{ "metadata": { "name": "", "signature": "sha256:24412b81a5c65650b2787cc4857a74b974a33461556f46a12dcfe8e6b4e63b68" }, "nbformat": 3, "nbformat_minor": 0, "worksheets": [ { "cells": [ { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 1, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "\n", "Chapter11:SEMICONDUCTOR OPTOELECTRONICS" ] }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "\n", "Ex11.1:pg-462" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "hw=1.7\n", "Eg = 1.43\n", "alpha= 4.21*10**4*((hw-Eg)/(hw))\n", "print\"The absorption coefficient(alpha) for GaAs is ,alpha=\",\"{:.1e}\".format(alpha),\"cm**-1\"" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "The absorption coefficient(alpha) for GaAs is ,alpha= 6.7e+03 cm**-1\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 2 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "\n", "Ex11.2:pg-462" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "hw=1.43\n", "alpha = 2.5*10**4\n", "amt = 0.9\n", "L= -(1/alpha)*log(1-amt)\n", "print\"The length of the material is ,L=\",\"{:.2e}\".format(L),\"cm\"" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "The length of the material is ,L= 9.21e-05 cm\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 3 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "\n", "Ex11.3:pg-463" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "Pop = 10.0\n", "hw=1.65\n", "alpha = 7*10**3\n", "T = 10**-9\n", "GL = (alpha*Pop)/(hw*1.6*10**-19)\n", "print\"The rate of e-h pair production is ,GL =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(GL),\"cm**-3s**-1\"\n", "dn = (GL*T)\n", "print\"The excess carrier density is ,dn =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(dn),\"cm**-3\"" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "The rate of e-h pair production is ,GL = 2.65e+23 cm**-3s**-1\n", "The excess carrier density is ,dn = 2.65e+14 cm**-3\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 4 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Ex11.4:pg-468" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "A= 10**4*10**-8\n", "Na=2*10**16\n", "Nd=10**16\n", "Dn = 20\n", "Dp = 12\n", "Tn = 10**-8\n", "Tp = 10**-8\n", "GL = 10**22\n", "kbT = 0.026\n", "Es = 11.9*8.85*10**-14\n", "e = 1.6*10**-19\n", "VR = 2.0\n", "ni = 1.5*10**10\n", "Ln = sqrt(Dn*Tn)\n", "print\"The electron diffusion length is ,Ln =\",\"{:.1e}\".format(Ln),\"cm\"\n", "Lp = sqrt(Dp*Tp)\n", "print\"The hole diffusion length is ,Lp =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(Lp),\"cm\"\n", "Vbi = kbT*log((Na*Nd)/(ni)**2)\n", "print\"The built in voltage is ,Vbi =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(Vbi),\"V\"\n", "W = sqrt((2*Es*(Na+Nd)*(Vbi+VR))/(e*Na*Nd))\n", "print\"The depletion width is ,W =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(W),\"cm\"\n", "IL= (e*A*GL*(W+Ln+Lp))\n", "print\"The photocurrent is ,IL=\",\"{:.2e}\".format(IL),\"A\"" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "The electron diffusion length is ,Ln = 4.5e-04 cm\n", "The hole diffusion length is ,Lp = 3.46e-04 cm\n", "The built in voltage is ,Vbi = 7.15e-01 V\n", "The depletion width is ,W = 7.32e-05 cm\n", "The photocurrent is ,IL= 1.39e-04 A\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 2 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "\n", "Ex11.5:pg-469" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "A= 1.0\n", "Na=5*10**17\n", "Nd=10**16\n", "Dn = 20.0\n", "Dp = 10.0\n", "Tn = 3*10**-7\n", "Tp = 10**-7\n", "kbT = 0.026\n", "IL = 25*10**-3\n", "e = 1.6*10**-19\n", "ni = 1.5*10**10\n", "Ln = sqrt(Dn*Tn)\n", "print\"The electron diffusion length is ,Ln =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(Ln),\"cm\"\n", "Lp = sqrt(Dp*Tp)\n", "print\"The hole diffusion length is ,Lp =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(Lp),\"cm\"\n", "Io = A*e*(ni)**2*((Dn/(Ln*Na))+(Dp/(Lp*Nd)))\n", "print\"The saturation current is ,Io =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(Io),\"A\"\n", "Voc= (kbT)*log(1+(IL/Io))\n", "print\"The open circuit voltage is ,Voc=\",\"{:.1e}\".format(Voc),\"V\"" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "The electron diffusion length is ,Ln = 2.45e-03 cm\n", "The hole diffusion length is ,Lp = 1.00e-03 cm\n", "The saturation current is ,Io = 3.66e-11 A\n", "The open circuit voltage is ,Voc= 5.3e-01 V\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 4 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "\n", "Ex11.6:pg-469" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "A= 1.0\n", "Na=5*10**17\n", "Nd=10**16\n", "Dn = 20.0\n", "Dp = 10.0\n", "Tn = 3*10**-7\n", "Tp = 10**-7\n", "kbT = 0.026\n", "IL = 25*10**-3\n", "e = 1.6*10**-19\n", "ni = 1.5*10**10\n", "Io = 3.66*10**-11\n", "Voc= (kbT)*log(1+(IL/Io))\n", "print\"The open circuit voltage is ,Voc=\",\"{:.2e}\".format(Voc),\"V\"\n", "P = 0.8*IL*Voc \n", "print\"The power per solar cell is ,P=\",\"{:.2e}\".format(P),\"W\"\n", "# Note: Answer given in the book is incorrect it is 10.6 mW not 1.06 mW\n", "N_series = 10/(0.9*Voc)\n", "print\"The number of solar cell needed to produce output power 10V is ,N_series =\",round(N_series,2)\n", "N_parallel = 10/(0.9*IL*10)\n", "print\"The number of solar cell needed to produce output power 10W is ,N_parallel =\",round(N_parallel,2)\n", "# Note : due to different precisions taken by me and the author ... my answer differ " ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "The open circuit voltage is ,Voc= 5.29e-01 V\n", "The power per solar cell is ,P= 1.06e-02 W\n", "The number of solar cell needed to produce output power 10V is ,N_series = 21.01\n", "The number of solar cell needed to produce output power 10W is ,N_parallel = 44.44\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 6 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "\n", "Ex11.7:pg-471" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "Pop = 1.0\n", "hw=1.43\n", "a = 700.0\n", "W = 10**-3\n", "e = 1.6*10**-19\n", "Phi_o =(Pop)/(hw*1.6*10**-19)\n", "print\"The photon flux incident on the detector Phi_o =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(Phi_o),\"cm**-2s**-1\"\n", "JL=e*Phi_o*(1-exp(-(a*W)))\n", "print\"The photocurrent density is ,JL=\",\"{:.2e}\".format(JL),\"A/cm**2\"" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ " The photon flux incident on the detector Phi_o = 4.37e+18 cm**-2s**-1\n", "The photocurrent density is ,JL= 3.52e-01 A/cm**2\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 9 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "Ex11.8:pg-479" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "import math\n", "h=1.05*10**-34\n", "mo = 9.1*10**-31\n", "me = 0.067*9.1*10**-31\n", "kbT = 0.026\n", "mh = 0.45*9.1*10**-31\n", "To = 0.6*10**-9\n", "p = 1.0*10**21\n", "T = (p/(2.0*To))*((2.0*(math.pi)*h**2)/(kbT*1.6*10**-19*(me+mh)))**(3.0/2.0)\n", "print\"T =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(T),\"s**-1\"\n", "Tr = 1.0/T\n", "print\"The e-h recombination time is Tr =\"\"{:.2e}\".format(Tr),\"s\"\n" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "T = 1.75e+05 s**-1\n", "The e-h recombination time is Tr =5.70e-06 s\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 18 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "\n", "Ex11.9:pg-480" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "h=1.05*10**-34\n", "mo = 9.1*10**-31\n", "me = 0.067*9.1*10**-31\n", "kbT = 0.026\n", "mh = 0.45*9.1*10**-31\n", "To = .6*10**-9\n", "tnr = 10**-7\n", "p = 10**21\n", "mr = 1.0/((1.0/me)+(1.0/mh))\n", "print\"The reduced mass for the e-h system is mr* =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(mr),\"kg\"\n", "print\" For low p-doping such as 10**16, the recombination time is given as below\"\n", "T1 = (p/(2.0*To))*((2.0*(math.pi)*h**2)/(kbT*1.6*10**-19*(me+mh)))**(3.0/2.0)\n", "print\"T =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(T),\"s**-1\"\n", "Tr1 = 1.0/T1\n", "print\"The e-h recombination time is Tr1 =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(Tr1),\"s\"\n", "nQr1 = 1.0/(1+(Tr1/tnr))\n", "print\"The internal quantum efficiency is nQr1 =\"\"{:.2e}\".format(nQr1)\n", "print\" For high p-doping such as 5*10**17, the recombination time is given as below\"\n", "T2 = (1.0/To)*((mr/mh)**(3.0/2.0))\n", "print\"T2 =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(T2),\"s**-1\"\n", "Tr2 = 1.0/T2\n", "print\"The e-h recombination time is Tr2 =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(Tr2),\"s\"\n", "nQr2 = 1.0/(1+(Tr2/tnr))\n", "print\"The internal quantum efficiency is nQr2 =\"\"{:.2e}\".format(nQr2)\n", "# Note : due to different precisions taken by me and the author ... my answer differ \n" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "The reduced mass for the e-h system is mr* = 5.31e-32 kg\n", " For low p-doping such as 10**16, the recombination time is given as below\n", "T = 1.75e+05 s**-1\n", "The e-h recombination time is Tr1 = 5.70e-06 s\n", "The internal quantum efficiency is nQr1 =1.72e-02\n", " For high p-doping such as 5*10**17, the recombination time is given as below\n", "T2 = 7.78e+07 s**-1\n", "The e-h recombination time is Tr2 = 1.29e-08 s\n", "The internal quantum efficiency is nQr2 =8.86e-01\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 19 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "\n", "Ex11.10:pg-480" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "Na=5*10**16\n", "Nd=5*10**17\n", "Dn = 30.0\n", "Dp = 15.0\n", "Tn = 10**-8\n", "Tp = 10**-7\n", "e = 1.6*10**-19\n", "ni = 1.84*10**6\n", "kbT = 0.026\n", "V = 1.0\n", "nQr=0.5\n", "np = ni**2/Na\n", "pn = ni**2/Nd\n", "Ln = sqrt(Dn*Tn)\n", "print\"The electron diffusion length is ,Ln =\",\"{:.3e}\".format(Ln),\"cm\"\n", "Lp = sqrt(Dp*Tp)\n", "print\"The hole diffusion length is ,Lp =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(Lp),\"cm\"\n", "Yinj = ((e*Dn*np)/Ln)/(((e*Dn*np)/Ln)+((e*Dp*pn)/Lp))\n", "print\"The injection efficiency is ,Yinj =\"\"{:.1e}\".format(Yinj)" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "The electron diffusion length is ,Ln = 5.477e-04 cm\n", "The hole diffusion length is ,Lp = 1.22e-03 cm\n", "The injection efficiency is ,Yinj =9.8e-01\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 23 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "\n", "Ex11.11:pg-481" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "A= 10**-2\n", "Na=5*10**16\n", "Nd=5*10**17\n", "Dn = 30.0\n", "Dp = 15.0\n", "Tn = 10**-8\n", "Tp = 10**-7\n", "e = 1.6*10**-19\n", "ni = 1.84*10**6\n", "kbT = 0.026\n", "V = 1.0\n", "nQr=0.5\n", "Eph = 1.41\n", "np = ni**2/Na\n", "pn = ni**2/Nd\n", "Ln = sqrt(Dn*Tn)\n", "print\"The electron diffusion length is ,Ln =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(Ln),\"cm\"\n", "Lp = sqrt(Dp*Tp)\n", "print\"The hole diffusion length is ,Lp =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(Lp),\"cm\"\n", "In = ((A*e*Dn*np)/Ln)*(exp(V/kbT)-1)\n", "print\"The injected current is ,In =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(In),\"A\"\n", "Iph = (In*nQr)/e\n", "print\"The photon generated per second is ,Iph =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(Iph),\"s**-1\"\n", "P = Iph*e*Eph\n", "print\"The optical power is ,P =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(P),\"W\"" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "The electron diffusion length is ,Ln = 5.48e-04 cm\n", "The hole diffusion length is ,Lp = 1.22e-03 cm\n", "The injected current is ,In = 3.00e-04 A\n", "The photon generated per second is ,Iph = 9.37e+14 s**-1\n", "The optical power is ,P = 2.11e-04 W\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 24 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "\n", "Ex11.12:pg-489" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "R =.33\n", "alpha_R = 20\n", "L= (-1.0/alpha_R)*log(R)\n", "print\"The length of the cavity is ,L=\",\"{:.2e}\".format(L),\"cm\"" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ " The length of the cavity is ,L= 5.54e-02 cm\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 26 }, { "cell_type": "heading", "level": 2, "metadata": {}, "source": [ "\n", "Ex11.14:pg-494" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "n = 1.1*10**18\n", "nth=1.32*10**18\n", "e = 1.6*10**-19\n", "d = 2*10**-4\n", "Tr = 2.4*10**-9\n", "Jth = (e*nth*d)/Tr\n", "print\"The current density is Jth =\",\"{:.2e}\".format(Jth),\"A/cm**2\"" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "The current density is Jth = 1.76e+04 A/cm**2\n" ] } ], "prompt_number": 27 } ], "metadata": {} } ] }