{
 "metadata": {
  "name": "Chapter_12"
 },
 "nbformat": 3,
 "nbformat_minor": 0,
 "worksheets": [
  {
   "cells": [
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Chapter 12 :- Optical fiber systems 1: Intensity modulation/direct detection\n"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.1, page 706"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "#Variable declaration\nn=8                             #bits in a time slot\nt=32                            #bits in a frame\nf=8*10**3                       #frequency\nm=16                            #bits in a multiframe\n\n#Calculation\nnb=n*t                          #number of bits in a frame\nfr=nb*f                         #transmission rate\ntr=fr**-1                       #bit duration\nts=tr*n                         #duration of a time slot\ntf=ts*t                         #duration of a frame\ntm=tf*m                         #duration of a multiframe\n\n#Result\nprint'(a) Bit rate for the system = %.3f Mbit s^-1'%(fr*10**-6)\nprint'(b) Duration of the time slot = %.1f \u03bcs'%(ts*10**6)\nprint'(c) Duration of a frame = %d \u03bcs' %(tf*10**6)\nprint'Duration of a multiframe = %d ms' %(tm*10**3)\n\n",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "(a) Bit rate for the system = 2.048 Mbit s^-1\n(b) Duration of the time slot = 3.9 \u03bcs\n(c) Duration of a frame = 125 \u03bcs\nDuration of a multiframe = 2 ms\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.2, page 720"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nm=4.24                                  #erfc = 2*10^9\na=2*math.sqrt(2)\n\n#Calculation\nsn=m*a                                 #root of S/N = optical\nsn1=10*math.log10(sn)                  #in dB\nisq=sn**2                              #S/N = electrical    \nisq1=10*math.log10(isq)                #in dB\n#Result\nprint'Optical SNR = %.1f'%sn\nprint'            = %.1f dB'%sn1\nprint'Electrical SNR = %.1f'%round(isq)\nprint'               = %.1f dB'%isq1",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Optical SNR = 12.0\n            = 10.8 dB\nElectrical SNR = 144.0\n               = 21.6 dB\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.3, page 723"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nm=100                             #multiplication factor\nk=0.02                            #ratio of carrier ionization rates \nsn=144                            #electrical SNR\nn=0.8                             #quantum efficiency\nB=0.6\n\n#Calculation\nfm=(k*m)+(2-(1/m))*(1-k)                 #avalanche noise factor\nzm=2*B*round(fm)*sn/n                    #average number of photons\n\n#Result\nprint'Average no of photons = %d photons'%round(zm)",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Average no of photons = 864 photons\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 3
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.4, page 724"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nzm=864                                       #average no of photons\nh=6.626*10**-34                             #plancks constant\nc=2.998*10**8                               #velocity of light\nl1=10**-6                                   #wavelength\nl2=10**-14                                  #wavelength\nbt=10**7                       \nn=14\n\n\n#Calculation\npo1=(zm*h*c*bt)/(2*l1)                        #At 10 Mbit s^-1\npo2=(zm*h*c*n*bt)/(2*l2)                      #At 140 Mbit s^-1\n\n#Result\nprint'Incident optical power (10 Mbit s^-l) = %.1f pW'%(po1*10**12)\nprint'Incident optical power (140 Mbit s^-l) = %.3f W'%po2                 #value given in a textbook is incorrect",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Incident optical power (10 Mbit s^-l) = 858.2 pW\nIncident optical power (140 Mbit s^-l) = 1.201 W\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 4
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.5, page 726"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "#Variable declaration\nafc=5                                    #fibre cable attenuation\nai=2                                     #splice losses\nl=4                                      #length in Km\naf=3.5+2.5                               #connector losses at source and detector resp\n\n#Calculation\nCl=(afc+ai)*l+af                          #total channel loss\n\n#Result\nprint'Total channel loss = %d dB'%Cl",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Total channel loss = 34 dB\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 5
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.6, page 727"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\ns=0.6*10**-9                                      #rms pulse broadening\nL=8                                               #length in km\nbt=25*10**6                                       #bit rates\nbt1=150*10**6                                     #bit rates\n\n#Calculation\nst=s*L                                            #total rms pulse broadening\ndl1=2*(2*st*bt*math.sqrt(2))**4                   #without mode coupling\nst1=s*math.sqrt(L)                                #total rms pulse broadening\ndl2=2*(2*st1*bt*math.sqrt(2))**4                  #with mode coupling\ndl3=2*(2*st*bt1*math.sqrt(2))**4                  #without mode coupling\ndl4=2*(2*st1*bt1*math.sqrt(2))**4                 #with mode coupling\n\n#Result\nprint'(a) For 25 Mbit per sec'\nprint'dispersion\u2013equalization penalty (without mode coupling) = %.2f dB'%dl1\nprint'dispersion\u2013equalization penalty (with mode coupling) = %.2f x 10^-4 dB\\n'%(dl2*10**4)\nprint'(b) For 150 Mbit per sec'\nprint'dispersion\u2013equalization penalty (without mode coupling) = %.2f dB'%dl3\nprint'dispersion\u2013equalization penalty (with mode coupling) = %.2f dB'%dl4",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "(a) For 25 Mbit per sec\ndispersion\u2013equalization penalty (without mode coupling) = 0.03 dB\ndispersion\u2013equalization penalty (with mode coupling) = 4.15 x 10^-4 dB\n\n(b) For 150 Mbit per sec\ndispersion\u2013equalization penalty (without mode coupling) = 34.40 dB\ndispersion\u2013equalization penalty (with mode coupling) = 0.54 dB\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 6
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.7, page 731"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nts=8                                    #rise time for source in ns\ntn=5*ts                                 #for fiber intermodal\ntc=1*ts                                 #for pulse broadening\ntd=6                                    #for detector\n\n#Calculation\ntsys=1.1*(ts**2+tn**2+tc**2+td**2)**0.5             #total system rise time\nBt=0.7/(tsys*10**-9)                                #max bit rate\n\n\n#Result\nprint'Bt (Max) = %.1f Mbit per sec'%(Bt/10**6)",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Bt (Max) = 15.2 Mbit per sec\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 7
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.8, page 732"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\npo=-55                          #mean power required at the APD receiver at 35 Mbit s^-1\npo1=-44                         #mean power required at the APD receiver at 400 Mbit s^-1\npi=-3                           #mean power launched from the laser transmitter\nl1=0.4                         #cable fiber loss\nl2=0.1                         #splice losses\nl3=1                            #connector loss \nma=7                            #safety margin\na=0.5 \nacr=2\ndl=1.5\n\n#Calculation \nL1=(pi-po-acr-ma)/a                          #for 35 Mbit s^-1\nL2=(pi-po1-acr-ma)/a                         #for 400 Mbit s^-1\nL3=(pi-po1-acr-dl-ma)/a                      #reduction in the maximum possible link\n\n#Result\nprint'(a) Maximum possible link length (operating at 35 Mbit s^-1) = %d km'%L1\nprint'(b) Maximum possible link length (operating at 400 Mbit s^-1) = %d km'%L2\nprint'(c) Reduction in the maximum possible link length = %d km'%L3",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "(a) Maximum possible link length (operating at 35 Mbit s^-1) = 86 km\n(b) Maximum possible link length (operating at 400 Mbit s^-1) = 64 km\n(c) Reduction in the maximum possible link length = 61 km\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 8
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.9, page 734"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\npo=-10                          #mean optical power launched into the fiber from the transmitter (100 \u03bcm)\nrs=-41                          #receiver sensitivity at 20 Mbit s^-1\nl1=7*2.6                        #cabled fiber loss\nl2=6*0.5                        #splice losses\nl3=1*1.5                        #connector loss \nms=6                            #safety margin\n\n#Calculation\nts=po-rs                             #Total system margin\ntsl=l1+l2+l3+ms                      #Total system loss\npm=ts-tsl                            #Excess power margin \n\n#Result\nprint'Total system margin = %d dB'%ts\nprint'Total system loss = %.1f dB'%tsl\nprint'Excess power margin = %.1f dB'%pm\n",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Total system margin = 31 dB\nTotal system loss = 28.7 dB\nExcess power margin = 2.3 dB\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 9
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.10, page 740"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nv=5                                         #output voltage\nh=6.626*10**-34                             #plancks constant\nc=2.998*10**8                               #velocity of light\nk=1.385*10**-23                             #boltzman constant\nt=290                                       #tempreture in kelvin\nzo=100                                      #cable impedance\nn=0.7                                       #quantum efficiency\npi=10**-3                                   #optical power\nlam=0.85*10**-6                             #wavelength\n\n#Calculation\nratio=(v**2*h*c)/(2*k*t*zo*n*pi*lam)        #ratio\nratio1=10*math.log10(ratio)                 #ration in dB\n\n#Result\nprint'Ratio = %d dB'%ratio1",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Ratio = 40 dB\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 10
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.11, page 744"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nma=0.8                                      #modulation index\nR=0.5                                       #responsivity\nb=0.7                                       #ratio of luminance to composite video\nsnr=3.162*10**5                             #SNR\ne=1.602*10**-19                             #electron volt\nB=5*10**6                                   #bandwidth\nK=1.385*10**-23                             #boltzman constant  \nT=293                                       #tempreture in kelvin\nFn=1.413\nRl=10**6\n\n#Calculation\na=(2*ma*R*b)**2\nc=snr*2*e*B*R\nd=snr*4*K*T*B*Fn/Rl\nf = (c**2)+(4*a*d)\npo=(c+math.sqrt(f))/(2*a)                  #average incident optical power \npo1=10*math.log10(po*1000)                 #in dB\n\n#Result\nprint'Average incident optical power = %.2f uW'%(po*10**6)\nprint'                               = %.1f dB m'%po1\n\n",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Average incident optical power = 0.93 uW\n                               = -30.3 dB m\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 11
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.12, page 747"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nh=6.626*10**-34                             #plancks constant\nc=2.998*10**8                               #velocity of light\ne=1.602*10**-19                             #1 electron volt\nn=0.6                                       #p\u2013i\u2013n photodiode quantum efficiency\nma=0.5                                      #modulation index\nlam=10**-6                                  #wavelength\nk=1.385*10**-23                             #boltzman constant                          \nt=300                                       #tempreture in kelvin\nf=4                                         #amplifier noise figure\nrl=50*10**3                                 #effective load impedance\nsn=3.162*10**4                              #signal to noise ratio\nB=10**7                                     #bandwidth\n\n#Calculation\na=h*c/(e*n*ma**2*lam)\nb=math.sqrt((8*k*t*f)/rl)\nc=math.sqrt(sn*B)\npo=a*b*c                                     #optical power\npo1=10*math.log10(po*1000)                   #optical power in dB\n\n#Result\nprint'Optical power, Po = %.2f uW'%(po*10**6)\nprint'                  = %.1f dBm'%po1",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Optical power, Po = 7.58 uW\n                  = -21.2 dBm\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 12
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.13, page 748"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\npo=-10                          #mean optical power launched into the fiber from the transmitter (100 \u03bcm)\nrs=-25                          #receiver sensitivity \nl1=2*3.5                        #cable fiber loss\nl2=2*0.7                        #splice losses\nl3=1.6                          #connector loss \nms=4.0                           #safety margin\nafc=3.5\nai=0.7\nacr=1.6\nma=7\n\n#Calculation\nts=po-rs                             #Total system margi\ntsl=l1+l2+l3+ms                      #Total system loss\npm=ts-tsl                            #Excess power margin \nL=((0-rs)-(acr+ma))/(afc+ai)\n\n#Result\nprint'(a) Total system margin = %d dB'%ts\nprint'    Total system loss = %.1f dB'%tsl\nprint'    Excess power margin = %.1f dB'%pm\nprint'\\n(b) Increase in link length = %.1f Km'%(L)",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "(a) Total system margin = 15 dB\n    Total system loss = 14.0 dB\n    Excess power margin = 1.0 dB\n\n(b) Increase in link length = 3.9 Km\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 13
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.14, page 750"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "#Variable declaration\nBop=6*10**6\nts=10                                   #rise time for source in ns\ntn=5*9                                 #for fiber intermodal\ntc=5*2                                 #for pulse broadening\ntd=3                                    #for detector\n\n\n#Calculation\ntsys=0.35/Bop\ntsys1=1.1*(ts**2+tn**2+tc**2+td**2)**0.5             #total system rise time\n\n#Result\nprint'Maximum permitted system rise time = %.1f ns'%(tsys*10**9)\nprint'Total system rise time = %.1f ns'%(tsys1)\n",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Maximum permitted system rise time = 58.3 ns\nTotal system rise time = 52.0 ns\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 14
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.15, page 755"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nfd=400*10**3                                      #peak frequency deviation\nBa=4*10**3                                        #bandwidth\n\n#Calculation\nDf=fd/Ba                                            #frequency deviation ratio\nsnr=1.76+(20*math.log10(Df))                        #SNR improvement\nBm=2*(Df+1)*Ba                                      #bandwidth of the FM\u2013IM signal \n \n#Result\nprint'(a) SNR improvement = %.2f dB'%snr\nprint'(b) Frequency deviation ratio = %d'%Df\nprint'    Bandwidth of FM-IM signal = %d kHz'%(Bm/1000)",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "(a) SNR improvement = 41.76 dB\n(b) Frequency deviation ratio = 100\n    Bandwidth of FM-IM signal = 808 kHz\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 15
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.16, page 757"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nfm=3                                    #output FM ratio\npm=1                                    #output PM ratio\n\n#Calculation\nratio=fm/pm                              #SNR ratio\nratio1=10*math.log10(ratio)              #SNR ratio in dB\n\n#Result\nprint'Ratio of output SNR = %.2f dB'%(ratio1)",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Ratio of output SNR = 4.77 dB\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 16
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.17, page 759"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nto=5*10**-8                          #nominal pulse period\nfd=5*10**6                           #Peak-to-peak frequency deviation\nM=60                                 #A PD multiplication factor\nR=0.7                                #A PD responsivity\npo=10**-7                            #peak optical power at receiver\ntr=12*10**-9                         #Total system 10\u201390% rise time\nB=6*10**6                            #baseband noise bandwidth\ni=10**-17                            #Receiver mean square noise current\n\n\n#Calculation\nsnp=(3*(to*fd*M*R*po)**2)/(i*(2*math.pi*tr*B)**2)          #peak-to-peak signal to rms noise ratio\nsnp1=10*math.log10(snp)                                    #in dB\n\n#Result\nprint'Peak-to-peak signal to rms noise ratio = %.1f dB'%snp1\n",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Peak-to-peak signal to rms noise ratio = 62.1 dB\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 17
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.18, page 763"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "%matplotlib inline\nimport math\nfrom pylab import *\nfrom numpy import *\n\n#Variable declaration\nacr=1                                     #connector loss in dB\nafc=5                                     #loss per kilometer in dB\nLbu=0.1                                   #fiber length between each of the access couplers\nLac=1                                     #insertion loss\nLtr=10                                    #loss due to the tap ratio\nLsp=3                                     #splitting loss\n \n#Calculating, we get two equation in terms of N, no of nodes, i.e C(1,N-1)=(3.5*N)+8.5 and C(star)=4.5+(10*log10(N)) \n\n#For Bus distribution system\n\nfor N in range(1,13,1):\n    C=(3.5*N)+8.5;\n    a=plot(N,C,'.r')\n    \n \n#for Star distribution system\n    \nfor N in range(1,30,1):\n    C1=4.5+(10*log10(N));\n    b=plot(N,C1,'.g')\n    \n \n#To show plot in same graph\n#Graphical comparison showing total channel loss against number of nodes\n\nplt.annotate('Linear Bus',xy=(10, 43.5), xytext=(11, 40))\nplt.annotate('Star',xy=(16, 15), xytext=(17, 13))\nxlabel(\"Number of nodes $N$\")\nylabel(\"Total channel loss $CL$ (dB)\")\ntitle(\"Characteristics showing the total channel loss against the number of nodes\")\ngrid()\nshow(a)\nshow(b)\n",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Populating the interactive namespace from numpy and matplotlib\n"
      },
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "display_data",
       "png": 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qu3iiIeZxHjHHBlB8uk7s8RE+QSTWqqoqhISEYPjw4bC3t4e/vz8AoHPnzk3a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\nEEKIGv0/kAL13NFyzXoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
       "text": "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x46877d0>"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 11
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.19, page 782"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "#Variable declaration\nh=6.626*10**-34                             #plancks constant\nc=2.998*10**8                               #velocity of light\nlam=1.55*10**-6                             #wavelength\nL=100*10**3                                 #length\nK=4                                         \nB=1.2*10**9                                 #bandwidth\nsnr=50                                      #SNR\na=10**-2.5\npi=10**-3\n\n#Calculation\nLt=(pi*lam*a*L)/(K*h*c*B*snr)                #link with a large number of cascaded amplifiers\n\n#Result\nprint'Maximum system length = %d x 10^4 km'%(Lt/10**7)",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "Maximum system length = 1 x 10^4 km\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 19
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.21, page 791"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nb=17                                     #second-order dispersion coefficient for the latter path\nL2=20                                    #path length in km\nL1=160.00                                   #path length in km\ns1=-0.075                                #dispersion slope\n\n#Calculation\na=-b*L2\nG=a/L1                                   #second-order dispersion coefficient\ns2=s1*L1/L2                              #chromatic dispersion slope\n\n#Result\nprint'(a) Second-order dispersion coefficient = %.3f ps nm^-1 km^-1'%G \nprint'(b) chromatic dispersion slope = %.1f ps nm^-2 km^-1'%s2",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "(a) Second-order dispersion coefficient = -2.125 ps nm^-1 km^-1\n(b) chromatic dispersion slope = -0.6 ps nm^-2 km^-1\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 20
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.22, page 798"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nto=70*10**-12                                       #bit period\nt=6*10**-12                                         #RZ pulse width\nB2=50*10**-12*10**-12*10**-3                        #second-order dispersion coefficient\nL=50*10**3                                          #amplifier spacing\n\n#Calculation\nqo=0.5*to/t                                          #separation of the soliton pulses \nBt=(2*qo*math.sqrt(B2*L))**-1                        #transmission bit rate \n\n#Result\nprint'(a) Separation = %.1f'%qo\nprint'(b) Transmission bit rate = %.2f x 10^9'%(Bt*10**-8)",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "(a) Separation = 5.8\n(b) Transmission bit rate = 17.14 x 10^9\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 21
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": "Example 12.23, page 799"
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": "import math\n\n#Variable declaration\nto=40*10**-12                             #bit period\nt=4*10**-12                               #RZ pulse width\na=0.2*10**-3                              #attenuation coefficient\nB2=1.25*10**-12*10**-12*10**-3            #second-order dispersion coefficient\n\n#Calculation\nqo=0.5*to/t                            #separation of the soliton pulses \nb=1/(2*qo)\nc=math.sqrt(a/B2)\nBt=b*c                                  #transmission bit rate \n\n#Result\nprint'(a) Separation = %.1f'%qo\nprint'(b) Transmission bit rate = %.2f x 10^10 bit s^-1'%(Bt*10**-10)",
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": "(a) Separation = 5.0\n(b) Transmission bit rate = 4.00 x 10^10 bit s^-1\n"
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 22
    }
   ],
   "metadata": {}
  }
 ]
}