{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# Chapter 6 - Multitransistor and Multistage Amplifier"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 6_1 Page No. 168"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Av= 0.10\n",
"Av(dB)=20*log10(Av)= -20.00 dB \n",
"Av= 0.71\n",
"Av(dB)=20*log10(Av)= -3.01 dB \n",
"Av= 1.00\n",
"Av(dB)=20*log10(Av)= 0.00 dB \n",
"Av= 10.00\n",
"Av(dB)=20*log10(Av)= 20.00 dB \n",
"Av= 100.00\n",
"Av(dB)=20*log10(Av)= 40.00 dB \n",
"Av= 1000.00\n",
"Av(dB)=20*log10(Av)= 60.00 dB \n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"from math import log10\n",
"from __future__ import division \n",
"Av=0.1\n",
"print \"Av= %0.2f\"%(Av) #Voltage gain\n",
"AvdB=20*log10(Av)\n",
"print \"Av(dB)=20*log10(Av)= %0.2f\"%(AvdB),\"dB \" #Voltage gain in decibel\n",
"Av=0.707\n",
"print \"Av= %0.2f\"%(Av) #Voltage gain\n",
"AvdB=20*log10(Av)\n",
"print \"Av(dB)=20*log10(Av)= %0.2f\"%(AvdB),\"dB \" #Voltage gain in decibel\n",
"Av=1\n",
"print \"Av= %0.2f\"%(Av) #Voltage gain\n",
"AvdB=20*log10(Av)\n",
"print \"Av(dB)=20*log10(Av)= %0.2f\"%(AvdB),\"dB \" #Voltage gain in decibel\n",
"Av=10\n",
"print \"Av= %0.2f\"%(Av) #Voltage gain\n",
"AvdB=20*log10(Av)\n",
"print \"Av(dB)=20*log10(Av)= %0.2f\"%(AvdB),\"dB \" #Voltage gain in decibel\n",
"Av=100\n",
"print \"Av= %0.2f\"%(Av) #Voltage gain\n",
"AvdB=20*log10(Av)\n",
"print \"Av(dB)=20*log10(Av)= %0.2f\"%(AvdB),\"dB \" #Voltage gain in decibel\n",
"Av=1000\n",
"print \"Av= %0.2f\"%(Av) #Voltage gain\n",
"AvdB=20*log10(Av)\n",
"print \"Av(dB)=20*log10(Av)= %0.2f\"%(AvdB),\"dB \" #Voltage gain in decibel\n",
"#NOTE:calculated voltage gain in dB for Av=0.707 is -3.0116117dB "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 6_2 Page No. 169"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Ri= 500.00 ohm\n",
"RL= 50.00 ohm\n",
"Vom= 1.00 volts\n",
"Vim= 0.00 volts\n",
"Av(in dB)=20*log10(Vo/Vi)= 60.00 dB \n",
"Iim= Vim/Ri= 0.00 A\n",
"Iom= Vom/RL= 0.02 A\n",
"Ai=20*log10(Io/Ii)= 80.00 dB \n",
"pi= Vi**2/Ri= 0.00 W\n",
"po= Vo**2/RL= 0.01 W\n",
"Ap=10*log10(po/pi)= 70.00 dB \n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"from math import sqrt,log10\n",
"from __future__ import division \n",
"Ri=0.5*10**(3)\n",
"print \"Ri= %0.2f\"%(Ri)+ \" ohm\" # Amplifier input resistance\n",
"RL=0.05*10**(3)\n",
"print \"RL= %0.2f\"%(RL)+ \" ohm\" # Load resistance\n",
"Vom=1\n",
"print \"Vom= %0.2f\"%(Vom),\" volts\" # Output voltage \n",
"Vo=Vom/sqrt(2)#RMS value of Output voltage \n",
"Vim=1*10**(-3)\n",
"print \"Vim= %0.2f\"%(Vim),\" volts\" # Peak Input voltage\n",
"Vi=Vim/sqrt(2)#RMS Input voltage \n",
"Av=20*log10(Vo/Vi)\n",
"print \"Av(in dB)=20*log10(Vo/Vi)= %0.2f\"%(Av),\" dB \" #Voltage gain in decibel\n",
"Iim=Vim/Ri\n",
"print \"Iim= Vim/Ri= %0.2f\"%(Iim),\" A\" # Input peak current\n",
"Ii=Iim/sqrt(2) #RMS value of input current\n",
"Iom=Vom/RL \n",
"print \"Iom= Vom/RL= %0.2f\"%(Iom),\" A\" # Output peak current\n",
"Io=Iom/sqrt(2) #RMS value of Output current\n",
"Ai=20*log10(Io/Ii)\n",
"print \"Ai=20*log10(Io/Ii)= %0.2f\"%(Ai),\" dB \" #Current gain in decibel\n",
"pi=Vi**2/Ri\n",
"print \"pi= Vi**2/Ri= %0.2f\"%(pi),\" W\" # Input power \n",
"po=Vo**2/RL\n",
"print \"po= Vo**2/RL= %0.2f\"%(po),\" W\" # Output power \n",
"Ap=10*log10(po/pi)\n",
"print \"Ap=10*log10(po/pi)= %0.2f\"%(Ap),\" dB \" #Power gain in decibel"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 6_3 Page No. 172"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"RL= 1000.00 ohm\n",
"RF= 500000.00 ohm\n",
"Beta_o = 50.00\n",
"rbe= 1000.00 ohm\n",
"gm = 0.05 A/V\n",
"rc= 50000.00 ohm\n",
"part(i)\n",
"Adm1=(-gm*RL)= -50.00\n",
"Adm2=(0.5*gm*RL)= 25.00\n",
"Rid=2*rbe= 2000.00 ohm\n",
"Acm=(-RL)/(2*RF)= -1.00e-03\n",
"Ric=Beta_o*RF= 2.50e+07 ohm\n",
"CMRR=2*gm*RF= 50000.00\n",
"part(ii)\n",
"Vi1= -5.00e-04 volts\n",
"Vi2= 5.00e-04 volts\n",
"Vcm= 0.01 volts\n",
"Vd=Vi1-Vi2= -1.00e-03 volts\n",
"Vod=abs(Vd*Adm2)= 0.03 volts\n",
"Voc=abs(Vcm*Acm)= 1.00e-05 volts\n",
"percentage error=(Voc/Vod)*100= 0.04 %\n",
"part(iii)\n",
"RLeff=(RL*Rid)/(RL+Rid)= 666.67 ohm\n",
"Adm=gm*RLeff= 33.33\n",
"Acm=(-RLeff)/(2*RF)= -6.67e-04\n",
"CMRR=abs(Adm/(Acm))= 50000.00\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"from __future__ import division \n",
"RL=1*10**(3)\n",
"print \"RL= %0.2f\"%(RL)+ \" ohm\" #Load resistance\n",
"RF=500*10**(3)\n",
"print \"RF= %0.2f\"%(RF)+ \" ohm\" #Feedback resistance\n",
"Beta_o=50\n",
"print \"Beta_o = %0.2f\"%(Beta_o) #BJT gain\n",
"rbe=1*10**(3)\n",
"print \"rbe= %0.2f\"%(rbe)+ \" ohm\" #Base-emitter resistance\n",
"gm=50*10**(-3)\n",
"print \"gm = %0.2f\"%(gm),\" A/V\"# transconductance for BJT \n",
"rc=50*10**(3)\n",
"print \"rc= %0.2f\"%(rc)+ \" ohm\" #collector resistance\n",
"print \"part(i)\"\n",
"Adm1=(-gm*RL)\n",
"print \"Adm1=(-gm*RL)= %0.2f\"%(Adm1) # Differential mode gain for BJT for DIDO and SIDO modes\n",
"Adm2=(0.5*gm*RL)\n",
"print \"Adm2=(0.5*gm*RL)= %0.2f\"%(Adm2) # Differential mode gain for BJT for DISO and SISO modes\n",
"Rid=2*rbe\n",
"print \"Rid=2*rbe= %0.2f\"%(Rid)+ \" ohm\" #input differential mode resistance\n",
"Acm=(-RL)/(2*RF)\n",
"print \"Acm=(-RL)/(2*RF)= %0.2e\"%(Acm) # Common mode gain for BJT for DISO and SISO modes\n",
"Ric=Beta_o*RF\n",
"print \"Ric=Beta_o*RF= %0.2e\"%(Ric)+ \" ohm\" # common mode input resistance\n",
"CMRR=2*gm*RF\n",
"print \"CMRR=2*gm*RF= %0.2f\"%(CMRR) # common mode rejection ratio\n",
"print \"part(ii)\"\n",
"Vi1=(-0.5)*10**(-3)\n",
"print \"Vi1= %0.2e\"%(Vi1),\" volts\" # input voltage1 \n",
"Vi2=(+0.5)*10**(-3)\n",
"print \"Vi2= %0.2e\"%(Vi2),\" volts\" # input voltage2\n",
"Vcm=(10)*10**(-3)\n",
"print \"Vcm= %0.2f\"%(Vcm),\" volts\" # common mode voltage\n",
"Vd=Vi1-Vi2\n",
"print \"Vd=Vi1-Vi2= %0.2e\"%(Vd),\" volts\" # differential voltage\n",
"Vod=abs(Vd*Adm2)\n",
"print \"Vod=abs(Vd*Adm2)= %0.2f\"%(Vod),\" volts\" # output differential voltage for DISO and SISO modes\n",
"Voc=abs(Vcm*Acm)\n",
"print \"Voc=abs(Vcm*Acm)= %0.2e\"%(Voc),\" volts\" # output common mode voltage\n",
"Error=(Voc/Vod)*100\n",
"print \"percentage error=(Voc/Vod)*100= %0.2f\"%(Error),\"%\"#percentage error due to CM signal\n",
"print \"part(iii)\"\n",
"RLeff=(RL*Rid)/(RL+Rid)\n",
"print \"RLeff=(RL*Rid)/(RL+Rid)= %0.2f\"%(RLeff)+ \" ohm\" # Effective load resistance\n",
"Adm=gm*RLeff\n",
"print \"Adm=gm*RLeff= %0.2f\"%(Adm) # Modified Differential mode gain for BJT for DIDO and SIDO modes\n",
"Acm=(-RLeff)/(2*RF)\n",
"print \"Acm=(-RLeff)/(2*RF)= %0.2e\"%(Acm) # Modified Common mode gain for BJT for DISO and SISO modes\n",
"CMRR=abs(Adm/(Acm))\n",
"print \"CMRR=abs(Adm/(Acm))= %0.2f\"%(CMRR) # Modified common mode rejection ratio\n",
"#NOTE: In Book, Formulae used for Acm in part(iii) is written as Acm=(-RL)/(2*RF)but ans is calculated by using RLeff in place of RL.So i have written formulae as Acm=(-RLeff)/(2*RF) in programming.\n",
"# Assigned variable name: in part(i) Adm for DIDO and SIDO modes is represented by Adm1 and Adm for DISO and SISO modes is represented by Adm2 to resist any anamoly in the programming."
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 6_4 Page No. 175"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"VCC= 10.00 volts\n",
"VEE=VCC= 10.00 volts\n",
"IQ = 0.00 ampere\n",
"VBE= 0.70 volts\n",
"part(i)\n",
"RL=VCC/IQ= 5000.00 ohm\n",
"Pomax=VCC**2/(2*RL)= 0.01 W\n",
"PDC=2*VCC*IQ= 0.04 W\n",
"Efficiency,Etta_max=(Pomax/PDC)*100= 25.00 %\n",
"PDmax=VCC*IQ= 0.02 W\n",
"part(ii)\n",
"Vcm= 5.00 volts\n",
"Po=Vcm**2/(2*RL)= 2.50e-03 W\n",
"Efficiency,Etta=(Po/PDC)*100= 6.25 %\n",
"PDCavg=PDmax-Po= 0.02 W\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"from __future__ import division \n",
"VCC=(10)\n",
"print \"VCC= %0.2f\"%(VCC),\" volts\" # Collector voltage supply\n",
"VEE=VCC\n",
"print \"VEE=VCC= %0.2f\"%(VEE),\" volts\" # Emitter supply voltage\n",
"IQ=2*10**(-3)\n",
"print \"IQ = %0.2f\"%(IQ),\" ampere\" # operating current for CC class-Aamplifier\n",
"VBE=(0.7)\n",
"print \"VBE= %0.2f\"%(VBE),\" volts\" # Base-emitter voltage \n",
"print \"part(i)\"\n",
"RL=VCC/IQ\n",
"print \"RL=VCC/IQ= %0.2f\"%(RL)+ \" ohm\" #Load resistance\n",
"Pomax=VCC**2/(2*RL)\n",
"print \"Pomax=VCC**2/(2*RL)= %0.2f\"%(Pomax),\" W\" # maximum Output power \n",
"PDC=2*VCC*IQ\n",
"print \"PDC=2*VCC*IQ= %0.2f\"%(PDC),\" W\" # Total D.C power supply\n",
"Etta_max=(Pomax/PDC)*100\n",
"print \"Efficiency,Etta_max=(Pomax/PDC)*100= %0.2f\"%(Etta_max),\"%\" #maximum power amplifier conversion efficiency\n",
"PDmax=VCC*IQ\n",
"print \"PDmax=VCC*IQ= %0.2f\"%(PDmax),\" W\" # maximum power dissipation \n",
"print \"part(ii)\"\n",
"Vcm=(5)\n",
"print \"Vcm= %0.2f\"%(Vcm),\" volts\" # common mode voltage\n",
"Po=Vcm**2/(2*RL)\n",
"print \"Po=Vcm**2/(2*RL)= %0.2e\"%(Po),\" W\" # Output power \n",
"Etta=(Po/PDC)*100\n",
"print \"Efficiency,Etta=(Po/PDC)*100= %0.2f\"%(Etta),\" %\" # power amplifier conversion efficiency\n",
"PDCavg=PDmax-Po#Using law of conservation of energy\n",
"print \"PDCavg=PDmax-Po= %0.2f\"%(PDCavg),\" W\" # Average power dissipated in BJT"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 6_5 Page No. 178"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 3,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"VCC= 10.00 volts\n",
"VEE=VCC= 10.00 volts\n",
"ICQ_0 = 1.00e-02 ampere\n",
"RL= 5.00 ohm\n",
"part(i)\n",
"Po=0.00 W\n",
"PDC=2*VCC*ICQ_0= 0.20 W\n",
"part(ii)\n",
"Vcm=VCC = 10.00 volts\n",
"Icm = VCC/RL=2.00e+00 ampere\n",
"Po=(1/2)*(Icm*Vcm)=10.00 W\n",
"ICavg=(Icm)/(pi)=6.37e-01 ampere\n",
"PDC=2*VCC*ICavg= 12.73 W\n",
"Efficiency,Etta=(Po/PDC)*100= 78.54 %\n",
"part(iii)\n",
"Vcm1= 5.00 volts\n",
"ICavg1=(Vcm1)/(pi*RL)=3.18e-01 ampere\n",
"Po1=(Vcm1**2)/(2*RL)=2.50 W\n",
"PDC1=2*VCC*ICavg1= 6.37e+00 W\n",
"Efficiency,Etta=(Po1/PDC1)*100= 39.27 %\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"from math import pi,sqrt\n",
"from __future__ import division \n",
"VCC=(10)\n",
"print \"VCC= %0.2f\"%(VCC),\" volts\" # Collector voltage supply\n",
"VEE=VCC\n",
"print \"VEE=VCC= %0.2f\"%(VEE),\" volts\" # Emitter supply voltage\n",
"ICQ_0=10*10**(-3)\n",
"print \"ICQ_0 = %0.2e\"%(ICQ_0),\" ampere\" # Zero signal collector current\n",
"RL=5\n",
"print \"RL= %0.2f\"%(RL)+ \" ohm\" #Load resistance\n",
"print \"part(i)\"\n",
"Po=0# Since Output power at Zero signal condition is Zero\n",
"print \"Po=%0.2f\"%(Po),\" W\" # Output power at Zero signal condition\n",
"PDC=2*VCC*ICQ_0\n",
"print \"PDC=2*VCC*ICQ_0= %0.2f\"%(PDC),\" W\" # Total D.C power supply for Zero signal condition\n",
"print \"part(ii)\"\n",
"Vcm=VCC#For Full output voltage swing Vcm=VCC\n",
"print \"Vcm=VCC = %0.2f\"%(Vcm),\" volts\" # common mode voltage for full swing condition\n",
"Icm=VCC/RL\n",
"print \"Icm = VCC/RL=%0.2e\"%(Icm),\" ampere\" # common mode current\n",
"Po=(1/2)*(Icm*Vcm)\n",
"print \"Po=(1/2)*(Icm*Vcm)=%0.2f\"%(Po),\" W\" # Output power at full swing condition\n",
"ICavg=(Icm)/(pi)\n",
"print \"ICavg=(Icm)/(pi)=%0.2e\"%(ICavg),\" ampere\" # Average value of common mode current\n",
"PDC=2*(ICavg*VCC)\n",
"print \"PDC=2*VCC*ICavg= %0.2f\"%(PDC),\" W\" # Total D.C power supply for full swing condition\n",
"Etta=(Po/PDC)*100\n",
"print \"Efficiency,Etta=(Po/PDC)*100= %0.2f\"%(Etta),\" %\" # power amplifier conversion efficiency\n",
"print \"part(iii)\"\n",
"Vcm1=(5)#given value\n",
"print \"Vcm1= %0.2f\"%(Vcm1),\" volts\" # common mode voltage for output swing Vcm=5 V\n",
"ICavg1=(Vcm1)/(pi*RL)\n",
"print \"ICavg1=(Vcm1)/(pi*RL)=%0.2e\"%(ICavg1),\" ampere\" # Average value of common mode current\n",
"Po1=(Vcm1**2)/(2*RL)\n",
"print \"Po1=(Vcm1**2)/(2*RL)=%0.2f\"%(Po1),\" W\" # Output power for output swing Vcm=5 V\n",
"PDC1=2*(ICavg1*VCC)\n",
"print \"PDC1=2*VCC*ICavg1= %0.2e\"%(PDC1),\" W\" # Total D.C power supply for output swing Vcm=5 V\n",
"Etta=(Po1/PDC1)*100\n",
"print \"Efficiency,Etta=(Po1/PDC1)*100= %0.2f\"%(Etta),\" %\" # power amplifier conversion efficiency for output swing Vcm=5 V\n",
"# NOTE:Correct value of Efficiency,Etta=(Po1/PDC1)*100= 39.269908 % for part(iii) but book ans is 39.31%(because of approximation used during calculation)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 6_6 Page No. 180"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Av= 100000.00\n",
"VCC= 10.00 volts\n",
"vo= VCC=10.00 volts\n",
"Vdmax= VCC/Av=1.00e-04 volts\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"from __future__ import division \n",
"Av=1*10**(5)\n",
"print \"Av= %0.2f\"%(Av) #Voltage gain\n",
"VCC=(10)\n",
"print \"VCC= %0.2f\"%(VCC),\" volts\" # Collector voltage supply\n",
"vo=VCC\n",
"print \"vo= VCC=%0.2f\"%(vo),\" volts\" # maximum output voltage\n",
"Vdmax=VCC/Av\n",
"print \"Vdmax= VCC/Av=%0.2e\"%(Vdmax),\" volts\" # Difference input voltage at OP-amp terminals"
]
}
],
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