{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Chapter 2 - The Semiconductor Diode"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 2_1 Page No.  35"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "IR = 5.00e-08   ampere\n",
      " Thermal voltage,VT= 0.03  volt\n",
      "Junction voltage,VAK1= -0.25 volt\n",
      "Diode current,IA =IR*(exp(VAK1/(2*VT))-1)= -4.96e-08   ampere\n",
      "Junction voltage,VAK2= 0.25 volt\n",
      "Diode current,IA =IR*(exp(VAK2/(2*VT))-1)= 6.07e-06   ampere\n",
      "Junction voltage,VAK3= 0.50 volt\n",
      "Diode current,IA =IR*(exp(VAK3/(2*VT))-1)= 7.50e-04   ampere\n",
      "Junction voltage,VAK4= 0.60 volt\n",
      "Diode current,IA =IR*(exp(VAK4/(2*VT))-1)= 0.01   ampere\n",
      "Junction voltage,VAK3= 0.70 volt\n",
      "Diode current,IA =IR*(exp(VAK5/(2*VT))-1)= 0.04   ampere\n",
      "Junction voltage,VAK3= 0.80 volt\n",
      "Diode current,IA =IR*(exp(VAK6/(2*VT))-1)= 0.24   ampere\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from __future__ import division\n",
    "from math import exp\n",
    "IR=50*10**(-9)\n",
    "print \"IR = %0.2e \"%(IR),\" ampere\" # value of Reverse saturation current\n",
    "VT=26*10**(-3)\n",
    "print \" Thermal voltage,VT= %0.2f \"%(VT),\"volt\"\n",
    "VAK1=(-0.25)# diode junction voltage\n",
    "print \"Junction voltage,VAK1= %0.2f\"%(VAK1),\"volt\"\n",
    "IA =IR*(exp(VAK1/(2*VT))-1)# formulae for diode current\n",
    "print \"Diode current,IA =IR*(exp(VAK1/(2*VT))-1)= %0.2e \"%(IR*(exp(VAK1/(2*VT))-1)),\" ampere\" # calculation\n",
    "VAK2=(+0.25)\n",
    "print \"Junction voltage,VAK2= %0.2f\"%(VAK2),\"volt\"\n",
    "IA =IR*(exp(VAK2/(2*VT))-1)\n",
    "print \"Diode current,IA =IR*(exp(VAK2/(2*VT))-1)= %0.2e \"%(IA),\" ampere\" # calculation\n",
    "VAK3=(+0.5)\n",
    "print \"Junction voltage,VAK3= %0.2f\"%(VAK3),\"volt\"\n",
    "print \"Diode current,IA =IR*(exp(VAK3/(2*VT))-1)= %0.2e \"%(IR*(exp(VAK3/(2*VT))-1)),\" ampere\" # calculation\n",
    "VAK4=(+0.6)\n",
    "print \"Junction voltage,VAK4= %0.2f\"%(VAK4),\"volt\"\n",
    "print \"Diode current,IA =IR*(exp(VAK4/(2*VT))-1)= %0.2f \"%(IR*(exp(VAK4/(2*VT))-1)),\" ampere\" # calculation\n",
    "VAK5=(+0.7)\n",
    "print \"Junction voltage,VAK3= %0.2f\"%(VAK5),\"volt\"\n",
    "print \"Diode current,IA =IR*(exp(VAK5/(2*VT))-1)= %0.2f \"%(IR*(exp(VAK5/(2*VT))-1)),\" ampere\" # calculation\n",
    "VAK6=(+0.8)\n",
    "print \"Junction voltage,VAK3= %0.2f\"%(VAK6),\"volt\"\n",
    "print \"Diode current,IA =IR*(exp(VAK6/(2*VT))-1)= %0.2f \"%(IR*(exp(VAK6/(2*VT))-1)),\" ampere\" # calculation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 2_2 Page No.  36"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "source voltage,VF = 5.00  volts\n",
      "voltage drop,VD = 0.70  volts\n",
      "resistance,R = 5000.00 ohm\n",
      "resistance,R = 100.00 ohm\n",
      "VR = 0.60  volts\n",
      "Diode current ,IA = 0.00   ampere\n",
      " using large signal model,IA = 8.63e-04   ampere\n",
      "Junction voltage,VAK = 0.69  volts\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from __future__ import division\n",
    "VF=5\n",
    "print \"source voltage,VF = %0.2f \"%(VF)+ \" volts\"#initialization\n",
    "VD=0.7\n",
    "print \"voltage drop,VD = %0.2f \"%(VD)+ \" volts\"#initialization\n",
    "R=5*10**(3)\n",
    "print \"resistance,R = %0.2f \"%(R)+ \"ohm\"#initialization\n",
    "RF=100\n",
    "print \"resistance,R = %0.2f \"%(RF)+ \"ohm\"#initialization\n",
    "VR=0.6\n",
    "print \"VR = %0.2f \"%(VR)+ \" volts\"#initialization\n",
    "IA=(VF-VD)/R #formulae\n",
    "print \"Diode current ,IA = %0.2f \"%(IA),\" ampere\" # calculation\n",
    "IA=(VF-VR)/(R+RF)# Formulae\n",
    "print \" using large signal model,IA = %0.2e \"%(IA),\" ampere\" # calculation\n",
    "VAK=(VR+IA*RF)# Formulae\n",
    "print \"Junction voltage,VAK = %0.2f\"%(VAK),\" volts\"#calculation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 2_3 Page No.  38"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      " Thermal voltage,VT= 0.03   volt\n",
      "IR = 0.00   ampere\n",
      "Junction voltage,VAK1= 0.70  volt\n",
      "Forward conductance,gf= 0.67  mho\n",
      "Forward resistance,rf = 1.48  ohm\n",
      "Reverse conductance,gr= 1.37e-12  mho\n",
      " Reverse resistance,rr = 7.30e+11  ohm\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from math import exp\n",
    "from __future__ import division\n",
    "VT=26*10**(-3)\n",
    "print \" Thermal voltage,VT= %0.2f \"%(VT),\" volt\"#initialization\n",
    "IR=50*10**(-9)\n",
    "print \"IR = %0.2f \"%(IR),\" ampere\" # value of Reverse saturation current\n",
    "VAK1=(0.7)# diode junction voltage\n",
    "print \"Junction voltage,VAK1= %0.2f\"%(VAK1),\" volt\"#initialization\n",
    "gf=(IR/(2*VT))*exp(VAK1/(2*VT))  #Formulae\n",
    "print \"Forward conductance,gf= %0.2f\"%(gf),\" mho\"\n",
    "rf=1/gf  #Formulae\n",
    "print \"Forward resistance,rf = %0.2f \"%(rf)+ \" ohm\"\n",
    "VAK2=(-0.7)\n",
    "gr=(IR/(2*VT))*exp(VAK2/(2*VT))  #Formulae\n",
    "print \"Reverse conductance,gr= %0.2e\"%(gr),\" mho\"\n",
    "rr=1/gr  #Formulae\n",
    "print \" Reverse resistance,rr = %0.2e \"%(rr)+ \" ohm\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 2_4 Page No.  39"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "input voltage,Vi = 10.00   volts\n",
      "resistance,Rs = 0.20 ohm\n",
      "resistance,RL = 10.00 ohm\n",
      "input voltage,VD = 0.70   volts\n",
      " Peak load current ,Iim =(Vim-VD)/(RL+Rs) = 1.32  ampere\n",
      " D.C load current ,Ildc =(2*Iim/(pi)) = 0.84  ampere\n",
      " diode d.c current ,Iadc =(Ildc/2)= 0.42   ampere\n",
      "peak inverse voltage ,PIV = 2*Vim= 28.28  volts\n",
      "D.C output voltage,Vldc=Ildc*RL= 8.39   volts\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from math import sqrt,pi\n",
    "Vi=10\n",
    "print \"input voltage,Vi = %0.2f \"%(Vi),\" volts\"  #initialization\n",
    "Rs=0.2\n",
    "print \"resistance,Rs = %0.2f \"%(Rs)+ \"ohm\"  #initialization\n",
    "RL=10\n",
    "print \"resistance,RL = %0.2f \"%(RL)+ \"ohm\"  #initialization\n",
    "VD=0.7\n",
    "print \"input voltage,VD = %0.2f \"%(VD),\" volts\"  #initialization\n",
    "Vim=Vi*sqrt(2)  #Formulae\n",
    "Iim=(Vim-VD)/(RL+Rs)  #Formulae\n",
    "print \" Peak load current ,Iim =(Vim-VD)/(RL+Rs) = %0.2f\"%(Iim),\" ampere\" # calculation\n",
    "Ildc=(2*Iim/(pi))  #Formulae\n",
    "print \" D.C load current ,Ildc =(2*Iim/(pi)) = %0.2f\"%(Ildc),\" ampere\" # calculation\n",
    "Iadc=(Ildc/2)  #Formulae\n",
    "print \" diode d.c current ,Iadc =(Ildc/2)= %0.2f \"%(Iadc),\" ampere\" # calculation\n",
    "PIV=2*Vim  #Formulae\n",
    "print \"peak inverse voltage ,PIV = 2*Vim= %0.2f\"%(PIV),\" volts\" # calculation\n",
    "Vldc=Ildc*RL  #Formulae\n",
    "print \"D.C output voltage,Vldc=Ildc*RL= %0.2f \"%(Vldc),\" volts\" # calculation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 2_5 Page No.  40"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      " D.C load current ,Idc = 1.00e-03   ampere\n",
      "input voltage,Vi = 2.50   volts\n",
      "voltage drop,VD = 0.70  volts\n",
      "resistance,Rm = 50.00  ohm\n",
      "resistance,R =[(2/pi)*((Vim-2*VD)/Idc)-Rm]= 1309.52  ohm\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from math import sqrt,pi\n",
    "Idc=1*10**(-3)\n",
    "print \" D.C load current ,Idc = %0.2e \"%(Idc),\" ampere\" #initialization\n",
    "Vi=2.5\n",
    "print \"input voltage,Vi = %0.2f \"%(Vi),\" volts\"#initialization\n",
    "Vim=Vi*sqrt(2)\n",
    "VD=0.7\n",
    "print \"voltage drop,VD = %0.2f \"%(VD)+ \" volts\" #initialization\n",
    "Rm=50\n",
    "print \"resistance,Rm = %0.2f \"%(Rm)+ \" ohm\" #initialization\n",
    "R=((2/pi)*((Vim-2*VD)/Idc)-Rm) #Formulae\n",
    "print \"resistance,R =[(2/pi)*((Vim-2*VD)/Idc)-Rm]= %0.2f \"%(R)+ \" ohm\"\n",
    "\n",
    "# NOTE: VALUE OF R=1310 ohm as given in book but here calculated ans is 1309.5231ohm   "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 2_6 Page No.  45"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "input voltage,Vi = 10.00   volts\n",
      "frequency,f1= 50.00  hertz\n",
      "resistance,RL = 1100.00  ohm\n",
      "Ripple factor,r = 0.05  \n",
      "output voltage,VLDC = VLDC=Vim/(1+x)= 12.96  volts\n",
      " voltage Regulation,VR =(Vim-VLDC)/(VLDC)= 0.09   volts\n",
      "Ripple output voltage,Vr = Vr=VLDC*r= 0.68  volts\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from math import sqrt,pi\n",
    "Vi=10\n",
    "print \"input voltage,Vi = %0.2f \"%(Vi),\" volts\" #initialization\n",
    "Vim=Vi*sqrt(2)\n",
    "f1=50\n",
    "print \"frequency,f1= %0.2f\"%(f1),\" hertz\"  #initialization\n",
    "RL=1100\n",
    "print \"resistance,RL = %0.2f \"%(RL)+ \" ohm\"  #initialization\n",
    "C=50*10**(-6)\n",
    "r=1/((4*sqrt(3))*f1*RL*C) # Formulae\n",
    "print \"Ripple factor,r = %0.2f \"%(r),\"\"\n",
    "x=1/(4*f1*RL*C) # Formulae\n",
    "VLDC=Vim/(1+x) # Formulae\n",
    "print \"output voltage,VLDC = VLDC=Vim/(1+x)= %0.2f\"%(VLDC),\" volts\" #calculation\n",
    "VR=(Vim-VLDC)/(VLDC) # Formulae\n",
    "print \" voltage Regulation,VR =(Vim-VLDC)/(VLDC)= %0.2f \"%(VR),\" volts\"  #calculation\n",
    "Vr=VLDC*r # Formulae\n",
    "print \"Ripple output voltage,Vr = Vr=VLDC*r= %0.2f\"%(Vr),\" volts\"#calculation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 2_7 Page No.  48"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "input voltage,VI = 10.00   volts\n",
      "diode voltage,Vz = 5.00   volts\n",
      "resistance,Rz = 100.00  ohm\n",
      "resistance,RD = 500.00  ohm\n",
      "percentage change in VI,DVI= 25.00   volts\n",
      "percentage change in VL,DVL=(DVI)*(Rz/(RD+Rz))= 0.00   %\n",
      "Output resistance,R0 =(RD*Rz)/(RD+Rz)= 83.00  ohm\n",
      "resistance,RD = 500.00  ohm\n",
      "Power dissipated,PZmax =PZmax=(Izmax*Vz)= 0.06  watt\n",
      "Power dissipated,Prd=Prd=(Izmax*Izmax*RD)= 0.08  watt\n",
      "Power dissipated,PD = 0.14  watt\n",
      "resistance,RL = 500.00  ohm\n",
      " voltage Regulation Percentage,%VR =(R0/RL)*(100)= 16.60  % \n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "VI=10\n",
    "print \"input voltage,VI = %0.2f \"%(VI),\" volts\" #initialization\n",
    "Vz=5\n",
    "print \"diode voltage,Vz = %0.2f \"%(Vz),\" volts\" #initialization\n",
    "Rz=100\n",
    "print \"resistance,Rz = %0.2f \"%(Rz)+ \" ohm\"  #initialization\n",
    "RD=500\n",
    "print \"resistance,RD = %0.2f \"%(RD)+ \" ohm\"  #initialization\n",
    "DVI=25\n",
    "print \"percentage change in VI,DVI= %0.2f \"%(DVI),\" volts\" #initialization\n",
    "DVL=(DVI)*(Rz/(RD+Rz))  #Formulae\n",
    "print \"percentage change in VL,DVL=(DVI)*(Rz/(RD+Rz))= %0.2f \"%(DVL),\" %\"\n",
    "R0=(RD*Rz)/(RD+Rz) #Formulae\n",
    "print \"Output resistance,R0 =(RD*Rz)/(RD+Rz)= %0.2f \"%(R0)+ \" ohm\"\n",
    "VImax=12.5\n",
    "Izmax=(VImax-Vz)/(RD+Rz) #Formulae\n",
    "print \"resistance,RD = %0.2f \"%(RD)+ \" ohm\"\n",
    "PZmax=(Izmax*Vz)  #Formulae\n",
    "print \"Power dissipated,PZmax =PZmax=(Izmax*Vz)= %0.2f \"%(PZmax)+ \" watt\"\n",
    "Prd=(Izmax*Izmax*RD)  #Formulae\n",
    "print \"Power dissipated,Prd=Prd=(Izmax*Izmax*RD)= %0.2f \"%(Prd)+ \" watt\"\n",
    "PD=(PZmax+Prd)  #Formulae\n",
    "print \"Power dissipated,PD = %0.2f \"%(PD)+ \" watt\"\n",
    "RL=0.5*(10**3)\n",
    "print \"resistance,RL = %0.2f \"%(RL)+ \" ohm\" #initialization\n",
    "P_VR=(R0*100)/RL  #Formulae\n",
    "print \" voltage Regulation Percentage,%%VR =(R0/RL)*(100)= %0.2f \"%(P_VR),\"% \""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 2_8 Page No.  49"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "diode voltage,Vz = 10.00   volts\n",
      " Zener diode TC1 = 2.00e-03   V/degree celsius\n",
      " voltage drop,VD = 0.70   volts\n",
      "Si diode TC = -0.00   V/degree celsius\n",
      "Combined voltage ,Vref=VD+Vz= 10.70   volts\n",
      " Combined TC = -0.00   V/degree celsius\n",
      "New Combined TC = (TC1+TC2)*100/(Vref1)= -4.67e-03  percent/degree celsius\n",
      "New Combined reference voltage ,Vref= Vref1-((-TC3)*(T2-T1))= 10.69  volts\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vz=10 #initialization\n",
    "print \"diode voltage,Vz = %0.2f \"%(Vz),\" volts\"\n",
    "TC1=(10*0.02)/(100) #calculation\n",
    "print \" Zener diode TC1 = %0.2e \"%(TC1),\" V/degree celsius\"\n",
    "VD=0.7\n",
    "print \" voltage drop,VD = %0.2f \"%(VD),\" volts\"\n",
    "TC2=(-2.5*10**(-3))  #calculation\n",
    "print \"Si diode TC = %0.2f \"%(TC2),\" V/degree celsius\"\n",
    "Vref1=VD+Vz\n",
    "print \"Combined voltage ,Vref=VD+Vz= %0.2f \"%(Vref1),\" volts\"\n",
    "TC3=(TC1+TC2) #calculation\n",
    "print \" Combined TC = %0.2f \"%(TC3),\" V/degree celsius\"\n",
    "TC=(TC1+TC2)*100/(Vref1) #calculation\n",
    "print \"New Combined TC = (TC1+TC2)*100/(Vref1)= %0.2e\"%(TC),\" percent/degree celsius\"\n",
    "T1=25#temperature\n",
    "T2=50# new temperature\n",
    "Vref=Vref1-((-TC3)*(T2-T1))#calculation\n",
    "print \"New Combined reference voltage ,Vref= Vref1-((-TC3)*(T2-T1))= %0.2f\"%(Vref),\" volts\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Example 2_9 Page No.  52"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "input voltage,Vi1 = 0.20   volts\n",
      " voltage drop,VD = 0.70   volts\n",
      "resistance,RL = 5000.00  ohm\n",
      "Supply voltage,Vcc = 5.00   volts\n",
      "output voltage ,V01 ==VD+Vi1 = 0.90   volts\n",
      " output current ,IL1=IL1=(Vcc-V01)/RL = 8.20e-04   ampere\n",
      "input voltage,Vi2 = 5.00   volts\n",
      "output voltage ,V02 =3*VD= 2.10   volts\n",
      " output current ,IL2= IL2=(Vcc-V02)/RL = 5.80e-04   ampere\n",
      " Diode voltage ,VAK = V02-Vi2 = -2.90   volts\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Vi1=0.2\n",
    "print \"input voltage,Vi1 = %0.2f \"%(Vi1),\" volts\" #initialization\n",
    "VD=0.7\n",
    "print \" voltage drop,VD = %0.2f \"%(VD),\" volts\" #initialization\n",
    "RL=5*(10**3)\n",
    "print \"resistance,RL = %0.2f \"%(RL)+ \" ohm\" #initialization\n",
    "Vcc=5\n",
    "print \"Supply voltage,Vcc = %0.2f \"%(Vcc),\" volts\"\n",
    "V01=VD+Vi1 #Formulae\n",
    "print \"output voltage ,V01 ==VD+Vi1 = %0.2f \"%(V01),\" volts\" \n",
    "IL1=(Vcc-V01)/RL #Formulae\n",
    "print \" output current ,IL1=IL1=(Vcc-V01)/RL = %0.2e \"%(IL1),\" ampere\" # calculation\n",
    "Vi2=5\n",
    "print \"input voltage,Vi2 = %0.2f \"%(Vi2),\" volts\" #initialization\n",
    "V02=3*VD #Formulae\n",
    "print \"output voltage ,V02 =3*VD= %0.2f \"%(V02),\" volts\"\n",
    "IL2=(Vcc-V02)/RL #Formulae\n",
    "print \" output current ,IL2= IL2=(Vcc-V02)/RL = %0.2e \"%(IL2),\" ampere\" # calculation\n",
    "VAK=V02-Vi2 #Formulae\n",
    "print \" Diode voltage ,VAK = V02-Vi2 = %0.2f \"%(VAK),\" volts\"\n",
    "\n",
    "#NOTE:correct value of IL2=0.58 mA but in book given as 0.592mA"
   ]
  }
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