From b1f5c3f8d6671b4331cef1dcebdf63b7a43a3a2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: priyanka
Date: Wed, 24 Jun 2015 15:03:17 +0530
Subject: initial commit / add all books

---
 273/CH25/EX25.1/ex25_1.sce      |  14 ++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.10/ex25_10.sce    |  14 ++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.11/ex25_11.sce    |  14 ++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.12/ex25_12.sce    |  14 ++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.13/ex25_13.sce    |  28 +++++++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.14/ex25_14.sce    |  10 ++++
 273/CH25/EX25.15/ex25_15.sce    |  10 ++++
 273/CH25/EX25.16/ex25_16.sce    |  43 ++++++++++++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.17/ex25_17.sce    |  39 +++++++++++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.18/ex25_18.sce    |  11 ++++
 273/CH25/EX25.19/ex2519.sce     |  81 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.2/ex25_2.sce      |  13 +++++
 273/CH25/EX25.20/ex2520.sce     |  75 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.21/ex25_21.sce    |  10 ++++
 273/CH25/EX25.22/ex2522.sce     |  29 +++++++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.23/ex25_23.sce    |  11 ++++
 273/CH25/EX25.24/ex25_24.sce    |  11 ++++
 273/CH25/EX25.25/ex25_25.sce    |  97 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.26/ex25_26sce.sce |  88 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.27/ex25_27sce.sce |  88 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.28/ex25_28sce.sce |  35 +++++++++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.29/ex25_29.sce    | 108 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.3/ex25_3.sce      |  13 +++++
 273/CH25/EX25.30/ex25_30.sce    |  88 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.4/ex25_4.sce      |  14 ++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.5/ex25_5.sce      |  14 ++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.6/ex25_6.sce      |  14 ++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.7/ex25_7.sce      |  14 ++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.8/ex25_8.sce      |  14 ++++++
 273/CH25/EX25.9/ex25_9.sce      |  14 ++++++
 30 files changed, 1028 insertions(+)
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.1/ex25_1.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.10/ex25_10.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.11/ex25_11.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.12/ex25_12.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.13/ex25_13.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.14/ex25_14.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.15/ex25_15.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.16/ex25_16.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.17/ex25_17.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.18/ex25_18.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.19/ex2519.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.2/ex25_2.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.20/ex2520.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.21/ex25_21.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.22/ex2522.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.23/ex25_23.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.24/ex25_24.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.25/ex25_25.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.26/ex25_26sce.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.27/ex25_27sce.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.28/ex25_28sce.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.29/ex25_29.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.3/ex25_3.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.30/ex25_30.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.4/ex25_4.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.5/ex25_5.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.6/ex25_6.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.7/ex25_7.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.8/ex25_8.sce
 create mode 100755 273/CH25/EX25.9/ex25_9.sce

(limited to '273/CH25')

diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.1/ex25_1.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.1/ex25_1.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..c306e35dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.1/ex25_1.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clc;clear;
+//Example 25.1
+//calculation of sum of two binary numbers
+
+//given values
+X='0011';//first binary number
+Y='0101';//second binary number
+
+//calculation
+x=bin2dec(X);//decimal equivalent
+y=bin2dec(Y);//decimal equivalent
+z=x+y;
+Z=dec2bin(z);
+disp(Z,'Sum of the given binary numbers is ')
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.10/ex25_10.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.10/ex25_10.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ccea4348e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.10/ex25_10.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clc;
+clear;
+//example 25.10
+//binary division
+
+format('v',8);//changing the default precision to 8
+a=11001;//first number 
+b=100;//second number
+A=bin21dec(a);//converting a in to decimal number 
+B=bin21dec(b);//converting b in to decimal number 
+S=A/B;        //multiply the two decimal numbers
+temp=dec21bin(S);//converting the decimal product back to binary
+
+disp(temp,'quotient is');//displaying the final output
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.11/ex25_11.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.11/ex25_11.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..71daf57ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.11/ex25_11.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clc;clear;
+//Example 25.11
+//calculation of sum of two octal numbers
+
+//given values
+X='256';//divident
+Y='437';//divisor
+
+//calculation
+x=oct2dec(X);//decimal equivalent
+y=oct2dec(Y);//decimal equivalent
+z=x+y;
+Z=dec2oct(z);//binary equivalent
+disp(Z,'sum of the given octal numbers is')
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.12/ex25_12.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.12/ex25_12.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ef9fd09c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.12/ex25_12.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clc;clear;
+//Example 25.12
+//calculation of product of two octal numbers
+
+//given values
+X='15';//divident
+Y='24';//divisor
+
+//calculation
+x=oct2dec(X);//decimal equivalent
+y=oct2dec(Y);//decimal equivalent
+z=x*y;
+Z=dec2oct(z);//binary equivalent
+disp(Z,'product of the given octal numbers is')
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.13/ex25_13.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.13/ex25_13.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..1152138b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.13/ex25_13.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+clc;clear;
+//Example 25.13
+//calculation of sum of hexadecimal numbers
+
+//given values
+X1='C';
+X2='A';
+X3='E';
+Y1='3';
+Y2='2';
+Y3='D';
+
+//calculation
+x1=hex2dec(X1);//decimal equivalent
+x2=hex2dec(X2);//decimal equivalent
+x3=hex2dec(X3);//decimal equivalent
+y1=hex2dec(Y1);//decimal equivalent
+y2=hex2dec(Y2);//decimal equivalent
+y3=hex2dec(Y3);//decimal equivalent
+z1=x1+y1;
+z2=x2+y2;
+z3=x3+y3;
+Z1=dec2hex(z1);//binary equivalent of sum
+Z2=dec2hex(z2);//binary equivalent of sum
+Z3=dec2hex(z3);//binary equivalent of sum
+disp(Z1,'sum of the first set of hexadecimal numbers is');
+disp(Z2,'sum of the second set of hexadecimal numbers is');
+disp(Z3,'sum of the thirdm set of hexadecimal numbers is');
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.14/ex25_14.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.14/ex25_14.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..f4691d9b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.14/ex25_14.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clc;clear;
+//Example 25.13
+//conversion of binary to decimal
+
+//given values
+X=10.101;//binary number
+
+//calculation
+Z=(1*2^1)+(0*2^0)+(1*2^-1)+(0*2^-2)+(1*2^-3);
+disp(Z,'decimal equivalent of the given binary number is')
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.15/ex25_15.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.15/ex25_15.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2584cf8d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.15/ex25_15.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clc;clear;
+//Example 25.15
+//conversion of decimal to binary
+
+//given values
+X=43;//decimal number
+
+//calculation
+Z=dec2bin(X);
+disp(Z,'binary equivalent of the given decimal number is');
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.16/ex25_16.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.16/ex25_16.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..ed4512380
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.16/ex25_16.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+clc;//clears the command window 
+clear;//clears all the variables 
+//example 25.16
+//decimal to binary conversion
+
+format('v',18);//changing the default prcision to 20 significant digits
+
+i=1;x=1;//flag bits
+
+dec=43.3125;//given decimal number which should be expressed in binary
+temp2=floor(dec);//separating integer part from the given number
+temp4=modulo(dec,1);//separating decimal part from the given number
+
+while(temp2>0)//storing each integer digit in vector for convenience
+    p(i)=(modulo(floor(temp2),2))
+    temp2=floor(temp2/2);
+    i=i+1;
+end
+
+temp2=0;//clearing temporary variable 'temp2'
+
+for j=1:length(p)
+//multipliying bits of integer part with their position values and adding 
+    temp2=temp2+(p(j)*10^(j-1));
+end
+
+while(temp4~=0) //storing each decimal digit in vector for convenience
+    temp4=temp4*2;
+    d(x)=floor(temp4);
+    x=x+1;
+    temp4=modulo(temp4,1);
+end 
+
+temp5=0;//clearing temporary variable 'temp5'
+
+for j=1:length(d)
+//multipliying bits of decimal part with their position values and adding 
+    temp5=temp5+(10^(-1*j)*d(j))
+end
+
+temp3=temp2+temp5;
+//finally adding both the integer and decimal parts to get total output.
+disp(temp3,'the equivalent binary number is');
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.17/ex25_17.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.17/ex25_17.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0d431a9d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.17/ex25_17.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+clc;//clears the command window 
+clear;//clears all the variables 
+//example 25.17
+//decimal to octa conversion
+
+format('v',8);//making the default precision to 8 significant digits
+i=1;w=1;
+dec=375.23;//given decimal number which should be expressed in base 8
+temp=modulo(dec,1);//separating decimal part from the given number
+temp2=floor(dec);//separating integer part from the given number
+
+
+while(temp2>0)//storing each integer digit in vector for convenience
+    p(i)=(modulo(floor(temp2),8))
+    temp2=floor(temp2/8);
+    i=i+1;
+end
+
+temp2=0;//clearing temporary variable 'temp2'
+
+for j=1:length(p)
+//multipliying bits of integer part with their position values and adding 
+    temp2=temp2+(p(j)*10^(j-1));
+end
+
+while(temp~=0) //storing each decimal digit in vector for convenience
+    temp=temp*8;
+    q(w)=floor(temp);
+    w=w+1;
+    temp=modulo(temp,1);
+end 
+
+temp1=0; //flag bit
+for k=1:length(q)
+//multipliying bits of decimal part with their position values and adding 
+    temp1=temp1+(10^(-1*k)*q(k));
+end
+temp3=temp2+temp1;
+disp(temp3,'octal number is');
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.18/ex25_18.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.18/ex25_18.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..28b74e383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.18/ex25_18.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clc;clear;
+//Example 25.18
+//ocatl to binary conversion
+
+//given values
+X='257';//octal number
+
+//calculation
+x=oct2dec(X);//decimal equivalent
+Z=dec2bin(x);
+disp(Z,'binary number is ')
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.19/ex2519.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.19/ex2519.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..2eab4a0f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.19/ex2519.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+clc;//clears the command window 
+clear;//clears all the variables 
+//example 25.19
+//octal to binary conversion
+
+format('v',8);//setting the default precision to 8
+
+i=1;w=1;
+
+bin=34.56; //Given octal number which we need to be convert into binary
+temp1=floor(bin);//separating integer part from the given number
+temp0=modulo(bin,1);//separating decimal part from the given number
+temp2=temp0*10^2;//converting decimal value to interger for convenience
+while(temp1>0)  //storing each integer digit in vector for convenience
+    p(i)=modulo(temp1,10);
+    temp1=round(temp1/10);
+    i=i+1;
+end
+
+while(temp2>0)  //storing each decimal digit in vector for convenience
+    q(w)=modulo(temp2,10);
+    temp2=floor(temp2/10);
+    w=w+1;
+    
+end
+temp1=0;  //clearing temporary variable 'temp1
+
+for i=1:2
+//multipliying bits of decimal part with their position values and adding 
+    temp1=temp1+(p(i)*8^(i-1));
+end
+
+temp2=0;//clearing temporary variable 'temp2'
+for z=1:2
+//multipliying bits of decimal part with their position values and adding 
+    temp2=temp2+(q(z)*8^(-1*(3-z)));
+    
+end
+
+temp=temp1+temp2;
+//adding both integer and decimal parts to get total deciaml value.
+dec=temp;
+
+temp2=floor(dec); //separating integer part from the given number
+temp3=modulo(dec,1);//separating decimal part from the given number
+format('v',18);//setting the default precision to 8
+
+i=1;x=1;//flag bits
+
+while(temp2>0)//storing each integer digit in vector for convenience
+    p(i)=(modulo(floor(temp2),2))
+    temp2=floor(temp2/2);
+    i=i+1;
+end
+
+temp2=0; //clears temporary variable 'temp2'
+
+for j=1:length(p)
+//multipliying bits of integer part with their position values and adding 
+    temp2=temp2+(p(j)*10^(j-1));
+end
+
+temp4=modulo(temp3,1);
+
+while(temp4~=0)//storing each decimal digit in vector for convenience
+    temp4=temp4*2;
+    d(x)=floor(temp4);
+    x=x+1;
+    temp4=modulo(temp4,1);
+end 
+
+temp5=0; //clears temporary variable 'temp2'
+
+for j=1:length(d)
+//multipliying bits of decimal part with their position values and adding 
+    temp5=temp5+(10^(-1*j)*d(j))
+end
+
+temp=temp2+temp5;
+//finally adding both the integer and decimal parts to get total output.
+disp(temp,'binary number is');
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.2/ex25_2.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.2/ex25_2.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e77f5a459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.2/ex25_2.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clc;
+clear;
+//example 25.2
+//addition of binary numbers
+
+a=1010.00;        //first number 
+b=0011.11;        //second number
+A=bin21dec(a);   //converting a in to decimal number 
+B=bin21dec(b);   //converting b in to decimal number 
+S=A+B;          //adding the two decimal numbers
+temp=dec21bin(S); //converting the decimal sum back to binary
+format('v',10);   //changing the default precision to 8
+disp(temp,'sum is'); //displaying the final output
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.20/ex2520.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.20/ex2520.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..4bbcf47fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.20/ex2520.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+clc;//clears the command window 
+clear;//clears all the variables 
+i=1;w=1;
+bin=1011.01101;//Given binary number which we need to be convert into octal
+
+//conversion to decimal first
+temp1=floor(bin);//separating integer part from the given number
+temp2=modulo(bin,1);//separating decimal part from the given number
+temp2=temp2*10^5;//converting decimal value to integer for convenience
+while(temp1>0)//storing each integer digit in vector for convenience
+    p(i)=modulo(temp1,10);
+    temp1=floor(temp1/10);
+    i=i+1;
+end
+while(temp2>0)//storing each decimal digit in vector for convenience
+    q(w)=modulo(temp2,2);
+    temp2=(temp2/10);
+    temp2=floor(temp2);
+    w=w+1;
+end
+temp1=0;//flag bit
+for i=1:length(p)//checking whether it is a binary number or not
+    if(p(i)>1) then
+        disp('not a binary number');
+        abort; 
+    end
+end
+for i=1:length(p)
+//multipliying bits of integer part with their position values and adding 
+    temp1=temp1+(p(i)*2^(i-1));
+end
+temp2=0;//flag bit
+for z=1:length(q)
+//multipliying bits of decimal part with their position values and adding 
+    temp2=temp2+(q(z)*2^(-1*(6-z)));
+end
+dec=temp1+temp2;
+//finally adding both the integer and decimal parts to get decimal equivalent
+
+//conversion from decimal to octal
+
+format('v',8);//making the default precision to 8 significant digits
+i=1;w=1;
+
+temp=modulo(dec,1);//separating decimal part from the given number
+temp2=floor(dec);//separating integer part from the given number
+
+
+while(temp2>0)//storing each integer digit in vector for convenience
+    r(i)=(modulo(floor(temp2),8))
+    temp2=floor(temp2/8);
+    i=i+1;
+end
+
+temp2=0;//clearing temporary variable 'temp2'
+
+for j=1:length(r)
+//multipliying bits of integer part with their position values and adding 
+    temp2=temp2+(r(j)*10^(j-1));
+end
+
+while(temp~=0) //storing each decimal digit in vector for convenience
+    temp=temp*8;
+    s(w)=floor(temp);
+    w=w+1;
+    temp=modulo(temp,1);
+end 
+
+temp1=0; //flag bit
+for k=1:length(s)
+//multipliying bits of decimal part with their position values and adding 
+    temp1=temp1+(10^(-1*k)*s(k));
+end
+temp3=temp2+temp1;
+disp(temp3,'octal number is');
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.21/ex25_21.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.21/ex25_21.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e5ca65811
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.21/ex25_21.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+clc;clear;
+//Example 25.21
+//hexadecimal to decimal conversion
+
+//given values
+X='AC5';//hexadecimal number
+
+//calculation
+x=hex2dec(X);//decimal equivalent
+disp(x,'decimal number is ')
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.22/ex2522.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.22/ex2522.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..24b2edfac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.22/ex2522.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+clc;//clears the command window 
+clear;//clears all the variables 
+//example 25.22
+//decimal to hexadecimal conversion
+format('v',4);//making the default precision to 8 significant digits
+dec=379.54;//given decimal
+w=1;i=1;
+
+temp1=floor(dec);//separating integer part from the given number
+temp2=modulo(dec,1);//separating decimal part from the given number
+x=dec2hex(temp1);//hexadecimal equivalent of integer part
+s=0;
+
+while(temp2~=0) //storing each decimal digit in vector for convenience
+    temp2=temp2*16;
+    q(w)=floor(temp2);
+    s=s+1;//counter of a
+    a(w)=dec2hex(q(w));
+    w=w+1;
+    temp2=modulo(temp2,1);
+end
+f=a(1);
+for i=2:s
+    f=f+a(i);
+end
+b='.';//for concatenating to get the decimal part of hexadecimal 
+hex=x+b+f;//concatenating integer and decimal part
+disp(hex,'hexadecimal equivalent is');
+
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.23/ex25_23.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.23/ex25_23.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..af6d6a41c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.23/ex25_23.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clc;clear;
+//Example 25.23
+//hexadecimal to binary conversion
+
+//given values
+X='7AB';//hexadecimal number
+
+//calculation
+x=hex2dec(X);//decimal equivalent
+z=dec2bin(x);
+disp(z,'binary number is ');
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.24/ex25_24.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.24/ex25_24.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..060dff858
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.24/ex25_24.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+clc;clear;
+//Example 25.24
+//binary to hexadecimal conversion
+
+//given values
+X='1011101';//binary number
+
+//calculation
+x=bin2dec(X);//decimal equivalent
+z=dec2hex(x);
+disp(z,'hexadecimal number is ');
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.25/ex25_25.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.25/ex25_25.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..e44212631
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.25/ex25_25.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+
+clc;
+clear;
+//Example 25.25
+//substraction by one's complement method
+//aaa=input(" Enter the first no (in decimal) :");
+//bb=input(" Enter the number from which first no has to be substracted:");
+bb=14;
+aaa=-7;// substraction is addition of negative number
+if aaa<0 then
+    aa=-1*aaa;
+else aa=aaa;
+end
+a=0;
+b=0;
+q=0;
+for i=1:5            //converting from decimal to binary 
+    x=modulo(aa,2);
+    a= a + (10^q)*x;
+    aa=aa/2;
+    aa=floor(aa);
+    q=q+1; 
+end
+q=0;
+for i=1:5   //converting from decimal to binary         
+    y=modulo(bb,2);
+    b= b + (10^q)*y;
+    bb=bb/2;
+    bb=floor(bb);
+    q=q+1; 
+end
+for i=1:5
+    a1(i)=modulo(a,10);
+    a=a/10;
+    a=round(a);
+   
+end
+for i=1:5
+   b1(i)=modulo(b,10);
+    b=b/10;
+    b=round(b);
+end;
+if aaa<0 then// making one's complement if number is less than zero
+    for i=1:5
+        a1(i)=bitcmp(a1(i),1);
+    end
+    
+    car(1)=0;
+    
+for i=1:5
+    c1(i)=a1(i)+b1(i)+car(i);
+    if c1(i)== 2 then
+        car(i+1)= 1;
+        c1(i)=0;
+    elseif c1(i)==3 then 
+         car(i+1)= 1;
+        c1(i)=1;
+    else 
+        car(i+1)=0;
+    end;
+end;
+car2(1)=car(6);
+re=0;
+format('v',18);
+    for i=1:5
+        re=re+(c1(i)*(10^(i-1))) //result of one's complement addition  
+    end;
+
+
+    
+for i=1:5
+   s(i)=modulo(re,10);
+    re=re/10;
+    re=round(re);
+end;
+  
+for i=1:5
+ re1(i)=s(i)+car2(i);//addition of carry after one's complement addition
+    if re1(i)== 2 then
+        car2(i+1)= 1;
+        re1(i)=0;
+    elseif re1(i)==3 then 
+         car2(i+1)= 1;
+        re1(i)=1;
+    else 
+        car2(i+1)=0;
+    end;
+end;
+
+ re2=0;
+format('v',18);
+    for i=1:5
+        re2=re2+(re1(i)*(10^(i-1)))   
+    end;  
+
+ disp(re,'difference is')   
+   
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.26/ex25_26sce.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.26/ex25_26sce.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..792f66adf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.26/ex25_26sce.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+
+clc;
+clear;
+//example 25.26
+//substraction by one's complement method
+//a=input(" Enter the first no (binary) :");
+//b=input(" Enter the number from which first no has to be substracted:");
+a=10001;
+b=10011;
+q=0;
+
+for i=1:5
+    a1(i)=modulo(a,10);
+    a=a/10;
+    a=round(a);
+   
+end
+for i=1:5
+   b1(i)=modulo(b,10);
+    b=b/10;
+    b=round(b);
+end;
+ for i=1:5//making one's complement of number to be substracted
+        a1(i)=bitcmp(a1(i),1);
+end
+    
+car(1)=0;
+    
+for i=1:5
+    c1(i)=a1(i)+b1(i)+car(i);
+    if c1(i)== 2 then
+        car(i+1)= 1;
+        c1(i)=0;
+    elseif c1(i)==3 then 
+         car(i+1)= 1;
+        c1(i)=1;
+    else 
+        car(i+1)=0;
+    end;
+end;
+car2(1)=car(6);
+re=0;
+format('v',18);
+for i=1:5
+    re=re+(c1(i)*(10^(i-1))) //result of one's complement addition  
+end;
+
+    
+for i=1:5
+   s(i)=modulo(re,10);
+    re=re/10;
+    re=round(re);
+end;
+if car2(1)==1 then// checking carry
+  
+for i=1:5
+ re1(i)=s(i)+car2(i);//addition of carry after one's complement addition
+    if re1(i)== 2 then
+        car2(i+1)= 1;
+        re1(i)=0;
+    elseif re1(i)==3 then 
+         car2(i+1)= 1;
+        re1(i)=1;
+    else 
+        car2(i+1)=0;
+    end;
+end;
+
+ re2=0;
+format('v',18);
+    for i=1:5
+        re2=re2+(re1(i)*(10^(i-1)))   
+    end;  
+disp(re2,'difference is') ;
+
+else
+    for i=1:5
+        re1(i)=bitcmp(s(i),1);
+    end
+    re2=0;
+    for i=1:5
+        re2=re2+(re1(i)*(10^(i-1)))
+    end;
+    re2=-1*re2;
+    disp(re2,'difference is') ;
+    end;
+       
+   
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.27/ex25_27sce.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.27/ex25_27sce.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0ee5e2bdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.27/ex25_27sce.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+
+clc;
+clear;
+//example 25.27
+//substraction by one's complement method
+//a=input(" Enter the first no (binary) :");
+//b=input(" Enter the number from which first no has to be substracted:");
+a=10011;
+b=10001;
+q=0;
+
+for i=1:5
+    a1(i)=modulo(a,10);
+    a=a/10;
+    a=round(a);
+end
+for i=1:5
+   b1(i)=modulo(b,10);
+    b=b/10;
+    b=round(b);
+end;
+for i=1:5//making one's complement of number to be substracted
+     a1(i)=bitcmp(a1(i),1);
+end
+    
+car(1)=0;
+    
+for i=1:5
+    c1(i)=a1(i)+b1(i)+car(i);
+    if c1(i)== 2 then
+        car(i+1)= 1;
+        c1(i)=0;
+    elseif c1(i)==3 then 
+         car(i+1)= 1;
+        c1(i)=1;
+    else 
+        car(i+1)=0;
+    end;
+end;
+car2(1)=car(6);
+re=0;
+format('v',18);
+for i=1:5
+        re=re+(c1(i)*(10^(i-1))) //result of one's complement addition  
+end;
+
+for i=1:5
+   s(i)=modulo(re,10);
+    re=re/10;
+    re=round(re);
+end;
+if car2(1)==1 then// checking carry  
+  
+for i=1:5
+ re1(i)=s(i)+car2(i);//addition of carry after one's complement addition
+    if re1(i)== 2 then
+        car2(i+1)= 1;
+        re1(i)=0;
+    elseif re1(i)==3 then 
+         car2(i+1)= 1;
+        re1(i)=1;
+    else 
+        car2(i+1)=0;
+    end;
+end;
+
+ re2=0;
+format('v',18);
+    for i=1:5
+        re2=re2+(re1(i)*(10^(i-1)))   
+    end;  
+   re2= -1*re2;
+disp(re2,'difference is') ;
+
+else
+    for i=1:5
+        re1(i)=bitcmp(s(i),1);
+    end
+    re2=0;
+    for i=1:5
+        re2=re2+(re1(i)*(10^(i-1)))
+    end;
+    re2=-1*re2;
+    disp(re2,'difference is') ;
+
+end;
+            
+   
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.28/ex25_28sce.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.28/ex25_28sce.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..21afe816f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.28/ex25_28sce.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+clc;
+clear;
+//example25.28
+//finiding two's complement
+//a=input(" Enter the number (binary) :");
+a=1010;
+for i=1:4
+    a1(i)=modulo(a,10);
+    a=a/10;
+    a=round(a);
+   
+end
+for i=1:4//making one's complement of number
+    a1(i)=bitcmp(a1(i),1);
+end
+for i=1:4
+car(1)=1;
+re(i)=a1(i)+car(i);//addition of one to one's complement to contain two's complement
+    if re(i)== 2 then
+        car(i+1)= 1;
+        re(i)=0;
+    elseif re(i)==3 then 
+         car(i+1)= 1;
+        re(i)=1;
+    else 
+        car(i+1)=0;
+    end;
+end;
+
+ re2=0;
+format('v',18);
+    for i=1:4
+        re2=re2+(re(i)*(10^(i-1)))   
+    end;  
+disp(re2,'two s complement is');  
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.29/ex25_29.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.29/ex25_29.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..db2827c54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.29/ex25_29.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+
+clc;
+clear;
+//Example 25.29
+//addition of negative number by by two's complement method
+//bb=input(" Enter the first no (in decimal) :");
+//aaa=input(" Enter the negative number that has to be added");
+bb=14;
+aaa=-7;
+if aaa<0 then
+    aa=-1*aaa;
+else aa=aaa;
+end
+a=0;
+b=0;
+q=0;
+for i=1:5            //converting from decimal to binary 
+    x=modulo(aa,2);
+    a= a + (10^q)*x;
+    aa=aa/2;
+    aa=floor(aa);
+    q=q+1; 
+end
+q=0;
+for i=1:5   //converting from decimal to binary         
+    y=modulo(bb,2);
+    b= b + (10^q)*y;
+    bb=bb/2;
+    bb=floor(bb);
+    q=q+1; 
+end
+for i=1:5
+    a1(i)=modulo(a,10);
+    a=a/10;
+    a=round(a);
+   
+end
+for i=1:5
+   b1(i)=modulo(b,10);
+    b=b/10;
+    b=round(b);
+end;
+if aaa<0 then// making one's complement of the negative number
+    for i=1:5
+        a1(i)=bitcmp(a1(i),1);
+    end
+    
+    car(1)=0;
+    
+for i=1:5
+    c1(i)=a1(i)+b1(i)+car(i);
+    if c1(i)== 2 then
+        car(i+1)= 1;
+        c1(i)=0;
+    elseif c1(i)==3 then 
+         car(i+1)= 1;
+        c1(i)=1;
+    else 
+        car(i+1)=0;
+    end;
+end;
+re=0;
+format('v',18);
+    for i=1:5
+        re=re+(c1(i)*(10^(i-1))) //result of one's complement addition  
+    end;
+for i=1:5
+   s(i)=modulo(re,10);
+    re=re/10;
+    re=round(re);
+end;
+if car(6)==1 then// checking carry
+    car2(1)=1;
+  
+for i=1:5
+ re1(i)=s(i)+car2(i);//addition of carry after one's complement addition
+    if re1(i)== 2 then
+        car2(i+1)= 1;
+        re1(i)=0;
+    elseif re1(i)==3 then 
+         car2(i+1)= 1;
+        re1(i)=1;
+    else 
+        car2(i+1)=0;
+    end;
+end;
+
+ re2=0;
+format('v',18);
+    for i=1:5
+        re2=re2+(re1(i)*(10^(i-1)))   
+    end;  
+
+ disp(re2,'difference is') ;
+ 
+else 
+    for i=1:5
+        re1(i)=bitcmp(s(i),1);
+    end
+    re2=0;
+    for i=1:5
+        re2=re2+(re1(i)*(10^(i-1)))
+    end;
+    re2=-1*re2;
+    disp(re2,'difference is') ;
+    end;
+      
+   
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.3/ex25_3.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.3/ex25_3.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..44728798c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.3/ex25_3.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+clc;
+clear;
+//example 25.3
+//addition of two binary numbers
+
+a=1011.01;        //first number 
+b=1101.11;        //second number
+A=bin21dec(a);   //converting a in to decimal number 
+B=bin21dec(b);   //converting b in to decimal number 
+S=A+B;          //adding the two decimal numbers
+temp=dec21bin(S); //converting the decimal sum back to binary
+format('v',10);   //changing the default precision to 8
+disp(temp,'sum is');       //displaying the final output
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.30/ex25_30.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.30/ex25_30.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..6ea5d011c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.30/ex25_30.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+
+clc;
+clear;
+//example 25.27
+//substarction by one's complement method
+//a=input(" Enter the first no (binary) :");
+//b=input(" Enter the number from which first no has to be substracted:");
+a=10011;
+b=10001;
+q=0;
+
+for i=1:5
+    a1(i)=modulo(a,10);
+    a=a/10;
+    a=round(a);
+end
+for i=1:5
+   b1(i)=modulo(b,10);
+    b=b/10;
+    b=round(b);
+end;
+for i=1:5//making one's complement of number to be substracted
+     a1(i)=bitcmp(a1(i),1);
+end
+    
+car(1)=0;
+    
+for i=1:5
+    c1(i)=a1(i)+b1(i)+car(i);
+    if c1(i)== 2 then
+        car(i+1)= 1;
+        c1(i)=0;
+    elseif c1(i)==3 then 
+         car(i+1)= 1;
+        c1(i)=1;
+    else 
+        car(i+1)=0;
+    end;
+end;
+
+re=0;
+format('v',18);
+for i=1:5
+        re=re+(c1(i)*(10^(i-1))) //result of one's complement addition  
+end;
+
+for i=1:5
+   s(i)=modulo(re,10);
+    re=re/10;
+    re=round(re);
+end;
+if car(6)==1 then// checking carry  
+  
+for i=1:5
+ re1(i)=s(i)+car2(i);//addition of carry after one's complement addition
+    if re1(i)== 2 then
+        car2(i+1)= 1;
+        re1(i)=0;
+    elseif re1(i)==3 then 
+         car2(i+1)= 1;
+        re1(i)=1;
+    else 
+        car2(i+1)=0;
+    end;
+end;
+
+ re2=0;
+format('v',18);
+    for i=1:5
+        re2=re2+(re1(i)*(10^(i-1)))   
+    end;  
+   re2= -1*re2;
+disp(re2,'difference is') ;
+
+else
+    for i=1:5
+        re1(i)=bitcmp(s(i),1);
+    end
+    re2=0;
+    for i=1:5
+        re2=re2+(re1(i)*(10^(i-1)))
+    end;
+    re2=-1*re2;
+    disp(re2,'difference is') ;
+
+end;
+            
+   
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.4/ex25_4.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.4/ex25_4.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..d7926693d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.4/ex25_4.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clc;clear;
+//Example 25.4
+//calculation of difference of two binary numbers
+
+//given values
+X='1011';//first binary number
+Y='0101';//second binary number 
+
+//calculation
+x=bin2dec(X);//decimal equivalent
+y=bin2dec(Y);//decimal equivalent
+z=x-y;
+Z=dec2bin(z);
+disp(Z,'difference of the given binary numbers ');
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.5/ex25_5.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.5/ex25_5.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..0c10b86c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.5/ex25_5.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clc;clear;
+//Example 25.5
+//calculation of difference of two binary numbers
+
+//given values
+X='1000';//first binary number
+Y='0011';//second binary number 
+
+//calculation
+x=bin2dec(X);//decimal equivalent
+y=bin2dec(Y);//decimal equivalent
+z=x-y;
+Z=dec2bin(z);
+disp(Z,'difference of the given binary numbers ')
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.6/ex25_6.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.6/ex25_6.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..af36c993c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.6/ex25_6.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clc;
+clear;
+//example 25.6
+//binary substraction
+
+format('v',8);//changing the default precision to 8
+a=1001.01;//first number 
+b=0011.10;//second number
+A=bin21dec(a);//converting a in to decimal number 
+B=bin21dec(b);//converting b in to decimal number 
+S=A-B;        //multiply the two decimal numbers
+temp=dec21bin(S);//converting the decimal product back to binary
+
+disp(temp,'difference is');//displaying the final output
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.7/ex25_7.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.7/ex25_7.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..72e35ec9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.7/ex25_7.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clc;clear;
+//Example 25.7
+//calculation of product of two binary numbers
+
+//given values
+X='10101';//first binary number with last two digits in fractional part
+Y='101';//second binary number with last two digits in fractional part
+
+//calculation
+x=bin2dec(X);//decimal equivalent
+y=bin2dec(Y);//decimal equivalent
+z=x*y;
+Z=dec2bin(z);
+disp(Z,'product of the given binary numbers is ')
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.8/ex25_8.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.8/ex25_8.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..381ed11a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.8/ex25_8.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clc;
+clear;
+//example 25.8
+//binary multiplication
+
+format('v',8);//changing the default precision to 8
+a=10101.01;//first number 
+b=110.10;//second number
+A=bin21dec(a);//converting a in to decimal number 
+B=bin21dec(b);//converting b in to decimal number 
+S=A*B;        //multiply the two decimal numbers
+temp=dec21bin(S);//converting the decimal product back to binary
+
+disp(temp,'product is');//displaying the final output
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/273/CH25/EX25.9/ex25_9.sce b/273/CH25/EX25.9/ex25_9.sce
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..b369967b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/273/CH25/EX25.9/ex25_9.sce
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+clc;clear;
+//Example 25.9
+//calculation of quotient of two binary numbers
+
+//given values
+X='1101001';//divident
+Y='101';//divisor
+
+//calculation
+x=bin2dec(X);//decimal equivalent
+y=bin2dec(Y);//decimal equivalent
+z=x/y;
+Z=dec2bin(z);
+disp(Z,'quotient of the given binary numbers with last two digits in fractional part is ')
-- 
cgit