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+// Example no.3.11
+// To calculate (a) the optical gain coefficient Γg required to balance the cavity loss and (b) the threshold electron density Ne
+// Page no.135
+
+clc;
+clear;
+
+// Given data
+L=320*10^-6; // Cavity length
+R1=0.35; // The reflectivity of ligth wave which is reflected at A
+R2=0.35; // The reflectivity of ligth wave which is reflected at B
+aint=10^3; // Internal cavity loss in m^-1
+c=3*10^8; // Speed of ligth in air
+Go=1.73*10^-12; // Gain coefficient in m^3/s
+Neo=3.47*10^23; // The value of the carrier density at which the gain coefficient becomes zero in m^-3
+n=3.3; // Refractive index of medium
+
+// (a) the optical gain coefficient Γg required to balance the cavity loss
+amir=(1/(2*L))*log(1/(R1*R2)); // The loss due to mirrors per m
+acav=amir+aint; // The total cavity loss coefficient
+gammag=acav; // The optical gain coefficient in m^-1
+
+// Displaying the result in command window
+printf('\n The optical gain coefficient = %0.2f X 10^3 m^-1',gammag*10^-3);
+
+//(b) the threshold electron density Ne
+v=c/n; // Velocity of ligth in medium
+Tph=1/(v*acav); // The photon lifetime in sec
+Neth=Neo+1/(Go*Tph); // The threshold electron density Ne
+
+// Displaying the result in command window
+printf('\n The threshold electron density = %0.2f X 10^23 m^-3',Neth*10^-23);
+