{
"metadata": {
"name": ""
},
"nbformat": 3,
"nbformat_minor": 0,
"worksheets": [
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 1,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Chapter 3: Characterisation of material"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 3.1, page no-89"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# wavelength and frequency of X-rays\n",
"\n",
"import math\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"h=6.626*10**-34 # Planck's constant\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19 # charge of an electron\n",
"c=3.0*10**8 # speed of light\n",
"v=10000.0 # Applied potential difference\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"lam_min=(h*c)/(e*v)\n",
"V=c/lam_min\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print('\\n(i)\\nThe wavelength of X-rays emitted Lamda_min = %.2f A\u00b0\\n(ii)\\nThe frequency of X-ray beam emitted is %.1f*10^18 Hz'%(lam_min*10**10,V*10**-18))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"(i)\n",
"The wavelength of X-rays emitted Lamda_min = 1.24 A\u00b0\n",
"(ii)\n",
"The frequency of X-ray beam emitted is 2.4*10^18 Hz\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 1
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 3.2, page no-89"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# wavelength and velocity of electrons\n",
"\n",
"import math\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"\n",
"v=10000.0 # Applied potential difference\n",
"i=2*10**-3 # Current\n",
"e=1.6*10**-19 # charge of an electron\n",
"t=1.0 # time in second\n",
"m=9.1*10**-31 # mass of an electrons\n",
"\n",
"#(i)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"n=i*t/e\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print('The no of electrons striking the target per second =%.2f *10^16'%(n*10**-16))\n",
"\n",
"#(ii)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"v1=math.sqrt(2*e*v/m)\n",
"\n",
"#(iii)\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"lam=12400.0/v\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print('\\n(ii)\\nThe velocity of electron =%.2f*10^7 m/s\\n(iii)\\nWavelength of x-rays=%.2f A\u00b0'%(v1*10**-7,lam))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"The no of electrons striking the target per second =1.25 *10^16\n",
"\n",
"(ii)\n",
"The velocity of electron =5.93*10^7 m/s\n",
"(iii)\n",
"Wavelength of x-rays=1.24 A\u00b0\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 4
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 3.3, page no-90"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# wavelength and angle for 2nd order bragg reflection\n",
"\n",
"import math\n",
"#variable Declaration\n",
"d=5.6534*10**-10 # interplanar spacing\n",
"theta=13.6666 # glancing angle\n",
"n=1.0 # order of diffraction\n",
"\n",
"#(i)\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"lam=2*d*math.sin(theta*math.pi/180)/n\n",
"\n",
"#Result \n",
"print('\\n(i)\\nWavelength of the X-rays, Lambda =%.3f*10^-10 m'%(lam*10**10))\n",
"\n",
"#(ii)\n",
"#calculation\n",
"n=2.0\n",
"theta=math.asin(n*lam/(2*d))\n",
"theta=theta*180/math.pi\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print('\\n(ii)\\n2nd order Bragg reflection at angle Theta2 = %f\u00b0'%theta)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"(i)\n",
"Lambda =2.671*10^-10 m\n",
"\n",
"(ii)\n",
"2nd order Bragg reflection at angle Theta2 = 28.199528\u00b0\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 5
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 3.4, page no-91"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Grating spacing and glancing angle\n",
"\n",
"import math\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"v=24800.0 # Applied potential difference\n",
"n=1.0 # order of diffraction\n",
"lam=1.54*10**-10 # wavelength of the X-ray beam\n",
"ga=15.8 # glancing angle\n",
"\n",
"#(i)\n",
"\n",
"#calculation\n",
"d=n*lam/(2*math.sin(ga*math.pi/180))\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print('\\n(i)\\nGrating spacing for NaCl crystal =%.3f *10^-10 m'%(d*10**10))\n",
"\n",
"#(ii)\n",
"\n",
"#calculation\n",
"lam_min=12400.0/v\n",
"lam_min=lam_min*10**-10\n",
"theta=math.asin(n*lam_min/(2*d))\n",
"theta=theta*180/math.pi\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print('\\n(ii)\\nGlancing angle for minimum wavelength = %.3f degrees'%theta)\n",
"# Glancing angle in the book is in the degree second format"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"(i)\n",
"Grating spacing for NaCl crystal =2.828 *10^-10 m\n",
"\n",
"(ii)\n",
"Glancing angle for minimum wavelength = 5.072 degrees\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 9
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 3.5, page no-92"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# wavelength of radiation\n",
"\n",
"import math\n",
"#variable Declaration\n",
"lam=0.7078 *10**-10 # wavelength of Ka line from molybdenum\n",
"wt=42.0 # Atomic number of molybdenum\n",
"wt1=48.0 # Atomic number of cadmium\n",
"\n",
"#calculation\n",
"lam1=(lam*(wt-1)**2)/(wt1-1)**2\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print('\\nWavelength of cadmium radiation is %.4f A\u00b0'%(lam1*10**10))"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"Wavelength of cadmium radiation is 0.5386 A\u00b0\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 10
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 3.6, page no-92"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# Energy of thermal neutron\n",
"\n",
"import math\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"lam=10.0**-10 # Wavelength of neutron\n",
"h=6.626*10**-34 # Planck's constant\n",
"m=1.675*10**-27 # mass of an electron\n",
"e1=1.602*10**-19 # charge of an electron\n",
"\n",
"#calculation\n",
"e=(h**2)/(2*m*lam**2)\n",
"e=e/e1\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print('\\nThe energy of thermal neutron with wavelength 1 A\u00b0 is %.2f eV'%e)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"\n",
"The energy of thermal neutron with wavelength 1A\u00b0 is 0.08 eV\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 12
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 2,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Example 3.8, page no-94"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
"# effect of temperature on wavelength\n",
"\n",
"import math\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"lam=0.1 # Wavelength of neutron in nm\n",
"\n",
"#calculation\n",
"T=(2.516**2)/(lam)**2\n",
"\n",
"#Result\n",
"print('Temperature of thermal neutron corresponding to 1 A\u00b0 is %.0f K'%T)"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"Temperature of thermal neutron corresponding to 1 A\u00b0 is 633 K\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 1
}
],
"metadata": {}
}
]
}