{
"metadata": {
"name": "",
"signature": "sha256:dbac782d2047bc932ec3aad32143307f0552c9467f7618787890ce24a03238d4"
},
"nbformat": 3,
"nbformat_minor": 0,
"worksheets": [
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 1,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"Chapter 3 : Material and Energy Balances"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.1 page number 90"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"\n",
"# Variables\n",
"w_C = 0.6; #amount of carbon in coal\n",
"N2_content = 40. #in m3 per 100m3 air\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations\n",
"air_consumed = N2_content/0.79;\n",
"weight_air = air_consumed*(28.8/22.4);\n",
"O2_content = air_consumed*32*(0.21/22.4); #in kg\n",
"\n",
"H2_content = 20. #in m3\n",
"\n",
"steam_consumed = H2_content*(18/22.4);\n",
"\n",
"C_consumption1 = (12./18)*steam_consumed; #in reaction 1\n",
"C_consumption2 = (24./32)*O2_content; #in reaction 2\n",
"\n",
"total_consumption = C_consumption1+C_consumption2;\n",
"coal_consumption = total_consumption/w_C;\n",
"\n",
"# Results\n",
"print \"coal consumption = %f kg\"%(coal_consumption)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"coal consumption = 36.844485 kg\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 1
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.2 page number 91\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"\n",
"# Variables\n",
"NH3_required = (17./63)*1000; #NH3 required for 1 ton of nitric acid\n",
"NO_consumption = 0.96;\n",
"HNO3_consumption = 0.92;\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"NH3_consumed = NH3_required/(NO_consumption*HNO3_consumption);\n",
"volume_NH3 = NH3_consumed*(22.4/17);\n",
"print \"volume of ammonia consumed= %f cubic metre/h\"%(volume_NH3)\n",
"\n",
"NH3_content = 11. #% by volume\n",
"air_consumption = volume_NH3*((100-11)/11.);\n",
"print \"volume of air consumed = %f cubic metre/h\"%(air_consumption)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"volume of ammonia consumed= 402.576490 cubic metre/h\n",
"volume of air consumed = 3257.209779 cubic metre/h\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 2
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.3 page number 91\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"\n",
"# Variables\n",
"HCl_production = 500. #required to be produced in kg\n",
"NaCl_required = (117./73)*HCl_production;\n",
"yield_ = 0.92;\n",
"purity_NaCl= 0.96;\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"actual_NaCl = NaCl_required/(purity_NaCl*yield_);\n",
"print \"amount of NaCl required = %f kg\"%(actual_NaCl)\n",
"\n",
"purity_H2SO4 = 0.93;\n",
"H2SO4_consumption = (98./73)*(HCl_production/(yield_*purity_H2SO4));\n",
"print \"amount of H2SO4 consumed = %f kg\"%(H2SO4_consumption)\n",
"\n",
"Na2SO4_produced = (142/73.)*HCl_production;\n",
"print \"amount of Na2SO4 produced = %f kg\"%(Na2SO4_produced)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"amount of NaCl required = 907.348124 kg\n",
"amount of H2SO4 consumed = 784.517154 kg\n",
"amount of Na2SO4 produced = 972.602740 kg\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 3
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.4 page number 92\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"\n",
"# Variables\n",
"C2H2_produced = (1./64)*0.86; #in kmol\n",
"volume_C2H2 = C2H2_produced*22.4*1000; #in l\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations\n",
"#assuming ideal behaviour,\n",
"volume = (100/101.3)*(273./(273+30));\n",
"time = (volume_C2H2/volume)*(1./60);\n",
"\n",
"# Results\n",
"print \"time of service = %f hr\"%(time)\n",
"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"time of service = 5.640332 hr\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 4
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.5 page number 92\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"\n",
"# Variables\n",
"xv = 0.88;\n",
"xf = 0.46;\n",
"xl = 0.32;\n",
"F= 100. #in kg\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"L = (F*(xf-xv))/(xl-xv);\n",
"V = F-L;\n",
"print \"L = %f Kg V = %f Kg\"%(L,V)\n",
"Eo = (V*xv)/(F*xf);\n",
"\n",
"print \" effectiveness based on oversized partices = %f \"%(Eo)\n",
"Eu = (L*(1-xl))/(F*(1-xf));\n",
"\n",
"print \"effectiveness based on undersized partices = %f\"%(Eu)\n",
"E=Eu*Eo;\n",
"\n",
"print \"overall effectiveness = %f\"%(E)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"L = 75.000000 Kg V = 25.000000 Kg\n",
" effectiveness based on oversized partices = 0.478261 \n",
"effectiveness based on undersized partices = 0.944444\n",
"overall effectiveness = 0.451691\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 5
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.6 page number 94\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"\n",
"# Variables\n",
"G1 = 3600. #in m3/h\n",
"P = 106.6 #in kPa\n",
"T = 40 #in degree C\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"q = G1*(P/101.3)*(273./((273+T))); #in m3/s\n",
"m = q/22.4; #in kmol/h\n",
"y1 = 0.02;\n",
"Y1 = y1/(1-y1);\n",
"\n",
"print \"mole ratio of benzene = %f kmol benzene/kmol dry gas\"%(Y1)\n",
"\n",
"Gs = m*(1-y1);\n",
"print \"moles of benzene free gas = %f kmol drygas/h\"%(Gs)\n",
"\n",
"#for 95% removal\n",
"Y2 = Y1*(1-0.95);\n",
"print \"final mole ratio of benzene = %f kmol benzene/kmol dry gas\"%(Y2)\n",
"\n",
"x2 = 0.002\n",
"X2 = 0.002/(1-0.002);\n",
"\n",
"#at equilibrium y* = 0.2406X\n",
"#part 1\n",
"#for oil rate to be minimum the wash oil leaving the absorber must be in equilibrium with the entering gas\n",
"\n",
"y1 = 0.02;\n",
"x1 = y1/(0.2406);\n",
"X1 = x1/(1-x1);\n",
"min_Ls = Gs*((Y1-Y2)/(X1-X2));\n",
"print \"minimum Ls required = %f kg/h\"%(min_Ls*260)\n",
"\n",
"#for 1.5 times of the minimum\n",
"Ls = 1.5*min_Ls;\n",
"print \"flow rate of wash oil = %f kg/h\"%(Ls*260)\n",
"X1 = X2 + (Gs*((Y1-Y2)/Ls));\n",
"print \"concentration of benzene in wash oil = %f kmol benzene/kmol wash oil\"%(X1)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"mole ratio of benzene = 0.020408 kmol benzene/kmol dry gas\n",
"moles of benzene free gas = 144.559497 kmol drygas/h\n",
"final mole ratio of benzene = 0.001020 kmol benzene/kmol dry gas\n",
"minimum Ls required = 8219.216789 kg/h\n",
"flow rate of wash oil = 12328.825184 kg/h\n",
"concentration of benzene in wash oil = 0.061109 kmol benzene/kmol wash oil\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 6
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.7 page number 95\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"from scipy.optimize import fsolve \n",
"import math \n",
"\n",
"# Variables\n",
"xf = 0.01\n",
"Xf = xf/(1-xf);\n",
"Feed = 100 #feed in kg\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"c_nicotine = Feed*Xf; #nicotine conc in feed\n",
"c_water = Feed*(1-Xf) #water conc in feed\n",
"\n",
"#part 1\n",
"def F1(x):\n",
" return (x/150.)-0.9*((1-x)/99.);\n",
"\n",
"#initial guess\n",
"x = 10.;\n",
"y = fsolve(F1,x)\n",
"print \"amount of nicotine removed N = %f kg\"%(y)\n",
"#part 2\n",
"def F2(x):\n",
" return (x/50.)-0.9*((1-x)/99.);\n",
"\n",
"#initial guess\n",
"x = 10.;\n",
"N1 = fsolve(F2,x)\n",
"print \"amount of nicotine removed in stage 1, N1 = %f kg\"%(N1)\n",
"def F3(x):\n",
" return (x/50.)-0.9*((1-x-N1)/99.);\n",
"\n",
"#initial guess\n",
"x = 10.;\n",
"N2 = fsolve(F3,x)\n",
"print \"amount of nicotine removed in stage 2, N2 = %f kg\"%(N2)\n",
"def F4(x):\n",
" return (x/50.)-0.9*((1-x-N2-N1)/99.);\n",
"\n",
"#initial guess\n",
"x = 10.;\n",
"N3 = fsolve(F4,x)\n",
"\n",
"print \"amount of nicotine removed in stage 3, N3 = %f kg\"%(N3)\n",
"N = N1+N2+N3;\n",
"print \"total amount of nicotine removed = %f kg\"%(N)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"amount of nicotine removed N = 0.576923 kg\n",
"amount of nicotine removed in stage 1, N1 = 0.312500 kg\n",
"amount of nicotine removed in stage 2, N2 = 0.214844 kg\n",
"amount of nicotine removed in stage 3, N3 = 0.147705 kg\n",
"total amount of nicotine removed = 0.675049 kg\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 7
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.8 page number 96\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"\n",
"# Variables\n",
"vp_water = 31.06 #in kPa\n",
"vp_benzene = 72.92 #in kPa\n",
"\n",
"P = vp_water +vp_benzene;\n",
"x_benzene = vp_benzene/P;\n",
"x_water = vp_water/P;\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations\n",
"initial_water = 50./18; #in kmol of water\n",
"initial_benzene = 50./78 #in kmol of benzene\n",
"water_evaporated = initial_benzene*(x_water/x_benzene);\n",
"water_left = (initial_water - water_evaporated);\n",
"\n",
"# Results\n",
"print \"amount of water left in residue = %f kg\"%(water_left*18)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"amount of water left in residue = 45.085236 kg\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 8
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.9 page number 97\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"po_D = 4.93 #in kPa\n",
"po_W = 96.3 #in kPa\n",
"n = 0.75 #vaporization efficiency\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"P = n*po_D+po_W;\n",
"print \"P = %f kPa\"%(P)\n",
"\n",
"x_water = 96.3/100;\n",
"x_dimethylanaline = 1-x_water;\n",
"wt_dimethylanaline = (x_dimethylanaline*121)/(x_dimethylanaline*121+x_water*18);\n",
"print \"weight of dimethylanaline in water = %f\"%(wt_dimethylanaline*100)\n",
"\n",
"#part 1\n",
"n = 0.8;\n",
"po_D = 32 #in kPa\n",
"actual_vp = n*po_D;\n",
"p_water = 100 - actual_vp;\n",
"steam_required = (p_water*18)/(actual_vp*121);\n",
"print \"amount of steam required = %f kg steam/kg dimethylanaline\"%(steam_required)\n",
"\n",
"#part 2\n",
"x_water = p_water/100.;\n",
"wt_water = x_water*18./(x_water*18+(1-x_water)*121.);\n",
"print \"weight of water vapor = %f weight of dimethylanaline =%f\"%(wt_water*100,100*(1-wt_water))\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"P = 99.997500 kPa\n",
"weight of dimethylanaline in water = 20.526340\n",
"amount of steam required = 0.432335 kg steam/kg dimethylanaline\n",
"weight of water vapor = 30.183916 weight of dimethylanaline =69.816084\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 9
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.10 page number 98\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"xf = 0.15;\n",
"xl = (114.7)/(114.7+1000);\n",
"xc = 1;\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations\n",
"K2Cr2O7_feed = 1000*0.15; #in kg\n",
"\n",
"n = 0.8;\n",
"C = n*K2Cr2O7_feed;\n",
"V = (K2Cr2O7_feed-120 - 880*0.103)/(-0.103);\n",
"\n",
"# Results\n",
"print \"amount of water evaporated = %f kg\"%(V)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"amount of water evaporated = 588.737864 kg\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 10
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.11 page number 98\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"xc = round(106./286,3);\n",
"xf = 0.25;\n",
"xl = round(27.5/127.5,3);\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations\n",
"water_present = 100*(1-xf); #in kg\n",
"V = 0.15*75; #in kg\n",
"C = (100*xf - 88.7*xl)/(xc-xl);\n",
"Na2CO3_feed = 25./xc;\n",
"\n",
"yield_ = (C/Na2CO3_feed)*100;\n",
"\n",
"# Results\n",
"print \"yield = %.1f %%\"%(yield_)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"yield = 55.9 %\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 9
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.12 page number 99\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"r = 50. #weight of dry air passing through drier\n",
"w1 = 1.60 #in kg per kg dry solid\n",
"w2 = 0.1 #in kg/kg dry solid\n",
"H0 = 0.016 #in kg water vapor/kg dry air\n",
"H2 = 0.055 #in kg water vapor/kg dry air\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"y = 1 - (w1-w2)/(r*(H2-H0));\n",
"print \"fraction of air recirculated = %f\"%(y)\n",
"\n",
"H1 = H2 - (w1-w2)/r;\n",
"print \"humidity of air entering the drier = %f kg water vapor/kg kg dry air\"%(H1)\n",
"\n",
"#check\n",
"H11 = H2*y+H0*(1-y);\n",
"if H1 == H11:\n",
" print \"fraction of air recirculated = %f verified\"%(y)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"fraction of air recirculated = 0.230769\n",
"humidity of air entering the drier = 0.025000 kg water vapor/kg kg dry air\n",
"fraction of air recirculated = 0.230769 verified\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 12
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.13 page number 100\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"Hf = 0.012;\n",
"Hi = 0.033;\n",
"H1 = 0.0075;\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"water_vapor = Hf/18.; #in kmol of water vapor\n",
"dry_air = 1/28.9; #in kmol\n",
"total_mass = water_vapor+dry_air;\n",
"\n",
"volume = 22.4*(298./273)*total_mass;\n",
"weight = 60/volume;\n",
"print \"weight of dry air handled per hr = %f kg\"%(weight)\n",
"\n",
"#part 1\n",
"inlet_watervapor = 0.033/18; #in kmol of water vapor\n",
"volume_inlet = 22.4*(308./273)*(inlet_watervapor+dry_air);\n",
"print \"volumetric flow rate of inlet air = %f cubic meter\"%(volume_inlet*weight)\n",
"\n",
"#part 2\n",
"y = (Hf - Hi)/(H1 - Hi);\n",
"print \"fraction of inlet air passing through cooler = %f\"%(y)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"weight of dry air handled per hr = 69.576029 kg\n",
"volumetric flow rate of inlet air = 64.064786 cubic meter\n",
"fraction of inlet air passing through cooler = 0.823529\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 13
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.14 page number 102\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"\n",
"# Variables\n",
"#x- moles of N2 and H2 recycled; y - moles of N2 H2 purged\n",
"Ar_freshfeed = 0.2;\n",
"#argon in fresh feed is equal to argon in purge \n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"y = 0.2/0.0633; #argon in purge = 0.0633y\n",
"x = (0.79*100 - y)/(1-0.79);\n",
"print \"y = %f kmolx = %f kmol\"%(y,x)\n",
"\n",
"#part 1\n",
"fraction = y/x;\n",
"print \"fration of recycle that is purged = %f\"%(fraction)\n",
"\n",
"#part 2\n",
"yield_ = 0.105*(100+x);\n",
"print \"overall yield of ammonia = %f kmol\"%(yield_)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"y = 3.159558 kmolx = 361.144964 kmol\n",
"fration of recycle that is purged = 0.008749\n",
"overall yield of ammonia = 48.420221 kmol\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 14
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.15 page number 107\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"H0_CH4 = -74.9 #in kJ\n",
"H0_CO2 = -393.5 #in kJ\n",
"H0_H2O = -241.8 #in kJ\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations\n",
"delta_H0 = H0_CO2+2*H0_H2O-H0_CH4;\n",
"\n",
"# Results\n",
"print \"change in enthalpy = %f kJ\"%(delta_H0)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"change in enthalpy = -802.200000 kJ\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 15
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.16 page number 107\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"H0_glucose = -1273 #in kJ\n",
"H0_ethanol = -277.6 #in kJ\n",
"H0_CO2 = -393.5 #in kJ\n",
"H0_H2O = -285.8 #in kJ\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"#for reaction 1\n",
"delta_H1 = 2*H0_ethanol+2*H0_CO2-H0_glucose;\n",
"print \"enthalpy change in reaction 1 = %f KJ\"%(delta_H1)\n",
"\n",
"#for reaction 2\n",
"delta_H2 = 6*H0_H2O+6*H0_CO2-H0_glucose;\n",
"print \"enthalpy change in reaction 2 = %f kJ\"%(delta_H2)\n",
"\n",
"if delta_H1>delta_H2:\n",
" print \"reaction 2 supplies more energy\"\n",
"else:\n",
" print \"reaction 1 supplies more energy\"\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"enthalpy change in reaction 1 = -69.200000 KJ\n",
"enthalpy change in reaction 2 = -2802.800000 kJ\n",
"reaction 2 supplies more energy\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 16
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.17 page number 108\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"delta_H2 = 11.7 #in kJ/mol\n",
"m_CuSO4 = 16 #in gm\n",
"m_H2O = 384 #in gm\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations\n",
"delta_H3 = -((m_CuSO4+m_H2O)*4.18*3.95*159.6)/(16*10**3)\n",
"delta_H1 = delta_H3 - delta_H2;\n",
"\n",
"# Results\n",
"print \"enthalpy of formation = %f kJ/mol\"%(delta_H1)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"enthalpy of formation = -77.578890 kJ/mol\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 17
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.18 page number 108\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"H_combustion = 1560000 #in kJ/kmol \n",
"H0_CO2 = 54.56 #in kJ/kmol\n",
"H0_O2 = 35.2 #in kJ/kmol\n",
"H0_steam = 43.38 #in kJ/kmol\n",
"H0_N2 = 33.32 #in kJ/kmol\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations\n",
"t = H_combustion/(2*H0_CO2+3*H0_steam+0.875*H0_O2+16.46*H0_N2);\n",
"\n",
"# Results\n",
"print \"theoritical temperature of combustion = %f degree C\"%(t)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"theoritical temperature of combustion = 1905.908708 degree C\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 18
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.19 page number 109\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"H_NaCl = 410.9 #in MJ/kmol\n",
"H_H2SO4 = 811.3 #in MJ/kmol\n",
"H_Na2SO4 = 1384 #in MJ/kmol\n",
"H_HCl = 92.3 #in MJ/kmol\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"Q = H_Na2SO4 + 2*H_HCl -2*H_NaCl-H_H2SO4;\n",
"print \"heat of reaction = %f MJ\"%(Q)\n",
"\n",
"heat_required = 64.5*(500./73);\n",
"coke_consumption = heat_required/19\n",
"print \"amount of coke oven gas consumed = %f cubic meter\"%(coke_consumption)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"heat of reaction = -64.500000 MJ\n",
"amount of coke oven gas consumed = 23.251622 cubic meter\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 19
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.20 page number 109\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"cp_water = 146.5 #in kj/kg\n",
"cp_steam = 3040 #in kJ/kg\n",
"d = 0.102 #in m\n",
"u = 1.5 #in m/s\n",
"density = 1000 #in kg/m3\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations\n",
"m = (3.14/4)*d**2*u*density;\n",
"Q = m*(cp_steam-cp_water);\n",
"\n",
"# Results\n",
"print \"rate of heat flow = %f kW\"%(Q)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"rate of heat flow = 35447.429385 kW\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 20
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.22 page number 110\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"wt_C = 0.75 #in kg\n",
"wt_H2 = 0.05 #in kg\n",
"wt_O2 = 0.12 #in kg\n",
"wt_N2 = 0.03 #in kg\n",
"wt_S = 0.01 #in kg\n",
"wt_ash = 0.04 #in kg\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"O2_C = wt_C*(32./12); #in kg\n",
"O2_H2 = wt_H2*(16./2); #in kg\n",
"O2_S = wt_S*(32./32); #in kg\n",
"O2_required = O2_C+O2_H2+O2_S;\n",
"\n",
"oxygen_supplied = O2_required - wt_O2;\n",
"air_needed = oxygen_supplied/0.23;\n",
"print \"amount of air required = %f kg\"%(air_needed)\n",
"\n",
"volume = (22.4/28.8)*air_needed;\n",
"print \"volume of air needed = %f cubic meter\"%(volume)\n",
"\n",
"air_supplied = 1.20*air_needed;\n",
"N2_supplied = air_supplied*0.77;\n",
"total_N2 = N2_supplied+wt_N2;\n",
"\n",
"O2_fluegas = air_supplied*0.23 - oxygen_supplied;\n",
"\n",
"wt_CO2 = wt_C+O2_C;\n",
"wt_SO2 = wt_S+O2_S;\n",
"\n",
"moles_CO2 = wt_CO2/44;\n",
"moles_SO2 = wt_SO2/64;\n",
"moles_N2 = total_N2/28;\n",
"moles_O2 = O2_fluegas/32;\n",
"total_moles = moles_CO2+moles_SO2+moles_N2+moles_O2;\n",
"\n",
"x_CO2 = moles_CO2/total_moles;\n",
"x_SO2 = moles_SO2/total_moles;\n",
"x_N2 = moles_N2/total_moles;\n",
"x_O2 = moles_O2/total_moles;\n",
"\n",
"print \"CO2 = %f %%\"%(x_CO2*100)\n",
"print \"SO2 = %f %%\"%(x_SO2*100)\n",
"print \"N2 = %f %%\"%(x_N2*100)\n",
"print \"O2 = %f %%\"%(x_O2*100)\n",
"\n",
"# Note : answers are slightly different because of rounding error."
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"amount of air required = 9.956522 kg\n",
"volume of air needed = 7.743961 cubic meter\n",
"CO2 = 15.365264 %\n",
"SO2 = 0.076826 %\n",
"N2 = 81.039264 %\n",
"O2 = 3.518645 %\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 11
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.23 page number 110\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"C = 0.8 #in kg\n",
"H2 = 0.05 #in kg\n",
"S = 0.005 #in kg\n",
"ash = 0.145 #in kg\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"#required oxygen in kg\n",
"C_O2 = C*(32./12); \n",
"H2_O2 = H2*(16./2);\n",
"S_O2 = S*(32./32);\n",
"O2_supplied = C_O2+S_O2+H2_O2;\n",
"print \"amount of O2 supplied = %f kg\"%(O2_supplied)\n",
"\n",
"wt_air = O2_supplied*(100./23);\n",
"wt_airsupplied = 1.25*wt_air;\n",
"print \"amount of air supplied = %f kg\"%(wt_airsupplied)\n",
"\n",
"#flue gas composition\n",
"m_N2 = wt_airsupplied*0.77; #in kg\n",
"mole_N2 = m_N2/28.;\n",
"\n",
"m_O2 = (wt_airsupplied-wt_air)*0.23; #in kg\n",
"mole_O2 = m_O2/32.;\n",
"\n",
"m_CO2 = C*(44/12.); #in kg\n",
"mole_CO2 = m_CO2/44.;\n",
"\n",
"m_H2O = H2*(18/2.); #in kg\n",
"mole_H2O = m_H2O/18.;\n",
"\n",
"m_SO2 = S*(64/32.); #in kg\n",
"mole_SO2 = m_SO2/64.;\n",
"\n",
"m = m_N2+m_O2+m_CO2+m_H2O+m_SO2\n",
"\n",
"#percent by weight\n",
"w_N2 = m_N2/m;\n",
"print \"percentage of N2 by weight = %f\"%(w_N2*100)\n",
"\n",
"w_O2 = m_O2/m;\n",
"print \"percentage of O2 by weight = %f\"%(w_O2*100)\n",
"\n",
"w_CO2 = m_CO2/m;\n",
"print \"percentage of CO2 by weight = %f\"%(w_CO2*100)\n",
"\n",
"w_H2O = m_H2O/m;\n",
"print \"percentage of H2O by weight = %f\"%(w_H2O*100)\n",
"\n",
"w_SO2 = m_SO2/m;\n",
"print \"percentage of SO2 by weight = %f\"%(w_SO2*100)\n",
"\n",
"m1 = mole_N2+mole_O2+mole_CO2+mole_H2O+mole_SO2\n",
"\n",
"#percent by mole \n",
"x_N2 = mole_N2/m1;\n",
"print \"percentage of N2 by mole = %f\"%(x_N2*100)\n",
"\n",
"x_O2 = mole_O2/m1;\n",
"print \"percentage of O2 by mole = %f\"%(x_O2*100)\n",
"\n",
"x_CO2 = mole_CO2/m1;\n",
"print \"percentage of CO2 by mole = %f\"%(x_CO2*100)\n",
"\n",
"x_H2O = mole_H2O/m1;\n",
"print \"percentage of H2O by mole = %f\"%(x_H2O*100)\n",
"\n",
"x_SO2 = mole_SO2/m1;\n",
"print \"percentage of SO2 by mole = %f\"%(x_SO2*100)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"amount of O2 supplied = 2.538333 kg\n",
"amount of air supplied = 13.795290 kg\n",
"percentage of N2 by weight = 72.506232\n",
"percentage of O2 by weight = 4.331541\n",
"percentage of CO2 by weight = 20.022357\n",
"percentage of H2O by weight = 3.071612\n",
"percentage of SO2 by weight = 0.068258\n",
"percentage of N2 by mole = 77.261067\n",
"percentage of O2 by mole = 4.038647\n",
"percentage of CO2 by mole = 13.577066\n",
"percentage of H2O by mole = 5.091400\n",
"percentage of SO2 by mole = 0.031821\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 22
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.24 page number 112\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"wt_H2 = 0.15;\n",
"wt_C = 0.85;\n",
"O2_H2 = wt_H2*(16./2);\n",
"O2_C = wt_C*(32./12);\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"total_O2 = O2_H2+O2_C;\n",
"wt_air = total_O2/0.23;\n",
"air_supplied = 1.15*(wt_air);\n",
"N2_supplied = 0.77*air_supplied/28.;\n",
"O2_supplied = 0.23*(air_supplied-wt_air)/32.;\n",
"moles_CO2 = 0.85/12;\n",
"\n",
"print \"moles of CO2 = %f kmol\"%(moles_CO2)\n",
"print \"moles of N2 = %f kmol \"%(N2_supplied)\n",
"print \"moles of O2 = %f kmol\"%(O2_supplied)\n",
"\n",
"total_moles = N2_supplied+O2_supplied+moles_CO2;\n",
"\n",
"print \"percentage of CO2 = %f\"%((moles_CO2/total_moles)*100)\n",
"print \"percentage of N2 = %f\"%((N2_supplied/total_moles)*100)\n",
"print \"percentage of O2 = %f\"%((O2_supplied/total_moles)*100)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"moles of CO2 = 0.070833 kmol\n",
"moles of N2 = 0.476667 kmol \n",
"moles of O2 = 0.016250 kmol\n",
"percentage of CO2 = 12.564671\n",
"percentage of N2 = 84.552846\n",
"percentage of O2 = 2.882483\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 23
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.25 page number 113\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"N2 = 80.5 #in m3\n",
"air_supplied = N2/0.79 #in m3\n",
"volume_O2 = air_supplied*0.21; #in m3\n",
"O2_fluegas = 6.1 #in m3\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations\n",
"O2_used = volume_O2 - O2_fluegas;\n",
"excess_air_supplied = (O2_fluegas/O2_used)*100;\n",
"\n",
"# Results\n",
"print \"percentage of excess air supplied = %f\"%(excess_air_supplied)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"percentage of excess air supplied = 39.872580\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 24
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.26 page number 114\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"q_NTP = 10*(200/101.3)*(273./313);\n",
"m_CO2 = 44*(q_NTP/22.4);\n",
"s_CO2 = 0.85 #in kJ/kg K\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations\n",
"Q = m_CO2*s_CO2*(40-20) #Q = ms*delta_T\n",
"\n",
"d0 = 0.023 #in mm\n",
"A0 = (3.14/4)*d0**2;\n",
"di = 0.035 #in mm\n",
"Ai = (3.14/4)*di**2;\n",
"\n",
"A_annular = Ai-A0;\n",
"u = 0.15 #in m/s\n",
"m_water = A_annular*(u*3600)*1000 #in kg/hr\n",
"\n",
"s_water = 4.19 #in kJ/kg K\n",
"t = 15+(Q/(m_water*s_water));\n",
"\n",
"# Results\n",
"print \"exit water temperature = %f degree C\"%(t)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"exit water temperature = 15.465164 degree C\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 25
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.27 page number 114\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"F = 1000 #in kg\n",
"xF = 0.01 \n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"solid_feed = F*xF;\n",
"water_feed = F - solid_feed;\n",
"\n",
"tF = 40 #in degree C\n",
"hF = 167.5 #in kJ/kg\n",
"xL = 0.02;\n",
"\n",
"solid_liquor = 10 #in kg\n",
"L = solid_liquor/xL;\n",
"tL = 100 #in degree C\n",
"hL = 418.6 #in kJ/kg\n",
"\n",
"V = F -L;\n",
"\n",
"tv = 100 #in degree C\n",
"Hv = 2675 #in kJ/kg\n",
"ts = 108.4 #in degree C\n",
"Hs = 2690 #in kJ/kg\n",
"tc = 108.4 #in degree C\n",
"hc = 454 #in kJ/kg\n",
"\n",
"#applying heat balance\n",
"S = (F*hF-V*Hv-L*hL)/(hc-Hs);\n",
"print \"weight of steam required = %f kg/hr\"%(S)\n",
"\n",
"Q = S*(Hs-hc);\n",
"U = 1.4 #in kW/m2K\n",
"delta_t = ts-tL;\n",
"A = 383.2/(U*delta_t);\n",
"print \"area of heating surface = %f square meter\"%(A)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"weight of steam required = 616.860465 kg/hr\n",
"area of heating surface = 32.585034 square meter\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 26
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.28 page number 115\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"hF = 171 #in kJ/kg\n",
"hD = 67 #in kJ/kg\n",
"hL = hD;\n",
"\n",
"hW = 200 #in kJ/kg\n",
"H = 540 #in kJ/kg\n",
"\n",
"print ('part 1')\n",
"F = 1000 #in kg/h\n",
"xF = 0.40\n",
"xW = 0.02;\n",
"xD = 0.97;\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"D = F*(xF-xW)/(xD-xW);\n",
"W = F-D;\n",
"\n",
"print \"bottom product = %f kg/hr\"%(W)\n",
"print \"top product = %f kg/hr\"%(D)\n",
"\n",
"print ('part 2')\n",
"L = 3.5*D;\n",
"V = L+D;\n",
"Qc = V*H-L*hL-D*hD;\n",
"print \"condenser duty = %f KJ/hr\"%(Qc)\n",
"\n",
"print ('part 3')\n",
"Qr = Qc - 24200;\n",
"print \"rate of heat input to reboiler = %f kJ/hr\"%(Qr)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"part 1\n",
"bottom product = 600.000000 kg/hr\n",
"top product = 400.000000 kg/hr\n",
"part 2\n",
"condenser duty = 851400.000000 KJ/hr\n",
"part 3\n",
"rate of heat input to reboiler = 827200.000000 kJ/hr\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 27
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.29 page number 117\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"F = 1000.; #in kg\n",
"V = 0.05*F; #in kg\n",
"xF = 0.48;\n",
"xL = 75./(100+75);\n",
"xC = 1.;\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"C = (F*xF-950*xL)/(1-0.429);\n",
"print \"rate of crystal formation = %f kg\"%(C)\n",
"\n",
"L = F-C-V;\n",
"\n",
"#cooling water\n",
"W = (F*2.97*(85-35)+126.9*75.2-V*2414)/(4.19*11);\n",
"print \"rate of cooling water = %f kg\"%(W)\n",
"\n",
"delta_T1 = 56.;\n",
"delta_T2 = 17.;\n",
"delta_Tm = (delta_T1-delta_T2)/(math.log(delta_T1/delta_T2))\n",
"U = 125;\n",
"\n",
"A=(F*2.97*(85-35)+126.9*75.2-V*2414)/(U*delta_Tm*3.6);\n",
"print \"area = %f square meter\"%(A)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"rate of crystal formation = 127.595697 kg\n",
"rate of cooling water = 810.216533 kg\n",
"area = 2.536631 square meter\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 28
},
{
"cell_type": "heading",
"level": 3,
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"example 3.30 page number 118\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [
" \n",
"import math \n",
"# Variables\n",
"delta_n = 10-12.; #mole per mole napthanlene\n",
"\n",
"#basis 1g\n",
"moles_napthalene = (1./128);\n",
"\n",
"# Calculations and Results\n",
"print ('part 1')\n",
"Qv = 40.28 #in kJ\n",
"Qp = Qv-(delta_n*moles_napthalene*8.3144*298./1000);\n",
"print \"heat of combustion = %f kJ\"%(Qp)\n",
"\n",
"print ('part 2')\n",
"delta_H = 44.05 #in kJ/gmol\n",
"water_formed = 4./128; #in g mol\n",
"Qp1 = Qp - (delta_H*water_formed);\n",
"print \"heat of combustion = %f kJ\"%(Qp1)\n"
],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": [
{
"output_type": "stream",
"stream": "stdout",
"text": [
"part 1\n",
"heat of combustion = 40.318714 kJ\n",
"part 2\n",
"heat of combustion = 38.942151 kJ\n"
]
}
],
"prompt_number": 29
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"collapsed": false,
"input": [],
"language": "python",
"metadata": {},
"outputs": []
}
],
"metadata": {}
}
]
}