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"source": [
"# CHAPTER 4:ANALOG ELECTRONIC VOLT-OHM-MILLIAMMETER"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 4-1, Page Number 88"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
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"name": "stdout",
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"text": [
"When E=10 V, meter current is 1 mA\n",
"\n",
"Input Impedance,\n",
"with transistor= 1.0 mega ohm\n",
"without transistor= 9.3 kilo ohm\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"Vcc=20 #Supply Voltage(V)\n",
"Rsm=9.3*10**3 #Rsm=Rs+Rm(ohm)\n",
"Im=1*10**-3 #Emitter Current(A)\n",
"hfe=100 #Transistor h parameter\n",
"Vb1=0.7 #Base Emitter Voltage drop(V)\n",
"#Calculation\n",
"#To obtain meter current when E=10V\n",
"E=10 #Base input voltage(V)\n",
"Ve=E-Vb1 #Emitter Voltage(V) found using KVL aclong base loop\n",
"Im=Ve/Rsm #Emitter current \n",
"\n",
"#With the transistor\n",
"Ib=Im/hfe #Base current is approximately equlat to Ie/hfe\n",
"Ri=E/Ib #Input resistance with transistor\n",
"\n",
"#Without transistor\n",
"Ri1=Rsm #Input resistance without transistor\n",
"\n",
"#Results\n",
"\n",
"print \"When E=10 V, meter current is\",int(Im*10**3),\"mA\"\n",
"print \n",
"print \"Input Impedance,\"\n",
"print \"with transistor=\",round(Ri/10**6),\"mega ohm\"\n",
"print \"without transistor=\",Ri1/10**3,\"kilo ohm\"\n",
"\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 4-2, Page Number 89"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"metadata": {
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"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
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"text": [
"When E=0V, I2=I3= 2.9 mA\n",
"When E=1V, meter circuit voltage(V)= 1.0 V\n",
"When E=0.5, meter circuit voltage= 0.5 V\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"\n",
"R2=3.9*10**3 #in ohm\n",
"R3=3.9*10**3 #in ohm\n",
"Vcc=12 #in V\n",
"Vee=-12 #in V \n",
"Vbe=0.7 #Base Emitter voltage in V\n",
"\n",
"#Calculation \n",
"\n",
"#When E=0\n",
"E=0 \n",
"Vr2=E-Vbe-Vee #KVL \n",
"Vr3=E-Vbe-Vee #KVL\n",
"I2=Vr2/R2 #Ohm's Law\n",
"I3=I2 \n",
"\n",
"print \"When E=0V, I2=I3=\",round(I3*10**3,1),\"mA\"\n",
"\n",
"#When E=1\n",
"E=1 #in V\n",
"Vp=0 #in V\n",
"Ve1=E-Vbe #KVL\n",
"Ve2=Vp-Vbe #KVL\n",
"V=Ve1-Ve2 #KVL\n",
"print \"When E=1V, meter circuit voltage(V)=\",V,\"V\"\n",
"\n",
"#When E=0.5\n",
"E=0.5 #in V\n",
"Vp=0 #in V\n",
"Ve1=E-Vbe #KVL \n",
"Ve2=Vp-Vbe #KVL\n",
"V=Ve1-Ve2 #KVL \n",
"print \"When E=0.5, meter circuit voltage=\",V,\"V\"\n",
"\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 4-3, Page Number: 93"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 6,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Im is 0.75 which is 75.0 % of full scale\n",
"As the meter is in 10V range, 75% of full scale is 7.5 V\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"\n",
"E=7.5 #in V\n",
"Vgs=-5 #FET gate source voltage in V\n",
"Vp=5 #in V\n",
"Rsm=1*10**3 #Rs+Rm in ohm\n",
"Im=1*10**-3 #in A\n",
"Ra=800*10**3 #in ohm\n",
"Rb=100*10**3 #in ohm\n",
"Rc=60*10**3 #in ohm\n",
"Rd=40*10**3 #in ohm\n",
"\n",
"Eg=E*(Rc+Rd)/(Ra+Rb+Rc+Rd) #Voltage Divider Rule \n",
"Vs=Eg-Vgs #KVL \n",
"\n",
"Ve1=Vs-Vbe #KVL \n",
"Ve2=Vp-Vbe #KVL\n",
"V=Ve1-Ve2 #KVL\n",
"Im=V/Rsm #Ohm's Law\n",
"\n",
"print \"Im is\",round(Im*10**3,2),\"which is\",round(Im*10**3,2)*100,\"% of full scale\"\n",
"print \"As the meter is in 10V range, 75% of full scale is\",10*0.75,\"V\""
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 4-4, Page Number: 97"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 11,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"R3= 100.0 ohm\n",
"R4= 4.9 kilo ohm\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"\n",
"Im=100*10**-6 #Full scale current in A\n",
"Rm=10*10**3 #Meter resistance in ohm \n",
"Ib=0.2*10**-6 #Op-amp input current in A\n",
"E=20*10**-3 #Maximum input in V\n",
"\n",
"#Calculations\n",
"\n",
"I4=1000*Ib #Since I4>>Ib\n",
"Vout=Im*Rm #Ohm's Law \n",
"\n",
"R3=E/I4 #Ohm's Law \n",
"R4=(Vout-E)/I4 #Ohm's Law\n",
"\n",
"#Results\n",
"\n",
"print \"R3=\",R3,\"ohm\"\n",
"print \"R4=\",round(R4*10**-3,1),\"kilo ohm\"\n",
"\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 4-5, Page Number: 98"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 12,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
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"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"R3= 1.0 kilo Ohm\n",
"Maximum voltage at output terminal= 1.1 V\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"E=1.0 #in V\n",
"I=1*10**-3 #in A\n",
"Rm=100 #in ohm\n",
"\n",
"R3=E/I #Ohm's Law\n",
"Vo=I*(R3+Rm) #Maximum Output voltage\n",
"\n",
"print \"R3=\",R3/1000,\"kilo Ohm\"\n",
"print \"Maximum voltage at output terminal=\",round(Vo,1),\"V\"\n",
"\n"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Example 4-7, Page Number: 107"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 13,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"R3= 45.0 ohm\n",
"When input is 50mV, meter deflection is 0.5 mA(half scale)\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import math\n",
"\n",
"#Variable Declaration\n",
"\n",
"Iav=1*10**-3 #in A \n",
"Rm=1.2*10**3 #in ohm\n",
"E=100*10**-3 #in V\n",
"\n",
"#With half wave rectifiers,\n",
"Ip=2*Iav/0.637 #Using relation between Ip and Iav for HWR\n",
"\n",
"#Peak value of Er3=input peak voltage\n",
"Ep=E/0.707 #Relation between peak voltage and rms \n",
"R3=Ep/Ip #in ohm\n",
"print \"R3=\",round(R3),\"ohm\"\n",
"\n",
"#When E=50mV\n",
"E=50*10**-3 #in V\n",
"Ep=E/0.707 #Peak Voltage in V \n",
"Ip=Ep/R3 #Peak current in A \n",
"\n",
"Iav=0.637*Ip/2 #Average Current in A\n",
"\n",
"print \"When input is 50mV, meter deflection is\",round(Iav*10**3,1),\"mA(half scale)\"\n"
]
}
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