{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.1: Page number 147-148" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 1, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "The voltage amplification = 50. \n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "Signal=500.0; #Signal voltage in V\n", "Rin=20.0; #Input resistance in Ω \n", "Rout=100.0; #Output resistance in Ω\n", "R_C=1000.0; #Collector load in Ω\n", "alpha_ac=1.0; #current amplification factor\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "I_E=(Signal/1000)/Rin; \t#Input current in mA\n", "I_C=I_E*alpha_ac; #Output current in mA\n", "Vout=I_C*R_C; #Output voltage in V \n", "Av=Vout/(Signal/1000); #Voltage amplification \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"The voltage amplification = %d. \"%Av);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.2: Page number 150" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 2, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "The base current = 0.05 mA \n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "I_E=1; #Emitter curent in mA\n", "I_C=0.95; #Collector current in mA\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "I_B=I_E-I_C; #Base current in mA\n", "\n", "#Result \n", "print(\"The base current = %.2f mA \"%I_B);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Example 8.3: Page number 150\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 3, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "The base current =0.1 mA\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#variable declaration\n", "alpha=0.9; #Current amplification factor\n", "I_E=1; #Emitter current in mA\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "I_C=alpha*I_E; #Collector current in mA\n", "I_B=I_E-I_C; #Base current in mA\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"The base current =%.1f mA\"%I_B);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.4: Page number 150" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 4, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "The current amplification factor = 0.95 .\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "I_C=0.95;\t\t\t#Collector current in mA\n", "I_B=0.05;\t\t\t#Base current in mA\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "I_E=I_B+I_C; #Emitter current in mA\n", "alpha=I_C/I_E; #Current amplification factor \n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"The current amplification factor = %.2f .\"%alpha);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.5: Page number 150" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 5, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "The total collector current = 0.97 mA.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "I_E=1; #Emitter current in mA\n", "I_CBO=50.0; #Collector current with emitter circuit open, in microAmp\n", "alpha=0.92; #Current amplification factor\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "I_C=alpha*I_E + (I_CBO/1000); #Total collector current in mA\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"The total collector current = %.2f mA.\"%I_C);\n", "\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.6: Page number 150-151" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 6, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "The base current = 0.05 mA\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "alpha=0.95; #Current amplification factor\n", "Rc=2.0; #Resistor connected to the collector, in kilo ohm\n", "V_Rc=2.0; #Voltage drop across the resistor connected to the collector in V\n", "\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "I_C=V_Rc/Rc; #Collector current in mA\n", "I_E=I_C/alpha; #Emitter current in mA\n", "I_B=I_E-I_C; #Base current in mA\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"The base current = %.2f mA\"%I_B); \n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.7: Page number 151" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 7, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "The collector current =4.87 mA\n", "The collector to base voltage = 12.16 V\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "V_EE=8.0; #Supply voltage at the emitter in V\n", "V_CC=18.0; #Supply voltage at the collector in V\n", "V_BE=0.7; #Base to emitter voltage in V\n", "R_E=1.5; #Emitter resistance in Ω\n", "R_C=1.2; #Collector resistance in Ω\n", "\n", "#Calculations\n", "I_E=(V_EE-V_BE)/R_E; #Emitter current in mA\n", "I_C=I_E; #Collector current in mA (approximately equal to emitter current)\n", "V_CB=V_CC-(I_C*R_C); #Collector to base voltage in V\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"The collector current =%.2f mA\"%I_C);\n", "print(\"The collector to base voltage = %.2f V\"%V_CB);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.8:Page number 155" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 8, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "(i) Value of beta =9\n", "(ii) Value of beta =49\n", "(iii) Value of beta =99\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Function for calculating beta from alpha\n", "def calc_beta(a): #a is the value of alpha\n", "\treturn(a/(1-a));\n", "\n", "#Case (i)\n", "alpha=0.9; #current amplification factor\n", "beta=calc_beta(alpha);\t\t#Base current amplification factor \n", "print(\"(i) Value of beta =%d\"%beta );\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n", "\n", "#Case (ii)\n", "alpha=0.98; #current amplification factor\n", "beta=calc_beta(alpha); #Base current amplification factor\n", "print(\"(ii) Value of beta =%.0f\"%beta );\n", "\n", "\n", "#Case (iii)\n", "alpha=0.99; #current amplification factor\n", "beta=calc_beta(alpha); #Base current amplification factor \n", "print(\"(iii) Value of beta =%.0f\"%beta );\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.9: Page number 155" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 9, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "The emitter curent = 1.02 mA\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "beta=50.0; #Base current amplification factor\n", "I_B=20.0; #Base current in microAmp\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "I_B=I_B/1000; #Base current in mA\n", "I_C=beta*I_B; #Collector current in mA\n", "I_E=I_B+I_C; #Emitter current in mA\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"The emitter curent = %.2f mA\"%I_E);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.10: Page number 155" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 10, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "alpha=0.98.\n", "Collector current determined using alpha =11.76 mA\n", "Collector current determined using beta =11.76 mA\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "I_B=240.0; #Base current in microAmp\n", "I_E=12; #Emitter current in mA\n", "beta=49.0; #Base current amplification factor\n", "\n", "#Calculations\n", "alpha=beta/(1+beta); #current amplification factor \n", "I_C_alpha=alpha*I_E; #Collector current in mA calculated using alpha\n", "I_C_beta=beta*(I_B/1000); #Collector current in mA calculated using beta\n", "\n", "#Results\n", "print(\"alpha=%.2f.\"%alpha);\n", "print(\"Collector current determined using alpha =%.2f mA\"%I_C_alpha);\n", "print(\"Collector current determined using beta =%.2f mA\"%I_C_beta);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.11: Page number 156" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 11, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "The base current =0.022 mA\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "beta=45.0; #Base current amplification factor\n", "R_C=1.0; #Resistance of the collector resistance in kΩ\n", "V_R_C=1.0; #Voltage drop across the collector resistance in V\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "I_C=V_R_C/R_C; #Collector current in mA\n", "I_B=I_C/beta; #Base current in mA\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"The base current =%.3f mA\"%I_B);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.12: Page number 156" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 12, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Collector to emitter voltage = 7.5 V\n", "Base current= 0.026 mA\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "V_CC=8.0; #Collector supply voltage in V\n", "R_C=800.0; #Resistance of the collector resistance in Ω\n", "V_R_C=0.5; #Voltage drop across collector resistance in V\n", "alpha=0.96; #current amplification factor\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "V_CE=V_CC-V_R_C; #Collector to emitter voltage in V\n", "I_C=V_R_C/R_C; #Collector current in A\n", "I_C=I_C*1000; #Collector current in mA\n", "beta=alpha/(1-alpha); #Base current amplification factor\n", "I_B=I_C/beta; #Base current in mA\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Collector to emitter voltage = %.1f V\"%V_CE);\n", "print(\"Base current= %.3f mA\"%I_B);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.13: Page number 156-157" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 13, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Current amplification factor = 0.99 \n", "The emitter curent =1010 μA \n", "The base curent =10 μA \n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "V_CC=5; \t#Collector supply voltage in V\n", "I_CBO=0.2; \t#Leakage current at collector base junction with emitter open, in μA\n", "I_CEO=20.0; \t#Leakage current with base open, in μA\n", "I_C=1.0; #Collector current in mA\n", "I_C=I_C*1000; \t#Collector current in μA\n", "\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "alpha=1-(I_CBO/I_CEO);\t\t#current amplification factor\n", "I_E=(I_C-I_CBO)/alpha; #Emitter current in μA\n", "I_E=round(I_E,-1);\n", "I_B=I_E-I_C; #Base current in μA\n", "I_B=round(I_B,-1);\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Current amplification factor = %.2f \"%alpha);\n", "print(\"The emitter curent =%d μA \"%I_E);\n", "print(\"The base curent =%d μA \"%I_B);\n", "\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.14: Page number 157" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 14, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Vale of I_CBO= 2.4 μA\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "I_CEO=300.0; #Leakage current in common emitter configuration, in μA\n", "beta=120.0; #Base current amplification factor\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "alpha=beta/(1+beta); #Current amplification factor\n", "alpha=round(alpha,3);\n", "I_CBO=(1-alpha)*I_CEO; #Leakage current in common base configuration, in μA\n", "\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Vale of I_CBO= %.1f μA\"%I_CBO);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.15: Page number 157" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 15, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Value of I_CBO=0.0048 mA\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "I_B=20.0; #Base current in μA\n", "I_C=2.0; #Collector current in mA\n", "beta=80.0; #Base current amplification factor\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "I_CEO=I_C-(beta*I_B/1000); #Leakage current with base open, in mA \n", "alpha=beta/(beta+1); #Current amplification factor\n", "alpha=round(alpha,3);\n", "I_CBO=(1-alpha)*I_CEO; #Leakage current with emitter open, in mA\n", "\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Value of I_CBO=%.4f mA\"%I_CBO);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.17: Page number 158" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 16, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Collector to base voltage, V_CB= 2.85 V\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "beta=150.0; \t#Base current amplification factor\n", "R_B=10.0; \t#Base resistance in kilo ohm\n", "R_C=100.0; \t#Collector resistance in kilo ohm\n", "V_CC=10.0; #Collector supply voltage in V\n", "V_BB=5.0; #Base supply voltage in V\n", "V_BE=0.7; #Base to emitter voltage in V\n", "\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "I_B=(V_BB-V_BE)/R_B; #Base current in mA\n", "I_C=beta*I_B; #Collector current in mA\n", "V_CE=V_CC - (I_C/1000)*R_C; #Collector to emitter voltage in V\n", "V_CB=V_CE-V_BE; #Collector to base voltage in V\n", "\n", "\n", "#Result \n", "print(\"Collector to base voltage, V_CB= %.2f V\"%V_CB);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.18: Page number158-159" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 17, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Collector current determined using alpha rating =29.93 mA\n", "Collector current determined using beta rating =29.92 mA\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "I_B=68.0; #Base current in μA\n", "I_E=30.0; #Emitter current in mA\n", "beta=440.0;\t #Base current amplification factor\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "alpha=beta/(beta + 1); #current amplification factor\n", "I_C_alpha=alpha*I_E;\t\t#Collector current using alpha rating, in mA\n", "I_C_beta=beta*(I_B/1000.0); #Collector current using beta rating, in mA\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Collector current determined using alpha rating =%.2f mA\"%I_C_alpha);\n", "print(\"Collector current determined using beta rating =%.2f mA\"%I_C_beta);\n", "\n", "#Note: In the textbook, the collector current obtained from beta rating is approximated to 29.93 mA\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.19: Page number 159" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 18, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "The maximum allowable value of base current = 1.67 mA\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "I_C_max=500.0; #Maximum collector current in mA\n", "beta_max=300.0; #Maximum base current amplification factor\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "I_B_max=I_C_max/beta_max; #Maximum base current in mA\n", "\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"The maximum allowable value of base current = %.2f mA\"%I_B_max);\n", "\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.22 : Page number 167-168" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 23, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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"text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "%matplotlib inline\n", "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", "\n", "#Variable declaration\n", "VCC=12.5; #Collector supply voltage, V\n", "RC=2.5; #Collector resistor, kΩ\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "#VCE=VCC-IC*RC\n", "#For calculating VCE, IC=0\n", "IC=0; #Collector current for maximum Collector-emitter voltage, mA\n", "VCE_max=VCC-IC*RC; #Maximum collector-emitter voltage, V\n", "\n", "#For calculating VCE, IC=0\n", "VCE=0; #Collector emitter voltage for maximum collector current, V\n", "IC_max=(VCC-VCE)/RC; #Maximum collector current, mA\n", "\n", "\n", "#Plotting of d.c load line\n", "VCE_plot=[0,VCE_max]; #Plotting variable for VCE\n", "IC_plot=[IC_max,0]; #Plotting variable for IC\n", "p=plt.plot(VCE_plot,IC_plot);\n", "limit = plt.gca()\n", "limit.set_xlim([0,15])\n", "limit.set_ylim([0,6])\n", "plt.xlabel('VCE(V)');\n", "plt.ylabel('IC(mA)');\n", "plt.title('d.c load line');\n", "plt.grid();\n", "plt.show(p);" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.23 : Page number 168" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 24, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "image/png": 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"text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" }, { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Operating point: IC=1mA and VCE=6V.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "%matplotlib inline\n", "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n", "\n", "#Variable declaration\n", "VCC=12.0; #Collector supply voltage, V\n", "RC=6.0; #Collector resistor, kΩ\n", "IB=20.0; #Zero signal base current, μA\n", "beta=50.0; #Base current amplification factor\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "#VCE=VCC-IC*RC\n", "#For calculating VCE, IC=0\n", "IC=0; #Collector current for maximum Collector-emitter voltage, mA\n", "VCE_max=VCC-IC*RC; #Maximum collector-emitter voltage, V\n", "\n", "#For calculating VCE, IC=0\n", "VCE=0; #Collector emitter voltage for maximum collector current, V\n", "IC_max=(VCC-VCE)/RC; #Maximum collector current, mA\n", "\n", "\n", "#Plotting of d.c load line\n", "VCE_plot=[0,VCE_max]; #Plotting variable for VCE\n", "IC_plot=[IC_max,0]; #Plotting variable for IC\n", "p=plt.plot(VCE_plot,IC_plot);\n", "limit = plt.gca()\n", "limit.set_xlim([0,15])\n", "limit.set_ylim([0,5])\n", "plt.xlabel('VCE(V)');\n", "plt.ylabel('IC(mA)');\n", "plt.title('d.c load line');\n", "plt.grid();\n", "plt.show(p);\n", "\n", "#Calculating Q-point\n", "IC=beta*(IB/1000); #Collector current, mA\n", "VCE=VCC-IC*RC; #Collector emitter voltage, V\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Operating point: IC=%dmA and VCE=%dV.\"%(IC,VCE));\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.24 : Page number 168" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 25, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "(i) Operating point: VCE=6V and IC=1mA.\n", "(ii) Operating point: VCE=5V and IC=1mA.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "RC=4.0; #Collector load, kΩ\n", "IC_Q=1.0; #Quiescent current, mA\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "#(i)\n", "VCC=10; #Collector supply voltage, V\n", "VCE=VCC-IC*RC; #Collector emitter voltage, V\n", "\n", "print(\"(i) Operating point: VCE=%dV and IC=%dmA.\"%(VCE,IC) );\n", "\n", "#(ii)\n", "RC=5.0; #Collector load, kΩ\n", "VCE=VCC-IC*RC; #Collector emitter voltage, V\n", "print(\"(ii) Operating point: VCE=%dV and IC=%dmA.\"%(VCE,IC) );\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Example 8.25 : Page number 168-169" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 27, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Operating point: IC=39.6mA and VCE=6.93V.\n" ] }, { "data": { "image/png": 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"text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "%matplotlib inline\n", "from matplotlib import pyplot as plt\n", "\n", "#Variable declaration\n", "VCC=20.0; #Collector supply voltage, V\n", "VBB=10.0; #Base supply voltage, V\n", "RC=330.0; #Collector resistor, Ω\n", "RB=47.0; #Base resistoe, kΩ\n", "beta=200.0; #Base current amplification factor\n", "VBE=0.7; #Base -emitter voltage, V\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "#VBB-IB*RB-VBE=0\n", "IB=round(((VBB-VBE)/RB)*1000,0); #Base current, μA\n", "IC=beta*IB/1000; #Collector current, mA\n", "VCE=VCC-IC*(RC/1000); #Collector-emitter voltage, V\n", "\n", "print(\"Operating point: IC=%.1fmA and VCE=%.2fV.\"%(IC,VCE));\n", "\n", "#For d.c load line\n", "#VCE=VCC-IC*RC\n", "#For calculating VCE, IC=0\n", "IC=0; #Collector current for maximum Collector-emitter voltage, mA\n", "VCE_max=VCC-IC*RC; #Maximum collector-emitter voltage, V\n", "\n", "#For calculating VCE, IC=0\n", "VCE=0; #Collector emitter voltage for maximum collector current, V\n", "IC_max=(VCC-VCE)/(RC/1000.0); #Maximum collector current, mA\n", "\n", "\n", "#Plotting of d.c load line\n", "VCE_plot=[0,VCE_max]; #Plotting variable for VCE\n", "IC_plot=[IC_max,0]; #Plotting variable for IC\n", "p=plt.plot(VCE_plot,IC_plot);\n", "limit = plt.gca()\n", "limit.set_xlim([0,25])\n", "limit.set_ylim([0,65])\n", "plt.xlabel('VCE(V)');\n", "plt.ylabel('IC(mA)');\n", "plt.title('d.c load line');\n", "plt.grid();\n", "plt.show(p);\n", "\n", "\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.26 : Page number 169-170" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 29, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Operating point: IC=1.8mA and VCE=9.74V.\n" ] }, { "data": { "image/png": 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"text/plain": [ "" ] }, "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data" } ], "source": [ "%matplotlib inline\n", "from matplotlib import pyplot as plt\n", "\n", "#Variable declaration\n", "VCC=10.0; #Collector supply voltage, V\n", "VEE=10.0; #Emitter supply voltage, V\n", "RC=1.0; #Collector resistor, kΩ\n", "RE=4.7; #Collector resistor, kΩ\n", "RB=47.0; #Base resistoe, kΩ\n", "beta=100.0; #Base current amplification factor\n", "VBE=0.7; #Base -emitter voltage, V\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "#-IB*RB-VBE-IE*RE+VEE=0\n", "#AS, IC=beta*IB and IC~IE\n", "IE=round((VEE-VBE)/(RE+(RB/beta)),1); #Emitter current, mA\n", "IC=IE; #Collector current, mA\n", "\n", "#VCC-IC*RC-VCE-IE*RE+VEE=0\n", "#IC~IE\n", "VCE=VCC+VEE-IC*(RC+RE); #Collector-emitter voltage, V\n", "\n", "print(\"Operating point: IC=%.1fmA and VCE=%.2fV.\"%(IC,VCE));\n", "\n", "\n", "#For d.c load line\n", "#VCE=VCC-IC*RC\n", "#For calculating VCE, IC=0\n", "IC=0; #Collector current for maximum Collector-emitter voltage, mA\n", "VCE_max=VCC+VEE-IC*(RC+RE); #Maximum collector-emitter voltage, V\n", "\n", "#For calculating VCE, IC=0\n", "VCE=0; #Collector emitter voltage for maximum collector current, V\n", "IC_max=(VCC+VEE-VCE)/(RC+RE); #Maximum collector current, mA\n", "\n", "\n", "#Plotting of d.c load line\n", "VCE_plot=[0,VCE_max]; #Plotting variable for VCE\n", "IC_plot=[IC_max,0]; #Plotting variable for IC\n", "p=plt.plot(VCE_plot,IC_plot);\n", "limit = plt.gca()\n", "limit.set_xlim([0,25])\n", "limit.set_ylim([0,5])\n", "plt.xlabel('VCE(V)');\n", "plt.ylabel('IC(mA)');\n", "plt.title('d.c load line');\n", "plt.grid();\n", "plt.show(p);\n", "\n", "\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.27 : Page number 170-171" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 30, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "(i) Emitter voltage=-1.54V.\n", "(i) Base voltage=10.7V.\n", "(i) Collector voltage=8.2V.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "VEE=10.0; #Emitter supply voltage, V\n", "IE=1.8; #Emitter current, mA\n", "RE=4.7; #Emitter resistor, kΩ\n", "VBE=0.7; #Base-emitter voltage, V\n", "VCC=10.0; #Collector supply voltage, V\n", "IC=1.8; #Collector current, mA\n", "RC=1.0; #Collector resistor, kΩ\n", "\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "#(i)\n", "VE=-VEE+IE*RE; #Emitter voltage, V\n", "\n", "#(ii)\n", "VB=VEE+VBE; #Base voltage, V\n", "\n", "#(iii)\n", "VC=VCC-IC*RC; #Collector voltage, V\n", "\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"(i) Emitter voltage=%.2fV.\"%VE);\n", "print(\"(i) Base voltage=%.1fV.\"%VB);\n", "print(\"(i) Collector voltage=%.1fV.\"%VC);\n", "\n", "#Note: In the textbook, VB=VE+VBE has been written, which is worng. It should be VB=VEE+VBE. " ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.28: Page number 173-174" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 31, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Input resistance =2 kΩ\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "V_BE_change=200.0; #Change in base-emitter voltage in mV\n", "I_B_change=100.0; #Change in base current in μA\n", "\n", "#Calculations\n", "Ri=V_BE_change/I_B_change; #Input resistance in kΩ\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Input resistance =%d kΩ\"%Ri);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.29; Page number 174" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 32, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "The output resistance =8kΩ\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "V_CE_final=10.0;\t\t\t#Final value of collector-emitter voltage in V\n", "V_CE_initial=2.0; #Initial value of collector-emitter voltage in V\n", "I_C_final=3.0; #Final value of collector current in mA\n", "I_C_initial=2.0; #Initial value of collector current in mA\n", "\n", "#Calculations\n", "V_CE_change=V_CE_final-V_CE_initial;\t\t#Change in collector to emitter voltage in V\n", "I_C_change=I_C_final-I_C_initial; #Change in collector current in mA\n", "R0=V_CE_change/I_C_change; #Output resistance in kΩ\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"The output resistance =%dkΩ\"%R0);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.30: Page number 174" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 33, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "The voltage gain of the amplifier =100 \n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "R_C=2.0;\t\t#Collector load in kilo ohm\n", "R_i=1.0;\t\t#Input resistance in kilo ohm\n", "R_AC=R_C; #Effective collector load for single stage in kilo ohm(appoximately equal to collector load for single stage)\n", "beta=50.0; #Current gain\n", "\n", "#Calculations\n", "A_v=beta*(R_AC/R_i);\t\t#Voltage gain of the amplifier\n", "\n", "#Result \n", "print(\"The voltage gain of the amplifier =%d \"%A_v);\t\t\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.31: Page number 175-176" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 34, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Collector current during saturation = 20 mA\n", "Collector emitter voltage during cutoff = 20 V.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "V_CC=20;\t\t#Collector supply voltage in V\n", "R_C=1; #Collector resistance in kilo ohm\n", "V_knee_Si=1;\t\t#Knee voltage of V_CE for Si in V \n", "V_knee_Ge=0.5;\t\t#Knee voltage of V_CE for Ge in V\n", "\n", "#Calculations\n", "I_C_sat_Si=(V_CC-V_knee_Si)/R_C;\t\t#Saturation (maximum) value of collector current in mA (for Si transistor)\n", "I_C_sat_Ge=(V_CC-V_knee_Ge)/R_C;\t\t#Saturation (maximum) value of collector current in mA (for Ge transistor)\n", "I_C_sat=(V_CC)/R_C;\t\t\t\t#Saturation (maximum) value of collector current in mA (neglecting knee voltage)\n", "V_CE_cut_off=V_CC; #Collector to emitter voltage in cutoff when base current=0, in V\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Collector current during saturation = %d mA\"%I_C_sat);\n", "print(\"Collector emitter voltage during cutoff = %d V.\"%V_CE_cut_off);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.32: Page number 176-177" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 35, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Vce(off)= 24V\n", "Ic(sat) = 10.67 mA\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "V_CC=12.0;\t\t#Collector supply voltage in V\n", "V_EE=12.0;\t\t#Emitter supply voltage in V\n", "R_C=750.0;\t\t#Collector resistance in ohm\n", "R_E=1.5;\t\t#Emitter resistance in kilo ohm\n", "R_B=100.0;\t\t#Base resistance in ohm\n", "beta=200;\t\t#base current amplification factor\n", "\n", "#Calculations\n", "\n", "#Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law to the collector side of the circuit\n", "#using the equation: Vcc -IcRc-Vce -IeRe+Vee=0\n", "#we get Vce=Vcc+Vee-Ic(Rc+Re), [Ie=Ic, approximately]\n", "#We get Vce(off), when Ic=0;\n", "\n", "I_C_Vce_off=0;\t\t\t\t\t#Collector current for Vce(off) in mA\n", "V_CE_off=V_CC+V_EE -(I_C_Vce_off * (R_C +R_E));\t#Collector to emitter voltage in V, during transistor in off state\n", "\n", "#We get Ic(sat), when Vce=0\n", "V_CE_Ic_sat=0;\t\t\t\t\t\t#Collector to emitter voltage for saturation current of collector in V\n", "I_C_sat=(V_CC+V_EE-V_CE_Ic_sat)/(R_C+(R_E*1000));\t#Saturated collector current in A \n", "I_C_sat=I_C_sat*1000;\t\t\t\t\t#Saturated collector current in mA\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Vce(off)= %dV\"%V_CE_off);\n", "print(\"Ic(sat) = %.2f mA\"%I_C_sat);\n", "\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.33 : Page number 177" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 36, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "The base current is large enough to produce Ic greater than Ic(sat), therefore the transistor is saturated.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "V_knee=0.2;\t\t\t\t#Knee voltage of collector-emitter voltage in V\n", "V_CC=10.0;\t\t\t\t#Collector supply voltage in V\n", "V_BB=3.0;\t\t\t\t#Base supply voltage in V\n", "V_BE=0.7;\t\t\t\t#Base-emitter voltage in V \t\n", "R_B=10.0;\t\t\t\t#Base resistor's resistance in kilo ohm\n", "R_C=1.0;\t\t\t\t#Collector resistor's resistance in kilo ohm\n", "beta=50.0;\t\t\t\t#base current amplification factor\n", "\n", "#Calculations\n", "\n", "#applying Kirchhoff's voltage law along the collector side of the circuit,\n", "#We get Vcc-Ic(sat)*Rc-V_knee=0\n", "#From the above equation, we get:\n", "I_C_sat=(V_CC-V_knee)/R_C;\t\t#Saturated collector current in mA\n", "\n", "#Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law along base emitter side,\n", "#We get VBB-IB*RB-VBE=0;\n", "#From the above equation, we get:\n", "I_B=(V_BB-V_BE)/R_B;\t\t\t#Base current in mA\n", "\n", "\n", "I_C=beta*I_B\t\t\t\t#Collector current in mA\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "if(I_C>I_C_sat):\n", "\tprint(\"The base current is large enough to produce Ic greater than Ic(sat), therefore the transistor is saturated.\");\n", "else:\n", "\tprint(\"The base current is not large enough to produce Ic greater than Ic(sat), therefore the transistor isn't saturated. \");\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.34: Page number 177-178" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 37, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "As both collector-base and emitter-base junction are forward biased, the transistor is operating in the saturation region. \n" ] } ], "source": [ "\n", "#Variable declaration\n", "V_CC=10.0;\t\t\t\t#Collector supply voltage in V\n", "V_BE=0.95;\t\t\t\t#Base-emitter voltage in V \t\n", "I_B=100.0;\t\t\t\t#Base current in microAmp\n", "R_C=970.0;\t\t\t\t#Collector resistor's resistance in ohm\n", "beta=100.0;\t\t\t\t#base current amplification factor\n", "\n", "#Calculations\n", "I_C=(I_B/1000)*beta;\t\t\t\t#Collector current in mA \n", "\n", "#Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law along collector side\n", "#We get Vcc-IcRc-Vce=0\n", "#From the above equation, we get:\n", "\n", "V_CE=V_CC-((I_C/1000)*R_C);\t\t\t\t#Collector-emitter voltage in V\n", "\n", "#From the equation, V_CE=V_CB+V_BE,\n", "V_CB=V_CE-V_BE;\t\t\t\t\t\t#Collector-base voltage in V\n", "\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "if(V_CB<0 and V_BE >0):\n", "\tprint(\"As both collector-base and emitter-base junction are forward biased, the transistor is operating in the saturation region. \");\n", "else:\n", "\tprint(\"No. The transistor isn't operating in the saturation region.\");\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.35: Page number 178" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 38, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Therefore, for putting transistor in saturation, VBB >= 1.95 V\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "V_CC=10.0;\t\t\t\t#Collector supplu voltage in V\n", "V_BE=0.7;\t\t\t\t#Base-emitter voltage in V\n", "R_B=50.0;\t\t\t\t#Base resistor's resistance in kilo ohm\n", "R_C=2.0;\t\t\t\t#Collector resistor's resistance in kilo ohm\n", "beta=200.0;\t\t\t\t#Base current amplification factor\n", "\n", "#Calculations\n", "\n", "#Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law along the collector side,\n", "#We get, Vcc-Ic(sat)*Rc-Vce=0;\n", "#From the above equation, we get:\n", "#I_C_sat=(V_CC-V_CE)/R_C, but as transistor goes into saturation, Vce=0;\n", "\n", "V_CE=0;\t\t\t\t\t\t#Collector-emiter voltage in V, for transistor in saturation \n", "I_C_sat=(V_CC-V_CE)/R_C;\t\t\t#Saturated collector current in mA\n", "\n", "I_B=I_C_sat/beta;\t\t\t\t#Base current in mA\n", "\n", "#Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law to the base circuit,\n", "#We get, VBB - IB*RB - VBE=0\n", "#From the above equation. we get:\n", "V_BB=V_BE+ I_B*R_B;\t\t\t\t#Base supply voltage to put transistor in saturation, in V\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Therefore, for putting transistor in saturation, VBB >= %.2f V\"%V_BB);\n", " \n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.36: Page number 178-179" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 39, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "(i)Our assumption was correct, the transistor is in active state for Rc=2 kilo ohm.\n", "(ii)The transistor is at the edge of saturation for Rc=4 kilo ohm, therefore relation between transistor currents are same for both saturation and active state.\n", "(iii)Our assumption was wrong, the transistor is in saturation for Rc=8 kilo ohm.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "V_CC=10.0;\t\t\t#Collector supply voltage in V\n", "V_BB=2.7;\t\t\t#Base supply voltage in V\n", "V_BE=0.7;\t\t\t#Base-emitter voltage in V\n", "beta=100.0;\t\t\t#Base current amplification factor\n", "R_E=1.0;\t\t\t#Emitter resistor's resistance in kilo ohm\n", "\n", "\n", "#Calcultaion\t\n", "V_B=V_BB;\t\t\t#Base voltage in V\n", "V_E=V_B-V_BE;\t\t\t#Emitter voltage in V\n", "I_E=V_E/R_E;\t\t\t#Emitter current in mA\n", "I_C=I_E;\t\t\t#Collector current (approximately equal to emitter current) in mA\n", "I_B=I_C/beta;\t\t\t#Base current in mA\n", "\n", "#Case (i):\n", "R_C=2;\t\t\t\t#Collector resistor's resistance in kilo ohm\n", "\n", "#Assuming transistor to be in active state\n", "#Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law along collector side,\n", "#We get,Vcc-IcRc=Vc,\n", "\n", "V_C=V_CC-I_C*R_C;\t\t#Collector voltage in V\n", "\n", "if(V_C>V_E):\n", "\tprint(\"(i)Our assumption was correct, the transistor is in active state for Rc=2 kilo ohm.\");\n", "elif(V_CV_E):\n", "\tprint(\"(ii)Our assumption was correct, the transistor is in active state for Rc=4 kilo ohm.\");\n", "elif(V_C==V_E):\n", "\tprint(\"(ii)The transistor is at the edge of saturation for Rc=4 kilo ohm, therefore relation between transistor currents are same for both saturation and active state.\");\n", "elif(V_CV_E):\n", "\tprint(\"(iii)Our assumption was correct, the transistor is in active state for Rc=8 kilo ohm.\");\n", "elif(V_C VE=0.8V, therefore the transistor is active. Our assumption was correct.\n", "(iii) VC=-8V < VE=2.3V, therefore the transistor is saturated. Our assumption was wrong.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "V_CC=15.0;\t\t\t#Collector supply voltage in V\n", "R_C=10.0;\t\t\t#Collector resistor's resistance in kilo ohm\n", "V_BE=0.7;\t\t\t#Base-emitter voltage in V\n", "beta=100.0;\t\t\t#Base current amplification factor\n", "R_E=1.0;\t\t\t#Emitter resistor's resistance in kilo ohm\n", "\n", "\n", "#Calculation\t\n", "\n", "#Case (i):\n", "V_BB=0.5;\t\t\t#Base supply voltage in V\n", "VB=V_BB; #Base voltage, V\n", "print(\"(i) Base voltage =%.1fV is less than VBE=%.1fV, therefore, transistor is cut-off.\"%(VB,V_BE));\n", "\n", "\n", "#Case (ii):\n", "V_BB=1.5;\t\t\t#Base supply voltage in V\n", "VB=V_BB; #Base voltage, V\n", "VE=VB-V_BE; #Emitter voltage, V\n", "IE=round(VE/R_E,1); #Emitter current, mA\n", "#Assuming transistor to be in active state\n", "#Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law along collector side,\n", "IC=IE; #Collector current, mA\n", "IB=IC/beta; #Base current, mA\n", "VC=V_CC-IC*R_C; #Collector voltage, V\n", "print(VE,IE,VC);\n", "print(\"(ii) VC=%dV > VE=%.1fV, therefore the transistor is active. Our assumption was correct.\"%(VC,VE));\n", "\n", "#Case (iii):\n", "V_BB=3; \t\t\t#Base supply voltage in V\n", "VB=V_BB; #Base voltage, V\n", "VE=VB-V_BE; #Emitter voltage, V\n", "IE=round(VE/R_E,1); #Emitter current, mA\n", "#Assuming transistor to be in active state\n", "#Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law along collector side,\n", "IC=IE; #Collector current, mA\n", "IB=IC/beta; #Base current, mA\n", "VC=V_CC-IC*R_C; #Collector voltage, V\n", "\n", "print(\"(iii) VC=%dV < VE=%.1fV, therefore the transistor is saturated. Our assumption was wrong.\"%(VC,VE));" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.38: Page number 181" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 41, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Maximum collector current that can be allowed without destruction of the transistor = 5 mA.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "P_D_max=100.0;\t\t\t#Maximum power dissipation of a transistor in mW\n", "V_CE=20.0;\t\t\t#Collector emitter voltage in V\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "#As power=curent*voltage\n", "#P_D_max=I_C_max*V_CE\n", "#From the above equation, we get:\n", "\n", "I_C_max=P_D_max/V_CE;\t\t#Maximum collector current that can be allowed without destruction of the transistor, in mA\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Maximum collector current that can be allowed without destruction of the transistor = %d mA.\"%I_C_max); \n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.39: Page number 181" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 42, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Power dissipated = 4.3W\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "V_CC=5.0;\t\t\t\t#Collector supply voltage in V\n", "V_BB=5.0;\t\t\t\t#Base supply voltage in V\n", "V_BE=0.7;\t\t\t\t#Base-emitter voltage in V\n", "R_B=1.0;\t\t\t\t#Base resistor's resistance in kilo ohm\n", "R_C=0;\t\t\t\t\t#Collector resistor's resistance in kilo ohm\n", "beta=200.0;\t\t\t\t#base current amplification factor\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "#Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law along base circuit<\n", "#We get, VBB- IB*RB - VBE=0.\n", "#From the above equation, we get:\n", "\n", "I_B=(V_BB-V_BE)/R_B;\t\t\t#Base current in mA\n", "\n", "I_C=beta*I_B;\t\t\t\t#Collector current in mA\n", "\n", "#Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law along collector circuit:\n", "\n", "V_CE=V_CC-I_C*R_C;\t\t\t#Collector-emitter voltage in V\n", "\n", "#As power=curent*voltage\n", "#P_D=I_C*V_CE\n", "#From the above equation, we get:\n", "P_D=V_CE*I_C;\t\t\t\t#Power dissipated in mW\n", "P_D=P_D/1000;\t\t\t\t#Power dissipated in W\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Power dissipated = %.1fW\"%P_D);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.40: Page number 181-182" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 43, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Power dissipated = 6mW\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "V_CC=5.0;\t\t\t\t#Collector supply voltage in V\n", "V_BB=1.0;\t\t\t\t#Base supply voltage in V\n", "V_BE=0.7;\t\t\t\t#Base-emitter voltage in V\n", "R_B=10.0;\t\t\t\t#Base resistor's resistance in kilo ohm\n", "R_C=1.0;\t\t\t\t\t#Collector resistor's resistance in kilo ohm\n", "beta=100.0;\t\t\t\t#base current amplification factor\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "\n", "#Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law along base circuit<\n", "#We get, VBB- IB*RB - VBE=0.\n", "#From the above equation, we get:\n", "\n", "I_B=(V_BB-V_BE)/R_B;\t\t\t#Base current in mA\n", "\n", "I_C=beta*I_B;\t\t\t\t#Collector current in mA\n", "\n", "#Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law along collector circuit:\n", "\n", "V_CE=V_CC-I_C*R_C;\t\t\t#Collector-emitter voltage in V\n", "\n", "#As power=curent*voltage\n", "#P_D=I_C*V_CE\n", "#From the above equation, we get:\n", "P_D=V_CE*I_C;\t\t\t\t#Power dissipated in mW\n", "\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print(\"Power dissipated = %.0fmW\"%P_D);\n" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "## Example 8.41 : Page number 182" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 44, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "IC=19.5mA is much less than IC_max=100mA. Therefore, will not change with VCC and current rating is not exceeded.\n", "PD=293mW is less than PD_max=800mW. Therefore, power rating is not exceeded.\n", "If base current is removed, transistor will turn off. Hence, VCE_max will be exceeded because entire supply voltage VCC will be dropped across the transistor.\n" ] } ], "source": [ "#Variable declaration\n", "VBB=5.0; #Base supply voltage, V\n", "RB=22.0; #Base resistor, kilo ohm\n", "RC=1.0; #Collector resistor, kilo ohm\n", "beta=100.0; #Base current amplification factor\n", "VBE=0.7; #Base-emitter voltage, V\n", "PD_max=800.0; #Maximum power dissipation, mW\n", "VCE_max=15.0; #Maximum collector-emitter voltage, V\n", "IC_max=100.0; #Maximum collector current, mA\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "IB=((VBB-VBE)/RB)*1000; #Base current, μA\n", "IC=beta*IB/1000; #Collector current, mA\n", "\n", "print(\"IC=%.1fmA is much less than IC_max=%dmA. Therefore, will not change with VCC and current rating is not exceeded.\"%(IC,IC_max));\n", "\n", "#VCC=VCE+IC*RC\n", "VCC_max=VCE_max+IC*RC; #Maximum value of Collector supply voltage, V\n", "PD=VCE_max*IC; #Power dissipation, mW\n", "\n", "print(\"PD=%dmW is less than PD_max=%dmW. Therefore, power rating is not exceeded.\"%(PD,PD_max));\n", "\n", "print(\"If base current is removed, transistor will turn off. Hence, VCE_max will be exceeded because entire supply voltage VCC will be dropped across the transistor.\");" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": null, "metadata": { "collapsed": false }, "outputs": [], "source": [] } ], "metadata": { "kernelspec": { "display_name": "Python 3", "language": "python", "name": "python3" }, "language_info": { "codemirror_mode": { "name": "ipython", "version": 3 }, "file_extension": ".py", "mimetype": "text/x-python", "name": "python", "nbconvert_exporter": "python", "pygments_lexer": "ipython3", "version": "3.5.1" }, "widgets": { "state": {}, "version": "1.1.2" } }, "nbformat": 4, "nbformat_minor": 0 }