{
 "metadata": {
  "name": "",
  "signature": "sha256:a09d4bcf6c9368fe8d58466e4e36512ef92468a06ab7b1aa67d8417eff2354ac"
 },
 "nbformat": 3,
 "nbformat_minor": 0,
 "worksheets": [
  {
   "cells": [
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Chapter 8: Pointers"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example getaddr.c, page no. 261"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Note: There is no concept of pointers in Python. Hence, output may not match for some of the examples."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a = 100\n",
      "b = 200\n",
      "c = 300\n",
      "\n",
      "print \"Address: %x contains value: %i\" %(a, a)\n",
      "print \"Address: %x contains value: %i\" %(b, b)\n",
      "print \"Address: %x contains value: %i\" %(c, c)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Address: 64 contains value: 100\n",
        "Address: c8 contains value: 200\n",
        "Address: 12c contains value: 300\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 4
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.1, page no. 263"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "i = 7\n",
      "f = 10.5\n",
      "c = 'A'\n",
      "print \"%d is stored at address %u\" %(i, id(i))\n",
      "print \"%f is stored at address %u\" %(f, id(f))\n",
      "print \"%c is stored at address %u\" %(c, id(c))"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "7 is stored at address 41297768\n",
        "10.500000 is stored at address 53588120\n",
        "A is stored at address 140471220157656\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 8
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.2, page no. 263"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "var1 = 10\n",
      "var2 = 20\n",
      "iptr = id(var1)\n",
      "print \"Address and contents of var1 is: %d & %d\" %(iptr, var1)\n",
      "iptr = id(var2)\n",
      "print \"Address and contents of var1 is: %d & %d\" %(iptr, var2)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Address and contents of var1 is: 41297696 & 10\n",
        "Address and contents of var1 is: 41297456 & 20\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 10
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example derefer.c, page no. 265"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "#note: we have used var1 instead of iptr because there is no point of pointer in python. Hence, instead of *iptr \n",
      "#we have to refer to the same variable\n",
      "var1 = 0\n",
      "iptr = id(var1)\n",
      "var1 = 25\n",
      "var1 += 10\n",
      "print \"Variable var1 contains %i \" %var1\n",
      "var2 = var1\n",
      "print \"Variable var2 contains: %i\" %var2\n",
      "iptr = id(var2)\n",
      "var2 += 20\n",
      "print \"Variable var2 now contains: %i\" %var2"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Variable var1 contains 35 \n",
        "Variable var2 contains: 35\n",
        "Variable var2 now contains: 55\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 13
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.3, page no. 267"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a = 5\n",
      "b = 10\n",
      "ptr = id(a)\n",
      "print \"Initial values of a & b\"\n",
      "print \"a = %d\" %a\n",
      "print \"b = %d\" %b\n",
      "b = a\n",
      "print \"Changed values of a & b\"\n",
      "print \"a = %d\" %a\n",
      "print \"b = %d\" %b\n",
      "print \"Address of variable is \", id(a)\n",
      "print \"Address of variable is \", id(b)\n",
      "print \"Address assigned to pointer ptr is \", id(ptr)\n",
      "print \"Value pointer ptr access is \", a"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Initial values of a & b\n",
        "a = 5\n",
        "b = 10\n",
        "Changed values of a & b\n",
        "a = 5\n",
        "b = 5\n",
        "Address of variable is  41297816\n",
        "Address of variable is  41297816\n",
        "Address assigned to pointer ptr is  51460736\n",
        "Value pointer ptr access is  5\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 14
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.4, page no. 268"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def swap(d1, d2):\n",
      "    return d2, d1\n",
      "\n",
      "print \"Enter 2 real numbers:\"\n",
      "data1 = float(raw_input(\"num1: \"))\n",
      "data2 = float(raw_input(\"num2: \"))\n",
      "\n",
      "print \"Data1 contains: \", data1\n",
      "print \"Data2 contains: \", data2\n",
      "data1, data2 = swap(data1, data2)\n",
      "print \"After swapping.....\"\n",
      "print \"Data1 contains: \", data1\n",
      "print \"Data2 contains: \", data2"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter 2 real numbers:\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "num1: 23.55\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "num2: -65.73\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Data1 contains:  23.55\n",
        "Data2 contains:  -65.73\n",
        "After swapping.....\n",
        "Data1 contains:  -65.73\n",
        "Data2 contains:  23.55\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 3
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example voidptr.c, page no. 270"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "i1 = 100\n",
      "f1 = 200.5\n",
      "vptr = id(i1)\n",
      "print \"i1 contains \", i1\n",
      "vptr = id(f1)\n",
      "print \"f1 contians \", f1"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "i1 contains  100\n",
        "f1 contians  200.5\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 4
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.5, page no. 271"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "#the way it is given in the textbook is not possible as there is no concept of pointers in Python\n",
      "a = []\n",
      "print \"Size of array ?\"\n",
      "n = int(raw_input())\n",
      "print \"Array elements ?\"\n",
      "for i in range(n):\n",
      "    a.append(int(raw_input()))\n",
      "small = min(a)\n",
      "print \"The smallest element is \", small"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Size of array ?\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "6\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Array elements ?\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "-9\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "12\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "-23\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "5\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "0\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "-77\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "The smallest element is  -77\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 5
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.6, page no. 272"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "a = 5\n",
      "b = 10\n",
      "ptr1 = id(a)\n",
      "ptr2 = id(b)\n",
      "\n",
      "c = a + b\n",
      "d = a/b*7\n",
      "\n",
      "print \"Addresses of variables 'a' and 'b': \"\n",
      "print \"a: \", ptr1\n",
      "print \"b: \", ptr2\n",
      "\n",
      "print \"Addresses of pointers 'ptr1' and 'ptr2' hold: \"\n",
      "print \"ptr1: \", ptr1\n",
      "print \"ptr2: \", ptr2\n",
      "\n",
      "print \"values of 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd': \"\n",
      "print \"a = %2d   b = %2d  c = %2d  d = %2d\" %(a,b,c,d)\n",
      "print \"Values accessed by pointers 'ptr1' and 'ptr2': \"\n",
      "print \"ptr1: \", ptr1\n",
      "print \"ptr2: \", ptr2"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Addresses of variables 'a' and 'b': \n",
        "a:  37181336\n",
        "b:  37181216\n",
        "Addresses of pointers 'ptr1' and 'ptr2' hold: \n",
        "ptr1:  37181336\n",
        "ptr2:  37181216\n",
        "values of 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd': \n",
        "a =  5   b = 10  c = 15  d =  0\n",
        "Values accessed by pointers 'ptr1' and 'ptr2': \n",
        "ptr1:  37181336\n",
        "ptr2:  37181216\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 7
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example farptr.c, page no. 275"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "# not possible in Python"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 8
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example ptriptr.c, page no. 275"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "data = 0\n",
      "iptr = id(data)\n",
      "ptriptr = id(iptr)\n",
      "data = 100\n",
      "print \"Variable 'data' contains: \", data\n",
      "ptriptr = 200\n",
      "print \"Variable 'data' contains: \", data\n",
      "#value of data won't change as there is no pointer\n",
      "data = 300\n",
      "print \"ptriptr is pointing to: \", data"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Variable 'data' contains:  100\n",
        "Variable 'data' contains:  100\n",
        "ptriptr is pointing to:  300\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 9
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example on page no. 277"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "iarray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
      "for i in range(5):\n",
      "    print id(iarray[i]), iarray[i]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "37181432 1\n",
        "37181408 2\n",
        "37181384 3\n",
        "37181360 4\n",
        "37181336 5\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 11
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example on page no. 279"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def sort_it(b):\n",
      "    return sorted(b)\n",
      "\n",
      "a = []\n",
      "print \"Eneter the number of elements in the array (lessthan 21): \"\n",
      "n = int(raw_input())\n",
      "print \"Enter the elements: \"\n",
      "for i in range(n):\n",
      "    a.append(int(raw_input()))\n",
      "arr = sort_it(a)\n",
      "print \"The sorted array: \"\n",
      "for ele in arr:\n",
      "    print ele,"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Eneter the number of elements in the array (lessthan 21): \n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "5\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter the elements: \n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "-4\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "7\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "4\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "0\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "1\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "The sorted array: \n",
        "-4 0 1 4 7\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 26
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.7, page no. 280"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def SortByPtrExchange(person):\n",
      "    return sorted(person)\n",
      "choice = 'y'\n",
      "person = []\n",
      "while choice == 'y':\n",
      "    print \"Enter Name: \"\n",
      "    person.append(raw_input())\n",
      "    print \"Enter another ? (y/n)\"\n",
      "    choice = raw_input()\n",
      "print \"Unsorted list: \"\n",
      "for per in person:\n",
      "    print per\n",
      "person = SortByPtrExchange(person)\n",
      "print \"Sorted List: \"\n",
      "for per in person:\n",
      "    print per"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter Name: \n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Tejaswi\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter another ? (y/n)\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "y\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter Name: \n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Prasad\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter another ? (y/n)\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "y\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter Name: \n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Prakash\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter another ? (y/n)\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "y\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter Name: \n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Sudeep\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter another ? (y/n)\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "y\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter Name: \n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Anand\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter another ? (y/n)\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "n\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Unsorted list: \n",
        "Tejaswi\n",
        "Prasad\n",
        "Prakash\n",
        "Sudeep\n",
        "Anand\n",
        "Sorted List: \n",
        "Anand\n",
        "Prakash\n",
        "Prasad\n",
        "Sudeep\n",
        "Tejaswi\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 29
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example argref.c, page no. 282"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def Add10(studentmarks):\n",
      "    studentmarks += 10\n",
      "    return studentmarks\n",
      "Marks = 25\n",
      "print \"Value of Marks = %d\" %Marks\n",
      "Marks = Add10(Marks)\n",
      "print \"Value of Marks after execution = %d\" %Marks"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Value of Marks = 25\n",
        "Value of Marks after execution = 35\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 32
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example accfunc.c, page no. 283"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "Max = 5\n",
      "def Add10(studentmarks):\n",
      "    global Max\n",
      "    for i in range(Max):\n",
      "        studentmarks[i] += 10\n",
      "    return studentmarks\n",
      "Marks = [25, 43, 70, 80, 76]\n",
      "Marks = Add10(Marks)\n",
      "for j in range(Max):\n",
      "    print \"Marks[%d] = %d\" %(j, Marks[j])"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Marks[0] = 35\n",
        "Marks[1] = 53\n",
        "Marks[2] = 80\n",
        "Marks[3] = 90\n",
        "Marks[4] = 86\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 33
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.8, page no. 285"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def exchange(x, y):\n",
      "    return y, x\n",
      "print \"Program swaps values of the variables 'a' and 'b'\"\n",
      "print \"Values of a & b: \"\n",
      "a = int(raw_input(\"a: \"))\n",
      "b = int(raw_input(\"b: \"))\n",
      "print \"a: %5d \\t b = %5d\" %(a, b)\n",
      "x, y = exchange(a, b)\n",
      "print \"After swapping: \"\n",
      "print \"a = %5d \\t b = %5d\" %(x, y)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Program swaps values of the variables 'a' and 'b'\n",
        "Values of a & b: \n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "a: 78\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "b: 196\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "a:    78 \t b =   196\n",
        "After swapping: \n",
        "a =   196 \t b =    78\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example on page no. 287"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "#not possible in Python. Hence, skipping"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 36
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example on page no. 288"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "arr = [1, 2, 3]\n",
      "ptr = id(arr)\n",
      "for i in range(3):\n",
      "    print \"%d %d\" %(id(i), arr[i])"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "37181456 1\n",
        "37181432 2\n",
        "37181408 3\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 38
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.9, page no. 289"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
      "for ele in arr[::-1]:\n",
      "    print ele,"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "5 4 3 2 1\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 40
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.10, page no. 289"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "arr = [-1, -2, -3, -4, -5]\n",
      "p = arr\n",
      "arr = arr[::-1]\n",
      "p = p[::-1]\n",
      "for i in range(len(arr)):\n",
      "    print arr[i], \"\\t\", p[i]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "-5 \t-5\n",
        "-4 \t-4\n",
        "-3 \t-3\n",
        "-2 \t-2\n",
        "-1 \t-1\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 42
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example on page no. 290"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "ia = [2, 5, 9]\n",
      "ptr = ia\n",
      "for ele in ptr:\n",
      "    print ele,"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "2 5 9\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 44
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.11, page no. 291"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def FindBig(x, y):\n",
      "    return x if x > y else y\n",
      "print \"Enter two integers: \"\n",
      "a = int(raw_input(\"int1: \"))\n",
      "b = int(raw_input(\"int2: \"))\n",
      "big = FindBig(a, b)\n",
      "print \"Variable name \\t address of the variable \\t value\"\n",
      "print \"a \\t\\t %d \\t\\t\\t %d\"%(id(a), a)\n",
      "print \"The bigger of the two integers\"\n",
      "print \"big \\t\\t %d \\t\\t\\t %d\" %(id(big), big)\n",
      "print \"The value as botained form pointer: \", big"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter two integers: \n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "int1: 5\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "int2: 7\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Variable name \t address of the variable \t value\n",
        "a \t\t 37181336 \t\t\t 5\n",
        "The bigger of the two integers\n",
        "big \t\t 37181288 \t\t\t 7\n",
        "The value as botained form pointer:  7\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 47
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example string1.c, page no. 292"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "city = \"Bangalore\"\n",
      "i = 0\n",
      "print \"Address \\t\\t\\t\\t Contents\"\n",
      "for i in range(len(city)):\n",
      "    print id(city[i]), \"\\t\\t\\t \", city[i], city[i], city[i]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Address \t\t\t\t Contents\n",
        "140069470495088 \t\t\t  B B B\n",
        "140069470360920 \t\t\t  a a a\n",
        "140069470570416 \t\t\t  n n n\n",
        "140069470363320 \t\t\t  g g g\n",
        "140069470360920 \t\t\t  a a a\n",
        "140069470363160 \t\t\t  l l l\n",
        "140069470363280 \t\t\t  o o o\n",
        "140069470569656 \t\t\t  r r r\n",
        "140069470571696 \t\t\t  e e e\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 53
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example on page no. 293"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "chArr = \"Pointer and Strings\"\n",
      "chPtr = chArr\n",
      "print \"Contents pointed by the pointer chPtr is: \", chPtr"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Contents pointed by the pointer chPtr is:  Pointer and Strings\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 55
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example on page no. 293"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def usrstrlen(ptr):\n",
      "    ln = 0\n",
      "    for ele in ptr:\n",
      "        ln += 1\n",
      "    return ln\n",
      "s1 = \"Good\"\n",
      "print \"Length of string using standard library function\", \n",
      "print len(s1)\n",
      "length = usrstrlen(s1)\n",
      "print \"Length of string using user defined function \", length"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Length of string using standard library function 4\n",
        "Length of string using user defined function  4\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 62
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.12, page no. 294"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "print \"Enger the string to find it's length\"\n",
      "string = raw_input()\n",
      "print \"String is: \", string\n",
      "print \"It's length is : \", len(string)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enger the string to find it's length\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Visvesvaraya College\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "String is:  Visvesvaraya College\n",
        "It's length is :  20\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 63
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example on page no. 294"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def usrstrcpy(s):\n",
      "    s2 = []\n",
      "    for ele in s:\n",
      "        s2.append(ele)\n",
      "    s2 = ''.join(s2)\n",
      "    return s2\n",
      "s1 = \"Good\"\n",
      "s2 = s1\n",
      "print \"Copied string using normal assignment is \", s2\n",
      "s2 = usrstrcpy(s1)\n",
      "print \"Copied string using user defined function is \", s2"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Copied string using normal assignment is  Good\n",
        "Copied string using user defined function is  Good\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 66
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example on page no. 295"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def usrstrcat(s2, s1):\n",
      "    return s1 + s2\n",
      "\n",
      "s1 = \"Good\"\n",
      "s2 = \" Morning\"\n",
      "s3 = s1+s2\n",
      "print \"Concatenation using normal Python addition\",\n",
      "print s3\n",
      "s1 = usrstrcat(s2, s1)\n",
      "print \"concatenation using user defined function is \", s1"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Concatenation using normal Python addition Good Morning\n",
        "concatenation using user defined function is  Good Morning\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 70
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example on page no. 296"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "#only user defined way is possible in Python. Normal way would return either True or False only\n",
      "s1 = \"Good\"\n",
      "s2 = \" Morning\"\n",
      "if s1 < s2:\n",
      "    r = -1\n",
      "elif s1 > s2:\n",
      "    r = 1\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    r = 0\n",
      "print \"Comparison of strings using user defined way is \", r"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Comparison of strings using normal python way is  1\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 72
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example on page no. 297"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "pet = [\"lion\", \"cat\"]\n",
      "for i in range(len(pet)):\n",
      "    print id(pet[i]), pet[i]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "52705200 lion\n",
        "140069470362560 cat\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 76
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.13, page no. 298"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "st = \"hello\"\n",
      "for i in range(len(st)):\n",
      "    print st[i], \"\\t\", st[i], \"\\t\", st[i], \"\\t\", st[i] "
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "h \th \th \th\n",
        "e \te \te \te\n",
        "l \tl \tl \tl\n",
        "l \tl \tl \tl\n",
        "o \to \to \to\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 78
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.14, page no. 299"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "st = \"Good Morning\"\n",
      "print st[3:]"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "d Morning\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 80
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.15, page no. 299"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "#not possible in Python. Skipping"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 81
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example strchr.c, page no. 300"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "string = raw_input(\"Enter a string: \")\n",
      "c = raw_input(\"Enter character to be searched: \")\n",
      "try:\n",
      "    i = list(string).index(c)\n",
      "    print \"%c was found in position %d\" %(c, i)\n",
      "except:\n",
      "    pass"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter a string: House\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter character to be searched: s\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "s was found in position 3\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 86
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example strcspn.c, page no. 302"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "string1 = \"0123456789\"\n",
      "string2 = \"A47DCF8\"\n",
      "c = 0\n",
      "for ele in string2:\n",
      "    if ele in string1:\n",
      "        index = string1.index(ele)\n",
      "        break"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "4\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 10
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example strcspn.c, page no.303"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "string1 = \"0123456789\"\n",
      "string2 = \"A32DC014\"\n",
      "c = 0\n",
      "for ele in string1:\n",
      "    for ele1 in string2:\n",
      "        if ele == ele1:\n",
      "            c += 1\n",
      "print c"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "5\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 11
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example strpbrk.c, page no. 303"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import sys\n",
      "\n",
      "print \"Input two Strings: \"\n",
      "str1 = raw_input(\"Str1: \")\n",
      "str2 = raw_input(\"Str2: \")\n",
      "\n",
      "for ele in str1:\n",
      "    if ele in str2:\n",
      "        print \"Character found: \", ele\n",
      "        sys.exit()\n",
      "print \"Character not found\""
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Input two Strings: \n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Str1: House\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Str2: Sorrow\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Character found:  o\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "ename": "SystemExit",
       "evalue": "",
       "output_type": "pyerr",
       "traceback": [
        "An exception has occurred, use %tb to see the full traceback.\n",
        "\u001b[1;31mSystemExit\u001b[0m\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stderr",
       "text": [
        "To exit: use 'exit', 'quit', or Ctrl-D.\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example strstr.c, page no. 304"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import sys\n",
      "\n",
      "print \"Input two Strings: \"\n",
      "str1 = raw_input(\"Str1: \")\n",
      "str2 = raw_input(\"Str2: \")\n",
      "\n",
      "if str2 in str1:\n",
      "    str1.index(str2)\n",
      "    print \"String 2 is found at position 6 in string1\""
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Input two Strings: \n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Str1: I saw the cat click the mouse.\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Str2: the\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "String 2 is found at position 6 in string1\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example strtok.c, page no. 305"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "my_str = raw_input(\"Input a string, parts separated by , or ;\")\n",
      "print \"The tokens found were: \"\n",
      "token = ''\n",
      "for i in range(len(my_str)):\n",
      "    if my_str[i] == ',' or my_str[i] == ';':\n",
      "        if len(token) > 0:\n",
      "            print token\n",
      "        token = ''\n",
      "    else:\n",
      "        token = token + my_str[i]\n",
      "print token"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Input a string, parts separated by , or ;;abc,defgh;;hi,jklmn;op\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "The tokens found were: \n",
        "abc\n",
        "defgh\n",
        "hi\n",
        "jklmn\n",
        "op\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 9
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.16, pag eno. 307"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def func1(i, f):\n",
      "    print i, f\n",
      "def func2(s):\n",
      "    print s\n",
      "    \n",
      "i = 5\n",
      "f = 5.375\n",
      "s = \"string\"\n",
      "func1(i, f)\n",
      "func2(s)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "5 5.375\n",
        "string\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 10
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example on page no. 308"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def fact(m):\n",
      "    if m == 1:\n",
      "        return 1\n",
      "    else:\n",
      "        return m*fact(m-1)\n",
      "print \"Enter the integer whose factorial is to be found: \",\n",
      "n = int(raw_input())\n",
      "ans = fact(n)\n",
      "print \"Factorial of \", n, \" is \", ans"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter the integer whose factorial is to be found: "
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "8\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        " Factorial of  8  is  40320\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 11
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example on page no. 308"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def large(b):\n",
      "    return max(b)\n",
      "def small(b):\n",
      "    return min(b)\n",
      "print \"Enter the number of integers: \",\n",
      "n = int(raw_input())\n",
      "print \"Enter the set of integers: \"\n",
      "a = []\n",
      "for i in range(n):\n",
      "    a.append(int(raw_input()))\n",
      "print \"The largest integer is: \", large(a)\n",
      "print \"The smallest integer is: \", small(a)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter the number of integers: "
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "5\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        " Enter the set of integers: \n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "5\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "-7\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "4\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "0\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "1\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "The largest integer is:  5\n",
        "The smallest integer is:  -7\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 12
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.17, page no. 311"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "MAX = 20\n",
      "def print_array(a):\n",
      "    print \"The elements of the array are: \"\n",
      "    for ele in a:\n",
      "        print ele,\n",
      "print \"Enter the number of elements: \"\n",
      "n = int(raw_input())\n",
      "print \"Enter the elements: \"\n",
      "a = []\n",
      "for i in range(n):\n",
      "    a.append(int(raw_input()))\n",
      "if n < 0 or n > MAX:\n",
      "    print \"Invalid number of elements...\"\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    print_array(a)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter the number of elements: \n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "5\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Enter the elements: \n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "1\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "2\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "3\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "4\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "5\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "The elements of the array are: \n",
        "1 2 3 4 5\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 13
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Example 8.18, page no. 313"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "def upper(instr):\n",
      "    return instr.upper()\n",
      "def lower(instr):\n",
      "    return instr.lower()\n",
      "instr = raw_input(\"Input a string: \")\n",
      "print \"To upper or lower (u/l): \"\n",
      "inchar = raw_input()\n",
      "if inchar == 'l':\n",
      "    print \"The converted string is \\n\", lower(instr)\n",
      "elif inchar == 'u':\n",
      "    print \"The conveerted string is \\n\", upper(instr)\n",
      "else:\n",
      "    print \"Ivalid input...\""
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "Input a string: UVCE, Bangalore\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "To upper or lower (u/l): \n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "name": "stdout",
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "l\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "The converted string is \n",
        "uvce, bangalore\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 15
    }
   ],
   "metadata": {}
  }
 ]
}