2 = 1/(2*%pi*RT2*CT);//circuit bandwidth +disp(BC1,'Circuit bandwidth for 1kilo Ohm photodiode resistance BC1 =') +disp(BC2,'Circuit bandwidth for 50 ohm photodiode resistance BC2 =') +//Result +//Circuit bandwidth for 1kilo Ohm photodiode resistance BC1 = 22736420. +//Circuit bandwidth for 50 ohm photodiode resistance BC2 = 4.547D+08 diff --git a/848/CH7/EX7.1/Example7_1.sce b/848/CH7/EX7.1/Example7_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d0e81351b --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH7/EX7.1/Example7_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: To find optimum decision threshold +//Example7.1 +//Page 258 +clear; +clc; +close; +bon = 1; +boff =0; +sigma_on = 1; +sigma_off = 1; +Q = (bon-boff)/(sigma_on+sigma_off) +Vth = bon-Q*sigma_on +disp(Q,'Q parameter value =') +disp(Vth,'optimum decision threshold Vth =') +//Result +//Q parameter value = 0.5 +//optimum decision threshold Vth = 0.5 diff --git a/848/CH7/EX7.2/Example7_2.sce b/848/CH7/EX7.2/Example7_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..56ebef637 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH7/EX7.2/Example7_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: To find out signal-to-noise ratio and probability of error for given 'Q' +//Example7.2 +//Page 258 +clear; +clc; +close; +Q = 6; +Pe = (1/2)*(1-erf(Q/sqrt(2))); +S_N_dB = 10*log10(2*Q); +disp(Pe,'Probability of error Pe(Q) =') +disp(S_N_dB,'Signal-to-noise ratio in dB S/N =') +//Result +//Probability of error Pe(Q) = 9.866D-10 +//Signal-to-noise ratio in dB S/N = 10.791812 diff --git a/848/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.jpg b/848/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.jpg new file mode 100755 index 000000000..85b547f9f Binary files /dev/null and b/848/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.jpg differ diff --git a/848/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.sce b/848/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..72a65704f --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH7/EX7.3/Example7_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Plotting Bit-Error-Rate versus Q factor +//Example7.3 +//page 259 +clear; +clc; +close; +Q = 0:0.01:8; +Pe = (1/2)*(1-erf(Q./sqrt(2))); +a =gca(); +a.data_bounds =[0,1e-16;8,0.5]; +plot(Q,Pe,'r') +xlabel('Q') +ylabel('Pe') +title('BER(Pe) versus the factor Q') +disp(Pe(1),'Probability of error at Q =0') +disp(Pe(101),'Probability of error at Q =1') +disp(Pe(201),'Probability of error at Q =2') +disp(Pe(301),'Probability of error at Q =3') +disp(Pe(401),'Probability of error at Q =4') +disp(Pe(501),'Probability of error at Q =5') +disp(Pe(601),'Probability of error at Q =6') +disp(Pe(701),'Probability of error at Q =7') +disp(Pe(801),'Probability of error at Q =8') +//Result +//Probability of error at Q =0 +// 0.5 +//Probability of error at Q =1 +// 0.1586553 +//Probability of error at Q =2 +// 0.0227501 +//Probability of error at Q =3 +// 0.0013499 +//Probability of error at Q =4 +// 0.0000317 +//Probability of error at Q =5 +// 0.0000003 +//Probability of error at Q =6 +// 9.866D-10 +//Probability of error at Q =7 +// 1.280D-12 +//Probability of error at Q =8 +// 6.106D-16 diff --git a/848/CH7/EX7.4/Example7_4.sce b/848/CH7/EX7.4/Example7_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..6c9b783b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH7/EX7.4/Example7_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: To find the energy of the photon incident on photodiode +//and Minimum incident optical power +//Example7.4 +//page 262 +clear; +clc; +close; +h = 6.626e-34; //planks constant J/s +C = 3e08; //free space velocity in m/s +B = 10e06; //data rate 10 Mb/sec +tuo = 2/B; //1/tuo = half the data rate B +Lambda = 850e-09; //operating wavelength in nm +E = 20.7*h*C/Lambda; +Pi = E/tuo; +disp(E,'Energy of the incident photon E =') +disp(Pi,'minimum incident optical power Pi =') +disp(10*log10(Pi*1000),'minimum incident optical power in dBm =') +//Result +// Energy of the incident photon E = 4.841D-18 +// minimum incident optical power Pi = 2.420D-11 +// minimum incident optical power in dBm = - 76.161059 diff --git a/848/CH8/EX8.1/Example8_1.sce b/848/CH8/EX8.1/Example8_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..8f27ab20c --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH8/EX8.1/Example8_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to calculate the Total Optical Power loss +//Example8.1 +//page 287 +clear; +clc; +close; +system_margin = 6; //in dB +alpha = 3.5; //attenuation in dB/Km +L =6; // Length of transmission path in Km +lc = 1; //connector loss in dB +PT = 2*lc+alpha*L+system_margin; +disp(PT,'The total optical power loss in dB PT =') +//Result +//The total optical power loss in dB PT = 29. diff --git a/848/CH8/EX8.2/Example8_2.sce b/848/CH8/EX8.2/Example8_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c134992e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH8/EX8.2/Example8_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to calculate the system margin +//Example8.2 +//page 288 +clear; +clc; +close; +Ps = 3; //laser output in dBm +APD_sen = -32; //APD sensitivity in dBm +Allowed_Loss = Ps-APD_sen;//in dB +lsc = 1; //source connector loss in dB +ljc = 2*4; //two (jumper+connector loss) in dB +alpha = 0.3;//attenuation in dB/Km +L = 60; //cable length in Km +cable_att = alpha*60;//cable attenuation in dB +lrc = 1; //receiver connector loss in dB +system_margin = Allowed_Loss-lsc-ljc-cable_att-lrc; +disp(system_margin,'The Final Margin in dB =') +//Result +//'The Final Margin in dB = 7. diff --git a/848/CH8/EX8.3/Example8_3.sce b/848/CH8/EX8.3/Example8_3.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ee80a653c --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH8/EX8.3/Example8_3.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Program to calculate link rise time +//Example8.3 +//page 291 +clear; +clc; +close; +t_tx = 15e-09; //transmitter rise time +t_mat = 21e-09; //material dispersion related rise time +t_mod = 3.9e-09; //rise time resulting from modal dispersion +t_rx =14e-09; //receiver rise time +tsys = sqrt(t_tx^2+t_mat^2+t_mod^2+t_rx^2) +disp(tsys*1e09,'link rise time in nano seconds tsys =') +//Result +//link rise time in nano seconds tsys = 29.617731 diff --git a/848/CH8/EX8.4/Example8_4.sce b/848/CH8/EX8.4/Example8_4.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..19eac33ef --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH8/EX8.4/Example8_4.sce @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to calculate link rise time +//Example8.4 +//page292 +clear; +clc; +close; +t_tx = 25e-12; //transmission rise time in sec +t_GVD = 12e-12; //GVD rise time in sec +t_rx = 0.14e-09; //receiver rise time in sec +tsys = sqrt(t_tx^2+t_GVD^2+t_rx^2) +disp(tsys*1e09,'link rise time in nano seconds tsys =') +//Result +//link rise time in nano seconds tsys = 0.1427200 diff --git a/848/CH8/EX8.5/Example8_5.sce b/848/CH8/EX8.5/Example8_5.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..ee6080df1 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH8/EX8.5/Example8_5.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Calculation of Number of bits affected by a burst error +//Example8.5 +//page 306 +clear; +clc; +close; +bit_error_dur = 1e-03; //bit-corrupting burst noise duration in msec +B = 10e03; //data rate 10kb/sec +N = B*bit_error_dur; +disp(N,'Number of bits affected by a burst error N=') +//Result +// Number of bits affected by a burst error N = 10. diff --git a/848/CH8/EX8.6/Example8_6.sce b/848/CH8/EX8.6/Example8_6.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..a4bc16790 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH8/EX8.6/Example8_6.sce @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Program to find coefficients of generator polynomial +//Example8.6 +//page 308 +clear; +clc; +close; +x = poly(0,'x'); +G = x^7+0+x^5+0+0+x^2+x+1; +C = coeff(G); +disp(C($:-1:1),'Coefficients of generator polynomial C =') +//Result +// Coefficients of generator polynomial C = 1. 0. 1. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1. diff --git a/848/CH8/EX8.7/Example8_7.sce b/848/CH8/EX8.7/Example8_7.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..c54b4199a --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH8/EX8.7/Example8_7.sce @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Program to find CRC(Cyclic Redundancy Check) +//Example8.7 +//page 308 +clear; +clc; +close; +x = poly(0,'x'); +m = [1,1,1,1,0]; +G = x^7+x^6+x^5+x^4+0+0+0+0; +D = x^3+0+x+1; +[R,Q] = pdiv(G,D) +R = coeff(R); +Q = coeff(Q); +R = abs(modulo(R,2)); +Q = abs(modulo(Q,2)); +disp(R,'Remainder R =') +disp(Q,'Quotient Q =') +disp([m R],'CRC for the given information CRC =') +//Result +//Remainder R = +// 1. 0. 1. +//Quotient Q = +// 1. 1. 0. 1. 1. +//CRC for the given information CRC = +// 1. 1. 1. 1. 0. 1. 0. 1. diff --git a/848/CH8/EX8.8/Example8_8.sce b/848/CH8/EX8.8/Example8_8.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..cc7f37806 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH8/EX8.8/Example8_8.sce @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Program to percentage of burst error detected by CRC +//Example8.8 +//page 309 +clear; +clc; +close; +N =32; +Ped = 1-(1/(2^N)); +disp(Ped*100,'Percent of burst error detected by CRC for a length of 32 Ped=') +//Result +//Percent of burst error detected by CRC for a length of 32 Ped=100. diff --git a/848/CH8/EX8.9/Example8_9.sce b/848/CH8/EX8.9/Example8_9.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..92565c3de --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH8/EX8.9/Example8_9.sce @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Percent overhead to the inforamtion stream Using Reed-Solomon code for error correction +//Example8.9 +//page 309 +clear; +clc; +close; +S =8; //Reed-Solomon code with 1 byte +n = (2^S-1); // length of coded sequence +k = 239; //length of message sequence +r = n-k; +disp(r,'number of redundant bytes r =') +disp((r/k)*100,'Percent overhead =') +//Result +//number of redundant bytes r = 16. +// Percent overhead = 6.6945607 diff --git a/848/CH9/EX9.1/Example9_1.sce b/848/CH9/EX9.1/Example9_1.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..78a17c813 --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH9/EX9.1/Example9_1.sce @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +//clear// +//Caption:Program to find Relative Intensity Noise (RIN) +//Example9.1 +//page 320 +clear; +clc; +close; +IB_Ith = [1.3,1.4,1.5,1.6];//ratio between bias current and threshold current +f = 100e06; //frequency = 100MHz +RIN = ((IB_Ith-1)^-3)/f; +RIN_dB = 20*log10(RIN); +disp(RIN_dB,'Relative Intensity Noise(RIN) in dB/Hz RIN_dB =') +//Result +//Relative Intensity Noise(RIN) in dB/Hz RIN_dB = +// - 128.62728 - 136.1236 - 141.9382 - 146.68908 diff --git a/848/CH9/EX9.2/Example9_2.sce b/848/CH9/EX9.2/Example9_2.sce new file mode 100755 index 000000000..d6657f7ea --- /dev/null +++ b/848/CH9/EX9.2/Example9_2.sce @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +//clear// +//Caption: Program to Find limiting conditions for pin-photodiode +//Example9.3 +//page 323 +clear; +clc; +close; +T =300;//room temperature in kelvin +kB = 1.38054e-23; //Boltzmann's constant in Joules/k +m =0.25; //modualtion index +RIN_dB = -143; //Relative intensity in dB/Hz +RIN = 10^(RIN_dB/10); +Pc = (10^(0/10))*1e-3; //power coupled to optical fiber in dBm +R = 0.6; //Responsivity A/w +Be = 10e06; //bandwidth 10MHz +ID = 10e-09; //dark current 10nA +Req = 750; //equivalent resistance 750 ohm +Ft = 10^(3/10); //in 3 dB +M = 1; //Multiplication factor for pin photodiode +R = 0.6; //responsivity in A/m +q = 1.602e-19; //charge in coulombs +p = 0:-1:-20; +P = (10^(p/10))*1e-3; +C_N_1 = 0.5*((m*R*P)^2)/(4*kB*T*Be*Ft/Req); +C_N_3 = 0.5*m^2/(RIN*Be); +C_N_2 = 0.5*m^2*R*P/(2*q*Be); +figure +plot(p,10*log10(C_N_1),'r') +xlabel('Received Optical Power(dBm)') +ylabel('Carrier-to-noise ratio(dB)') +title('Carrier-to-noise ratio 1 (Preamplifier receiver noise)') +figure +plot(p,10*log10(C_N_2),'m') +xlabel('Received Optical Power(dBm)') +ylabel('Carrier-to-noise ratio(dB)') +title('Carrier-to-noise ratio 2 (Quantum noise)') +figure +plot(p,10*log10(C_N_3)*ones(1,length(p))) +xlabel('Received Optical Power(dBm)') +ylabel('Carrier-to-noise ratio(dB)') +title('Carrier-to-noise ratio 3 (Reflection noise)') -- cgit