{
"metadata": {
"name": "",
"signature": "sha256:674aadd4593cd639b4637a0cb17a9ace907a7cf82297146653a75d9ee7f7f19b"
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"nbformat": 3,
"nbformat_minor": 0,
"worksheets": [
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 1,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Chapter 4: Economics of Power Generation"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 4.1, Page Number: 74"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable Declaration:\n",
"P = 90000 #initial cost of transformer(Rs)\n",
"n = 20 #20 years\n",
"S = 10000 #Salvage value(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"D = (P-S)/n #Annual depreciation charge(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"print \"The annual depreciation charge is Rs\",D"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The annual depreciation charge is Rs 4000.0\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 5
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 4.2, Page Number: 74"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration\n",
"P = 200000 #Initial cost of transformer(Rs)\n",
"S = 10000 #Salvage value of transformer(Rs)\n",
"n = 20 #Useful life(years)\n",
"r = 0.08 #annual interest rate(%)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"q = (P-S)*r/(((1+r)**n)-1) #Annual payment(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"The annual amount to be saved is Rs\",round(q)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The annual amount to be saved is Rs 4152.0\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 6
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 4.3, Page Number: 75"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"P = 1560000 #Initial cost of equipment(Rs)\n",
"S = 60000 #salvage value of equipment(Rs)\n",
"n = 25 #useful life(years)\n",
"t = 20 #years\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"\n",
"#(i) Straight line method:\n",
"D1 = (P-S)/n #Annual depreciation(Rs)\n",
"V1 = P-D1*t #Value of equipment after 't' years\n",
"\n",
"#(ii)Diminishing value method:\n",
"D2 = 1-(S/P)**(1/n) #Annual unit depreciation(Rs)\n",
"V2 = P*(1-round(D2,3))**t #Value of equipment after 't' years\n",
"\n",
"#(iii)Sinking fund method:\n",
"r = 0.05 #rate of interest\n",
"q = (P-S)*(r/((1+r)**n-1)) #Annual deposit in the sinking fund(Rs)\n",
"q1 = 31433*(((1+r)**20-1)/r) #Sinking fund at the end of 20 years(Rs)\n",
"V = P-q1 #Value of plant after 20 years(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"The depreciated values using:\"\n",
"print \"(i) Straight line method: Rs\",V1\n",
"print \"(ii)Diminishing value method Rs:\",round(V2)\n",
"print \"(iii)Sinking fund method: Rs\",round(V)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The depreciated values using:\n",
"(i) Straight line method: Rs 360000.0\n",
"(ii)Diminishing value method Rs: 115615.0\n",
"(iii)Sinking fund method: Rs 520638.0\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 7
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 4.4, Page Number: 76"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"M = 50000 #Max demand(kW)\n",
"CC = 95*10**6 #Capital cost(Rs)\n",
"LF = 0.4 #annual load factor\n",
"C1 = 9*10**6 #Annual cost of fuel and oil(Rs)\n",
"C2 = 7.5*10**6 #taxes wages salaries etc(Rs)\n",
"i = 12 #interest & depreciation(%)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"E = M*LF*8760 #units generated(kWh/year)\n",
"AFC = i*CC/100 #Annual fixed charges(Rs)\n",
"T = C1+C2 #Total annual running charges(Rs)\n",
"TAC = AFC+T #Total annual charges(Rs)\n",
"c = TAC/E #cost per unit(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"Cost per unit generated = \",round(c,2)*100,\"paise\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Cost per unit generated = 16.0 paise\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 8
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 4.5, Page Number: 76"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"C = 50000 #Installed capacity(kW)\n",
"E = 220*10**6 #units generated(kWh/year)\n",
"AFC1 = 160 #annual fixed charges per kW of C(Rs/kW)\n",
"RC = 0.04 #running charges(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"AFC = AFC1*C #annual fixed charges(Rs)\n",
"ARC = RC*E #annual running charges(Rs)\n",
"c = (AFC+ARC)/E #cost per unit(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"Cost per unit generated is \",round(c,4)*100,\"paise\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Cost per unit generated is 7.64 paise\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 9
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 4.6, Page Number: 76"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"C = 160000 #cost of plant(Rs)\n",
"r = 12 #annual fixed charges(%)\n",
"r1 = 5 #interest(%)\n",
"r2 = 5 #depreciation(%)\n",
"r3 = 2 #taxes(%)\n",
"M = 100 #max demand(kW)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"AFC = C*r/100 #annual fixed charges(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"#(i)when load factor is 100%\n",
"E1 = M*1*8760 #kWh/year\n",
"c1 = AFC/E1 #Rs\n",
"\n",
"#(i)when load factor is 50%\n",
"E2 = M*0.5*8760 #kWh/year\n",
"c2 = AFC/E2 #Rs\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"Fixed charges when:\"\n",
"print \"(i) load factor is 100% :\",round(c1*100,2),\"paise\"\n",
"print \"(ii)load factor is 50% :\",round(c2*100,2),\"paise\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Fixed charges when:\n",
"(i) load factor is 100% : 2.19 paise\n",
"(ii)load factor is 50% : 4.38 paise\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 10
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 4.7, Page Number: 77"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"PC = 50 #plant capacity(MW)\n",
"LF = 0.4 #annual load factor\n",
"C1 = 1.2*10**7 #capital cost(Rs)\n",
"C2 = 4*10**5 #annual cost of wages, taxation etc.(Rs)\n",
"C3 = 1.0 #cost of fuel,lubrication, maintenance etc.(paise/kWh)\n",
"r1 = 5 #interest rate(%)\n",
"r2 = 6 #depreciation(%)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"T1 = (C1*(r1+r2)/100)+C2 #Total annual fixed charges(Rs)\n",
"E = PC*10**3*LF*8760 #units generated(kWh/year)\n",
"C4 = E*C3/100 #Cost of fuel, lubrication etc.(Rs)\n",
"T = T1+C4 #total annual charges(Rs)\n",
"c = T/E #generating cost(Rs/kWh)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"Cost per kWh is \",round(c*100),\"paise\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Cost per kWh is 2.0 paise\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 11
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 4.8, Page Number: 77"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"PC = 300 #plant capacity(MW)\n",
"CF = 0.5 #capacity factor\n",
"LF = 0.6 #annual load factor\n",
"C1 = 9*10**7 #Annual cost of fuel, oil etc(Rs)\n",
"C2 = 10**9 #capital cost(Rs)\n",
"r1 = 10 #annual interest and depreciation(%)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"L = CF*PC #avg load(MW)\n",
"M = L/LF #max demand(MW)\n",
"RC = PC-M #Reserve capacity(MW)\n",
"TC = C1+C2*r1/100 #total cost(Rs)\n",
"E = L*10**3*8760 #units generated(kWh/year)\n",
"c = TC/E #cost per kWh\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"The minimum reserve capacity of the station is\",RC,\"MW\"\n",
"print \"Cost per kWh generated is \",round(c*100),\"paise\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The minimum reserve capacity of the station is 50.0 MW\n",
"Cost per kWh generated is 14.0 paise\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 12
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 4.9, Page Number: 78"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"PC = 50 #plant capacity(MW)\n",
"CC = 1000 #capital cost(Rs/kW)\n",
"r1 = 10 #annual depreciation charges(%)\n",
"r2 = 20 #part of salaries, maitenance to fixed charges(%)\n",
"M = 40 #max demand(MW)\n",
"LF = 0.60 #load factor\n",
"C1 = 700000 #Annual cost of salaries, maintenance charges etc.(Rs)\n",
"R1 = 1 #royalty(Re/(kW*year))\n",
"R2 = 0.01 #royalty paid for using the river water for generation(Re/kWh)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"#for annual fixed cost\n",
"E = M*10**3*LF*8760 #kWh/year\n",
"C = CC*PC*10**3 #capital cost(Rs)\n",
"T1 = r1*C/100+r2*C1/100 #total annual fixed charges(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"C2 = T1/(M*10**3)+R1 #Cost per kW(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"#for running cost:\n",
"C3 = ((1-r2/100)*C1)/E+R2 #Cost per kW(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"Total generation cost in two part form is given by:\"\n",
"print \"Rs (\",C2,\"* kW +\",round(C3,4),\"* kWh)\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Total generation cost in two part form is given by:\n",
"Rs ( 129.5 * kW + 0.0127 * kWh)\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 13
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 4.10, Page Number: 78"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"M = 60 #plant capacity(MW)\n",
"LF = 0.5 #load factor\n",
"C1 = 5*10**6 #capital cost of building and equipment(Rs)\n",
"C2 = 900000 #annual cost of fuel,oil,taxation and wages(Rs)\n",
"r1 = 10 #interest and depreciation(%)\n",
"C3 = 5000000 #annual cost of organisation and \n",
" #interest on cost of site etc.\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"E = M*10**3*LF*8760 #kWh/year\n",
"a = C3 #Rs\n",
"T2 = r1*C3/100 #Annual semi-fixed cost(Rs)\n",
"b = T2/(M*10**3) #cost per kW\n",
"c = C2/E #cost per kWh\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"The required values are:\"\n",
"print \"a = Rs\",a,\", b = \",round(b,2),\", c = Re\",round(c,4)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The required values are:\n",
"a = Rs 5000000 , b = 8.33 , c = Re 0.0034\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 14
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 4.11, Page Number: 79"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"PC = 100 #installed capacity(kW)\n",
"CC = 3000 #plant cost(Rs/kW of PC)\n",
"r1 = 5 #interest(%)\n",
"r2 = 2 #depreciation(2%)\n",
"r3 = 2 #operation & maintenance(%)\n",
"r4 = 1.5 #insurance, rent(%)\n",
"r = 12.5 #losses in transmission and distribution(%)\n",
"DF = 1.25 #diversity factor\n",
"LF = 0.4 #load factor\n",
"M = 0.8*PC #max demand(kW)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"L = M*LF #avg demand(kW)\n",
"C1 = CC*PC #Capital cost(Rs)\n",
"T1 = (r1+r2)*C1/100 #annual fixed charges(Rs)\n",
"T11 = T1/(DF*M) #annual fixed charges(Rs/kW)\n",
"RC = C1*(r3+r4)/100 #annual running charges(Rs)\n",
"E = L*8760 #kWh/year\n",
"E1 = E*(1-r/100) #units reaching the consumer(kWh)\n",
"RC1 = RC/E1 #annual running charges(Rs/kWh)\n",
"T = T1+RC #total charges(Rs)\n",
"C2 = T/E1 #cost per kWh(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"Total generation cost in two part form is given by:\"\n",
"print \"Rs (\",T11,\"* kW +\",round(RC1,3),\"* kWh)\"\n",
"print \"Overall cost of generation per kWh is \",round(C2*100,1),\"paise\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Total generation cost in two part form is given by:\n",
"Rs ( 210.0 * kW + 0.043 * kWh)\n",
"Overall cost of generation per kWh is 12.8 paise\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 15
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 4.12, Page Number: 80"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"#variable declaration:\n",
"M = 1000 #max demand(kW)\n",
"LF = 0.5 #load factor\n",
"#for (i)a private oil engine generating plant:\n",
"\n",
"CC1 = 12*10**5 #capital cost(Rs)\n",
"c1 = 0.005 #Cost of repair and maintenance(Rs/kWh)\n",
"c2 = 1600 #Cost of fuel(Rs/1000kg)\n",
"r1 = 10 #Interest and depreciation (%)\n",
"w = 0.3 #fuel consumption(kg/kWh)\n",
"c3 = 50000 #wages(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"#for (i)Public supply company:\n",
"#Rs 150 per kW of maximum demand plus 15 paise per kWh\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"E = M*LF*8760 #kWh/year\n",
"\n",
"#for(i) Private oil engine generating plant:\n",
"W = w*E #annual fuel consumption(kg)\n",
"C1= W*c2/1000 #cost of fuel(Rs)\n",
"T1 = C1+c1*E+r1*CC1/100+c3 #total annual cost(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"#for(ii)Public supply company:\n",
"T2 = 150*M+.15*E #total annual cost(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"(i)For Private oil engine generating plant,\" \n",
"print \" total annual charges is Rs\",T1\n",
"print \"(ii)Public supply company, total annual charges is Rs\",T2"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"(i)For Private oil engine generating plant,\n",
" total annual charges is Rs 2294300.0\n",
"(ii)Public supply company, total annual charges is Rs 807000.0\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 16
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
" Example 4.13, Page Number: 80"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"LF = 0.3 #load factor\n",
"M = 100 #max demand(MW)\n",
"\n",
"#steam: \n",
"cc1 = 1250 # Capital cost/kW installed(Rs)\n",
"r11 = 12 # Interest and depreciation(%)\n",
"c11 = 5 # Operating cost/kWh, paise\n",
"tc11 = 0 # Transmission cost/kWh\n",
"\n",
"#hydro:\n",
"cc2 = 2500 # Capital cost/kW installed(Rs)\n",
"r21 = 10 # Interest and depreciation(%)\n",
"c21 = 1.5 # Operating cost/kWh,paise\n",
"tc21 = 0.2 # Transmission cost/kWh,paise\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"E = M*LF*8760*10**3 #kWh/year\n",
"\n",
"#(i)steam station in conjunction with a hydro station:\n",
"Eh = 100*10**6 #units supplied by hydro station(kWh)\n",
"Es = E-Eh #units supplied by steam station(kWh)\n",
"Pmh = 40 #max o/p of hydro stn.(MW)\n",
"Pms = 60 #max o/p of steam stn(MW)\n",
"\n",
"#(i)(a)for steam station:\n",
"Cs1 = cc1*Pms*10**3 #capital cost(Rs)\n",
"Ts1 = r11*Cs1/100+c11*Es/100+0 #total cost(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"# (b)for hydro station:\n",
"Ch1 = cc2*Pmh*10**3 #capital cost(Rs)\n",
"Th1 = r21*Ch1/100+c21*Eh/100+tc21*Eh/100 #total cost(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"Ta = Ts1+Th1 #total annual cost(Rs)\n",
"OC1 = Ta/E #kWh\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#(ii)Steam station:\n",
"Pm2 = 100*10**3 #max o/p of steam plant(kW)\n",
"Cs2 = cc1*Pm2 #capital cost(Rs)\n",
"Ts2 = (Cs2*r11/100)+c11*E/100 #Rs\n",
"OC2 = Ts2/E #overall cost(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"#(iii)Hydro station:\n",
"Ch3 = cc2*Pm2 #capital cost(Rs)\n",
"Th3 = Ch3*r21/100+c21*E/100 #Rs\n",
"OC3 = Th3/E+tc21/100 ##overall cost(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"(i)steam station in conjunction with a hydro station:\"\n",
"print \" for steam stn., overall cost is \",round(OC1*100,2),\"paise\"\n",
"print \"(ii) Steam station, overall cost is \",round(OC2*100,2),\"paise\"\n",
"print \"(ii) Hydro station, overall cost is \",round(OC3*100,2),\"paise\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"(i)steam station in conjunction with a hydro station:\n",
" for steam stn., overall cost is 10.97 paise\n",
"(ii) Steam station, overall cost is 10.71 paise\n",
"(ii) Hydro station, overall cost is 11.21 paise\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 17
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 4.14, Page Number: 81"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"from sympy import *\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"M = 150*10**3 #maximum demand(kW)\n",
"\n",
"#Steam plant:\n",
"cc1 = 1600 #Rs/kW\n",
"oc1 = 0.06 #operating cost(Rs/kWh)\n",
"r1 = 7 #interest(%)\n",
"\n",
"#Hydro plant:\n",
"cc2 = 3000 #Rs/kW\n",
"oc2 = 0.03 #operating cost(Rs/kWh)\n",
"r2 = 7 #interest(%)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"x = symbols('x') #total no. of units generated\n",
"#for steam plant:\n",
"cs = cc1*M #capital cost(Rs)\n",
"Ts = r1*cs/(x*100)+oc1 #total cost(Rs)\n",
"Ts1 = Ts #Rs/kWh\n",
"\n",
"#for hydro plant:\n",
"ch = cc2*M #capital cost(Rs)\n",
"Th = r2*ch/(100*x)+oc2 #total cost(Rs)\n",
"Th1 = Th #Rs/kWh\n",
"L = solve(Ts1-Th1,x)\n",
"LF = (L[0])/(M*8760)\n",
"\n",
"print \"Load factor is \",round(LF*100,1),\"%\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Load factor is 37.3 %\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 18
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 4.15, Page Number: 82"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"from sympy import *\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"Eo = 40*10**6 #units needed to generate\n",
"\n",
"#Hydro Steam\n",
"cc1 = 2100; cc2 = 1200 #Capital cost(Rs/kW) \n",
"rc1 = 3.2; rc2 = 5 #Running cost(paise/kWh) \n",
"r1 = 7.5; r2 = 9 #Interest & depreciation(%)\n",
"RC1 = 33; RC2 = 25 #Reserve capacity(%)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"#Let x kW be the maximum demand. \n",
"#Let y be the annual load factor at which cost/unit\n",
"#of steam and hydro stations is the same.\n",
"\n",
"x,y = symbols('x y')\n",
"E = x*y*8760 #units generated per annum(kWh)\n",
"C2 = x+RC2*x/100 #installed capacity of steam station(kW)\n",
"C1 = x+RC1*x/100 #installed capacity of hydro station(kW)\n",
"\n",
"#steam station:\n",
"CC2 = cc2*C2 #capital cost(Rs)\n",
"OC2 = (r2*CC2/100+rc2*E/100)/E #Overall cost/kWh\n",
"\n",
"#hydro station:\n",
"CC1 = cc1*C1 #capital cost(Rs)\n",
"OC1 = (r1*CC1/100+rc1*E/100)/E #Overall cost/kWh\n",
"\n",
"LF = solve(OC1-OC2,y)[0] #load factor\n",
"E2 = 8760*x*LF #kWh\n",
"M = solve(E2-Eo,x)[0] #max. demand(kW)\n",
"C = (135*M + 438*M*LF) #cost of generation(Rs)\n",
"\n",
"#Results\n",
"print \"Load factor is \",round(LF*100,2),\"%\"\n",
"print \"Required cost of generation is Rs (\",round(C/10**6,1),\"* 10**6 )\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Load factor is 47.23 %\n",
"Required cost of generation is Rs ( 3.3 * 10**6 )\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 19
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 4.16, Page Number: 83"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"from __future__ import division\n",
"from sympy import *\n",
"\n",
"#Variable declaration:\n",
"\n",
"#Let x = Installed capacity of station B in kW\n",
"#y = Hours of operation of station B\n",
"\n",
"x,y = symbols('x y')\n",
"M = 50000 #max demand(kW)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation:\n",
"PCa = M-x #installed capacity of stationA(kW)\n",
"Eb = (1/2)*x*(8760*x/M) #Units generated/annum by station B\n",
"Ea = (1/2)*8760*M-Eb #Units generated/annum by station A\n",
"Cb = 50000+50*x+0.03*Eb #Rs\n",
"Ca = 75000+80*(50000-x)+0.02*Ea #Rs\n",
"C = Ca+Cb #total operating cost(Rs)\n",
"#After differentiating C w.r.t x, we get C1 as\n",
"C1 = -30+0.00174*x\n",
"x1 = solve(C1,x)[0]\n",
"\n",
"PCb = x1 #kW\n",
"PCa = M-PCb #kW\n",
"t = 8760*PCb/M #hours of operation of station B\n",
"\n",
"#Results:\n",
"print \"Installed capacity of station A is \",round(PCa),\"MW\"\n",
"print \"Installed capacity of station B is \",round(PCb),\"MW\"\n",
"print \"No. of hours of operation of plant B is\",round(t/10)*10,\"hrs\""
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Installed capacity of station A is 32759.0 MW\n",
"Installed capacity of station B is 17241.0 MW\n",
"No. of hours of operation of plant B is 3020.0 hrs\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 14
}
],
"metadata": {}
}
]
}