{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "# Chapter 8. Comparators and Converters"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "## Example 8.1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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8uNexpFDV26+OtQV8g91NX4o1ev887Geaes+VHkWdA1yPlQa+wRqm7wr7funz\ntMR6N+3A2mF6h32vdOM/HNhA/zwlG6qvIFhVQpJhIk1RMRKrNy0aPt4t/WFJBsjDkoRKziIBFmmK\nihGUfecmEos8lCREEuKnf5r3sOJ8aao7lWSIpfFZRErxU5KIZgjWk+AZkjvaU7LHOqzraTKnxBDJ\nCn67S8/DGutO8PbrYwN7wKZhaIg1npXQrFmz0Jo1a9IRn4hIJjnoGtd+L0l8iVUThICngbaRDlqz\nZg2hUCiw24gRI5zHkI2xK373m+J3u3Hwrt2+TxINwx6fT3CG7YuIZAQ/jbgumqLiMGzg1AhsANBJ\nWEliLTaiVURE0sRvbRKJCkGIOnVg2zbXocSvoKCA/Px812EkJMixQ2zx160L2yP1u/OFAopnOA+i\nArIx/pBP+trl5OTAQfJAxiSJUChETo5/fvmSOfS5kkwVS5Lwe5uEiIg4pCQhIiJRKUmIiEhUShIi\nIhKVkoSIiESlJCEiIlEpSYiISFR+ShKRFh2qC8wAVmIrYmkWWBGRNPJTkhjFgSvPDcOSRHPgHW9f\nRETSxG8jrvMoOVX4cmw+p63YAvUFwHERfk4jriVl9LmSTJUJI64PxxIE3tfDHcYiIpJ1/DQL7MEU\nrSsR0ciRI72vkJ+fH+hJ50REUqGgoICCgoK4fiYI1U35wBfY2hKzUHWTpJk+V5KpMqG6aQow0Hs8\nEJjsMBYRkazjp5JE+KJDW4HbgFeBl4AjsMXsLwR2RPhZlSQkZfS5kkyl9SREkkCfK8lUmVDdJCIi\nDilJiIhIVEoSIiISlZKEiIhEpSQhIiJRKUmIiEhUShIiIhKVkoSIiEQVlAn+1gHfAPuAn4C2TqMR\nEckSQUkSIWyiv22O4xARySpBqm7KlClEREQCIyhJIgS8DcwDfuM4FhGRrBGU6qaOwBagHrbm9XLg\nvfADtOiQiEjZMmHRoViMAHYDfw97TrPASsrocyWZKlNmga0GHOo9rg50BRa7C0dEJHsEobrpcOAV\n73EFYAww3V04IiLZI4jVTZGouklSRp8ryVSZUt0kIiKOKEmIiEhUShIiIhKVkoSIiESlJCEiIlEp\nSYiISFRKEiIiEpWShIiIRJVokuiNzZ30d+C85IUTVTdsUr9VwNA0vJ6IiJDYiOt7gTbY9Bg5QH9s\nCu/hSYwrXC6wAugCbALmAgOAZWHHaMS1pIw+V5KpYhlxnUiSWAychC0lCnYRXwSckMC5YnEqNvNr\nN29/mPezJqNrAAAG40lEQVT13rBjlCQkZfS5kkyVqmk5QkDtsP3a3nOp0hjYELa/0XtORERSLJ5Z\nYB8DxgJ3AwuAWVgGOoPiu/tUiCkBadEhEZGypXrRoeuAfkAjbCnRz7FqpkLgi7heNT7tgZEUVzcN\nB/YD94Udo+omSRl9riRTpapNIg9rrO4PVMVKF+OAlQmcKxYVsIbrzsBmLCmp4VrSRp8ryVSpShLh\nWgOjsEbr3HKeqyzdgYe813gGuKfU95UkJGX0uZJMlaokUQHogZUkOmNtE+OAVxM4V7IoSUjK6HMl\nmSrZSaIrlhjOxap8xgFTgN0JxpdMShKSMvpcSaZKdpKYiSWGScC2xMNKCSUJSRl9riRTpaNNwi+U\nJCRl9LmSTKU1rkVEpFyUJEREJColCRERiUpJQkREolKSEBGRqPyeJEZis74u9LZuZR4tIiJJFc8s\nsC6EgH94m4iIpJnfSxKQOWM5REQCJwhJYgjwCTaxX+2DHCsiIknkh+qmGUCDCM//GXgcuMPbvxP4\nO3BFpJNo0SERkbKletEh1/KAqUReS1vTckjK6HMlmSoTpuVoGPb4fGCxq0BERLKRH6qbynIfcBLW\ny2ktcJXbcEREskuQqpvKouomSRl9riRTZUJ1k4iIOKQkISIiUSlJiIhIVEoSIiISlZKEiIhEpSQh\nIiJRKUmIiEhUfkkSfYGlwD7g5FLfGw6sApYDXdMcl4hIVvPLiOvF2LQbT5Z6viXQz/vaGHgbaA7s\nT2t0IiJZyi8lieXAygjP9wbGAT8B64DVQNv0hSUikt38kiSiaYQtX1pkI1aiEBGRNEhndVO0dSNu\nwaYAj5Vm0RERSZN0JomzE/iZTUDTsP0m3nMH0KJDIiJly4RFh2YBNwLzvf2WwFisHaKo4fpoDixN\naBZYSRl9riRTBWkW2POBDUB74HVgmvf8Z8BL3tdpwNWouklEJG38VpJIlEoSkjL6XEmmClJJQkRE\nfEhJQkREolKSEBGRqJQkREQkKiUJERGJSklCRESiUpIQEZGolCRERCQqvySJaIsO5QF7gIXe9lja\nIxMRyWJ+SRJFiw69G+F7q4HW3nZ1WSepU8dGxwZvK/BBDNkYe2zx16mT/A98ssQ7WZvfKH7/80uS\niLboUFy2bbPpE4K2jRhR4DyGbIw91vi3bUvCJzxFgn6RUvz+55ckUZajsKqmAuA0t6GIiGQXvy86\ntBlbT2I71lYxGTge2JWKAEVEpKQc1wGUMgv4E7Agzu+vBpqlMC4RkUy0BlujJ6p0liRiFZ64DsNK\nEfuAnwPHAP+N8DNlvkkREQm2okWH9gBfULzoUB9gCdYmMR8410l0IiIiIiKSWbph3WdXAUMdx5KI\nZ4Gt2DiRoGmKtREtxUp717oNJ25VgDnAImx53HvchpOwXKykHa3zh5+tAz7F4i90G0rcagMTgWXY\n56e923DicizFA5QXAjsJ3v9vTHKxBus8oCL2z97CZUAJOB0bJBjEJNEAOMl7XANYQfB+/9W8rxWA\njwlmF+sbgDHAFNeBJGAtUNd1EAkaDQz2HlcAajmMpTwOAbZgN31RDwiqtliSWAf8BIwHersMKAHv\nYQ3zQfQFlpgBdmN3VI3chZOQ77yvlbCbDh8Pm4uoCdADeBr/9VSMVRDjroXd4D3r7e/F7saDqAvW\nw2lDtAOCnCQaU/KNbfSek/TLw0pEcxzHEa9DsES3Fas6+8xtOHF7ELgJ2O86kASFgLeBecBvHMcS\nj6OAr4BRWHf8pygulQZNf2BsWQcEOUmEXAcggFU1TQT+iJUogmQ/VmXWBOgE5DuNJj49gS+xOuUg\n3o0DdMRuLroDf8DuzoOgAja49zHv67fAMKcRJaYScB4woayDgpwkNlGyHq0pVpqQ9KkITAJewEbD\nB9VO4HXgl64DiUMHoBdWrz8OOAv4j9OI4rfF+/oV8ApWhRwEG71trrc/kZKzVwdFd2xowVeuA0mV\nClhdWh6WEYPYcA0WfxAbrnOwi9KDrgNJ0GFYDxWAqtgMxJ3dhVMuZxC83k3VgEO9x9WBD4Cu7sKJ\n27tAc+/xSOA+d6EkbDww0HUQqdYd61WzGhjuOJZEjMPmp/oBa1+53G04cTkNq65ZRHFXum5OI4rP\nCVh98iKsG+ZNbsMplzMIXu+mo7Df/SKsC3XQ/n9bYSWJT4CXCV7vpurA1xQnahERERERERERERER\nERERERERERERERGRg6kF/N51ECIi4k95BHM0vYiIpMF4bDryhQRz2gYREUmhI1FJQgIuyLPAivhd\nUKfwFvkfJQkREYlKSUIkdXahWTYl4JQkRFLn/7B1EhajhmsRERERERERERERERERERERERERERER\nERERERERf/p/LsxYpbABTCwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f5548e4e5d0>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "#Example 8.1\n",
    "#In the circuit of figure 8-4(a), R1=100 ohm,R2=56 kilo Ohm, Vin=V pp sine wave\n",
    "#and the opamp is type 741 with supply voltages 15 V, -15 V.\n",
    "#Determine the threshold voltages Vul and Vut and draw the output waveform.\n",
    "\n",
    "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "import math\n",
    "import array\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "#Variable declaration\n",
    "R1=100\n",
    "R2=56*10**3\n",
    "vin=1                        #Input voltage in volt\n",
    "pos_Vsat=14                  #Positive saturation voltage in volt\n",
    "neg_Vsat=-14                 #Negative saturation voltage in volt\n",
    "Vut=(R1/(R1+R2))*(pos_Vsat)  #Upper threshold voltage\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "#calculation\n",
    "Vut=(R1/(R1+R2))*(pos_Vsat)  #Upper threshold voltage\n",
    "Vlt=(R1/(R1+R2))*(neg_Vsat)  #Lower threshold voltage\n",
    "\n",
    "t=np.arange(0,2*math.pi,0.1)\n",
    "vut=0.5*np.sin(t)\n",
    "subplot(211)\n",
    "plt.plot(t,vut)\n",
    "plt.ylabel('Vin')\n",
    "plt.xlabel('t')\n",
    "plt.title(r'$Input voltage$')\n",
    "\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "t1=math.asin(0.025/0.5)\n",
    "t2=math.pi-math.asin(-0.025/0.5)\n",
    "t3=2*math.pi\n",
    "x=[0,t1,t2,t3]\n",
    "y=[-14,14,-14,14]\n",
    "plt.subplot(212)\n",
    "plt.step(x,y)                #Plotting square wave\n",
    "plt.title('Output Waveform')\n",
    "plt.xlabel('t')\n",
    "plt.ylabel('Vo')\n",
    "\n",
    "#result\n",
    "plt.show()\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "## Example 8.2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "#Since zener diode is forward biased\n",
      "Output voltage during positive half-cycle of the input is -0.7 V\n",
      "Output voltage during negative half-cycle of the input is 5.1 V\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f55408e2f50>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Example 8.2\n",
    "#In the circuit of figure 8-7(a), Vin=500 mV peak 60-Hz sinewave, R=100 ohm.\n",
    "#IN3826 zener with Vz=5.1 V and the supply voltages= 15 V, -15V.\n",
    "#Determine the output voltage swing.Assume that the  voltage drop across\n",
    "#the forward biased zener=0.7V.\n",
    "\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "import math\n",
    "import array\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variable declaration\n",
    "vin=5*10**-3\n",
    "R=100\n",
    "Vd1=-0.7   # Output voltage during positive half-cycle of the input\n",
    "Vd2=5.1    # Output voltage during negative half-cycle of the input\n",
    "\n",
    "#calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "t=np.arange(0,2*math.pi,0.1)\n",
    "vut=0.5*np.sin(t)\n",
    "subplot(211)\n",
    "plt.plot(t,vut)\n",
    "plt.ylabel('Vin')\n",
    "plt.xlabel('t')\n",
    "plt.title(r'$Input voltage$')\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "t1=math.pi\n",
    "t2=2*math.pi\n",
    "x=[0,t1,t2]\n",
    "y=[-0.7,-0.7,5.1]\n",
    "subplot(2,1,2)\n",
    "plt.step(x,y)\n",
    "plt.title('Output Waveform')\n",
    "plt.xlabel('t')\n",
    "plt.ylabel('Vo')\n",
    "\n",
    "#result\n",
    "print \"#Since zener diode is forward biased\"\n",
    "print \"Output voltage during positive half-cycle of the input is\",Vd1,\"V\"\n",
    "print \"Output voltage during negative half-cycle of the input is\",Vd2,\"V\" \n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "## Example 8.3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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7YnVjIJDpsOD8ycH/+TvMGOwW/B93Y/7/ycDNwKfr6GG88QXsPq7CHqIbsYd3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\n/x/a2OqnzxDEugAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f5522d5d710>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Output freq Fo is  2000 Hz\n",
      "Output freq Fo/2 is 1000 Hz\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "#Example 8.3\n",
    "#The V..F converter of figure 8-12 is initially adjusted for a 10 kHz full scale\n",
    "#output frequency.Determine the output frequencies Fo and Fo/2 if the output\n",
    "#signal Vin=2 V.\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import subplot\n",
    "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n",
    "import math\n",
    "import array\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variable declaration\n",
    "Vin=2       # Input voltage\n",
    "Fo1=2*10**3 # Output freq Fo when Vin=2V\n",
    "Fo2=1*10**3 # Output freq Fo/2 when Vin=2V\n",
    "\n",
    "#calculation\n",
    "import array\n",
    "v=array.array('i',(0 for i in range(0,50)))\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "count=1\n",
    "for i in range(1,50):   #for 5 cycles\n",
    " if count<4:\n",
    "    v[i]=5\n",
    " else:\n",
    "    v[i]=0\n",
    " if count<10:\n",
    "    count=count+1\n",
    " else:\n",
    "    count=1\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "plt.subplot(211)\n",
    "plt.plot(v)\n",
    "plt.title('Output Waveform')\n",
    "plt.xlabel('t(microsec)')\n",
    "plt.ylabel('Pulse freq output,Fo(V)')\n",
    "\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "for i in range(1,50):   #for 5 cycles\n",
    " if count<10:\n",
    "    v[i]=5\n",
    " else:\n",
    "    v[i]=0\n",
    " if count<20:\n",
    "    count=count+1\n",
    " else:\n",
    "    count=1\n",
    "\n",
    "plt.subplot(2,1,2)\n",
    "plt.plot(v)\n",
    "plt.title('Output Waveform')\n",
    "plt.xlabel('t(microsec)')\n",
    "plt.ylabel('Pulse freq output,Fo(V)')\n",
    "plt.show()\n",
    "\n",
    "#result\n",
    "print \"Output freq Fo is \",Fo1,\"Hz\"\n",
    "print \"Output freq Fo/2 is\",Fo2,\"Hz\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "## Example 8.4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Output voltage is 0.28 Volts\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "#Example 8.4\n",
    "#The F/V converterof figure 8-14(a) is initially adjusted for Vo=2.8V at Fin max\n",
    "#of 10 kHz. Determine the output voltage Vo if fin= 1 kHz.\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variable decclaration\n",
    "Vo=2.8       #At Finmax of 10kHz\n",
    "\n",
    "#Calculation\n",
    "Vo1=Vo/10    #Output voltage at Fin=1kHz\n",
    "\n",
    "#Result\n",
    "print \"Output voltage is\",Vo1,\"Volts\"\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "## Example 8.5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": 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      "text/plain": [
       "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f5522c75350>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Example 8.5\n",
    "#In the circuit of figure 8-25(a), Vin=200 mV peak to peak sine wave at 100 Hz.\n",
    "#Briefly describe the operation of the circuit and draw the output waveform.\n",
    "%matplotlib inline\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "from __future__ import division #to perform decimal division\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import math\n",
    "import array\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "#Variable declaration\n",
    "Vin=100*10**-3           # Input voltage\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "#calculation\n",
    "\n",
    "t=np.arange(0,math.pi,0.1)  #time scale\n",
    "v=Vin*np.sin(t)\n",
    "\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "plt.xlim(0,2*math.pi)\n",
    "plt.ylim(0,0.1)\n",
    "plt.plot(t,v)\n",
    "plt.ylabel('Vin')\n",
    "plt.xlabel('t')\n",
    "plt.title(r'$Input voltage$')\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "#result\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 2",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python2"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 2
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   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
   "version": "2.7.6"
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 },
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}