{ "metadata": { "name": "", "signature": "sha256:5816ca33fc73880418c1590a9abffc6f1191d50c49e2df9568303f79019acd1c" }, "nbformat": 3, "nbformat_minor": 0, "worksheets": [ { "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "

Chapter 4: Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)

" ] }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "

Example 4.1, Page Number: 120

" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "%pylab inline" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "\n", "Welcome to pylab, a matplotlib-based Python environment [backend: module://IPython.zmq.pylab.backend_inline].\n", "For more information, type 'help(pylab)'." ] } ], "prompt_number": 1 }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "\n", "# variable declaration\n", "I_C=3.65*10**-3; #collector current in amperes\n", "I_B=50*10**-6; #base current in amperes\n", "\n", "#calculation\n", "B_DC=I_C/I_B; #B_DC value\n", "I_E=I_B+I_C; #current in ampere\n", "\n", "# result\n", "print \"B_DC = %d \" %B_DC\n", "print \"Emitter current = %.4f ampere\" %I_E" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "B_DC = 73 \n", "Emitter current = 0.0037 ampere" ] } ], "prompt_number": 2 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "

Example 4.2, Page Number: 121

" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "\n", "# variable declaration\n", "V_BE=0.7; # voltage in volt\n", "B_DC=150; # voltage in volt\n", "V_BB=5; # voltage in volt\n", "V_CC=10; # voltage in volt\n", "R_B=10*10**3; # resistance in ohm\n", "R_C=100; # resistance in ohm\n", "\n", "#calculation\n", "I_B=(V_BB-V_BE)/R_B; #base current in amperes\n", "I_C=B_DC*I_B; #collector current in amperes\n", "I_E=I_C+I_B; #emitter current in amperes\n", "V_CE=V_CC-I_C*R_C; #collector to emitter voltage in volts\n", "V_CB=V_CE-V_BE; #collector to base voltage in volts\n", "\n", "# result\n", "print \"base current = %.5f amperes\" %I_B\n", "print \"collector current = %.4f amperes\" %I_C\n", "print \"emitter current = %.5f amperes\" %I_E\n", "print \"collector to emitter voltage =%.2f volts\" %V_CE\n", "print \"collector to base voltage =%.2f volts\" %V_CB" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "base current = 0.00043 amperes\n", "collector current = 0.0645 amperes\n", "emitter current = 0.06493 amperes\n", "collector to emitter voltage =3.55 volts\n", "collector to base voltage =2.85 volts" ] } ], "prompt_number": 3 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "

Example 4.3, Page Number: 123

" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "\n", "import pylab as py\n", "import numpy as np\n", "\n", "#variable declaration\n", "beta=100 # current gain\n", "print'Ideal family of collector curve'\n", "\n", "ic1 = arange(0.00001, 0.45, 0.0005)\n", "ic2 = arange(0.00001, 0.5, 0.0005)\n", "ic3 = arange(0.00001, 0.6, 0.0005)\n", "ic4 = arange(0.00001, 0.7, 0.0005)\n", "vcc1=ic1*0.5/0.7\n", "vcc2=ic2*1.35/0.7\n", "vcc3=ic3*2/0.7\n", "vcc4=ic4*2.5/0.7\n", "m1=arange(0.45,5.0,0.0005)\n", "m2=arange(0.5,5.0,0.0005)\n", "m3=arange(0.6,5.0,0.0005)\n", "m4=arange(0.7,5.0,0.0005)\n", "\n", "plot(ic1,vcc1,'b')\n", "plot(ic2,vcc2,'b')\n", "plot(ic3,vcc3,'b')\n", "plot(ic4,vcc4,'b')\n", "plot(m1,0.32*m1/m1,'b')\n", "plot(m2,0.96*m2/m2,'b')\n", "plot(m3,1.712*m3/m3,'b')\n", "plot(m4,2.5*m4/m4,'b')\n", "\n", "ylim( (0,3) )\n", "ylabel('Ic(mA)')\n", "xlabel('Vce(V)')\n", "title('Ideal family of collector curve')" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Ideal family of collector curve" ] }, { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "pyout", "prompt_number": 4, "text": [ "" ] }, { "metadata": {}, "output_type": "display_data", "png": 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AoEHVr+nyGEkhgC+/BP76Vz5zmIgsl8UngeRkoEcP6S96ALhxA8jNBQYMaHg/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\nAQDBwcGIi4sz8k9KpB2TAMm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} ], "prompt_number": 4 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "

Example 4.4, Page Number: 125

" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "# variable declaration\n", "V_CE_sat=0.2; # voltage in volt\n", "V_BE=0.7; # voltage in volt\n", "V_BB=3; # voltage in volt\n", "V_CC=10; # voltage in volt\n", "B_DC=50; # voltage in volt\n", "R_B=10*10**3; # resistance in ohm\n", "R_C=1*10**3; # resistance in ohm\n", "\n", "#calculation\n", "I_C_sat=(V_CC-V_CE_sat)/R_C; # saturation current\n", "I_B=(V_BB-V_BE)/R_B; # base current\n", "I_C=B_DC*I_B; # current in ampere\n", "\n", "# result\n", "if I_C>I_C_sat:\n", " print \"transistor in saturation\"\n", "else:\n", " print \"transistor not in saturation\"" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "transistor in saturation" ] } ], "prompt_number": 5 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "

Example 4.5, Page Number: 127

" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "#Variable declaration\n", "P_D_max=250*10**-3; #max power rating of transistor in watts\n", "V_CE=6; #voltage in volt\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "I_Cu=P_D_max/V_CE; #Current (Amp)\n", "I_C=I_Cu*1000;\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print \"collector current that can be handled by the transistor = %.1f mA\" %I_C\n", "print \"\\nRemember that this is not necessarily the maximum IC. The transistor\"\n", "print \"can handle more collectore current if Vce is reduced as long as PDmax\"\n", "print \"is not exceeded.\"" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "collector current that can be handled by the transistor = 41.7 mA\n", "\n", "Remember that this is not necessarily the maximum IC. The transistor\n", "can handle more collectore current if Vce is reduced as long as PDmax\n", "is not exceeded." ] } ], "prompt_number": 6 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "

Example 4.6, Page Number: 127

" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "\n", "#Variable declaration\n", "P_D_max=800*10**-3; #max power rating of transistor in watts\n", "V_BE=0.7; #voltage in volt\n", "V_CE_max=15; #voltage in volt\n", "I_C_max=100*10**-3; #Current (Amp)\n", "V_BB=5; #voltage in volt\n", "B_DC=100; #voltage in volt\n", "R_B=22*10**3; # resistance in ohm\n", "R_C=10**3; # resistance in ohm\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "I_B=(V_BB-V_BE)/R_B; # base current\n", "I_C=B_DC*I_B; #collector current \n", "V_R_C=I_C*R_C; #voltage drop across R_C\n", "V_CC_max=V_CE_max+V_R_C; #Vcc max in volt\n", "P_D=I_C*V_CE_max; #max power rating\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "if P_DExample 4.7, Page Number: 128

" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "\n", "#Variable declaration\n", "df=5*10**-3; #derating factor in watts per degree celsius\n", "T1=70; #temperature 1\n", "T2=25; #temperature 2\n", "P_D_max=1; #in watts\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "del_P_D=df*(T1-T2); #change due to temperature\n", "P_D=P_D_max-del_P_D; # power dissipation\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print \"Power dissipated max at a temperature of 70 degree celsius = %.3f watts\" %P_D" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "Power dissipated max at a temperature of 70 degree celsius = 0.775 watts" ] } ], "prompt_number": 8 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "

Example 4.8, Page Number: 130

" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "\n", "#Variable declaration\n", "R_C=1*10**3; #resistance in ohm\n", "r_e=50; #resistance in ohm\n", "V_b=100*10**-3; #voltage in volt\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "A_v=R_C/r_e; #voltage gain\n", "V_out=A_v*V_b; #voltage in volt\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "print \"voltage gain = %d \" %A_v\n", "print \"AC output voltage = %d volt\" %V_out" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "voltage gain = 20 \n", "AC output voltage = 2 volt" ] } ], "prompt_number": 9 }, { "cell_type": "markdown", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "

Example 4.9, Page Number: 132

" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "collapsed": false, "input": [ "\n", "\n", "#Variable declaration\n", "V_CC=10.0; #voltage in volt\n", "B_DC=200.0; #voltage in volt\n", "R_C=1.0*10**3; #resistance in ohm\n", "V_IN=0.0; #voltage in volt\n", "\n", "#Calculation\n", "V_CE=V_CC; #equal voltage\n", "print \"when V_IN=0, transistor acts as open switch(cut-off) and collector emitter voltage = %.2f volt\" %V_CE\n", "#now when V_CE_sat is neglected\n", "I_C_sat=V_CC/R_C; #saturation current\n", "I_B_min=I_C_sat/B_DC; #minimum base current\n", "print \"\\nminimum value of base current to saturate transistor = %.5f ampere\" %I_B_min\n", "V_IN=5; #voltage in volt\n", "V_BE=0.7; #voltage in volt\n", "V_R_B=V_IN-V_BE; #voltage across base resiatance\n", "R_B_max=V_R_B/I_B_min;\n", "\n", "\n", "#Result\n", "kw=round (R_B_max)\n", "print \"\\nmaximum value of base resistance when input voltage is 5V = %d ohm\" %kw" ], "language": "python", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "output_type": "stream", "stream": "stdout", "text": [ "when V_IN=0, transistor acts as open switch(cut-off) and collector emitter voltage = 10.00 volt\n", "\n", "minimum value of base current to saturate transistor = 0.00005 ampere\n", "\n", "maximum value of base resistance when input voltage is 5V = 86000 ohm" ] } ], "prompt_number": 10 } ], "metadata": {} } ] }