{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# 7: Nuclear Structure"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example number 1, Page number 235"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 3,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"total mass is 11.7167 *10**-27 kg\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#importing modules\n",
"import math\n",
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration \n",
"mp=1.6725*10**-27; #mass of proton(kg)\n",
"mn=1.6748*10**-27; #mass of neutron(kg)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations\n",
"m=(3*mp)+(4*mn); #total mass(kg)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"total mass is\",m*10**27,\"*10**-27 kg\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example number 2, Page number 235"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 10,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"number of electrons is 36 *10**23\n",
"number of protons is 36 *10**23\n",
"number of neutrons is 48 *10**23\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#importing modules\n",
"import math\n",
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration \n",
"N=6*10**23; #avagadro number\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations\n",
"e=6*N; #number of electrons\n",
"p=6*N; #number of protons\n",
"n=8*N; #number of neutrons\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"number of electrons is\",int(e/10**23),\"*10**23\"\n",
"print \"number of protons is\",int(p/10**23),\"*10**23\"\n",
"print \"number of neutrons is\",int(n/10**23),\"*10**23\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example number 3, Page number 235"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 14,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"mass number of nucleus is 9\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#importing modules\n",
"import math\n",
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration \n",
"r=2.71*10**-15; #radius(m)\n",
"r0=1.3*10**-15; \n",
"\n",
"#Calculations\n",
"A=(r/r0)**3; #mass number of nucleus\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"mass number of nucleus is\",int(A)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example number 4, Page number 235"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 20,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"radius of He is 2.2375 fermi\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#importing modules\n",
"import math\n",
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration \n",
"r1=7.731; #radius(fermi)\n",
"A1=165; #mass number of Ho\n",
"A2=4; #mass number of He \n",
"\n",
"#Calculations\n",
"r2=r1*(A2/A1)**(1/3); #radius of He(fermi)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"radius of He is\",round(r2,4),\"fermi\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example number 5, Page number 236"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 23,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"radius of nucleus is 4.8 fermi\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#importing modules\n",
"import math\n",
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration \n",
"r1=6; #radius(fermi)\n",
"A1=125; #mass number of nucleus\n",
"A2=64; #mass number of nucleus \n",
"\n",
"#Calculations\n",
"r2=r1*(A2/A1)**(1/3); #radius of nucleus(fermi)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"radius of nucleus is\",r2,\"fermi\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example number 6, Page number 236"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 25,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"density of nuclear matter is 1.8 *10**17 kg/m**3\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#importing modules\n",
"import math\n",
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration \n",
"A=1; #assume\n",
"r=1.3*A**(1/3)*10**-15; #radius(m) \n",
"amu=1.66*10**-27; #amu(kg)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations\n",
"V=4*math.pi*r**3/3; #volume(m**3)\n",
"M=A*amu;\n",
"rho=M/V; #density of nuclear matter(kg/m**3)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"density of nuclear matter is\",round(rho/10**17,1),\"*10**17 kg/m**3\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example number 7, Page number 236"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 33,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"electrostatic potential energy is 3.91 *10**-11 eV\n",
"answer given in the book is wrong\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#importing modules\n",
"import math\n",
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration \n",
"A=235/2; #mass number\n",
"r=1.3*A**(1/3)*10**-15; #radius(m) \n",
"Z=46; #atomic number\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
"epsilon0=8.65*10**-12; \n",
"\n",
"#Calculations\n",
"U=(Z*e)**2/(4*math.pi*epsilon0*2*r); #electrostatic potential energy(eV)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"electrostatic potential energy is\",round(U*10**11,2),\"*10**-11 eV\"\n",
"print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example number 8, Page number 240"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 38,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"binding energy of alpha particle is 28.5229 MeV\n",
"binding energy per nucleon is 7.1307 MeV\n",
"answer given in the book is wrong\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#importing modules\n",
"import math\n",
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration \n",
"mp=1.007277; #mass of proton(amu)\n",
"mhn=4.001265; #mass of helium nucleus(amu)\n",
"mn=1.008666; #mass of neutron(amu)\n",
"amu=931.4812; #amu(MeV)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations\n",
"m=(2*mp)+(2*mn); #total initial mass(amu)\n",
"deltam=m-mhn; #mass defect(amu)\n",
"BEalpha=deltam*amu; #binding energy of alpha particle(MeV)\n",
"BEn=BEalpha/4; #binding energy per nucleon(MeV)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"binding energy of alpha particle is\",round(BEalpha,4),\"MeV\"\n",
"print \"binding energy per nucleon is\",round(BEn,4),\"MeV\"\n",
"print \"answer given in the book is wrong\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example number 9, Page number 240"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 45,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"energy released is 63.0 *10**10 J\n",
"electrical energy is 8.75 *10**3 kilowatt hour\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#importing modules\n",
"import math\n",
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration \n",
"mh=1*10**-3; #mass of hydrogen(kg)\n",
"mhe=0.993*10**-3; #mass of helium(kg)\n",
"e=5/100; #efficiency\n",
"c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/sec)\n",
"x=36*10**5; \n",
"\n",
"#Calculations\n",
"deltam=mh-mhe; #mass defect(kg)\n",
"E=deltam*c**2; #energy released(J)\n",
"EE=e*E/x; #electrical energy(kilowatt hour)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"energy released is\",E/10**10,\"*10**10 J\"\n",
"print \"electrical energy is\",round(EE/10**3,2),\"*10**3 kilowatt hour\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example number 10, Page number 241"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 47,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"energy released is 0.73 MeV\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#importing modules\n",
"import math\n",
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration \n",
"mp=1.6725*10**-27; #mass of proton(kg)\n",
"me=9*10**-31; #mass of electron(kg)\n",
"mn=1.6747*10**-27; #mass of neutron(kg)\n",
"c=3*10**8; #velocity of light(m/sec)\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19; #charge(coulomb)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations\n",
"deltam=mn-(mp+me); #mass defect(kg)\n",
"E=deltam*c**2/(e*10**6); #energy released(MeV)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"energy released is\",round(E,2),\"MeV\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example number 11, Page number 241"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 53,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"atomic mass is 34.96908 amu\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"#importing modules\n",
"import math\n",
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration \n",
"mp=1.007825; #mass of proton(amu)\n",
"mn=1.008665; #mass of neutron(amu)\n",
"BE=298; #binding energy(MeV)\n",
"amu=931.5; #amu(MeV)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations\n",
"m=(17*mp)+(18*mn); #total initial mass(amu)\n",
"deltam=BE/amu; #mass defect(amu)\n",
"Am=m-deltam; #atomic mass(amu)\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print \"atomic mass is\",round(Am,5),\"amu\""
]
}
],
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"codemirror_mode": {
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